history - 19th century (1901-2000): global xformtn, industrial growth, and political upheaval
The World Wars (20th Century): The two World Wars were global conflicts that reshaped the political landscape of the 20th century. The wars resulted in unprecedented levels of destruction, loss of life, and social upheaval. They also led to the collapse of empires, the rise of new superpowers, and the establishment of international organizations like the United Nations. (the most distinguished turning points in human history)
1900s:[edu] Industrial engineering as an academic degree began in the early 20th century, growing out of mechanical engineering and the Scientific Management movement. The first formal degree program was established in 1908–1909 at Penn State University by Hugo Diemer.
1900s:[Maths] The early part of the twentieth century saw a rapid growth in the formal analysis of randomness, and mathematical foundations for probability were introduced.
1900s: Aldis lamp (or Signal lamp), a signaling device in the form of a portable lamp used to flash messages in Morse code named after Arthur C. W. Aldis (1878-1953), its British inventor.1900s: Hindi literature started to flourished in India.
1900s:[Chemistry][GeoPolitics] Sodium benzoate has been used as a preservative since the early 1900's. Sodium benzoate is an odorless white power, created by combining benzoic acid with sodium hydroxide (lye). Sodium benzoate is not naturally occurring and must be created in a lab, although its primary ingredient – benzoic acid – is natural. (safe preservative)
1900s:Team building history is the origin story of the practice of mindful teamwork and team development. This narrative starts in the early 1900's.Teamwork's history in the modern sense emerged in the 20th century, evolving from early studies on group dynamics to becoming a cornerstone of organizational strategy. Initial research focused on understanding how social interactions and group identity influence productivity and performance, particularly in industrial settings. This led to the development of team-building practices and a recognition of the value of collaboration in achieving organizational goals.
19xx:[Aviation][Extreme] Hammerhead Turn: A vertical climb followed by a stall, where the jet pivots 180 degrees at the peak and dives back down. The maneuver involves climbing vertically, stalling, yawing 180 degrees using the rudder, and diving back down. Origin: While popularized throughout the 20th century, it is not attributed to a single "inventor" or specific year, but rather developed as a standard aerobatic staple, often referred to in historical texts as a "Fieseler" turn or simply a "stall turn". Usage: It is designed to change the direction of flight quickly, and it is frequently used to test a pilot's ability to handle high-performance, complex aerial movements.
1900: [GeoPolitics][Military][Economics] Britain begins running trade deficits, signaling the transition to Stage 4 (consuming more than producing) [[10:25](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYJri1eNRyc&t=625)].
1900:[Education][UK][Public] University of Birmingham founded.
1900:[Space] The discovery of the near-Earth asteroid 433 Eros and its passage near Earth in 1900–1901 allowed a considerable improvement in parallax measurement. Another international project to measure the parallax of 433 Eros was undertaken in 1930–1931.
1900: Einstein finished his 3 year graduation.1900: Pestonji Edulgi Polson (Polly) left school at the age of 13 and set up a coffee grinding business by borrowing Rs 100 from his sister in the early 1900s, named Polson in the foothills of fort Vishalgad, Kolhapur. Primarily as a Coffee manufacturing Company, Polson diversified into other business activities including diary, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, leather chemicals and Real Estate.
1900: Population of USA is 76M (76,212,168), as of Census conducted on 1900 (Jul 1), an increase of 21% from 62M during 1890 census.
1900 (Aug): The Eight-Nation Alliance was a multinational military coalition that invaded northern China in 1900 with the stated aim of relieving the foreign legations in Beijing, then besieged by the popular Boxer militia, who were determined to expunge foreign influence from China. The Allied forces consisted of about 45,000 troops from the eight nations of Germany, Japan, Russia, Britain, France, the United States, Italy, and Austria-Hungary. Neither the Chinese nor the foreign allies issued a formal declaration of war. No treaty or formal agreement bound the Alliance together. Some western historians define the first phase of hostilities, starting in August 1900, as "more or less a civil war",[1] though the Battle of the Taku Forts in June pushed the Qing government to support the Boxers. With the success of the invasion, the later stages developed into a punitive expedition, which pillaged Beijing and North China for more than a year. The fighting ended in 1901 with the signing of the Boxer Protocol.
1900:[Computing][IBM i] Year floor for *CYMD, *CDMY and *CMDY date data types, max year supported is 2899 i.e. a period of 999 years. (almost 10 centuries)
1900:[Physics][Research][Quantum] The constant was first postulated by Max Planck in 1900 as a proportionality constant needed to explain experimental black-body radiation. Planck later referred to the constant as the "quantum of action". In 1905, Albert Einstein associated the "quantum" or minimal element of the energy to the electromagnetic wave itself (photoelectric effect). Max Planck received the 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics "in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta".
1900:[Env] On Sept. 8, 1900, the deadliest U.S. hurricane and natural disaster made landfall at Galveston, Texas. Storms weren't named in those days, but it became known as the "Great Galveston Hurricane" after wiping out the town and killing between 6,000 and 12,000 people.
1900:[silvics] The Society of American Foresters was founded on November 30, 1900, by Gifford Pinchot and seven colleagues in the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Division of Forestry.
1900:[edu] Henry Gantt and other early pioneers developed their foundational tools between 1900 and 1930, bridging the gap between Taylor's scientific management and formal industrial engineering.
1900:[research][engg] The Brinell hardness test was developed by Swedish engineer Johan August Brinell in 1900 as a reliable way to measure metal hardness without destroying materials. Brinell sought a rapid, non-destructive alternative for measuring surface hardness to aid quality control in the Swedish iron and steel industry (further details on his research goals can be found in). He publicly introduced his ball indentation method at the 1900 World's Fair in Paris, where it quickly became recognized internationally as the first universally accepted quantitative hardness test.
20th century CE started on 1st Jan 1901 AD. (1901-2000)
----------------------------------------- 125 years of Independent USA --------------------------------------------
1901:[tech] Marconi's success: Guglielmo Marconi sent the first transatlantic radio signal in December 1901 using much cheaper equipment. (Why Wardenclyffe Failed)
1901:[edu] First Course of Industrial Engg: The University of Kansas offered an early course called "Factory Economics" in its mechanical engineering department during the 1901–1902 term.
1901:[India] the earliest census in 1901 showed a population of 23.8 crore (238 million).
1901: first vaccum cleaner by Hubert Cecil Booth.
1901: Edward 7th became the King of the UK for 9 yrs.
1901: Edward 7th became the King of the UK for 9 yrs.
1901: [Env][Research][Business][Economics][GeoPolitics][US] The Texas oil boom, sometimes called the gusher age, was a period of dramatic change and economic growth in the U.S. state of Texas during the early 20th century that began with the discovery of a large petroleum reserve near Beaumont, Texas.
1901: Einstein acquired Swiss citizenship, which he kept for the rest of his life.
1901:[Military][Education][India] During the Indian independence movement, Indian leaders recognised the need for a local military institution to meet the needs of an armed force loyal to sovereign India. The Indianisation of the officer cadre of the army began in 1901, but it was only for the elite, and after training they were not allowed into the regular army. The British Raj was reluctant to commission Indian officers or permit local officer training. In 1905, natives could officer only Indian troops and by rank were not equal to commissioned British officers. Up to the outbreak of the First World War, the highest rank to which a native soldier of India could rise was Subedar, a rank lower than the lowermost officer rank of Subaltern.
1902:[Art] Auguste Rodin's The Thinker, A bronze sculpture, usually placed on a stone pedestal. The work shows a nude male figure of heroic size sitting on a rock as he leans over and rests his chin on the back of his right hand, as though deep in thought and contemplation. Rodin originally called this figure, The Poet.
1902: Gibson Guitar Corp. founded at Kalamazoo, Michigan by Orville Gibson.
1902: first AC
1902: Swami Vivekananda died aged 39.
1902: The United Provinces, headquartered in Allahabad was a province of British India that comprised present day Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand. It was established in 1902 to be the headquarters of the English settlements on North India. Under the Government of India Act 1935, a bicameral legislature was set up with a legislative assembly and a legislative council.
1902: Joel was professor at the University of Basel. Karl Joel was a German philosopher and professor. Joel was born in Hirschberg, Silesia, and died in Walenstadt, Switzerland. His father was a rabbi who studied under Schelling. Joel was a professor at the University of Basel from 1902. His father R. Herman Joel, had been a pupil of Schelling and apparently had a great influence on his son's attitude toward philosophy. He was born in Hirschberg, studied in Leipzig, and spent some time in Berlin, where he became a friend of Georg *Simmel. In 1897 he was appointed to the University of Basle, where he taught until his death. Joel called his philosophical system "New Idealism." He defended the completeness of philosophy against the attempts to divide it up into "specialized" branches and compartments, and he emphasized the necessity of a comprehensive outlook. He opposed methodological positivism and metaphysical naturalism and sought to ridicule those who claimed "objectivity" in the study of reality, that is, spiritual activity deprived of all subjective and emotional ingredients.
1902:[Travel][India][RJ] Maharaja Ganga Singh commissioned the construction of this majestic palace. This architectural marvel is made entirely of red sandstone and was built in 1902 to commemorate his father, Maharaja Lal Singh. The design was conceptualised by Sir Swinton.
1902:[Business] Shalimar Paint Color & Varnish Company was established in 1902 by two Britishers. It is the first paint company of India. It was acquired by Ratan Jindal faction of the O.P. Jindal Group and S. S. Jhunjhunwala group in 1989. It manufactures decorative paints and industrial coatings. Some of India’s iconic buildings and structures such as the Howrah Bridge, Rashtrapati Bhawan, etc. were painted with Shalimar paints.
1902:Winston Churchill, then a young Conservative Member of Parliament, was actively involved in public speaking, particularly on his experiences in South Africa and his views on China. He also joined the Territorial Army that year.
1902:[silvics] The SAF produces two periodic journals, published by Oxford University Press: the Journal of Forestry (1902) and Forest Science.(1955) Past volumes and issues of both journals are available through their respective Oxford University Press websites.
1903:[US][GeoPolitics] separation of Panama from Colombia. (US's involvement in regime change)
1903:[who][research] Shifted priorities: Tesla's main investor, J.P. Morgan, wanted a radio system to compete with Marconi, not a global power grid.Refused funding: Morgan refused to provide more money when Tesla revealed his hidden goal was global wireless electricity.Wall Street panic: A financial downturn in 1903 made it nearly impossible for Tesla to find alternative wealthy investors.Rising costs: The price of construction materials soared, and Tesla fell deeply into debt trying to finish the tower. Scrap metal: The tower was finally demolished for scrap metal in 1917 to pay off Tesla's overdue hotel bills. (Why Wardenclyffe Failed)
1903:[Space] The name "astronomical unit" appears first to have been used.1903: Einstein secured a permanent position at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern.
1903: The world's first powered plane flight, completed by the Wright Brothers for the distance of 37 metres (121ft). Wright Brothers. Orville and Wilbur Wright, American inventors and aviation pioneers, achieved the first powered, sustained, and controlled flight of an airplane.
1903: The crystal detector was developed into a practical device for wireless telegraphy by Greenleaf Whittier Pickard, who invented a silicon crystal detector, influenced by JC Bose's experiment.
1903: AN Kolmogorov born.
1903 (Dec 3): JN Tata (founder of Tata Groups) had four goals in life: setting up an iron and steel company, a world-class learning institution, a unique hotel and a hydro-electric plant. Only the hotel became a reality during his lifetime, with the inauguration of the Taj Mahal Hotel at Colaba waterfront in Mumbai on 3 December 1903 at the cost of ₹11 million (worth ₹11 billion in 2015 prices). At that time it was the only hotel in India to have electricity.
1903: Nevil Maskelyne, a mustachioed 39-year-old British music hall magician hacked long-ditance Morse telegraphy.
1903:[Book] James Allen's As a Man Thinketh
1903 (Dec 28):[Computer] John von Neumann (/vɒn ˈnɔɪmən/; Hungarian: Neumann János Lajos, pronounced [ˈnɒjmɒn ˈjaːnoʃ ˈlɒjoʃ]; December 28, 1903 – February 8, 1957) was a Hungarian-American mathematician, physicist, computer scientist, engineer and polymath. Von Neumann was regarded as perhaps the mathematician with the widest coverage of the subject in his time and was said to have been "the last representative of the great mathematicians who were equally at home in pure and applied mathematics". He integrated pure and applied sciences.
1903:[FnB] Miller High Life was introduced in 1903 by MillerCoors. Also known as the Champagne of Beers, it is a quintessentially classic, American-style lager.
1903:[History][Book][India] M. S. Golwalkar, in his 1939 publication We or Our Nationhood Defined, famously stated that "Undoubtedly [...] we — Hindus — have been in undisputed and undisturbed possession of this land for over eight or even ten thousand years before the land was invaded by any foreign race." Golwalkar was inspired by Tilak's The Arctic Home in the Vedas (1903), who argued that the Aryan homeland was located at the North Pole, basing this idea on Vedic hymns and Zoroastrian texts. Gowalkar took over the idea of 10,000 years, arguing that the North Pole at that time was located in India.
1903:[Military] Although cantonments in India were considered to be semi-permanent in the 18th and 19th centuries, by the turn of the 20th century, they had transitioned to being permanent garrisons. They were further entrenched as such, via the military reforms of Lord Kitchener in 1903, and the Cantonments Act of 1924.
1903:While not the oldest, the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel in Mumbai is a landmark and often cited as the first luxury hotel in India, opening in 1903.
1903: The Indian hotel history dates back to ancient India with travelers' inns like sarais and dharmasalas, but the modern hotel industry began with the British-era hotels for European travelers and the first Indian five-star hotel, The Taj Mahal Palace in 1903, founded by J.N. Tata. The mid-20th century saw the establishment of hotel groups like Taj and Oberoi, followed by the Government-run Ashok Group. The 1991 economic liberalization spurred growth, and today, the industry includes major players like Taj, offering a range of brands and a significant contribution to India's tourism and economy.
1903:[Biz][Delhi] Maidens Hotel established (built to host guests for the coronation Durbar of King Edward VII). New Delhi's earliest iconic legacy hotels opened between 1903 and the mid-1950s, beginning with Maidens Hotel in 1903 (originally in the historic Civil Lines area before the official foundation of New Delhi) and extending to the capital's first grand luxury property, The Imperial, New Delhi, opened on Janpath in 1936 as New Delhi’s first grand luxury hotel.
1903:[culture] Born in Glasgow, Scotland, in 1903, Clara Meadmore passed away in 2011. She made the personal choice at 12 years old never to marry. She later explained to news outlets that she never had sexual intercourse because relationships and intimacy felt like "a lot of hassle", preferring to focus on her career, hobbies, and independence. Other historic and public figures—such as philosopher Immanuel Kant and scientist Nikola Tesla—also reportedly remained celibate throughout their lives, though none reached the verified age of Meadmore.
1904:[Education][UK][Public] University of Leeds founded.
1904 (Nov 16): Vaccum Diode by John A. Fleming. Fleming patented the first true thermionic diode, the Fleming valve, in Britain1904: Wrangler, an American jeans mfr. founded at Greensboro, North Carolina (USA).
1904:[Food] The use of mustard as a hot dog condiment is said to have been first seen in the US at the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair, when the bright-yellow French's mustard ...
1904:[Food][Agri] Seeds were brought to New Zealand in 1904 by Mary Isabel Fraser, the principal of Wanganui Girls' College, who had been visiting mission schools in China. They were planted in 1906 by a Whanganui nurseryman, Alexander Allison, and the vines first fruited in 1910. Chinese gooseberry becomes kiwifruit - NZ History
1905: Kangchenjunga, the location of the second base camp was where, on Crowley's 1905 expedition, Alexis Pache and three porters were laid to rest after they had been killed in an avalanche. The wooden cross and gravestone still stood there. 1955_British_Kangchenjunga_expedition.
1905 (Sep):[Extreme][UK][India][Travel] T. G. Longstaff made the first climbing reconnaissance of Trisul, focusing on the western and southern sides. He returned in 1907 with Charles Granville Bruce, Arnold L. Mumm; the three Alpine guides Moritz Inderbinnen and the brothers Henri and Alexis Brocherel; and a number of Gurkhas, including Karbir Burathoki. They ascended through the Rishiganga valley, to the north of the peak, onto the Trisul Glacier, which lies on the east side. From there they climbed the northeast flank to the north ridge, reaching the summit on 12 June. At the time Trisul was probably the highest mountain to have been climbed. The climb was noted also for the first use of supplementary oxygen in a major climb. During the 1950s Harold Williams led Indian Army expeditions to the summit.
1905: Cornelius Pekelharing also found that small amounts of milk were needed for animals to thrive on a diet of purified nutrients. (Vitamin-A)
1905:[Education][UK][Public] University of Sheffield founded.
1905: Paul Harris, an attorney at Chicago, founded Rotary International
1905 (Jan 22): Russian Revolution of 1905 lasted for 2.5 years. Soviet vs Imperial Govt and Romania. Soviet is a revolutionary council of workers or peasants in Russia before 1917.
1905: Kolkata was made capital of West Bengal.
1905 (Mar): Indian Railway Board estd.
1905: the Bombay Electric Supply & Tramways Company (BEST) set up a generating station to provide electricity for the tramway.
1905 (Jan 22): Russian Revolution of 1905 lasted for 2.5 years. Soviet vs Imperial Govt and Romania. Soviet is a revolutionary council of workers or peasants in Russia before 1917.
1905: Kolkata was made capital of West Bengal.
1905 (Mar): Indian Railway Board estd.
1905: the Bombay Electric Supply & Tramways Company (BEST) set up a generating station to provide electricity for the tramway.
1905:[Business][Polity][mgmt] PHDCCI has been working as a catalyst for the promotion of Indian industry, trade and entrepreneurship for the past 120 years. It is a forward looking, proactive and dynamic PAN-India apex organization. As a partner in progress with industry and government, PHDCCI works at the grass roots level with strong national and international linkages for propelling progress, harmony and integrated development of the Indian economy. As pf 2025, It represents over 130,000 companies and has a strong network with regional offices across India, particularly strengthening economic activity in northern states. Originally rooted in the Punjab, Haryana, and Delhi region, it has evolved into a nationwide organization.
1905 (Jun 21): Jean-Paul Sartre born.
1905 (Jul 19): The BML (British) Government's decision to partition Bengal, announced on July 19, 1905, by Lord Curzon, aimed to divide the province into two separate regions: Eastern Bengal and Assam, and West Bengal. The official reason given was administrative convenience due to the large size of the undivided Bengal province. However, the partition was widely seen as a "divide and rule" tactic by the British to weaken the growing Indian nationalist movement by creating religious divisions between Hindus and Muslims. The partition came into effect on October 16, 1905. The partition was seen by many as a deliberate attempt to weaken the nationalist movement in Bengal, which was a center of Indian nationalism, by creating divisions based on religion. Due to the strong opposition and unrest, the British government ultimately annulled the partition in 1911 (after almost 6 years). The partition of Bengal was annulled in 1911 by Lard Hardinge. It was done in response to the Swadeshi movement's riots in protest against the policy.
1905 (Jul 20): The Bengalee, Amrita Bazaar Patrika and the Indian Mirror Patrika rail against the partition of Bengal and are the major newspapers in Calcutta.
1905 (Jul 20): The Bengalee, Amrita Bazaar Patrika and the Indian Mirror Patrika rail against the partition of Bengal and are the major newspapers in Calcutta.
1905 (Aug 5): The first electric street light in Asia was lit in Bangalore.
1905 (Aug 7): Before the BML Government's decision for the partition of Bengal was made public in December 1903, there was a lot of growing discontentment among the Indians. In response the Swadeshi movement was formally started from Town Hall at Calcutta on 7 August 1905 to curb foreign goods by relying on domestic production. The term "Boycott of British Goods" was used in Swadeshi Movement. This session was headed by Dada Bhai Naoroji. Prior to this, in Banaras 1905 session, a resolution of a boycott of British goods was put forward.
1905 (Oct 16): The first Partition of Bengal (1905) was a territorial reorganization of the Bengal Presidency implemented by the authorities of the British Raj. The reorganization separated the largely Muslim eastern areas from the largely Hindu western areas. Announced on 16 October 1905 by Lord Curzon, then Viceroy of India, and implemented West Bengal for Hindus and East Bengal for Muslims, it was undone a mere six years later.
1905:[Physics] Albert Einstein, while working at the patent office, submitted a successful PhD dissertation to the University of Zurich. He published a paper advancing the hypothesis that light energy is carried in discrete quantized packets to explain experimental data from the photoelectric effect. Einstein theorized that the energy in each quantum of light was equal to the frequency of light multiplied by a constant, later called the Planck constant. A photon above a threshold frequency has the required energy to eject a single electron, creating the observed effect. This was a step in the development of quantum mechanics.
1905:[India][Business] The Eveready brand has been present in India since 1905. It also manufactures photogravure plates, castings, carbon electrodes and related products. Eveready Industries India Ltd. (EIIL) (originally known as Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL, 1934)) is an Indian company that manufactures and markets batteries and lighting products.
1905: The party AIML arose out of the need for the political representation of Muslims in British India, especially during the Indian National Congress-sponsored massive Hindu opposition to the 1905 partition of Bengal.
1905:[Business] Cadbury Dairy Milk is a British brand of milk chocolate manufactured by Cadbury. First introduced in the United Kingdom in June 1905 and now consists of a number of products. Every product in the Dairy Milk line is made exclusively with milk chocolate.
1906–1909:[US][GeoPolitics] occupation of Cuba. (US's involvement in regime change)
1906:[Economics][Research] Demand Theory and Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923, EU) is related to marginal utility by shifting it from a "cardinal" (measurable) concept to an "ordinal" (ranked) one, replacing Edgeworth's cardinal utility with indifference curves to analyze consumer choices. He advanced microeconomics by connecting marginal utility to Pareto efficiency, where no individual's utility can increase without reducing another's. Vilfredo Pareto - Born: 15 July 1848, Paris, France Died: 19 August 1923 (age 75 years), Céligny, Switzerland Influenced: Robert Michels, Talcott Parsons, Alfred Marshall · See more Parents: Raffaele Pareto, Marie Metenier Grandparent: Giovanni Benedetto Pareto Education: Polytechnic University of Turin, HEC Lausanne. Demand Theory: His work in the early 20th century, particularly in his Manual of Political Economy (1906), refined how demand is analyzed, which influenced later developments in income and substitution effects.
1906:[FnB] Avocado cultivation began in India around 1906 to 1914 when an American missionary brought seedlings from the Royal Botanical Gardens in Ceylon to Bangalore. Small orchards were established, and the fruit was further introduced by American missionaries and then by the Government of Mysore to various parts of South India over the following decades.
1906:[US][Edu][Culture] Alpha Phi Alpha: Founded in 1906, Alpha Phi Alpha is the first intercollegiate Greek-letter fraternity established for African Americans. - most elite frat
1906: William James Sidis authored the Book of Vendergood, at the age of 8.
1906: Jadavpur University (established as Bengal technical institute).
1906: The Zulu Rebellion or Bambatha Rebellion of 1860 halted. It was a Zulu revolt against British rule and taxation in Natal, South Africa
1906: Swadeshi movement in India.
1906: Electric supply was started in Indore.
1906: Jadavpur University (established as Bengal technical institute).
1906: The Zulu Rebellion or Bambatha Rebellion of 1860 halted. It was a Zulu revolt against British rule and taxation in Natal, South Africa
1906: Swadeshi movement in India.
1906: Electric supply was started in Indore.
1906 (Dec 2):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Arthur Bell Nicholls died of bronchitis aged 87 in Banagher, County Offaly, Ireland, a place where he and Brontë spent their honeymoon.
1906:[Mntngg] The Mountaineers is a nonprofit outdoor community of 12,000+ active members in the Pacific Northwest. Founded in 1906, we've been getting people of all ages outside safely and responsibly for over 100 years. We host hundreds of monthly courses and activities - all led by our coalition of volunteers - to offer ways to get outside and connect with people passionate about the outdoors. We think it's important to introduce people to the outdoors early and often, and we work to protect the outdoor experience for future generations. Mission: "To enrich the community by helping people explore, conserve, learn about, and enjoy the lands and waters of the Pacific Northwest and beyond."
1906: The All-India Muslim League (AIML) was a political party founded in 1906 in Dhaka, British India with the goal of securing Muslim interests in South Asia. Although initially espousing a united India with interfaith unity, the Muslim League later led the Pakistan Movement, calling for a separate Muslim homeland after the British exit from India.
1906:[silvics] Inception in India: Silviculture research formally began at the Forest Research Institute, Dehradun in 1906, focusing on management, tree seeds, and planting stock. The Forest Research Institute (FRI) in Dehradun, established in 1906 as the Imperial Forest Research Institute, is a premier institution for forestry research and education in India. Housed in a massive Greco-Roman style building inaugurated in 1929, it evolved from the 1878 Forest School, becoming a deemed university in 1991 and a National Heritage site.
1907:[Extreme][Who] The world's first synthetic plastic, Bakelite, was invented in New York in 1907 by Leo Baekeland. This invention marked the beginning of the modern plastics industry. Prior to this, plastics were derived from natural sources. In 1907 Leo Baekeland invented Bakelite, the first fully synthetic plastic, meaning it contained no molecules found in nature. Baekeland had been searching for a synthetic substitute for shellac, a natural electrical insulator, to meet the needs of the rapidly electrifying United States.
Plastics can take anywhere from 20 to 500 years to decompose, depending on the material and structure. Additionally, how fast a plastic breaks down depends on sunlight exposure.
1907: Map of 1805's India was published in Charles Joppen's 'A Historical Atlas of India for the use of High-Schools, Colleges and Private Students' by Longman Green and Co.
1907: two-way telegraphy traffic across the Atlantic Ocean was commercially available.
1907: Hahn series (sometimes also known as Hahn-Mal'cev-Neumann series) are a type of formal infinite series. They are a generalization of Puiseux series (themselves a generalization of formal power series) and were first introduced by Hans Hahn. Puiseux series are generalized by Hahn series.
1907: colored photography.
1907: The thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented. Lead to the invention of Transistor.
1907 (Sep 27/28): Bhagat Singh, a Sandhu Jat, was born to Kishan Singh and Vidyavati at Chak No. 105 GB, Banga village, Jaranwala Tehsil in the Lyallpur district of the Punjab Province of British India. His birth coincided with the release of his father and two uncles, Ajit Singh and Swaran Singh, from jail. His family members were Sikhs; some had been active in Indian Independence movements, others had served in Maharaja Ranjit Singh's army.
1907 (May 12): Vijay Jagneshwar Bhatt, a noted producer-director-screenwriter of Hindi cinema, was born into the modest household of Benkunwar Bhatt and Jagneshwar Bhatt, who was a railway guard at Palitana, Bhavnagar district, Gujarat.
1907: two-way telegraphy traffic across the Atlantic Ocean was commercially available.
1907: Hahn series (sometimes also known as Hahn-Mal'cev-Neumann series) are a type of formal infinite series. They are a generalization of Puiseux series (themselves a generalization of formal power series) and were first introduced by Hans Hahn. Puiseux series are generalized by Hahn series.
1907: colored photography.
1907: The thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented. Lead to the invention of Transistor.
1907 (Sep 27/28): Bhagat Singh, a Sandhu Jat, was born to Kishan Singh and Vidyavati at Chak No. 105 GB, Banga village, Jaranwala Tehsil in the Lyallpur district of the Punjab Province of British India. His birth coincided with the release of his father and two uncles, Ajit Singh and Swaran Singh, from jail. His family members were Sikhs; some had been active in Indian Independence movements, others had served in Maharaja Ranjit Singh's army.
1907 (May 12): Vijay Jagneshwar Bhatt, a noted producer-director-screenwriter of Hindi cinema, was born into the modest household of Benkunwar Bhatt and Jagneshwar Bhatt, who was a railway guard at Palitana, Bhavnagar district, Gujarat.
1907:[Military][Education][India][UK] The Boy Scout Movement had a simple start in the year 1907 when a Major General of Army Lord Baden Powell conducted an experimental camp in Brown sea Island in England with 20 boys. The successful conduct of the camp and publication of the Book “Scouting for Boys” in a fortnightly marked the start of the Boy Scout Movement. In the year 1910, Crystal Palace Rally was held where Girls wearing the boy Scout uniform appeared and wanted to join the Scout Movement. Lord Baden Powell decided to start a movement for Girls with the help of his sister Agnes Baden Powell.
1907:[Books][Drama][UK][Who] First auction of Nicholls inheritance and Brontë memorabilia was sold by his widow, Mary Anna Bell.
1907:[India][Technology][Env][Extreme] Tata Steel Ltd is Asia's first integrated private steel company setup in India. The company has a target to increase domestic steelmaking capacity to 30 MnTPA by 2025.
1907:[silvics] The primary publication of The Royal Forestry Society is the Quarterly Journal of Forestry (since 1907).
1908 (Jun 30 07:15 local time):[Disaster][Space] The Tunguska event is the most powerful cosmic airburst in recorded history. On June 30, 1908, a space rock exploded roughly 5 to 10 kilometres above the Siberian taiga in Russia, flattening the wilderness without leaving a single impact crater. The Energy: The blast released energy equivalent to 10 to 15 megatons of TNT, making it roughly 1,000 times more powerful than the Hiroshima atomic bomb.The Object: Scientists estimate it was an asteroid or comet fragment measuring 50 to 100 metres wide, entering the atmosphere at 33,500 mph or 54,000 kmph. The Destruction: The airburst flattened 80 million trees across 2,150 square kilometres in a distinct, butterfly-shaped pattern pointing away from the epicenter. Global Echoes: The resulting shockwave circled the planet twice. For days afterward, night skies across Europe and Asia were bright enough to read by due to high-altitude cosmic dust.
1908:The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States and its principal federal law enforcement agency. Wikipedia Headquarters: Washington, D.C., United States Jurisdiction: United States Founder: Charles Joseph Bonaparte Founded: 26 July 1908, United States
1908: cellophane.
1908: first journalism school: The Missouri School of Journalism at University of Missouri, Columbia. oldest formal journo school in the world
1908: first e-Washing Machine named "Thor" by Alva Fisher and was introduced by Hurley Machine Co.
1908 (Apr 12): the great Chelsea fire of 1908 at Chelsea, Massachusets.
1908: Desmond Lee (1908-1993) taught for many years at Cambridge University and has also translated Plato's The Republic and Timaeus and Critias for Penguin Classics.
1908: the Calcutta Stock Exchange was started to provide a mkt. for shares of plantations and jute mills.
1908: MSG (Monosodium glutamate) was first prepared in 1908 by Japanese biochemist Kikunae Ikeda, who was trying to isolate and duplicate the savory taste of kombu, an edible seaweed used as a base for many Japanese soups.
1908: cellophane.
1908: first journalism school: The Missouri School of Journalism at University of Missouri, Columbia. oldest formal journo school in the world
1908: first e-Washing Machine named "Thor" by Alva Fisher and was introduced by Hurley Machine Co.
1908 (Apr 12): the great Chelsea fire of 1908 at Chelsea, Massachusets.
1908: Desmond Lee (1908-1993) taught for many years at Cambridge University and has also translated Plato's The Republic and Timaeus and Critias for Penguin Classics.
1908: the Calcutta Stock Exchange was started to provide a mkt. for shares of plantations and jute mills.
1908: MSG (Monosodium glutamate) was first prepared in 1908 by Japanese biochemist Kikunae Ikeda, who was trying to isolate and duplicate the savory taste of kombu, an edible seaweed used as a base for many Japanese soups.
1908: Austrian Symbolist painter Gustav Klimt's The Kiss, an oil-on-canvas painting with added gold leaf, silver and platinum. It was painted at some point in 1907 and 1908, during the height of what scholars call his Golden Period.
1908:[Physics][Who] Landau was born on 22 January 1908 to Jewish parents in Baku, the Russian Empire, in what is now Azerbaijan. Landau's father, David Lvovich Landau, was an engineer with the local oil industry, and his mother, Lyubov Veniaminovna Garkavi-Landau, was a doctor. Both came to Baku from Mogilev and both graduated the Mogilev gymnasium. He learned differential calculus at age 12 and integral calculus at age 13. Landau graduated in 1920 at age 13 from gymnasium. His parents considered him too young to attend university, so for a year he attended the Baku Economical Technical School. In 1922, at age 14, he matriculated at the Baku State University, studying in two departments simultaneously: the Departments of Physics and Mathematics, and the Department of Chemistry. Subsequently, he ceased studying chemistry, but remained interested in the field throughout his life.
1908:[Education] The MBA was first offered during the early 20th century when Harvard College established the first-of-its-kind program in 1908. Industrialization and the growth of heavy industry and manufacturing companies required a new kind of manager who could effectively oversee and lead large operations with divided areas of specialization and labor tasks, and successfully bridge the divide between management and employees.
1909: Indian Institute of Science, B'luru estd.
1909: Morley-Minto reforms and the Indian Councils Act, 1909
1909: Srinivasa Ramanujan married to Janakiammal for 11 yrs. till his death.
1909:[Education][UK][Public] University of Bristol founded.
1909: Erlang's "The Theory of Probabilities and Telephone Conversations" - which proves that the Poisson distribution applies to random telephone traffic. [written in Danish]1909: Indian Institute of Science, B'luru estd.
1909: Morley-Minto reforms and the Indian Councils Act, 1909
1909: Srinivasa Ramanujan married to Janakiammal for 11 yrs. till his death.
1909:[Physics][UK][Quantum] The gold foil experiment was conducted under the supervision of Rutherford at the University of Manchester in 1909 by scientist Hans Geiger (whose work eventually led to the development of the Geiger counter) and undergraduate student Ernest Marsden. Rutherford, chair of the Manchester physics department at the time of the experiment, is given primary credit for the experiment, as the theories that resulted are primarily his work. Rutherford's gold foil experiment is also sometimes referred to as the Geiger-Marsden experiment. (proof that nuclei exists)
1909:[India][Education] The Indian Institute of Science (IISc) was established in 1909. It was the brainchild of Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata, a businessman and philanthropist, with support from the Maharaja of Mysore and the Indian government. The institute officially opened its doors to students in 1911.
1909:[India][Education] The Indian Institute of Science (IISc) was established in 1909. It was the brainchild of Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata, a businessman and philanthropist, with support from the Maharaja of Mysore and the Indian government. The institute officially opened its doors to students in 1911.
1909:[Mntngg][Extreme] The harrowing—and often amusing—true survival story of two mismatched Arctic explorers on a historic expedition gone horrible wrong. The short answer is yes – the film tells the true story of a 1909 expedition taken by Danish explorer Ejnar Mikkelsen, as was recounted in his memoir Two Against the Ice, which was first published in 1955. Against the Ice: The Classic Arctic Survival Story (2022)
1909:[Mntngg][Extreme] Early exploration and climbing attempts of Saser Kangri occurred on the western side, from the Nubra Valley; this is lower, more populated, and hence more easily accessible than the eastern side, which faces the Tibetan Plateau. Early European exploration included a visit in 1909 by explorer T. G. Longstaff, along with Arthur Neve and A. M. Slingsby. However, visits and failed climbing attempts by multiple groups on the western side over the period 1922-1970 showed that the western side was surprisingly difficult. (Himalaya)
1909 (mid Mar): Haber's experiment to create Ammonia, which is reqd for nitrogen fixation in dying plants. Nitrogen, Hydrogen and a Sheet of Osmium (the catalyst) under 200 atm pressure and 500 degree Celsius. Of the total gas mixture, 6% turned into Ammonia, on cooling 1mL of ammonia dripped out of the chamber. 13-Oct-1908 BASF, Germany's biggest chemical company commercialized Haber's process and within 4 years, opened a factory in Oppau producing 5 tons of ammonia per day. (making bread from the air); 4x as much from the same piece of land; Ammonium Nitrate - the fertilizer.
1910s:[Cinema] The birth of the film industry in the 1910s and 1920s, later drew audiences away from the penny arcade.
1910: Rudyard Kipling's If.
1910: George 5th became the King of the UK for 26 yrs.
1910: The Oedipus complex is a concept of psychoanalytic theory coined by Sigmund Freud, an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst.
1910: At the Feet of the Master, first written work of 14YO Jiddu Krishnamurty written under the name Alcyone was published.
1910: For more than 2 years, Danish explorer Ejnar Mikkelsen was trapped in the Arctic with a single inexperienced crewmate — after the rest of their expedition left without them. From 1910 to 1912, they survived by eating their sled dogs and abandoned rations from previous expeditions while evading bears, wolves, and foxes.
1911 (Summers):[Research] Machu Picchu’s “Discovery” by Hiram Bingham. In the summer of 1911 the American archaeologist Hiram Bingham arrived in Peru with a small team of explorers hoping to find Vilcabamba, the last Inca stronghold to fall to the Spanish.
1910:[SpaceX] 704 Interamnia is a large F-type asteroid. With a mean diameter of around 330 kilometres, it is the fifth-largest asteroid, after Ceres, Vesta, Pallas and Hygiea. Its mean distance from the Sun is 3.067 AU. Wikipedia Orbital period: 1,955 days Radius: 158.31 km Mass: 2.725 × 10^19 kg Discovered: 2 October 1910 Spectral type: B-type asteroid Discoverer: Vincenzo Cerulli Asteroid group: Asteroid belt.
1910:[edu][Book] First Textbooks: Early academic texts like Hugo Diemer’s Factory Organization and Administration (1910) and Charles Going’s Principles of Industrial Engineering (1911) helped standardize the field of study. Early Focus: Curricula initially centered on shop management, cost accounting, and time-and-motion studies pioneered by figures like Frederick Taylor.
1911 (Summers):[Research] Machu Picchu’s “Discovery” by Hiram Bingham. In the summer of 1911 the American archaeologist Hiram Bingham arrived in Peru with a small team of explorers hoping to find Vilcabamba, the last Inca stronghold to fall to the Spanish.
1911(Jun 16): IBM founded at NYC as Computer Tabulating Recording Company or CTRC.
1911:[Geography][GeoPolitics] Several expeditions attempted to reach the South Pole in the early 20th century, during the "Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration". Many resulted in injury and death. Norwegian Roald Amundsen finally reached the Pole on 14 December 1911, following a dramatic race with the Briton Robert Falcon Scott.
1911: Proclamation of Mongolian independence from Manchu's Qing Dynasty
The Xinhai Revolution (Chinese: 辛亥革命; pinyin: Xīnhài gémìng), also known as the Revolution of 1911, or the Chinese Revolution, was a revolution that overthrew China's last imperial dynasty (the Qing dynasty), and established the Republic of China (ROC). It lasted for around 4 months.
1911 (Dec 12): The capital of India was shifted from Calcutta to New Delhi. New Delhi was born at two o'clock on 12 December 1911, as King George V proclaimed it to be India's new capital at his grand Coronation Durbar.
1911: Ghanshyam Das Birla laid the foundation of the his industrial empire by establishing GM Birla Company (later knownwd as Birla Jute), trading in jute. The First World War began in 1914 greatly increasing the demand for jute sacks. It is estimated that during the war, the Birla worth rose from Rs 20 lakh to 80 Lakh.
Birla Corporation Limited, is an Indian-based flagship company of the M P Birla group of companies, founded by Shri Ghanshyam Das Birla in the late 1910s and carried on by Madhav Prasad Birla.
1911: Airways in India started.
The Xinhai Revolution (Chinese: 辛亥革命; pinyin: Xīnhài gémìng), also known as the Revolution of 1911, or the Chinese Revolution, was a revolution that overthrew China's last imperial dynasty (the Qing dynasty), and established the Republic of China (ROC). It lasted for around 4 months.
1911 (Dec 12): The capital of India was shifted from Calcutta to New Delhi. New Delhi was born at two o'clock on 12 December 1911, as King George V proclaimed it to be India's new capital at his grand Coronation Durbar.
1911: Ghanshyam Das Birla laid the foundation of the his industrial empire by establishing GM Birla Company (later knownwd as Birla Jute), trading in jute. The First World War began in 1914 greatly increasing the demand for jute sacks. It is estimated that during the war, the Birla worth rose from Rs 20 lakh to 80 Lakh.
Birla Corporation Limited, is an Indian-based flagship company of the M P Birla group of companies, founded by Shri Ghanshyam Das Birla in the late 1910s and carried on by Madhav Prasad Birla.
1911: Airways in India started.
1911: Population of India recorded a negative growth rate in the upcoming decade (1911-1921).
1911:[Research][Chemistry] KLMN... The use of the letters K and L to denote X-rays originates in a 1911 paper by Charles Glover Barkla, titled The Spectra of the Fluorescent Röntgen Radiations ("Röntgen radiation" is an archaic name for "X-rays"). By 1913, Henry Moseley had clearly differentiated two types of X-ray lines for each element, naming them α and β. In 1914, as part of his thesis, Ivar Malmer (sv:Ivar Malmer), a student of Manne Siegbahn, discovered that the α and β lines were not single lines, but doublets. In 1916, Siegbahn published this result in the journal Nature, using what would come to be known as the Siegbahn notation.
1911: The Partition was aimed for administration purposes but in fact is treated as divide and rule policy and further agitated people, who perceived that it was a deliberate attempt to divide the Bengal Presidency on religious grounds, with a Muslim majority in the east and a Hindu majority in the west, thereby weakening the nationalist cause.[1] The Hindus of West Bengal, who dominated Bengal's business and rural life, complained that the division would make them a minority in a province that would incorporate the province of Bihar and Orissa. Hindus were outraged at this "divide and rule" policy,[2][3]: 248–249 even though Curzon stressed it would produce administrative efficiency. The partition animated the Muslims to form their own national organization along communal lines. To appease Bengali sentiment and in response to the Swadeshi movement's riots in protest against the policy, Bengal was reunited by the British government in 1911. This was done primarily for administrative purposes but also to weaken the growing Indian Nationalist Movement.
1911:[India] Mir Osman Ali Khan, the seventh and last Nizam of Hyderabad (aka India's First Billionaire), was a figure of immense wealth and influence, known for his vast fortune and contributions to the development of Hyderabad. He ruled the princely state of Hyderabad from 1911 to 1948, until its annexation by India.
1911:[Bio][Chemistry] The term "vitamin" itself, which means "vital amine," was coined by Casimir Funk around 1911. He proposed the existence of a substance in rice bran that was essential for life and prevented a disease called beriberi, which is a deficiency of thiamine.
1911:[US][Edu][Culture] (ΚΑΨ) is a historically African American fraternity. Since the fraternity's founding on January 5, 1911, at Indiana University Bloomington, it has never restricted membership based on color, creed, or national origin though membership traditionally is dominated by black men. - most elite frat.
1911:[Tourism][APAC] In 1911, an earthquake struck southeastern Kazakhstan, triggering the collapse of a hillside that then blocked a gorge, diverting a river's flow and creating Lake Kaindy. What began in a noisy cataclysm is now one of the most peaceful and beautiful spots in the country, attracting visitors with its turquoise water and lush forest backdrop. Well, mostly lush: One of Kaindy's most famous features is its submerged forest, an area of half-sunken dead spruce trees, barren of needles but remarkably preserved due to the very cold water temperature. Nature photographers love the place for its epic wide-angle views, as well as its 'frozen forest' close-ups.
1911:[books] Taylor published his foundational book, The Principles of Scientific Management. 1911–1912: Frank and Lillian Gilbreth published Motion Study and developed the concept of 'Therbligs'.
1911:[Who] Baba Vanga (born Vangeliya Pandeva Gushterova) was a famous blind Bulgarian mystic and herbalist who lived from 1911 to 1996. Often called the "Nostradamus of the Balkans," she gained a large following for predictions that believers claim foresaw major world events before her death.
1912–1933:[US][GeoPolitics] occupation of Nicaragua. (US's involvement in regime change)
1912: Frederick Gowland Hopkins noted that milk contained "unknown factors" necessary for rat growth, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize. (Vitamin-A)
1912:[Technology] The idea of locating underwater obstacles had been suggested prior by L. F. Richardson, following the Titanic disaster. Richardson had proposed to position a high-frequency hydraulic whistle at the focus of a mirror and use the beam for locating submerged navigational hazards. A prototype was built by Sir Charles Parsons, the inventor of the vapour turbine, but the device was found not to be suitable for this purpose. (Ultrasound)
1912: commercial and military ships carried both transmitters and receivers, allowing two-way communication in close to real-time with a ship that was out of sight of land.
1912: The Republic of China was a state in East Asia from 1912 to 1949. It included the present-day territories of China, Taiwan, and, for some of its history, Mongolia.
1912 (May 18): The first Indian film released in India was Shree Pundalik a silent film in Marathi by Dadasaheb Torne at 'Coronation Cinematograph', Bombay. Some have argued that Pundalik does not deserve the honour of being called the first Indian film because it was a photographic recording of a popular Marathi play, and because the cameraman—a man named Johnson—was a British national and the film was processed in London.
1912: Phalke made his first film, Raja Harishchandra, in 1912. It was a silent Marathi film.
1912: commercial and military ships carried both transmitters and receivers, allowing two-way communication in close to real-time with a ship that was out of sight of land.
1912: The Republic of China was a state in East Asia from 1912 to 1949. It included the present-day territories of China, Taiwan, and, for some of its history, Mongolia.
1912 (May 18): The first Indian film released in India was Shree Pundalik a silent film in Marathi by Dadasaheb Torne at 'Coronation Cinematograph', Bombay. Some have argued that Pundalik does not deserve the honour of being called the first Indian film because it was a photographic recording of a popular Marathi play, and because the cameraman—a man named Johnson—was a British national and the film was processed in London.
1912: Phalke made his first film, Raja Harishchandra, in 1912. It was a silent Marathi film.
1912:[Technology][Medicine] Ukrainian physiologist Vladimir Vladimirovich Pravdich-Neminsky published the first animal EEG and the evoked potential of the mammalian (dog).
1912:The First and Second Balkan Wars (1912-1913) further reshaped the political landscape, leading to the near complete expulsion of the Ottoman Empire from the Balkans and the redrawing of borders.
1913:Ignacy Lewski died in September 1913 in Warsaw, Poland at a reported age of 682. The exact cause of death is unknown, but the death may have been due to suicide. Ignacy Lewski (01.09.1231? - 30.09.1913) was a Polish man who was supposedly 682 years old at the time of his death.No one documented to have lived for exactly 682 years has been verified by modern longevity research. However, there are claims of individuals living to such an age, particularly in historical and legendary accounts. One notable example is Ignacy Lewski, who has a claimed age of 682 years, according to the Gerontology Wiki.
1913:[US][GeoPolitics] Ten Tragic Days. (US's involvement in regime change)
1913: Radio Rxr. by Ernst Alexanderson and Reginald Fessenden.
1913: Bra by Mary Phelps Jacob.
1913: The Zipper
1913 (Mar 31): The construction of Gateway of India started by the Public Works Department of India.
1913 (May 3): first public show of Phalke's Raja Harishchandra at Mumbai's Coronation Cinema, effectively marking the beginning of the Indian film industry.
1913: Truth: This book was the only book written by Soham Swami in English poetry. It was published in Calcutta, now Kolkata, in 1913.
1913: Bra by Mary Phelps Jacob.
1913: The Zipper
1913 (Mar 31): The construction of Gateway of India started by the Public Works Department of India.
1913 (May 3): first public show of Phalke's Raja Harishchandra at Mumbai's Coronation Cinema, effectively marking the beginning of the Indian film industry.
1913: Truth: This book was the only book written by Soham Swami in English poetry. It was published in Calcutta, now Kolkata, in 1913.
1913:[India][FnB] Karim restaurant in Delhi. Mutton Ishtew, anglo-indian.
1913:[Extreme][Env][Research] Death Valley, California, USA, the aptly named Furnace Creek currently holds the record for hottest air temperature ever recorded. The desert valley reached highs of 56.7°C in the summer of 1913, which would apparently push the limits of human survival.
1913 (Jul 29):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] The Times of London printed four letters Brontë had written to Constantin Héger after leaving Brussels in 1844. The letters broke the prevailing image of Brontë as an angelic martyr to Christian and female duties that had been constructed by many biographers, beginning with Gaskell.
1913:[Mntngg] Alfred Gregory FBIPP, FRPS (Hon) (12 February 1913 – 9 February 2010)[1] was a British mountaineer, explorer and professional photographer. A member of the 1953 British Mount Everest Expedition that made the first ascent of Mount Everest, he was in charge of stills photography and, as a climbing member of the team, reached 28,000 feet (8,500 metres) in support of the successful Hillary-Tenzing assault on the summit. Published The Picture of Everest (1953); Born: 12 February 1913, Blackburn, United Kingdom; Died: 9 February 2010 (age 96 years), Emerald, Australia
1913:[India][Culture][Extreme][Who] Rabindranath Tagore (May 7, 1861, Calcutta, Bengal Presidency - August 7, 1941, Calcutta, Bengal Presidency); 1913 (Age: 52) - Awarded Nobel Prize in Literature; lifelong work in education, art, and social thought.
1913:[India] The letters that Ramanujan wrote to G. H. Hardy on January 16 and February 27, 1913, are two of the most famous letters in the history of mathematics. These and other letters introduced Ramanujan and his remarkable theorems to the world and stimulated much research, especially in the 1920s and 1930s.
1913:[Tourism][USA] Custer State Park originated from a 1913 game preserve designation led by visionary Governor Peter Norbeck to protect vanishing local wildlife, officially opening as South Dakota's first state park in July 1919. More than 71,000 acres of pristine Black Hills beauty is protected and preserved within Custer State Park in South Dakota. Sharing the scene with tourists (who mainly visit here during summer) are healthy populations of mountain goats, prairie dogs, river otters, and feral burros. Perhaps the biggest success story are the bison that roam the plains and hills: What began as 36 individual animals in 1914 is now a herd of roughly 1,500. And while those big beasts may be the star attraction of the park, you're looking at the crown jewel—Sylvan Lake. It's a popular place for paddleboarding, swimming, and rock climbing. 1919: Following extensive advocacy by Peter Norbeck, the area officially became Custer State Park on July 1. 1920s–1930s: Conservation programs introduced iconic wildlife like bison and elk, while the Civilian Conservation Corps built roads, campgrounds, and dams.
1914:[US][GeoPolitics] occupation of Veracruz. (US's involvement in regime change)
1914: Einstein moved from Bern, Switzerland to Berlin, Germany in order to join the Prussian Academy of Sciences and the Humboldt University of Berlin.
1914 (Mar 17): Ramanujan departed for Trinity College, London from Madras aboarding the S.S. Nevasa
1914 (Apr 25): Brute Force [a.k.a. Primitive Man], a short silent drama film directed by D. W. Griffith, and starring Robert Harron and Mae Marsh. The film was shot in Chatsworth Park, Chatsworth, Los Angeles, California. It is a story of cavemen and dinosaurs, and perhaps the first live-action dinosaur film.
1914: Paul Rand was born. He rose to be an American art director and graphic designer, best known for his corporate logo designs, including the logos for IBM, UPS, Enron, Morningstar, Inc., Westinghouse, ABC, and NeXT.
1914 (Apr 25): Brute Force [a.k.a. Primitive Man], a short silent drama film directed by D. W. Griffith, and starring Robert Harron and Mae Marsh. The film was shot in Chatsworth Park, Chatsworth, Los Angeles, California. It is a story of cavemen and dinosaurs, and perhaps the first live-action dinosaur film.
1914: Paul Rand was born. He rose to be an American art director and graphic designer, best known for his corporate logo designs, including the logos for IBM, UPS, Enron, Morningstar, Inc., Westinghouse, ABC, and NeXT.
1914:[book] Lillian Gilbreth published The Psychology of Management, pioneering the human relations aspect of the field. (Industrial Engg)
1914:[silvics] Early 20th Century (USA): With the birth of American forestry, leaders like Gifford Pinchot prioritized studying the biology of American tree species and their response to interventions. Early classics included Zon's work on balsam fir and Frothingham's on eastern white pine in 1914.
1914:[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Second auction of Nicholls inheritance and Brontë memorabilia was sold by his widow, Mary Anna Bell.
1914:[Technology][Medicine] Napoleon Cybulski and Jelenska-Macieszyna photographed EEG recordings of experimentally induced seizures. (EEG)
1914:[Military][India][WW1] The Kirkee (1914-1918) Memorial is dedicated 735 Commonwealth service personnel who died in India in World War I and whose graves were in various locations where they could not be maintained, to the 629 whose remains were reburied within this cemetery in 1962 from Sewri Christian Cemetery, and to about 193 soldiers of East and West African origin who died during the period of 1939-1945 in various non-operational zones around the country.[3] There is also the Kirkee (1939-1945) Memorial to 197 Commonwealth service personnel (excepting East and West African) who died in World War II and whose graves in other parts of India and in Pakistan are unmaintainable.
1914:[Research][Who][Tech][Computing] In 1914, the Spanish engineer Leonardo Torres Quevedo published Essays on Automatics, where he designed a special-purpose electromechanical calculator based on Charles Babbage's analytical engine and described a way to store floating-point numbers in a consistent manner. He stated that numbers will be stored in exponential format as n × 10^m, and offered three rules by which consistent manipulation of floating-point numbers by machines could be implemented. For Torres, "n will always be the same number of digits (e.g. six), the first digit of n will be of order of tenths, the second of hundredths, etc, and one will write each quantity in the form: n; m."
1914:[env] Once in ample, commercial hunters killed passenger pigeons in vast numbers, eventually decimating the population. The last passenger pigeon, named Martha, died in the Cincinnati Zoological Garden in 1914, and was donated to the Smithsonian Institution.
1914:[research] non-destructive way to measure steel hardness - Rockwell C scale (HRC) - The Rockwell C scale (HRC) was invented in the early 20th century by American metallurgists and cousins/brothers Hugh M. and Stanley P. Rockwell to quickly measure the hardness of heat-treated steel bearing races. Initial Need: Working at the New Departure Manufacturing Company in Connecticut, the Rockwells needed a fast, non-destructive alternative to the slow Brinell test to evaluate steel for ball bearings. Patent Filing: They co-invented a differential-depth testing machine and filed a patent on July 15, 1914, which was granted as U.S. Patent 1,294,171 in February 1919. Refinement: Stanley Rockwell later patented an improved version of the tester in September 1919 after moving to a new employer.
Evolution of the C Scale. Commercialization: In 1924, Stanley partnered with instrument manufacturer Charles H. Wilson to commercially produce the testers, forming what would become the Wilson Mechanical Instrument Company. Standardization: The specific "C" scale—utilizing a 150-kgf major load and a 120-degree diamond cone (Brale) indenter—was developed to test hardened tool steels and high-carbon metals where softer ball-indenter scales (like the B scale) failed.
Franz Schubert was an Austrian composer of the late Classical and early Romantic eras, while Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity. While they lived during the same period (Schubert died in 1828, Einstein was born in 1879), there is no direct connection between them beyond the fact that both were influential figures in their respective fields.
1914:World War I (1914–1918) World War I Key Players: Allied Powers (France, U.K., Russia, Italy, U.S.) vs. Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire) Significance: World War I, often called “The Great War,” was the first major global conflict involving over 30 nations. Triggered by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary in 1914, the war drew in European powers due to complex alliances. It was characterized by trench warfare, chemical weapons, and unprecedented loss of life. Why It’s Famous: Over 16 million deaths, with a combination of battle casualties and civilian losses. The war profoundly affected politics, economics, and societies. New technologies like tanks, machine guns, and planes changed warfare forever. Major Consequences: The Treaty of Versailles (1919) imposed harsh penalties on Germany, creating long-term resentment and economic collapse. The downfall of empires: Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, German Empire, and Russian Empire. The League of Nations was created to maintain peace (though it failed, leading to WWII). Cultural Legacy: The trauma of WWI influenced literature, poetry (e.g., Wilfred Owen), and memorials. It also shaped modern politics, including revolutions (e.g., the Russian Revolution of 1917) and movements for decolonization.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1914 (Jul 28): World War I started between Allied (France, Britain, Russia, Japan, US, Greece, Italy) and Centrals (Germany, Ottoman Empire, )
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The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo triggered World War I, and the subsequent collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire further fragmented the region.
1914 (Oct 4):[WW1] the "The Appeal of 93 'to the Civilized World!" a document published by a group of prominent German intellectuals and artists in 1914 during World War I. This manifesto aimed to justify Germany's actions in the war, appealing to the "civilized world" to recognize Germany's role as a protector of civilization against its enemies. It argued that German militarism was necessary to defend German culture and civilization from those who would destroy them.
List of signatories
Adolf von Baeyer, chemist: synthesized indigo, 1905 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Peter Behrens, architect and designer
Emil Adolf von Behring, physiologist: received the 1901 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Wilhelm von Bode, art historian and curator
Alois Brandl [de], Austrian-German philologist
Lujo Brentano, economist and social reformer
Justus Brinckmann, art historian
Johannes Conrad, political economist
Franz von Defregger, Austrian artist
Richard Dehmel, anti-conservative poet and writer
Adolf Deissmann, Protestant theologian
Wilhelm Dörpfeld, architect and archeologist (including site of ancient Troy)
Friedrich von Duhn, classical archaeologist
Paul Ehrlich, awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, initiated chemotherapy, "the magic bullet"
Albert Ehrhard, Catholic priest and church historian
Karl Engler, chemist
Gerhard Esser [de], Catholic theologian
Rudolf Christoph Eucken, philosopher: winner of the 1908 Nobel Prize for Literature
Herbert Eulenberg, poet and playwright
Henrich Finke, Catholic church historian
Hermann Emil Fischer, chemist: 1902 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Wilhelm Foerster, also signed counter-manifesto
Ludwig Fulda, Jewish playwright with strong social commitment
Eduard von Gebhardt, painter
Jan Jakob Maria de Groot, Sinologist and historian of religion
Fritz Haber, chemist: received the 1918 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for synthesizing ammonia
Ernst Haeckel, biologist: coined the words "ecology, phylum, stem cell," developed "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"
Max Halbe, dramatist
Adolf von Harnack, Lutheran theologian
Carl Hauptmann [de], playwright
Gerhart Hauptmann, dramatist and novelist: received the 1912 Nobel Prize in Literature
Gustav Hellmann, meteorologist
Wilhelm Herrmann, Reformed theologian
Andreas Heusler, Swiss medievalist
Adolf von Hildebrand, sculptor
Ludwig Hoffmann, architect
Engelbert Humperdinck, composer: including "Hänsel und Gretel"
Leopold Graf von Kalckreuth, painter
Arthur Kampf, history painter
Friedrich August von Kaulbach, painter
Theodor Kipp, jurist
Felix Klein, mathematician: group theory, complex analysis, non-Euclidean geometry; "the Klein bottle"
Max Klinger, Symbolist painter, sculptor, printmaker, and writer
Aloïs Knoepfler, art historian
Anton Koch, Catholic theologian
Paul Laband, professor of law
Karl Lamprecht, historian
Philipp Lenard, physicist: winner of the 1905 Nobel Prize for Physics for cathode rays research
Maximilian Lenz, painter
Max Liebermann, Jewish Impressionist painter and printmaker
Franz von Liszt, jurist and legal scholar (cousin of the composer)
Ludwig Manzel, sculptor
Joseph Mausbach [de], theologian
Georg von Mayr [de], statistician
Sebastian Merkle [de], Catholic theologian
Eduard Meyer, historian
Heinrich Morf, linguist
Friedrich Naumann, liberal politician and Protestant pastor
Albert Neisser, physician who discovered the cause of gonorrhea
Walther Hermann Nernst, chemist: third law of thermodynamics, won the 1920 Nobel Prize in chemistry
Wilhelm Ostwald, chemist: received the 1909 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Bruno Paul, architect, illustrator, interior designer, and furniture designer.
Max Planck, theoretical physicist: originated quantum theory, awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918
Albert Plohn, professor of medicine
Georg Reicke [de], author and politician
Max Reinhardt, Austrian-born, American stage and film actor and director
Alois Riehl, philosopher
Carl Robert, philologist and archeologist
Wilhelm Röntgen, physicist: known for X-rays, awarded 1901 Nobel Prize in Physics
Max Rubner, physiologist and hygienist
Fritz Schaper, sculptor
Adolf von Schlatter, Evangelical theologian
August Schmidlin [de], theologian
Gustav von Schmoller, economist
Reinhold Seeberg, theologian
Martin Spahn [fr], historian
Franz von Stuck, symbolist/Art Nouveau painter, sculptor, engraver, and architect
Hermann Sudermann, dramatist and novelist
Hans Thoma, painter
Wilhelm Trübner, realist painter
Karl Vollmöller, playwright and screenwriter
Richard Voss, dramatist and novelist
Karl Vossler, linguist and scholar
Siegfried Wagner, composer, son of Richard Wagner
Wilhelm Waldeyer, anatomist: named the chromosome
August von Wassermann, bacteriologist: developed the "Wassermann test" for syphilis
Felix Weingartner, Austrian conductor, composer and pianist
Theodor Wiegand, archeologist
Wilhelm Wien, physicist: received the 1911 Nobel Prize for work on heat radiation
Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, classical philologist
Richard Willstätter, organic chemist: won the 1915 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for structure of plant pigments
Wilhelm Windelband, philosopher
Wilhelm Wundt, physician, psychologist, physiologist, philosopher, "father of experimental psychology"
1914:[Art] Three Musicians is part of a significant shift that occurred in Picasso's art after 1914. It marked the end of his close working relationship with Georges Braque, who joined the French army. After 1914 Picasso made few collages. Instead, he deployed his Cubist strategies in the traditional medium of oil on canvas, which allowed him to create paintings that were much larger and more decorative. Picasso was very busy during the First World War. He had to produce artworks for the war effort. The theme of war affected his work, and he produced some of his most important works in this period.
1914: In 1914 5 % were Indians in Imperial Civil Services.
1914: Parmanand Deepchand Hinduja (1901-1971) founded the Hinduja Group, an Indian conglomerate company HQ'd in London, United Kingdom.It now trades in Automotive, financial services, ITES, oil and gas, media and telecom.
Parmanand Deepchand Hinduja was the Founder of the Hinduja Group and the Hinduja Foundation.
1914:[Culture][Garment] Ad copywriter William Laughead personifies lumberjack folk hero Paul Bunyan (who eventually popularized Buffalo Check shirt) in a series of pamphlets for the Red River Lumber Company. Paul Bunyan was chosen as a symbol of Michigan's history in the lumber industry.
1914: Parmanand Deepchand Hinduja (1901-1971) founded the Hinduja Group, an Indian conglomerate company HQ'd in London, United Kingdom.It now trades in Automotive, financial services, ITES, oil and gas, media and telecom.
Parmanand Deepchand Hinduja was the Founder of the Hinduja Group and the Hinduja Foundation.
1914:[Culture][Garment] Ad copywriter William Laughead personifies lumberjack folk hero Paul Bunyan (who eventually popularized Buffalo Check shirt) in a series of pamphlets for the Red River Lumber Company. Paul Bunyan was chosen as a symbol of Michigan's history in the lumber industry.
1914 (Dec): Haber witnessed a chemical weapon test, unimpressed, he set out to make a gas that was deadly at low concentration and heavier than air so that it's sink in the enemy trenches.
1914: Delhi Cantonment: Established in 1914.
1915–1934:[US][GeoPolitics] occupation of Haiti. (US's involvement in regime change)
1915: Transcontinental telephone service became possible by use of amplifiers based on Lee De Forest's "Audion" vacuum tube.1915:[edu] Unit Operations (1915): Arthur D. Little introduced the concept of "unit operations," grouping chemical processes into standardized physical steps like distillation, fluid flow, and heat transfer.
1915: Khushwant Singh [1915-2014] was an Indian novelist, lawyer, journalist and politician.He was raised in New Delhi, he studied law at St. Stephen's College, Delhi, and King's College London.
1915:[Day] At the request of Gokhale, conveyed to him by C.F. Andrews, Gandhi returned to India in 1915. He brought an international reputation as a leading Indian nationalist, theorist and organiser. NRI or Pravasi Bharatiya Divas is observed every year on 9 January to mark the contribution of the overseas Indian community towards the development of India. This day also commemorates the return of Mahatma Gandhi from South Africa to Mumbai on 9 January 1915.
1915: Polson (Now, a Dairy products brand) was started in India by Pestonjee Eduljee in Mumbai.
1915: Islington Commission was established in 1912 which was Royal Commission on Public Services in India.It gave few recommendations on ICS in 1915.
1915: The Government of India Act, 1915
1915:[Book] Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis. In the Penal Colony (1919); A Hunger Artist (1922); The Trial (1925); The Castle (1926).
1915: Khushwant Singh [1915-2014] was an Indian novelist, lawyer, journalist and politician.He was raised in New Delhi, he studied law at St. Stephen's College, Delhi, and King's College London.
1915:[Day] At the request of Gokhale, conveyed to him by C.F. Andrews, Gandhi returned to India in 1915. He brought an international reputation as a leading Indian nationalist, theorist and organiser. NRI or Pravasi Bharatiya Divas is observed every year on 9 January to mark the contribution of the overseas Indian community towards the development of India. This day also commemorates the return of Mahatma Gandhi from South Africa to Mumbai on 9 January 1915.
1915: Polson (Now, a Dairy products brand) was started in India by Pestonjee Eduljee in Mumbai.
1915: Islington Commission was established in 1912 which was Royal Commission on Public Services in India.It gave few recommendations on ICS in 1915.
1915: The Government of India Act, 1915
1915:[Book] Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis. In the Penal Colony (1919); A Hunger Artist (1922); The Trial (1925); The Castle (1926).
1915:[Business][Food] Polson is the name of a dairy products brand that was started in India by Pestonjee Eduljee in 1915 in Mumbai. Polson's first dairy was set up in Anand, Gujarat at the cost of ₹7 lakh (US$8,800) in 1930.
1915:[Books][Drama][UK][Who] 9 years after the death of her husband Nicholls, Mary Anna Bell died widowed aged 85.
1915 (Apr 22 18:00): German troops released 170 tons of Chlorine from over 5000 tons of gas cylinders, the wall of gas, Chlorine is 2.5x heavier than air; More than 5000 allied soldier died in the first attack of such kind. Haber was promoted to the rank of Captain.
1915 (Jul 20):Sir Oliver Joseph Lodge (12 June 1851 – 22 August 1940) was an English physicist whose investigations into electromagnetic radiation contributed to the development of radio communication. He identified electromagnetic radiation independent of Heinrich Hertz's proof. His son Captain Raymond Lodge died during the battle of Ypres along with Major Colin Foster and First Lt. William Marston.
1915 (Jul 20): After being rejecting access of the German papers at the university library, Eddington wrote to Einstein about Mercury's odd orbit which was not exactly explained by Newtonian physics. While Eddington did not directly correspond with Einstein in 1915, he did play a crucial role in communicating and verifying Einstein's theory of general relativity to the English-speaking world. In 1915, Einstein published his theory of general relativity, but due to World War I, direct communication with England was difficult. Eddington, as Secretary of the Royal Astronomical Society, received the papers via a friend in neutral Holland and recognized their significance. He then worked to make the theory accessible to the English-speaking scientific community. Later, Eddington led an expedition to observe the solar eclipse of 1919, which provided experimental evidence supporting Einstein's theory.
57YO Max Planck's son died fighting for the Germany.
47YO Fritz Haber.
36YO Einstein.
1916–1924:[US][GeoPolitics] occupation of the Dominican Republic. (US's involvement in regime change)
1916:[Military] In 1916, in a World War I war effort context, the first concrete-paved runway was built in Clermont-Ferrand in France, allowing local company Michelin to manufacture Bréguet Aviation military aircraft.
1916: Lewis Terman developed the original notion of IQ and proposed this scale for classifying IQ scores: Over 140 - Genius or near genius. 120 - 140 - Very superior intelligence. 110 - 119 - Superior intelligence.1916: First Women's University in India by Maharshi Dr. Dhondo Keshav Karve. 1st five women graduated in 1921.
1916: High courts of India - Patna High Court, 6th HC set-up in Patna, Bihar.
1916:[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Third and last? auction of Nicholls inheritance and Brontë memorabilia was sold by his widow, Mary Anna Bell after her own death.
1916:Annie Besant founded the Home Rule League; prominent advocate for Indian self-rule and social reform.
1916:[India][Culture][Extreme][Who][Women] Annie Besant (October 1, 1847, London, England - September 20, 1933, Adyar, Madras Presidency); 1916 (Age: 68-69) - Founded the Home Rule League; prominent advocate for Indian self-rule and social reform.
1916:[India][Education] Founded by Mahamana Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviyaji in 1916, Banaras Hindu University is one of the most prestigious Central Universities in the country. The University was conceived as a residential university, keeping in view its objective of complete character development and thorough mentoring of students.
1917 (Apr 26):[Education][India][Public] the Nizam of Hyderabad Mir Osman Ali Khan issued a firman to establish the Osmania University. The university began functioning in 1918 in a building adjacent to the Nizam College at Basheerbagh. Arts and theology were the only two faculties offered, and the first batch consisted of 225 students and 25 faculty members.
1917: Einstein became director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics; he also became a German citizen again, this time as a subject of the Kingdom of Prussia.
1917 (Mar 8): The Russian Revolution was a pair of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the eventual rise of the Soviet Union.
1917: the Great October Socialist Revolution in Russia.
1917 (Nov 7): Soviet Russian Republic. Russia (Listeni/ˈrʌʃə/; Russian: Росси́я, tr. Rossija; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə]; from the Greek: Ρωσία — Rus'), officially known as the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (
1917: Erlang's "Solution of some Problems in the Theory of Probabilities of Significance in Automatic Telephone Exchanges" - which contains his classic formulae for call loss and waiting time. [written in Danish]
1917: Pulitzer Prize eas estd. in memory of Joseph Pulitzer. at NYC.
1917: Chautauqua, an adult education movement in the United States. Former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt was quoted as saying that Chautauqua is "the most American thing in America.
1917: Baldeo Das was awarded the Raibahadur title.
1917: Annie Besant won her election to become president of the India National Congress in late 1917. After the war she continued to campaign for Indian independence until her death in 1933.
1917: The restrictive Immigration Acts of 1917 and 1924 in US, which effectively banned immigration from Asia, brought the already low levels of migration to US from India to a halt.
1917 (Mar 8): The Russian Revolution was a pair of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the eventual rise of the Soviet Union.
1917: the Great October Socialist Revolution in Russia.
1917 (Nov 7): Soviet Russian Republic. Russia (Listeni/ˈrʌʃə/; Russian: Росси́я, tr. Rossija; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə]; from the Greek: Ρωσία — Rus'), officially known as the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (
1917: Erlang's "Solution of some Problems in the Theory of Probabilities of Significance in Automatic Telephone Exchanges" - which contains his classic formulae for call loss and waiting time. [written in Danish]
1917: Pulitzer Prize eas estd. in memory of Joseph Pulitzer. at NYC.
1917: Chautauqua, an adult education movement in the United States. Former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt was quoted as saying that Chautauqua is "the most American thing in America.
1917: Baldeo Das was awarded the Raibahadur title.
1917: Annie Besant won her election to become president of the India National Congress in late 1917. After the war she continued to campaign for Indian independence until her death in 1933.
1917: The restrictive Immigration Acts of 1917 and 1924 in US, which effectively banned immigration from Asia, brought the already low levels of migration to US from India to a halt.
1917: Wolf 359 is a red dwarf star located in the constellation Leo, near the ecliptic. At a distance of approximately 7.9 light years from Earth, it has an apparent magnitude of 13.54 and can only be seen with a large telescope. Wolf 359 is one of the nearest stars to the Sun; only the Alpha Centauri system (including Proxima Centauri), Barnard's Star, the brown dwarfs Luhman 16 (WISE 1049-5319), and WISE 0855−0714 are known to be closer.
1917:[Psy] The original versions of the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) were constructed by two Americans, Katharine Cook Briggs and her daughter Isabel Briggs Myers. Briggs began her research into personality in 1917. Upon meeting her future son-in-law, she observed marked differences between his personality and that of other family members. Briggs embarked on a project of reading biographies, and subsequently developed a typology wherein she proposed four temperaments: meditative (or thoughtful), spontaneous, executive, and social. After the English translation of Carl Jung's book Psychological Types was published in 1923 (first published in German in 1921), Briggs recognized that Jung's theory was similar to, but went far beyond, her own. Briggs's four types were later identified as corresponding to the IXXXs (Introverts: "meditative"), EXXPs (Extraverts & Prospectors: "spontaneous"), EXTJs (Extraverts, Thinkers & Judgers: "executive") and EXFJs (Extraverts, Feelers & Judgers: "social"). Her first publications were two articles describing Jung's theory, in the journal New Republic in 1926 ("Meet Yourself Using the Personality Paint Box") and 1928 ("Up From Barbarism").
1917:[Research][Chemistry][Who] For his discovery of the characteristic X-rays of elements, Barkla was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1917. He was also awarded the Hughes Medal of the British Royal Society that same year.
1917:[Research][Chemistry][Who] For his discovery of the characteristic X-rays of elements, Barkla was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1917. He was also awarded the Hughes Medal of the British Royal Society that same year.
1917:[Technology][Medicine][Art] X-ray computed tomography first founded thru the mathematical theory of the Radon transform. (CT Scan)
1917: German chemical companies developed an alkyl sulfate surfactant, in response to shortages of soap ingredients during the Allied Blockade of Germany during World War I.
1917:[Military][Education] The ‘University Corps’, which was created under the Indian Defence Act 1917, with the objective to make up for a shortage of personnel in the Army.
1917:[Bio][Chemistry] Elmer McCollum isolated one of these factors, which was later known as vitamin A (Retinol).
1918:[EU][Armenia] After World War I, Yerevan became the capital of the First Republic of Armenia as thousands of survivors of the Armenian genocide in the Ottoman Empire arrived in the area. The city expanded rapidly during the 20th century while Armenia was a part of the Soviet Union.
1918 (May 11): Richard Feynman born and lived for 69 years. He was a scientist, teacher, raconteur, and drummer. He assisted in the development of the atomic bomb.1918: Spanish flu, also known as the Great Influenza epidemic or the 1918 influenza pandemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case was March 1918 in Kansas, United States, with further cases recorded in France, Germany and the United Kingdom in April. Two years later, nearly a third of the global population, or an estimated 500 million people, had been infected in four successive waves. Estimates of deaths range from 17 million to 50 million, and possibly as high as 100 million, making it one of the deadliest pandemics in human history.
1918:[Tech][extreme][Research] The "Christmas Bullet" was an experimental American biplane designed by Dr. William Whitney Christmas, notorious for its flawed design and tragic crashes. It's widely considered one of the worst aircraft ever built. The aircraft featured a cantilever wing design, lacking traditional support struts, and relied on wing warping for control, which proved to be structurally unsound. Two prototypes were built, both crashing on their maiden flights due to structural failure, killing the test pilots. The first prototype crashed on its maiden flight in December 1918, killing pilot Cuthbert Mills. The second prototype crashed a few months later, resulting in another fatality.
1918 (Jun 1):[History][Cinema] The Battle of Belleau Wood, a significant engagement of World War I, took place in June 1918, near Chateau-Thierry, France. It involved U.S. Marines and Army troops against German forces and is considered a pivotal moment in the war. The battle was fought over a month, from June 1st to June 26th, and resulted in a decisive Allied victory. (cinema ft: Hacksaw Ridge)
1918: In April 1918, during the latter part of World War I, the Viceroy invited Gandhi to a War Conference in Delhi.Perhaps to show his support for the Empire and help his case for India's independence, Gandhi agreed to actively recruit Indians for the war effort. In contrast to the Zulu War of 1906 and the outbreak of World War I in 1914, when he recruited volunteers for the Ambulance Corps, this time Gandhi attempted to recruit combatants. In a June 1918 leaflet entitled "Appeal for Enlistment", Gandhi wrote "To bring about such a state of things we should have the ability to defend ourselves, that is, the ability to bear arms and to use them...If we want to learn the use of arms with the greatest possible despatch, it is our duty to enlist ourselves in the army." He did, however, stipulate in a letter to the Viceroy's private secretary that he "personally will not kill or injure anybody, friend or foe."
Gandhi's war recruitment campaign brought into question his consistency on nonviolence. Gandhi's private secretary noted that "The question of the consistency between his creed of 'Ahimsa' (nonviolence) and his recruiting campaign was raised not only then but has been discussed ever since."
Gandhi's war recruitment campaign brought into question his consistency on nonviolence. Gandhi's private secretary noted that "The question of the consistency between his creed of 'Ahimsa' (nonviolence) and his recruiting campaign was raised not only then but has been discussed ever since."
1918: Ernest Hemingway was raised in Oak Park, Illinois. After high school, he was a reporter for a few months for The Kansas City Star before leaving for the Italian Front to enlist as an ambulance driver in World War I. In 1918, he was seriously wounded and returned home. His wartime experiences formed the basis for his novel A Farewell to Arms (1929).
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1918 (Nov 11): WW1 assumed to be halted. Lasted for around 4.5 years. WWI
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1918 (Nov 11): WW1 assumed to be halted. Lasted for around 4.5 years. WWI
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After World War I, Yugoslavia was formed but eventually dissolved in the 1990s, leading to further fragmentation and conflict.
1918 (Nov 12): "End of the Great World War" reported London-based The Daily Chronicle
1918 (Dec 14): Bellur Krishnamachar Sundararaja (BKS) Iyengar (14 December 1918 – 20 August 2014) was an Indian yoga teacher and author who is the founder of the style of yoga as exercise known as "Iyengar Yoga" and was considered one of the foremost yoga gurus in the world.
1918:[Art] Weeping Willow, 1918 Monet painting, one of several works depicting a Weeping Willow tree located at the edge of his Water Lilies pond.
1918:[Mntngg] Sir Robert Charles Evans (19 October 1918, Liverpool-England – 5 December 1995) was a British mountaineer, surgeon, and educator. He was leader of the 1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition and deputy leader of the 1953 British Mount Everest expedition, both of which were successful. First Book: Evans, Charles (1955). On Climbing. Woodstock, VT, USA: The Countryman Press. ASIN B000J54WIM; Evans, Charles (1957). Kangchenjunga: The Untrodden Peak. New York, NY, USA: E.P. Dutton and Co. ASIN B002DFL48C.
1919:[Business][GeoPolitics] The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a United Nations agency whose mandate is to advance social and economic justice by setting international labour standards. Founded in October 1919 under the League of Nations, it is one of the first and oldest specialized agencies of the UN.
1919:[Who][Research][Book] My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla, is a collection of six autobiographical articles written by Tesla in 1919 at age 63 for Electrical Experimenter magazine. It chronicles his childhood in modern-day Croatia, the inner workings of his mind, and the eureka moments behind his most revolutionary electrical and mechanical discoveries.
1919:[Book] An approximation of the "Royal Grant" to Abraham consisting of all the land east of the Brook of Egypt (Wadi el-Arish) and west of the Euphrates, north of Kadesh and south of Hamath, from a 1919 book by Clarence Larkin. Title: The Book of Revelation ; a study of the last prophetic book of Holy Scripture Year. Canaan / The Land of Israel / Palestine: The core ancestral and promised territory.The Negeb (Negev): The arid southern zone extending up from Kadesh-barnea.Philistia: The coastal strip along the Mediterranean situated east of the Brook of Egypt.Judah and Israel (The Hill Country and Lowlands): The central highlands and inland valleys.Phoenicia / Lebanon: Portions of the Mediterranean coastline and the Lebanon/Anti-Lebanon mountain ranges stretching northward.Aram / Syrian Plain (Coele-Syria and Damascus region): The northern interior expanses stretching up toward Hamath and out toward the middle Euphrates River.Transjordan (Gilead, Bashan, and Moab): Areas east of the Jordan River included in broader territorial expansions.
1919:In January 1919, aviation pioneer Orville Wright underlined the need for "distinctly marked and carefully prepared landing places, [but] the preparing of the surface of reasonably flat ground [is] an expensive undertaking [and] there would also be a continuous expense for the upkeep."
1919:[Education][US][Public] University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)founded.
1919: Banaras Hindu University
1919: Jalianwala Bagh Massacre. Michel O'Dwyer.
1919: Montague-Chelmsford Report and the Government of India Act, 1919
1919: The Khilafat movement (1919–22) was a pan-Islamic, political protest campaign launched by Muslims in British India to influence the British government.
1919: Hinduja was responsible for establishing trading links between India and Persia (now Iran).
1919: Jalianwala Bagh Massacre. Michel O'Dwyer.
1919: Montague-Chelmsford Report and the Government of India Act, 1919
1919: The Khilafat movement (1919–22) was a pan-Islamic, political protest campaign launched by Muslims in British India to influence the British government.
1919: Hinduja was responsible for establishing trading links between India and Persia (now Iran).
1919 (May 29):[Physics][Research] First attempt to prove Einstein's theory at Ilha do Príncipe, Africa (slight North of the equator) ; Telescope aimed at the sun, Hyades star cluster - Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington, secretary of the Royal Astronomical Society and Astronomer Royal Frank Watson Dyson organized two expeditions to observe a solar eclipse in 1919 to make the first empirical test of Einstein's theory: the measurement of the deflection of light by the Sun's gravitational field. In fact, Dyson's argument for the indispensability of Eddington's expertise in this test was what prevented Eddington from eventually having to enter military service. (proving Einstein’s prediction of the bending of starlight by the gravitational field of a star.) - (What if rain didn't stopped around the eclipse time and the sky was overcasted by clouds - the Einstein's theory would have taken more time to prove it) EInstein was 40YO and Eddington was 37YO
1919 (Jul 20):[mntngg][who] On this day, July 20, 1919, 🇳🇿 Sir Edmund Hillary was born—a shy, lanky boy from New Zealand whose first sight of Mount Ruapehu awakened a lifelong passion for mountains. He made first ascents of several 6,000- and 7,000-metre peaks, but became best known for reaching Everest’s summit with his Sherpa climbing partner Tenzing Norgay in 1953.
Hillary’s adventures extended far beyond Everest. In 1958, he drove a modified farm tractor across Antarctica to the South Pole. In 1985, he flew to the North Pole with astronaut Neil Armstrong. Yet his greatest legacy remained in Nepal, where he helped establish schools, Khunde Hospital, Lukla Airport, bridges, water systems and vaccination programmes through the Himalayan Trust.
After losing his wife Louise and daughter Belinda in a plane crash in 1975, Hillary continued serving the Himalayan communities he loved. He died in 2008, aged 88.
1919: IUPAC founded at Registered in Zürich, Switzerland, secretariat in North Carolina, United States. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry or is an international federation of National Adhering Organizations that represents chemists in individual countries. It is a member of the International Council for Science.
1919: At the time of their invention, diode were known as rectifiers, until William Henry Eccles coined the term diode from the Greek roots di (from δί), meaning 'two', and ode (from ὁδός), meaning 'path'.
1919:[Business] Figaro Olive Oil has been celebrating the goodness of olive oil for more than a century, and what a glorious journey it has been. It all began in 1919, when the Figaro brand was formed by a firm called Brugier y Trujillo that specialized in the production and sale of olive oil, olives and olive oil soap. The founders were Euvaldo Martinez Brugier, a Sevillian trader and Rafael Trujillo, who specialized in olive and olive oil sales. Rafael was also known as one of the best olive oil tasters of his time. From 1984 till today, the Figaro Olive Oil brand belongs to the Deoleo S.A. company. Figaro Olive Oil is exported all around the world.
1919: At the time of their invention, diode were known as rectifiers, until William Henry Eccles coined the term diode from the Greek roots di (from δί), meaning 'two', and ode (from ὁδός), meaning 'path'.
1919:[Business] Figaro Olive Oil has been celebrating the goodness of olive oil for more than a century, and what a glorious journey it has been. It all began in 1919, when the Figaro brand was formed by a firm called Brugier y Trujillo that specialized in the production and sale of olive oil, olives and olive oil soap. The founders were Euvaldo Martinez Brugier, a Sevillian trader and Rafael Trujillo, who specialized in olive and olive oil sales. Rafael was also known as one of the best olive oil tasters of his time. From 1984 till today, the Figaro Olive Oil brand belongs to the Deoleo S.A. company. Figaro Olive Oil is exported all around the world.
1919:[Law] the name Allahabad High Court was given by the King of England. Earlier from 1866 to 1919 it was known as the High Court of North-Western Provinces.
1919:[Mntngg] Sir Edmund Percival Hillary (20 July 1919 – 11 January 2008) was a New Zealand mountaineer, explorer, and philanthropist. On 29 May 1953, Hillary and Sherpa mountaineer Tenzing Norgay became the first climbers confirmed to have reached the summit of Mount Everest. They were part of the ninth British expedition to Everest, led by John Hunt. From 1985 to 1988 he served as New Zealand's High Commissioner to India and Bangladesh and concurrently as Ambassador to Nepal.
1919:[China][Teen][Socialism] A secret agreement between Britain, France, Italy, and Japan was also revealed to have been made in 1917, giving Japan the territory in exchange for military aid. This agreement sparked a mass protest on 4 May 1919 in Beijing, mainly led by university students.
1919:[www] 2 Sept 2018 — WWV, the oldest continuously operating radio station in the United States, first went on the air from Washington in 1919, conducting propagation ...Starting in May 1920, the U.S. federal WWV radio stations have broadcast the official time without fail. ... “WWVB is the pacemaker for the world around us, even ...NIST radio station WWVB [79,80, 81] continuously broadcasts standard time and frequency information via a 60 kHz signal. These signals reside in the portion of ...
1920s:
1920: [GeoPolitics][Military][Economics] The British pound’s 105-year reign as the undisputed global reserve currency ends [[23:25](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYJri1eNRyc&t=1405)].
1920s: Eurasianism is a political movement that has its origins in the Russian émigré community in the 1920s. The key leaders of the Eurasianists were Prince Nikolai Trubetzkoy, Pyotr Savitsky, Pyotr Suvchinsky, D. S. Mirsky, Konstantin Chkheidze, Pyotr Arapov, and Sergei Efron.1920s: News wire services in the 1920s used multiplex devices that could technically be called a modem. Modems really grew out of the need to connect teleprinters over ordinary phone lines instead of the more expensive leased lines which had previously been used for current loop-based teleprinters and automated telegraphs.
1920:[Business][Polity][mgmt] The Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM), established in 1920, is India's oldest apex industry chamber, representing over 450,000 members and advocating for trade and commerce. Based in New Delhi, it acts as a key bridge between industry and government, focusing on sustainability, digital economy, and entrepreneurship.
1920s:[Mntngg] George Herbert Leigh-Mallory (18 June 1886 – 8 or 9 June 1924) was an English mountaineer who participated in the first three British Mount Everest expeditions from the early to mid-1920s. He and climbing partner Andrew "Sandy" Irvine were purportedly last seen ascending near Everest's summit during the 1924 expedition, sparking debate as to whether they reached it before they died.
1920s:[Telco] In the late 1920s and early 1930s, engineers were developing coaxial cables for radio transmitters. These cables needed to efficiently transmit high power with minimal signal loss. During and post WW2, A 50-ohm impedance was found to be a good compromise between these two conflicting requirements. Cables with lower impedances (like 30 ohms) offered better power handling, while those with higher impedances (like 77 ohms) had lower signal loss. The 50-ohm standard was solidified during the development of radar, radio, and telecommunications systems, particularly during and after World War II.
1920s:The concept of teamwork began to take shape with studies on group dynamics and the impact of social factors on worker behavior. The Hawthorne studies in the 1920s and 1930s are particularly notable, highlighting the importance of social support, cohesion, and worker interaction in improving productivity.
1920s:[silvics] Research Advancements: Scientists like James Toumey pioneered ecological-based silviculture in the 1920s.
1920s:[mktg][FnB] Gadodia Market: Built inside the area in the 1920s by local merchants, the historic Gadodia Market building became a central wholesale hub for trading spices.
1920:[Physics][UK] Rutherford had identified the proton as a nuclear particle.
1920: A child prodigy, S. Chandrasekhra published his first paper and developed his theory of star evolution before turning 20.
1920s: The Soviet BioWeapon program began in the 1920s at the Leningrad Military Academy under the control of the state security apparatus, known as the GPU. This occurred despite the fact that the USSR was a signatory to the 1925 Geneva Convention, which banned both chemical and biological weapons.
1920: A child prodigy, S. Chandrasekhra published his first paper and developed his theory of star evolution before turning 20.
1920s: The Soviet BioWeapon program began in the 1920s at the Leningrad Military Academy under the control of the state security apparatus, known as the GPU. This occurred despite the fact that the USSR was a signatory to the 1925 Geneva Convention, which banned both chemical and biological weapons.
1920s:[Crime][UK] Billy Hill (1911-1984) in UK (1920s-1970s). London, Manchester and Liverpool and regionally across the West Midlands region, south coast and northern England.
1920s:[Crime][India] Karim Lala was an Afghan who emigrated from Kunar, Afghanistan to Mumbai (then Bombay) in the 1920s. His family settled in one of the most densely populated and impoverished Muslim communities of Bhendi Bazaar in South Mumbai. Starting as an ordinary worker in the Mumbai docks, he later joined a gang of ethnic Pashtuns (called Pathans in India) who worked as illegal recovery agents for Marwari and Gujarati money lenders, landlords, and businessmen. These money lenders and landlords employed the burly Pathans whose tall imposing size and intimidating demeanor made it easy to recover money from defaulting debtors and evicting tenants and owners from prime properties in the expensive south Mumbai area. For over two decades, he was the leader of the dreaded "Pathan Gang" that operated in impoverished and crime-infested Muslim ghettos of South Mumbai like Dongri, Nagpada, Bhendi Bazaar, and Mohammad Ali Road. The Pathan Gang was involved in operating illegal gambling (satta) and liquor dens, illegal money recovery, illegal land evictions, kidnapping, protection racket (hafta), contract killing (supari), distribution of narcotics and counterfeit currency. Beginning of Mumbai - Financial capital of India, Ganster capital of India
1920: Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar' aged 12 wrote his first poem. Since 8 yrs. he started reading Ramcharitmanas. At 14 he was hit by love and married to Samvati Devi. He did his BA from Patna College.
1920: Baldeo Das Birla retired from business and started living in Banares pursuing religious studies.
1920: Srinivasa Ramanujan died at the age of 32. He was diagnosed with tuberculosis and a severe vitamin deficiency, and was confined to a sanatorium.
1920s: Supercomputing began.in the United States with the IBM tabulators at Columbia University and a series of computers at Control Data Corporation (CDC), designed by Seymour Cray to use innovative designs and parallelism to achieve superior computational peak performance.
1920s: Modern space research in India is most visibly traced to the 1920s, when the scientist S. K. Mitra conducted a series of experiments leading to the sounding of the ionosphere by application of ground based radio methods in Calcutta.Later, Indian scientists like C.V. Raman and Meghnad Saha contributed to scientific principles applicable in space sciences.
1920: first Passport issued in India. [British Indian passport issued during the colonial days.
1920: General elections were held in British India in 1920 to elect members to the Imperial Legislative Council and the Provincial Councils. They were the first elections in the country's history.
1920: Fayyaz Hashmi was a poet and dialogue writer who worked in the Indian and Pakistani film industries. He penned some memorable songs such as the famous ghazal Aaj Jaane Ki Zid Na Karo. Born in Calcutta in 1920, Fayyaz Hashmi was employed as the resident lyricist by the British-owned Gramophone Company of India from age 20.
1920: Scholastic Asia founded. It is the largest children's book publisher and distributor in the world.
1920: KDKA (AM) Commercial Radio Station.
1920:[India][Education][Medicine] Indian Red Cross Society (IRCS) was established in 1920 under the Indian Red Cross Society Act and incorporated under Parliament Act XV of 1920. The act was last amended in 1992 and of rules were formed in 1994.
1920 (Oct 29):[Education][India][Public] Jamia Millia Islamia (JMI) is a central university located in New Delhi, India. Originally established at Aligarh, United Provinces during the British Empire in 1920, it moved to its current location in Okhla in 1935. It was given the deemed status by University Grants Commission in 1962. On 26 December 1988, it became a central university. The university was founded by Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, Mohammad Ali Jauhar, Hakim Ajmal Khan, Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari, Abdul Majeed Khwaja, Dr Zakir Hussain, Mahatma Gandhi and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. Its foundation stone was laid by Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, the leader of Silk Letter Movement and the first student of Darul Uloom Deoband. Muhammad Ali Jauhar served as its first vice-chancellor from 1920 to 1923, and Hakim Ajmal Khan served as the first chancellor from 1920 to 1927. On 26 May 2017, Najma Heptulla became 11th Chancellor of the university, and Najma Akhtar became the 15th Vice Chancellor in April 2019.
1920:[India][Business] Having started its operations in 1920 as Gahagan Paints & Varnish in Mumbai, Kansai Nerolac Paints is principally engaged in the manufacturing of Paints and is a market leader in Industrial coatings. The company is subsidiary of Kansai Paints Co. Ltd Japan, from whom it continuously gets support and guidance in improvement of quality standards and getting best technology upgrades.
1920:[Bio][Chemistry] McCollum's discovery was described as a "fat-soluble" factor and was given the name "vitamin A".
1920:[Research][Who][Tech][Computing][maths] The format he proposed shows the need for a fixed-sized significand as is presently used for floating-point data, fixing the location of the decimal point in the significand so that each representation was unique, and how to format such numbers by specifying a syntax to be used that could be entered through a typewriter, as was the case of his Electromechanical Arithmometer in 1920. (PetaFLOPS, TeraFLOPS)
1921:[Research][Physics][Space][Astro][Book] In May 1921, the polymath Walter Russell entered a 39-day "cosmic illumination" that he described as a connection to universal knowledge. Upon waking, he documented his insights in The Universal One, which proposed that matter is crystallized light and the universe is a mental construct based on cycles of balanced expansion and contraction. While most intellectuals dismissed his work, Nikola Tesla reportedly urged him to preserve it for a millennium, believing humanity wasn't ready. Russell's theories, which blend science and spirituality, are now gaining renewed interest in the fields of consciousness and quantum physics. Russell claimed to have experienced a transformational and revelatory event in May 1921, which he later described in a chapter called "The Story of My Illumining" in the 1950 edition of his Home Study Course. "During that period...I could perceive all motion," and was newly "aware of all things."
1921:[Education][UK][Public] University of Leicester founded.
1921:[Physics][Who]Einstein was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for "his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect", and Millikan was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1923 for "his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect".
1921:British Empire was at its territorial peak, covering 24% of the Earth's total land area. At the peak of its power, the phrase "the empire on which the sun never sets" was often used to describe the British Empire, because its expanse around the globe meant that the sun was always shining on at least one of its territories.1921: India Gate, Delhi inaugurated.
1921: Standard Education @ UP. The The Board of High School and Intermediate Education Uttar Pradesh (माध्यमिक शिक्षा परिषद, उत्तर प्रदेश) was set up in the year 1921 at Allahabad by an act of United Provinces Legislative Council. It conducted its first examination in 1923. This Board is one in India which, from the very start, had adopted 10+2 system of examination. The first public examination after 10 years education is High School Examination and after the 10+2 stage, there is Intermediate Examination. Prior to 1923, University of Allahabad was the examining body of these two examinations.
1921: the Imperial Bank, India was estd by merging three main Presidency Banks.
1921: Population of India recorded a negative growth rate in the upcoming decade (1911-1921). - duplicate record. During 1891 to 1921 population of India grew from 236 million to 251 million. 1921 is also called great divide in Indian history.
1921: Hyperinflation affected the German Papiermark, the currency of the Weimar Republic, between 1921 and 1923, primarily in 1923. It caused considerable internal political instability in the country, the occupation of the Ruhr by France and Belgium as well as misery for the general populace.
1921:[Book] Psychological Types (German: Psychologische Typen) is a book by Carl Jung that was originally published in German by Rascher Verlag in 1921, and translated into English in 1923, becoming volume 6 of The Collected Works of C. G. Jung. [Theory of Personality]
1921:[Mntngg][Extreme] 1921: British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition.
1921:[WW1] In 1921, a report in The New York Times about 'Manifesto of the Ninety-Three' found that of 76 surviving signatories, 60 expressed varying degrees of regret, and some claimed not to have seen what they had signed.
1921:Winston Churchill is the overarching protagonist of Peaky Blinders. He was the Secretary of State for the Colonies between 1921 and 1922.
1921:[Med][Delhi] Sir Ganga Ram Hospital was first founded in 1921 in Lahore by the leading civil engineer and philanthropist Sir Ganga Ram. Following the Partition of India, a new modern campus was established in New Delhi, with its foundation laid in April 1951 and inaugurated by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on April 13, 1954. Founder: Sir Ganga Ram Agarwal, known as the "Father of Modern Lahore", built the original charitable hospital and dispensary in 1923. Designed to provide free and accessible medical care to the underprivileged and local community. Relocation: Post-1947 partition, the trust moved its vision to an 11-acre plot in Old Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi. Growth: Started in 1951 as a modest 40-bed facility and expanded into a premier 900+ bed tertiary care center.
1921:[research] The Vickers hardness scale was developed in 1921 by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as a more versatile alternative to the older Brinell hardness test. Origins and Motivation - Need for improvement: The Brinell test used a steel ball indenter, which became distorted under high loads and had limitations when testing very hard materials. The inventors: The Vickers hardness test was developed in 1921 by Robert L. Smith and George E. Sandland at Vickers Ltd as an alternative to the Brinell method to measure the hardness of materials. The diamond pyramid: Smith and Sandland replaced the ball with a square-based pyramid diamond indenter. This shape creates geometrically similar impressions regardless of the load size. Evolution and Impact - Calculations: Unlike other methods, the Vickers calculation depends on the surface area of the indentation rather than the normal force area, making the scale continuous and consistent across soft and hard materials. Naming: The resulting value is called the Vickers Pyramid Number (HV) or Diamond Pyramid Hardness (DPH). Later changes: In 1939, the Knoop hardness test was introduced as a modification for thin or brittle materials using an elongated pyramid. Today, the Vickers test remains one of the broadest and most reliable material testing standards.
Joseph Stalin initially resisted the proposal by Vladimir Lenin to call for the nation-states to join Russia as semi-independent parts of a greater union which he initially named as the Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia (CCPEA),
but Stalin ultimately accepted Lenin, although with Lenin's agreement changed the name to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, or CCCP). It lasted for 69 years.
1922: AA Markov died.
1922: Chail Military School, the oldest military school in India was founded. ('Rashtriya Military School Chail or King George Royal Indian Military College) is a residential school in Himachal Pradesh, India, established after the First World War in 1922 with a donation of ₹250,000 from King George V’s patriotic fund. The foundation stone of the school was laid by King George V in February 1922. The school started functioning at Jalandhar Cantonment in 1925. Cadets are known as Georgians after their founder father.
1922: Gammon India Limited founded in Mumbai by John C. Gammon.. is the largest civil engineering construction company in India.
1922: ICS exam began to be held in India.
1922:[GoI] 1922:The Indian Railway Board was constituted in 1922, with a Chief Commissioner of Railways as its head, who was solely responsible to the Government for decisions on technical matters and for advising the Government on matters of policy. The first Chief Commissioners of Railway was Sir Clement Hindley from 01.11.1922 to 11.10.1928 (63 months). Sir Guthrie Russell holded office the longest for 128 months i.e. from 16.10.1929 to 16.07.1940.
1922 (Oct 8): At age 20, Jayaprakash Narayan sailed aboard the cargo ship Janus and reached California while Prabhavati remained at Sabarmati. He was admitted to Berkeley in January 1923.
To pay for his education, JP picked grapes, set them out to dry, packed fruits at a canning factory, washed dishes, worked as a mechanic at a garage and at a slaughter house, sold lotions and taught. He pursued his favourite subject, sociology, and received much help from Professor Edward Ross.
1922:[Book] His second novel, The Beautiful and Damned (1922), propelled Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald further into the cultural elite. To maintain his affluent lifestyle, he wrote numerous stories for popular magazines such as The Saturday Evening Post, Collier's Weekly, and Esquire. During this period, Fitzgerald frequented Europe, where he befriended modernist writers and artists of the "Lost Generation" expatriate community, including Ernest Hemingway. His third novel, The Great Gatsby (1925), received generally favorable reviews but was a commercial failure, selling fewer than 23,000 copies in its first year. Despite its lackluster debut, The Great Gatsby is now hailed by some literary critics as the "Great American Novel". Following the deterioration of his wife's mental health and her placement in a mental institute for schizophrenia, Fitzgerald completed his final novel, Tender Is the Night (1934).
1922 (Oct 8): At age 20, Jayaprakash Narayan sailed aboard the cargo ship Janus and reached California while Prabhavati remained at Sabarmati. He was admitted to Berkeley in January 1923.
To pay for his education, JP picked grapes, set them out to dry, packed fruits at a canning factory, washed dishes, worked as a mechanic at a garage and at a slaughter house, sold lotions and taught. He pursued his favourite subject, sociology, and received much help from Professor Edward Ross.
1922:[Book] His second novel, The Beautiful and Damned (1922), propelled Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald further into the cultural elite. To maintain his affluent lifestyle, he wrote numerous stories for popular magazines such as The Saturday Evening Post, Collier's Weekly, and Esquire. During this period, Fitzgerald frequented Europe, where he befriended modernist writers and artists of the "Lost Generation" expatriate community, including Ernest Hemingway. His third novel, The Great Gatsby (1925), received generally favorable reviews but was a commercial failure, selling fewer than 23,000 copies in its first year. Despite its lackluster debut, The Great Gatsby is now hailed by some literary critics as the "Great American Novel". Following the deterioration of his wife's mental health and her placement in a mental institute for schizophrenia, Fitzgerald completed his final novel, Tender Is the Night (1934).
1922:[Military][Education][UK][India] the Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College (now known as the Rashtriya Indian Military College or just RIMC) was set up in Dehradun to prepare young Indians for admission to Sandhurst. The Indianisation of the Army started with the commissioning of 31 Indian officers. Among this first batch of officers to be commissioned was Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw, who became the Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army in 1969 and later the first Indian Field Marshal.
1922 (May):[mntngg][extreme] The team, led by Brigadier-General Charles Bruce, included legendary climbers such as George Mallory and Howard Somervell, departing from Sikkim, India, and approaching from the northern Tibetan side. Pre-monsoon attempt
1922 (May 21):[mntngg][extreme] First High-Altitude Record: On May 21, George Mallory, Edward Norton, and Howard Somervell climbed to 8,225 meters (26,985 ft) without oxygen.
1922 (May 22):[Mntngg][Extreme] The 1922 British Mount Everest expedition was the first organized, large-scale attempt to summit Mount Everest, led by Charles Bruce. It was notable for the first use of supplemental oxygen and for breaking the 8,000-meter barrier, with George Finch ( Britain’s best snow and ice specialist) and Geoffrey Bruce reaching a high point of 8,321 meters (27,300 ft). First organized attempt, with a team reaching a high altitude but failing to summit.
1922 (Jun):[mntngg][disaster] Fatal Avalanche: During the third attempt in June, an avalanche on the North Col killed seven Sherpas, the first reported fatalities on the mountain.
1922:Churchill purchased Chartwell in 1922 and lived there until shortly before his death in 1965. On completion of the sale in September 1922, Churchill wrote to him, "I am very glad indeed to have become the possessor of "Chartwell". I have been searching for two years for a home in the country and the site is the most beautiful and charming I have ever seen". The home needed a tremendous amount of work and would take a staff of eight to nine to run. When Churchill decided to purchase Chartwell, he made the offer without first telling his wife. He spent £5,000 to purchase Chartwell and a further £15,000 in refurbishment costs in order for the family to move in. Randolph Churchill, Winston's father, was the third son of the duke, so he did not inherit the title or the palace. So, although Winston Churchill did not own Blenheim Palace, it was the home of his family. He actually proposed to his future wife, Clementine, at Blenheim Palace.
1922:[Military][Education] The Rashtriya Indian Military College (RIMC) is India's oldest military school, established in Dehradun on March 13, 1922, and was originally named the Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College, or Prince of Wales's Royal Indian Military College. It was inaugurated by Prince Edward VIII, the Prince of Wales, with the purpose of educating and training Indian boys to prepare them for entry into the British Indian Army's officer corps.
1922:[silvics][who] James William Toumey was born in Lawrence Michigan, April 17, 1865. He was a botanist with an interest in cacti. Toumey earned his undergraduate degree (1889) and M.Sc. (1893) from Michigan State Agricultural College. 1891-1898, he worked at the University of Arizona, eventually becoming a professor of botany. He also became a botanist at the State Agricultural Experiment Station. Toumey had a strong interest in forestry. His first formal work in the field began in 1899 when he became superintendent of tree planting in the Division of Forestry, USDA. He later became professor of silviculture at Yale School of Forestry, a school he helped establish. He wrote Foundations of Silviculture Upon an Ecological Basis. Toumey became dean of the school and held the position until his retirement in 1922. In retirement, he kept up his research at the School of Forestry’s property in Keene, New Hampshire. He died in New Haven on May 5, 1932.
1922:[meds][business] In 1922, August Krogh, a professor at the University of Copenhagen, went on a lecture tour to North America after receiving the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. During this tour, Krogh and his wife Marie visited Toronto where the scientists Frederick Banting, Charles Best and John Macleod had just succeeded in manufacturing active insulin. Krogh received permission to manufacture insulin in the Nordic countries and joined forces with Hans Christian Hagedorn, a physician specialising in diabetes, to start the production of insulin in Denmark. This led to the establishment of Nordisk Insulinlaboratorium company in 1923.
1923:[cosmos] In the early 1920s, American astronomer Edwin Hubble proved that the Milky Way is not the entire universe. Using the powerful Hooker telescope at Mount Wilson Observatory, he identified Cepheid variable stars in the Andromeda Nebula and calculated its distance. He showed it lay far outside our galaxy, proving other galaxies exist.
1923:[cosmos] Hubble's Breakthrough - Finding a star: In 1923, Edwin Hubble spotted a special pulsing star called a Cepheid variable inside the Andromeda Nebula.Measuring distance: Using Henrietta Leavitt’s rule linking pulse speed to brightness, he found Andromeda was nearly a million light-years away.Proving the truth: Because that distance was way bigger than the whole Milky Way, Andromeda had to be its own separate galaxy.
1923:[cosmos] The Context Before 1920Single-galaxy view: Most people thought the Milky Way made up the whole universe.Fuzzy patches: Spiral shapes like Andromeda were called "spiral nebulae" and thought to be gas clouds or baby star systems inside our galaxy.The Great Debate: In April 1920, astronomers Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis argued over whether these nebulae were part of our galaxy or "island universes" outside it, ending in a draw.
1923:The International Criminal Police Organization – INTERPOL, commonly known as Interpol, is an international organization that facilitates worldwide police cooperation and crime control. It is the world's largest international police organization. Headquarters: Lyon, France President: Ahmed Naser Al-Raisi Founded: 7 September 1923, Vienna, Austria
1923: Lee de Forest's first movie with sound.1923: frozen foods.
1923: The first truly mobile two-way radio was developed in Australia in 1923 by Senior Constable Frederick William Downie of the Victorian Police. The Victoria Police were the first in the world to use wireless communication in cars, putting an end to the inefficient status reports via public telephone boxes which had been used until that time. The first sets took up the entire back seat of the Lancia patrol cars.
1923: Soham Swami, or Tiger Swami, was a guru and yogi of India. He lived before the first quarter of the twentieth century (his last book ′Common Sense′ was published in 1923 after his death. Originally named as Shyamakanta Bandopaddhyaya, he was Advaita Vedantic disciple of Tibbetibaba. Tibbetibaba was a great yogi and guru of India.
1923: first e-TV by Philo Farnsworth.
1923 (Jul): Broadcasting in India began with programmes by the Bombay Presidency Radio Club.
According to an agreement of 23 July 1927, the private Indian Broadcasting Company LTD (IBC) was authorized to operate two radio stations; the Bombay station began on 23 July 1927, and the Calcutta station followed on 26 August 1927. However, on 1 March 1930, the company went into liquidation. The government took over the broadcasting facilities, beginning the Indian State Broadcasting Service (ISBS) on 1 April 1930 on an experimental basis for two years, and then permanently in May 1932. On 8 June 1936, the ISBS was renamed All India Radio.
1923: Lieutenant Colonel Saeed ul-Mulk Nawab Sir Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan, Nawab of Chhatari GBE KCSI KCIEalso generally referred to as Nawab of Chhatari (12 December 1888 - d. 1982) was Governor of the United Provinces, Chief Minister of United Provinces, President of the Executive Council of the Nizam of Hyderabad (i.e. Prime Minister of Hyderabad) and Chief Scout of India. He became CM of UP.
1923:[Research] Niels Bohr (1923) incorporated Langmuir's model that the periodicity in the properties of the elements might be explained by the electronic structure of the atom. His proposals were based on the then current Bohr model of the atom, in which the electron shells were orbits at a fixed distance from the nucleus.
1923 (Dec 10):[Business][Food] Mondelez International, Inc. (/ˌmɒndəˈliːz/ MAWN-də-LEEZ), styled as Mondelēz International, is an American multinational confectionery, food, holding, beverage and snack food company based in Chicago. Mondelez has an annual revenue of about $26 billion and operates in approximately 160 countries.
1923:[research] Theophilus Painter, using microscopy, estimated the number of human chromosomes to be 24 pairs (48 total).
1924 (Jul): Adidas founded as Gebruder Dassler Schuhfabrik by Adolf Dassler at Herzogenaurach, Germany.
1924 (Aug 6): WWI's finally ended up in Turkey.
1924: Hindustan Times was co-founded by GD Birla.
1924: Chartwell, located in Kent, England, was Winston Churchill's principal home from 1924 until his death in 1965. It is now a historic house museum and one of the National Trust's most popular properties. The house and gardens reflect Churchill's life, including his study, painting studio, and the gardens he meticulously created.
1924 (Oct):[India][Disaster] The great floods in Garhwal region of northern Uttar Pradesh. Opened to traffic by H.E. Sir Malcolm Haley C.C.I.E. K.C.S.I. Governor of the United Provinces on 11 April 1930. This bridge was constructed by the Public Works Department during the years 1927-1929. It replaces the old bridge of 284 feet span, which was the gift of Rai Bahadur Surajmal Jhunjhunwala father of Rai Bahadur Shewpershad Tulshan, and was situated about 200 feet down stream. This was washed away by the great flood of October, 1924 which undermined the left abutment. The extra cost of rebuilding this new bridge as nearly as possible on the site of the old bridge has been contributed by Rai Bahadur Shewpershad Tulshan to perpetuate the honored memory of his father and no toll or tax will ever be imposed or realized for crossing this bridge.
1924 (Dec 4): Gateway of India, Bombay was built by George Wittet of Gammon India at the cost of ₹ 2.1 million (1913). It has an Indo-Saracenic architecture. It took 11 yrs. to built.
1924: Nissim Ezekiel [1924-2004] was an Indian Jewish poet, actor, playwright, editor and art-critic. He was a foundational figure in postcolonial India's literary history, specifically for Indian writing in English.
1924 (Dec 4): Gateway of India, Bombay was built by George Wittet of Gammon India at the cost of ₹ 2.1 million (1913). It has an Indo-Saracenic architecture. It took 11 yrs. to built.
1924: Nissim Ezekiel [1924-2004] was an Indian Jewish poet, actor, playwright, editor and art-critic. He was a foundational figure in postcolonial India's literary history, specifically for Indian writing in English.
1924:[Technology][Medicine] German physiologist and psychiatrist Hans Berger (1873–1941) recorded the first human EEG.Expanding on work previously conducted on animals by Richard Caton and others, Berger also invented the electroencephalograph (giving the device its name), an invention described "as one of the most surprising, remarkable, and momentous developments in the history of clinical neurology".
1924:[Mntngg] Wallace "George Lowe" CNZM OBE (15 January 1924 – 20 March 2013), known as George Lowe, was a New Zealand-born mountaineer, explorer, film director and educator. He was the last surviving member of the 1953 British Mount Everest Expedition, during which his friend Edmund Hillary and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay became the first known people to summit the world's highest peak. In 1953 Lowe was a member of the 1953 British Mount Everest Expedition led by John Hunt. Hillary and Lowe were the only members who Hunt had not previously met, but were known to Shipton and others. Hunt wrote that "His ice techniques, acquired like Hillary’s from the exceptional opportunities offered by New Zealand mountains, is of a very high standard.".
1924:[Mntngg] Thomas Duncan Bourdillon (/bɔːrˈdɪlən/ bor-DIL-ən;[1] 16 March 1924 – 29 July 1956) was an English mountaineer and member of the 1953 British Mount Everest Expedition which made the first ascent of Mount Everest. He died in Valais, Switzerland, on 29 July 1956 aged 32. Bourdillon had been with Eric Shipton on the 1951 reconnaissance of Everest and on Cho Oyu in 1952. He was in charge of the oxygen equipment on the 1952 and 1953 expeditions, and recommended closed-circuit equipment.
1924:[Mntngg][Extreme] Andrew Irvine (mountaineer): Andrew Comyn "Sandy" Irvine (8 April 1902 – 8 or 9 June 1924) was a British mountaineer who took part in the 1924 British Mount Everest expedition, the third British expedition to the world's highest mountain. He and his climbing partner George Mallory disappeared somewhere high on the mountain's Northeast Ridge, and were reportedly last seen alive at an indeterminate distance from the summit. Mallory's body was found in 1999, and Irvine's partial remains were discovered in 2024.
1924:[Mntngg][Extreme] Noel Odell : Noel Ewart Odell FRSE FGS (25 December 1890 – 21 February 1987) was an English geologist and mountaineer. In 1924 he was an oxygen officer on the Everest expedition in which George Mallory and Andrew Irvine famously perished during their summit attempt.
1924:[Mntngg][Extreme] Great Couloir or Norton Couloir - the steep couloir (gully) was named after the lead member of the 1924 British expedition, Edward F. Norton, who reached a height of about 8,572.8 metres (28,126 ft) in this gully during an unsuccessful summit attempt on 4 June 1924. He avoided the dangerous windswept ridge and, by traversing the north face, ascended into the couloir, which has since borne his name. The Norton Couloir was the scene of one of the greatest mountaineering achievements when, in 1980, Reinhold Messner entered this gully to avoid what, for a solo climber, was a dangerous ridge - especially its crux, the "Second Step" - and ascended to the summit, alone and without using supplemental oxygen. The most successful climb to that point by F. Edward Norton in 1924, was Messner's inspiration for this attempt: Norton had also used no oxygen.
1924:[Mntngg] Based on a 1998 novel by Baku Yumemakura, it follows Fukamachi, a photographer who finds a camera supposedly belonging to George Mallory, a mountaineer who went missing on Mount Everest, and goes on a mountain-climbing adventure along with his friend Habu Joji. Is The Summit of Gods based on a true story? The fictional story, which has themes of courage and perseverance, is based around a real, historical mystery: What happened to the camera documenting the expedition of mountaineers George Mallory and Andrew Irvine, who perished in their 1924 bid to be the first to summit Everest? Habu reaches the top of Everest. Fukamachi returns to base camp and waits for many days, but Habu never returns. at base camp, the expedition operator gives Fukamachi the Mallory camera and says that Habu ask him to give it to Fukamachi. Habu is shown dead on the way down from the summit.
1924:[Physics] Homi Jehangir Bhabha (30 October 1909 – 24 January 1966) was an Indian nuclear physicist who is widely credited as the father of the Indian nuclear programme. Though he passed his Senior Cambridge Examination with honours at the age of fifteen, he was too young to join any college abroad. So, he enrolled in Elphinstone College. He then attended the Royal Institute of Science in 1927, where he witnessed a public lecture by Arthur Compton, who would win the Nobel Prize in physics the next year for his 1923 discovery of the Compton effect. Bhabha later said that he first heard of cosmic rays, the subject of his future research, at this lecture.
1925: [GeoPolitics][Military][Economics] Britain returns to the gold standard at an overvalued rate, causing significant economic pain [[12:53](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYJri1eNRyc&t=773)].
1925:[Physics][Computing] Building on de Broglie's approach, modern quantum mechanics was born in 1925, when the German physicists Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, and Pascual Jordan developed matrix mechanics and the Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger invented wave mechanics and the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation.1925: Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field-effect transistor (FET) in Canada which was intended to be a solid-state replacement for the triode.
1925: Invention of Television by Baird (Scotland)
1925 (Jun 17): The Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, usually called the Geneva Protocol was signed at Geneva. It is a treaty prohibiting the use of chemical and biological weapons in international armed conflicts. It was entered into force on 8 February 1928.
1925 (Jul 9): Guru Dutt born as Vasanth Kumar Shivashankar Padukone at Bangalore, British India. He went onto made 1950s and 1960s classics such as Pyaasa, Kaagaz Ke Phool , Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam and Chaudhvin Ka Chand. He is sometimes referred to as "India's Orson Welles".
1925: Raymond Fabrics Ltd., owner of Park Avenue estd. at Bombay. The Raymond Group is led by Gautam Singhania, who serves as the Chairman and Managing Director. The company was originally started in 1925 by Albert Raymond and Abraham Jacob Raymond, and later taken over by the Singhania family in 1944. 19, Prithviraj Road is a high-value real estate address located in the ultra-exclusive Lutyens' Bungalow Zone of New Delhi. This tree-lined avenue is part of the capital's premier "Billionaires' Row," known for massive heritage estates, top-tier VVIP security, and proximity to Khan Market and Lodhi Gardens.
1925: Baldeo Das Birla was awarded the title of "Raja" by the government of Bihar and Orissa. He was awarded D. Litt. by Beneras Hindu University.
1925: Invention of Television by Baird (Scotland)
1925 (Jun 17): The Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, usually called the Geneva Protocol was signed at Geneva. It is a treaty prohibiting the use of chemical and biological weapons in international armed conflicts. It was entered into force on 8 February 1928.
1925 (Jul 9): Guru Dutt born as Vasanth Kumar Shivashankar Padukone at Bangalore, British India. He went onto made 1950s and 1960s classics such as Pyaasa, Kaagaz Ke Phool , Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam and Chaudhvin Ka Chand. He is sometimes referred to as "India's Orson Welles".
1925: Raymond Fabrics Ltd., owner of Park Avenue estd. at Bombay. The Raymond Group is led by Gautam Singhania, who serves as the Chairman and Managing Director. The company was originally started in 1925 by Albert Raymond and Abraham Jacob Raymond, and later taken over by the Singhania family in 1944. 19, Prithviraj Road is a high-value real estate address located in the ultra-exclusive Lutyens' Bungalow Zone of New Delhi. This tree-lined avenue is part of the capital's premier "Billionaires' Row," known for massive heritage estates, top-tier VVIP security, and proximity to Khan Market and Lodhi Gardens.
1925: Baldeo Das Birla was awarded the title of "Raja" by the government of Bihar and Orissa. He was awarded D. Litt. by Beneras Hindu University.
1925:[Business][Polity][mgmt] The Indian Chamber of Commerce (ICC), founded in 1925 and headquartered in Kolkata, is a leading national business organization, notably established with Mahatma Gandhi's encouragement. It serves as a proactive advocate for trade, industry, and policy, representing major Indian companies. The ICC operates regional offices in cities like New Delhi, Mumbai, and Guwahati to promote sustainable development. Acts as a national entity with strong footprints in Kolkata, New Delhi, Mumbai, Guwahati, Bhubaneshwar, Hyderabad, Agartala, Siliguri, Ranchi, and Chennai.
1925: The Kakori Conspiracy (or Kakori train robbery or Kakori Case) was a train robbery that took place between Kakori and, near Lucknow, on 9 August 1925 during the Indian Independence Movement against the British Indian Government. The robbery was organised by the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA). The robbery was conceived by Ram Prasad Bismil and Ashfaqullah Khan who belonged to the HRA, which later became the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association.1925 (Feb 3): The first electric train in India ran on the Harbour Line between Bombay's Victoria Terminus and Kurla.
1925: Ranbir Singh's grandson Hari Singh ascended the throne of Kashmir, He was the reigning monarch in 1947 at the conclusion of British rule of the subcontinent and the subsequent partition of the British Indian Empire into the newly independent Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan. According to Burton Stein's History of India.
1925:[Book] Ernest Hemingway In Our Time; (1926) The Sun Also Rises (1929) A Farewell to Arms (1937) To Have and Have Not (1940) For Whom the Bell Tolls (1952) The Old Man and the Sea.
1925:[FnB] Corona has been brewed in Mexico since 1925.
1925:[Military][Education] Rashtriya Military School, Chail (also called Chail Military School; formerly King George Royal Indian Military College) (transl. National Military School, Chail) is a residential school in Himachal Pradesh, India. The school's origins lie with the establishment of King George's Royal Indian Military School in Jullunder (later Jalandhar), Punjab, soon after World War I, with a donation of ₹250,000 from King George V’s patriotic fund. The foundation stone of this school was laid in the Jullunder Cantonment by King George V in February 1922, and the school started functioning in 1925. The school was moved to its present location in Chail, Himachal Pradesh, in 1960. Cadets are known as Georgians after the school's founding father.
1925 (Sep 17):[Politics] Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) is an Indian right-wing, Hindu nationalist volunteer paramilitary organisation. Founder: Keshav Baliram Hedgewar; HQ: Nagpur;
----------------------------------------- 150 years of Independent USA --------------------------------------------
1926:[Research][Space][Book] Russell published The Universal One in 1926, The Russell Genero-Radiative Concept in 1930, and defended his ideas in the pages of the New York Times in 1930–1931 ( Scientist and Artist Dispute Newton and Kepler Findings, New York Times, August 3, 1930, III, 2:5) He published The Secret of Light in 1947 and A New Concept of the Universe in 1953.
1926:[Education][India][Public] Andhra University is a public university located in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. Andhra University is a collegiate public state university located in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. It was established in 1926.. It is the one of the oldest universities in India, and the first to be established in the erstwhile Visakhapatnam in Madras Presidency. It was one of the oldest Indian universities to use Telugu as a language of instruction, although with English as a compulsory subject. As of 2012, the university hosts 2000 international students from more than 80 nations. It is the first to be conceived as a residential and teaching-cum-affiliating University, mainly devoted to post-graduate teaching and research. Andhra University is one of the largest university systems in the world with over 1,50,000 students on its campuses and affiliated colleges. The Andhra Medical College was once a part of the Andhra University System.
1926 (Oct 1):[Law][India] The Royal Commission of the Superior Civil Service in India under the Chairmanship of Lord Lee, in its 1924 Report, recommended setting up of Public Service Commission of India (known today as UPSC). Sir Ross Barker chaired the commision for the first time for 6 years.1926:The UPSC, or Union Public Service Commission, originated from the Public Service Commission established in India on October 1, 1926. This initial commission was formed based on recommendations from the Lee Commission, which was set up to address issues related to the superior civil services. Initially, it had a limited advisory role, but it evolved into the Federal Public Service Commission under the Government of India Act, 1935, and finally became the UPSC with a constitutional status after India's independence in 1950.
1926: Melody Maker, First Weekly Music Magazine.
1926:[Book] George Samuel Clason's The Richest Man in Babylon
1926:[Art] Les Nymphéas, last painting by French Impressionist, Claude Monet completed days before his death.
1926:[Bio][Chemistry] Vitamin B1 (Thiamine): Discovered in the 1890s by Christiaan Eijkman, with isolation from rice polishings in 1926 by Barend Jansen and Willem Donath.
1927:[Space] Because of the remote location and distractions such as WW1, the Russian Revolution and the ensuing civil war, the first scientific expedition took place nearly 20 years later, led by Leonid Kulik. They found charred, branchless trees standing upright like telegraph poles at ground zero, but no crater, proving the rock exploded entirely in mid-air.
1927:[Research][Space] Georges Lemaître published first estimation of Hubble constant; proposed expanding universe theory
1927:New Delhi: The name was given in 1927, and the new capital was inaugurated on February 13, 1931.
1927:[Physics] German physicist Werner Heisenberg introduced the uncertainty principle (also known as Heisenberg's uncertainty principle). In quantum mechanics, it is any of a variety of mathematical inequalities asserting a fundamental limit to the product of the accuracy of certain related pairs of measurements on a quantum system, such as position, x, and momentum, p. Such paired-variables are known as complementary variables or canonically conjugate variables.
1927: Special Class Railway Apprentice (SCRA) was a programme by which candidates are selected by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) India, to train in the undergraduate program in mechanical engineering at the Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Jamalpur. This programme started in 1927 and is one of the oldest in India.1927:[Business][Polity][mgmt] FICCI founded. Established in 1927, the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) is India's oldest and largest apex business organization. Founded on the advice of Mahatma Gandhi by industrial leaders G.D. Birla and Purshottamdas Thakurdas, it was created to voice Indian business interests against British colonial policy.
1927: to avoid an arranged marriage, Bhagat Singh ran away from Lahore to Cawnpore. In a letter he left behind, he said: My life has been dedicated to the noblest cause, that of the freedom of the country. Therefore, there is no rest or worldly desire that can lure me now.
1927: Sir Alexander Phillips Muddiman KCSI CIE (14 February 1875 – 17 July 1928) was a British administrator in India. He was appointed Governor of the United Provinces, but he was already a sick man and in July 1928 he died of heart failure at Naini Tal.
Muddiman was born in Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire, England, and was educated at Wimborne School and University College, London. He joined the Indian Civil Service in 1897 and was posted to Bengal Presidency in 1899 as an assistant collector and magistrate in Bihar.
1927:[Business][Polity][mgmt] [Business][Polity][mgmt] The Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) was established in 1927, initiated by GD Birla and Purshottamdas Thakurdas on Mahatma Gandhi's advice to represent Indian business interests. It began as a non-governmental body in Bombay, aiming to unite Indian industries during the British Raj.
1927: transatlantic voice communication remained impossible for customers until January 7, 1927, when a connection was established using radio.
1927: Simon Commission.1927: to avoid an arranged marriage, Bhagat Singh ran away from Lahore to Cawnpore. In a letter he left behind, he said: My life has been dedicated to the noblest cause, that of the freedom of the country. Therefore, there is no rest or worldly desire that can lure me now.
1927: Sir Alexander Phillips Muddiman KCSI CIE (14 February 1875 – 17 July 1928) was a British administrator in India. He was appointed Governor of the United Provinces, but he was already a sick man and in July 1928 he died of heart failure at Naini Tal.
Muddiman was born in Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire, England, and was educated at Wimborne School and University College, London. He joined the Indian Civil Service in 1897 and was posted to Bengal Presidency in 1899 as an assistant collector and magistrate in Bihar.
1927 (Apr 12): The Shanghai massacre of 12 April 1927, the April 12 Purge or the April 12 Incident as it is commonly known in China, was the violent suppression of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) organizations and leftist elements in Shanghai by forces supporting General Chiang Kai-shek and conservative factions in the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party, or KMT). Following the incident, conservative KMT elements carried out a full-scale purge of Communists in all areas under their control, and violent suppression occurred in Guangzhou and Changsha. Stalin had actually supported the Kuomintang and ordered the Communists in China to work with them. After the KMT murdered their communist “allies” in the Shanghai Massacre, Mao and a group of independently minded communists took over the party, expelled the old Moscow puppets and declared war on the KMT.
1927 (Jun 10): Eugene Newman Parker was born and lived for 94 years. He is an American solar astrophysicist who—in the mid-1950s—developed the theory of the supersonic solar wind and predicted the Parker spiral shape of the solar magnetic field in the outer Solar System. In 1987, Parker proposed that the solar corona might be heated by myriad tiny "nanoflares", miniature brightenings resembling solar flares that would occur all over the surface of the Sun.
1927:[Art] Mexico's Frida Kahlo's interests in politics and art led her to join the Mexican Communist Party, through which she met fellow Mexican artist Diego Rivera. [Prominent Women Who Fought for Equality]
1927:[India][UK] Lakshman Jhula (technically, Lakshman Jhuala Suspension Bridge), one of the two historically popular bridge in Rishikesh on the Ganges, was constructed by United Province P.W.D. during 1927-1929. It replaces the old bridge of 284 feet span which was washed away by great floods of October, 1924. This was opened to traffic on 11 April 1930. Lakshman Jhula Bridge First Jeepable Suspension Bridge of U.P. Span - 450 feet Carriage Way - 6 feet; Height of roadway above mean summer water level - 59 feet. Officers / Officials responsible include: 1. Chief Engineer - P. H. Tillard 2. Superintending Engineer - E. H. Cornelius 3. Executive Engineer - C. F. Hunter 4. Assistant Engineers - Jagdish Prasad, Avadh Narain 5. Overseer - Bala Ram
1928: In 1928, Paul Dirac introduced the Dirac equation, which implied the existence of antimatter.
1928: discovery of first antibiotic by Alex Fleming in London, he named it Penicillin.
1928: sliced bread.
1928: The notion of a geostationary space station (GEO) equipped with radio communication was published in German by Herman Potočnik titiled "The Problem With Space Travel"
1928: sliced bread.
1928: The notion of a geostationary space station (GEO) equipped with radio communication was published in German by Herman Potočnik titiled "The Problem With Space Travel"
1928: High courts of India - J&K High Court set-up in Srinagar/Jammu, J&K.
1928:[Culture][Garment] Disney introduced its cartoon darling Minnie Mouse wearing a red polka dot dress and matching bow. Throughout the 1930s, polka dot dresses appeared in stores, the fabric suddenly subversive, nipped in by ribbons and accentuated with bows.
1928:[Physics][Research][UK][Quantum] Dirac established the most general theory of quantum mechanics and discovered the relativistic equation for the electron, which now bears his name. The remarkable notion of an antiparticle to each fermion particle – e.g. the positron as antiparticle to the electron – stems from his equation. He was the first to develop quantum field theory, which underlies all theoretical work on sub-atomic or "elementary" particles today, work that is fundamental to our understanding of the forces of nature. He proposed and investigated the concept of a magnetic monopole, an object not yet known empirically, as a means of bringing even greater symmetry to James Clerk Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism. In 1928, building on 2×2 spin matrices which he purported to have discovered independently of Wolfgang Pauli's work on non-relativistic spin systems (Dirac told Abraham Pais, "I believe I got these [matrices] independently of Pauli and possibly Pauli got these independently of me."), he proposed the Dirac equation as a relativistic equation of motion for the wave function of the electron. This work led Dirac to predict the existence of the positron, the electron's antiparticle, which he interpreted in terms of what came to be called the Dirac sea. The positron was observed by Carl Anderson in 1932. Dirac's equation also contributed to explaining the origin of quantum spin as a relativistic phenomenon.
1928:[Computer] Binary-coded decimal (BCD) coding, in its basic form, doesn't have a single "invention" year. It emerged from the early days of computing as a way to represent decimal numbers using binary digits. However, the concept of using binary to represent decimal digits was present in the 1950s and was used in early computers and calculators. While the general concept existed, a more formal definition and usage of BCD can be traced back to the introduction of the IBM card in 1928, which could represent alphanumeric information.
[convert timestamp - 20250622235959999999 from decimal to BCD as 00100000001001010000011000100010001000110101100101011001100110011001100110011001. 20 digit decimal timestamp req 80 BCD characters]
1928:[silvics][who][book] "Foundations of Silviculture Upon an Ecological Basis" by James W. Toumey (first published 1928) is a seminal forestry text establishing that successful, sustainable forest management must be rooted in ecological principles rather than just economic ones. It focuses on understanding silvics—the life history and environmental requirements of trees—to manage forests as biological, self-sustaining units.
1979:[China][Who] Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji (1928-2026).
-----------------------------------The Great Depression started--------------------------------------------------
1929 (Apr 8): Bhagat Singh was arrested in connection with the Central Legislative Assembly bombing case and was sentenced to 14 years life imprisonment.
1929 (Jun 12): Anne Frank was born in a Jewish family in Frankfurt, Germany.
1929 (Oct): The Great Depression lasted from 1929 to 1939, and was the worst economic downturn in the history of the industrialized world. It began after the stock market crash of October 1929, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors.
The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the United States. The timing of the Great Depression varied around the world; in most countries, it started in 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s. It was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. The Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how intensely the global economy can decline.
The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the United States. The timing of the Great Depression varied around the world; in most countries, it started in 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s. It was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. The Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how intensely the global economy can decline.
1929: America's "Great Depression" - The beginning of America's "Great Depression" is often cited as the dramatic crash of the stock market on "Black Thursday," October 24, 1929 when 16 million shares of stock were quickly sold by panicking investors who had lost faith in the American economy.
1929:[History] Rashtrapati Bhavan, the official residence of the President of India, was conceptualized in 1911 following the decision to shift the capital of British India from Kolkata to Delhi. Designed by the renowned architects Sir Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker, the building exemplifies a fusion of Indian and Western architectural styles. This iconic H-shaped mansion, which spans over 5 acres on a sprawling 330-acre estate, comprises 340 rooms spread across four floors and features 2.5 kilometers of corridors. The construction began in 1912 and took 17 years to complete, finally being finished in 1929.
1929:[Research] ATP (adenosine triphosphate) was first discovered by the German chemist Karl Lohmann in 1929. His work laid the foundation for understanding ATP's role as the primary energy carrier in cells. Later, Fritz Lipmann elucidated its crucial function in energy transfer between energy-yielding and energy-requiring reactions. Finally, Alexander Todd achieved the chemical synthesis of ATP in 1948, further solidifying its importance in biochemistry.
1929: Parle Products is an Indian private limited company. It owns the famous biscuit brand Parle-G. As of 2012, it had a 35% dominant share of the Indian biscuit market.
1929: Milton Glaser brn. He rose to be an American graphic designer. His designs include the I ❤ NY logo, the psychedelic Bob Dylan poster, and the Brooklyn Brewery logo.
1929 Walter Schottky experimentally confirmed the presence of a barrier in a metal-semiconductor
junction.
1929: Jai Prakash Narayan (11 October 1902 – 8 October 1979), Lok Nayak (Hindi for The People's Hero) or simply JP returned from the US to India in late 1929 as a Marxist.
1929: The term "SuperComputing" was first used in the New York World to refer to large custom-built tabulators that IBM had made for Columbia University.
1929: The Academy Awards, or "Oscars", first awarded. It is an annual American awards ceremony hosted by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel.[6] The cost of guest tickets for that night's ceremony was $5 ($69 in 2016 dollars). Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the film-making industry of the time, for their works during the 1927–28 period. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes.
1929:[Book] The Sound and the Fury is a novel by the American author William Faulkner. It employs several narrative styles, including stream of consciousness. This was Faulkner's fourth novel, and was not immediately successful.
1929 Walter Schottky experimentally confirmed the presence of a barrier in a metal-semiconductor
junction.
1929: Jai Prakash Narayan (11 October 1902 – 8 October 1979), Lok Nayak (Hindi for The People's Hero) or simply JP returned from the US to India in late 1929 as a Marxist.
1929: The term "SuperComputing" was first used in the New York World to refer to large custom-built tabulators that IBM had made for Columbia University.
1929: The Academy Awards, or "Oscars", first awarded. It is an annual American awards ceremony hosted by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel.[6] The cost of guest tickets for that night's ceremony was $5 ($69 in 2016 dollars). Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the film-making industry of the time, for their works during the 1927–28 period. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes.
1929:[Book] The Sound and the Fury is a novel by the American author William Faulkner. It employs several narrative styles, including stream of consciousness. This was Faulkner's fourth novel, and was not immediately successful.
1929:[Business][Food] Parle Products was founded in 1929 in India by the Chauhan family of Vile Parle, Mumbai. The founder was Mohanlal Chauhan who hailed from Pardi near Valsad in Gujarat. He moved to Mumbai to make a living and at first, his business was tailoring. However, it was not profitable, and so he moved into the food business by selling snacks. He ran a bakery making bread, buns, rusks, scones, nankhatai, turnovers, etc. He had five sons - Maneklal, Pitambar, Narottam, Kantilal and Jayantilal. The five brothers worked together under their father.
1929:[Military] The foundation of ACC can be traced to the Kitchener College founded in 1929 at Nowgong, Chhatarpur, Madhya Pradesh. The Kitchener College existed till 1942. The buildings of the Kitchener College were used to accommodate the ACC, which was inaugurated on 16 May 1960, with an initial sanctioned strength of 90 cadets. In 1964, it was relocated to Ghorpuri, near Pune, to take over the campus of the erstwhile OTI (merged into OTA Madras). A decision was taken in March 1977 to move the ACC to Dehradun, to become a separate wing of Indian Military Academy (IMA). The Army Cadet College Wing trains defence service personnel of Personnel Below Officers Rank (PBOR) from the regular army, navy and air force for commissioning as officers in the Indian Army. ACC has been renamed as the Siachen Battalion at the IMA in 2006 and is commanded by a Brigadier rank officer. It has three companies - Bogra, Kargil and Nubra.
1929:[Mntngg] George Christopher Band OBE was an English mountaineer. He was the youngest climber (24YO) on the 1953 British expedition to Mount Everest on which Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay became the first to ascend the mountain. Although only having three alpine seasons his alpine record was sufficiently impressive to win him a place on the 1953 British Mount Everest Expedition. Pulished: Road to Rakaposhi (1955); Everest: 50 Years on Top of the World (2003); Summit (2006), a celebration of 150 years of the Alpine Club.
1929: Chicago, deaths due to dysfunctional refrigerators - Methyl Chloride (odorless, poisonous). In 1936, DuPont attempted to solve this (Teflon)
1929:[military][art]The poem "Himadri Tung Shring Se" or "From the Lofty Peaks of the Himalayas" was written by Jaishankar Prasad, a prominent poet of the Chhayavad (Romanticism) era of Hindi Literature. It was composed in 1929, when British colonialism was at its peak, and was included in the poetry collection "Aansu" (“Tears”). This poem is an outstanding example of national consciousness and valor, portraying the Himalayas as a symbol of India’s glory and grandeur. Though this poetry belongs to the Indian National Movement, I have also added elements of post-independent India in the video.
1929:[silvics][India] The iconic, grand main building of FRI, Dehradun designed by C.G. Blomfield in a mix of Greco-Roman and Colonial architecture, was inaugurated.
1929:[Music][Biz] The established (founding) years for these record labels are: RCA Records was established in 1929 (tracing roots back to the 1900 formation of Consolidated Talking Machine Company / Victor Talking Machine Company), Atlantic Records was founded in Oct 1947 by Ahmet Ertegun and Herb Abramson, and Hollywood Records was founded in Dec 1989 by Michael Eisner as part of the Disney Music Group..
1930s:[Telco] (waveguide) The history of waveguides spans from early 19th-century optical experiments to 1930s microwave rediscovery and modern fiber optics. Key figures include John Tyndall (1854 light guiding), J. J. Thomson (1893 metal tube concept), Lord Rayleigh (1897 math analysis), and G. C. Southworth / W. L. Barrow (1930s rediscovery).
1930s: The term "hypertext" was coined by Ted Nelson in 1965 in the Xanadu Project, which was in turn inspired by Vannevar Bush's vision (1930s) of the microfilm-based information retrieval and management "memex" system described in his essay As We May Think (1945).1930s: Lambda Calculus by Alonzo Church.
1930s:[Physics][Research]Wolfgang Pauli and Enrico Fermi stating the requirement for a ghostly particle called the neutrino in the 30s, but ask popular science enthusiasts if they are aware of the dogged pursuit of the neutrino by Raymond Davis for over 30 years and you will likely see knitted brows.
1930s: Copper oxide and selenium rectifiers were developed for power applications in the 1930s.
1930s:[Culture] Bollywood, Hindi-language sector of the Indian moviemaking industry that began in Bombay (now Mumbai) in the 1930s and developed into an enormous film empire. After early Indian experiments in silent film, in 1934 Bombay Talkies, launched by Himansu Rai, spearheaded the growth of Indian cinema.
1930s: Copper oxide and selenium rectifiers were developed for power applications in the 1930s.
1930s:[Culture] Bollywood, Hindi-language sector of the Indian moviemaking industry that began in Bombay (now Mumbai) in the 1930s and developed into an enormous film empire. After early Indian experiments in silent film, in 1934 Bombay Talkies, launched by Himansu Rai, spearheaded the growth of Indian cinema.
1930s:[Research] The French entomologist August Magnan, in his book The flight of insects wrote: "I applied the laws of air resistance to insects and I came to the conclusion that their flight is impossible". And so the paradox is born: the bumblebee cannot fly, yet it flies! The Bumblebee Paradox.
1930s: Commercially viable routes to fatty alcohols were developed, and these new materials were converted to their sulfate esters, key ingredients in the commercially important German brand FEWA, produced by BASF, and Dreft, the U.S. brand produced by Procter & Gamble. Such detergents were mainly used in industry until after World War II.
1930s: Nazism was a totalitarian, racist, and fascist ideology in 20th-century Germany that advocated for Aryan supremacy and resulted in the Holocaust, the systematic genocide of six million Jews.
1930s:[ety] flivver - A 1930s (Great Depression era) slang term for a old, dilapidated, and/or otherwise ragged-out automobiles; appears commony in 1930s literature like Jack Conroy's "The Disinherited."
1930s:[Tourism] As the ice caps around it have slowly shrunk, the iceberg-laden lake known as Jökulsárlón has only grown wider and deeper. The lake began forming in the 1930s as meltwater filled the recesses left by Breiðamerkurjökull glacier, which began retreating in the 19th century. In recent decades, glacial melting has kicked into high gear, reportedly doubling Jökulsárlón in size from the 1990s to the mid-2000s. Though its growth is a reminder of threats facing glaciers worldwide, it's rightfully a popular attraction: Visitors are often lucky enough to witness the 'birth' of icebergs as they calve off Breiðamerkurjökull and splash into the open water.
1930:[Research] Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) and its reduced form (NADPH) were discovered as key players in cellular redox reactions, acting as electron carriers in various metabolic processes. NADP+ was first identified as a nucleotide in 1930 by Hans von Euler-Chelpin. Otto Warburg later showed its involvement in redox reactions in 1936. The direct generation of NADP+ from NAD+ was demonstrated in 1950 by Arthur Kornberg using partially purified NAD kinase from yeast extracts.
1930s[history] What are 1930s houses called? In a progression from Edwardian style, the 1930s semi remains one of the more prolific house styles in Britain today. Similar to Edwardian, the 1930s semi had half brick and half render or pebble dash walls. A mock timber framing was sometimes featured or herringbone brickwork was common.
1930:[Space] In contemporary astronomy, 88 constellations are recognized by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) as of 1928. Each constellation is a region of the sky bordered by arcs of right ascension and declination, together covering the entire celestial sphere. Their boundaries were officially adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1928 and published in 1930.
1930:[Space][Books] While 1961 marks the first scientific proposal, the idea of terraforming Venus appeared in science fiction earlier, notably in Olaf Stapledon's 1930 novel Last and First Men and Poul Anderson's 1954 story "The Big Rain".
1930: FM Music Broadcasting.
1930:[Med][Delhi] The foundation stone of Irwin Hospital (now Lok Nayak Hospital) was laid on January 10 by Lord Irwin, the Viceroy of India. The land previously served as a British central jail where freedom fighters were held and executed. Only the old administrative block remains as a preserved heritage structure today.
1930: Why I am an Atheist is an essay written by Indian revolutionary Bhagat Singh in 1930 in Lahore Central Jail. The essay was a reply to a religious man who thought Bhagat Singh became an atheist because of his vanity.
1930: Polson's first dairy was set up in Anand, Gujarat at the cost of ₹7 lakh (US$10,000).
1930: The Himalaya Drug Company is a company established by M Manal in 1930 and based in Bangalore, India. It produces health care products under the name Himalaya Herbal Healthcare whose products include ayurvedic ingredients. Himalaya, since 1930.
1930: Why I am an Atheist is an essay written by Indian revolutionary Bhagat Singh in 1930 in Lahore Central Jail. The essay was a reply to a religious man who thought Bhagat Singh became an atheist because of his vanity.
1930: Polson's first dairy was set up in Anand, Gujarat at the cost of ₹7 lakh (US$10,000).
1930: The Himalaya Drug Company is a company established by M Manal in 1930 and based in Bangalore, India. It produces health care products under the name Himalaya Herbal Healthcare whose products include ayurvedic ingredients. Himalaya, since 1930.
1930: The Revolution of 1930, also known as the 1930 Revolution, was an armed insurrection which ended the First Brazilian Republic. Initiated by political elites in the states of Minas Gerais, Paraíba and Rio Grande do Sul, it was fueled by dissent in the military and by economic turmoil caused by a collapse in the price of coffee. The revolution ousted then President Washington Luís on October 24, 1930, prevented the inauguration of President–elect Júlio Prestes, and installed Getúlio Vargas as the new president.
1930: Pluto was discovered by astronomer Clyde Tombaugh in 1930. A 9th planet had been looked for for some time. It was believed that such a planet had to exist in order to explain some odd things happening in the orbits of Uranus and Neptune. Tombaugh did a careful sky survey at the Lowell Observatory in Arizona. As a result, he discovered Pluto. The interesting thing to know is that all of the orbital problems with Uranus and Neptune vanish when the correct mass of Neptune is used in the equations; the correct mass was determined by the Voyager 2 spacecraft when it flew by that planet in 1989. So Tombaugh got lucky - he found a planet where a flawed prediction said one would be!
1930s:[Cinema] A mob enforcer's son in 1930s Illinois witnesses a murder, forcing him and his father to take to the road, and his father down a path of redemption and revenge. - Road to Perdition (2002)
1930s:[Economics] keynesian economics - (sometimes Keynesianism, named after British economist John Maynard Keynes) the various macroeconomic theories and models of how aggregate demand (total spending in the economy) strongly influences economic output and inflation.
1930:[Research][Chemistry] spdfghi... . Friedrich Hund followed Bohr's practice of labelling the various shells and subshells by replacing the secondary quantum number with the series notations (s, p, d, and f), which began to slowly leak into the chemical literature by 1930 and reigned supreme ever since. Electron configuration, for which there is an obsolete system of categorizing spectral lines as "sharp", "principal", "diffuse" and "fundamental"; also the names of the sub shells or orbitals.
1930:[Physics] Dirac's The Principles of Quantum Mechanics, published. It is a landmark in the history of science. It quickly became one of the standard textbooks on the subject and is still used today. In that book, Dirac incorporated the previous work of Werner Heisenberg on matrix mechanics and of Erwin Schrödinger on wave mechanics into a single mathematical formalism that associates measurable quantities to operators acting on the Hilbert space of vectors that describe the state of a physical system. The book also introduced the Dirac delta function.
1930:[Technology] Refrigerator - The modern electric refrigerator was developed in the early 20th century. Albert Einstein and his former student, Leo Szilard, patented a refrigerator using gases in 1930.
1930:[DefTech] In March 1930, nine years prior to the creation of the bureau, Pavel Sukhoi, an aerospace engineer, took over team no. 4 of the CAHI's AGOS aviation, flying boat aviation and aircraft prototype engineering facility. Under Sukhoi's leadership, the team of the future design bureau started to take shape. The team, under the Tupolev OKB, produced experimental fighters such as the I-3, I-14, and the DIP, a record-breaking RD aircraft, the Tupolev ANT-25, flown by famous Soviet aviators, Valery Chkalov and Mikhail Gromov, and the long-range bombers such as the Tupolev TB-1 and the Tupolev TB-3.
1930:[Mntngg] Francis Sydney Smythe, better known as Frank Smythe or F. S. Smythe (6 July 1900 – 27 June 1949), was an English mountaineer, author, photographer and botanist. He is best remembered for his mountaineering in the Alps as well as in the Himalayas, where he identified a region that he named the "Valley of Flowers", now a protected park. His ascents include two new routes on the Brenva Face of Mont Blanc, Kamet, and attempts on Kangchenjunga and Mount Everest in the 1930s. It was said that he had a tendency for irascibility, something some of his mountaineering contemporaries said "decreased with altitude". 1930 Smythe was a member of the international team (Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Great Britain), to attempt Kangchenjunga, under the leadership of Günter Dyhrenfurth.
1930:[Mntngg][Book] Climbs and Ski Runs (1930) Blackwood, Edinburgh and The Kangchenjunga Adventure (1930) Gollanz, London by Frank Smythe. Till 1950, he published almost 30 books.
1930:[India][Who][Physics] In July 1930, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (Born: 19 October 1910, Lahore, Pakistan; Died: 21 August 1995 (age 84 years), Chicago, Illinois, United States) was awarded a Government of India scholarship to pursue graduate studies at the University of Cambridge, where he was admitted to Trinity College, secured by R. H. Fowler with whom he communicated his first paper. During his travels to England, Chandrasekhar spent his time working out the statistical mechanics of the degenerate electron gas in white dwarf stars, providing relativistic corrections to Fowler's previous work
1930 (Nov 21): Douglas MacArthur, temporarily became American military general (4-star). 13th Chief of Staff of the Army. In 1935, a new position was established for him, United States Military Advisor to the Philippines, in 1941 the position was abolished.
1930:[Bio][Chemistry] Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): The second vitamin discovered and the first from the B-2 complex, it was characterized in the early 1930s.
1930:[Who] In the 1930s, Walter Russell was employed by Thomas J. Watson, chairman of IBM, as a motivational speaker for IBM employees. He was employed at IBM for twelve years.
1930:[Book][Space][Ety] The concept of modifying planetary environments to be Earth-like predates the term itself, appearing in other works of fiction such as Olaf Stapledon's 1930 novel Last and First Men, which described altering Venus for human habitation. The term later gained formal recognition and entered scientific literature and general use following the publication of serious scientific articles and books on the subject in the 1960s, 70s, and 80s.
1930:[Space] paraterraforming - A variation of the hypothetical process of terraforming in which a transparent dome is built over most or all of the sterile planet, moon or similar body to work as a giant greenhouse or "worldhouse".
1931:[Education][India][Public] Indian Statistical Institute is a public university which is recognized as an Institute of National Importance by the 1959 act of the Indian parliament. It grew out of the Statistical Laboratory set up by Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis in Presidency College, Kolkata. Established in 1931, this unique institution of India is one of the oldest institutions focused on statistics, and its early reputation led it to being adopted as a model for the first US institute of statistics set up at the Research Triangle, North Carolina by Gertrude Mary Cox. Primary activities of ISI are research and training of statistics, development of theoretical statistics and its applications in various natural and social sciences. Originally affiliated with the University of Calcutta, the institute was declared an institute of national importance in 1959, through an act of Indian parliament, Indian Statistical Institute act, 1959.
1931 (Mar 14): India's first talking picture Alam Ara. Ardeshir Irani directed it.
1931 (Oct 18): Edison died aged 84 at West Orange, New Jersey, U.S.1931: the magnetic tape.
1931: the International Code of Signals, originally created for ship communication by signalling using flags, was expanded by adding a collection of five-letter codes to be used by radiotelegraph operators.
1931 (Dec 11): Rajneesh (aka Osho) Rajneesh (born Chandra Mohan Jain, 11 December 1931 – 19 January 1990), also known as Acharya Rajneesh, Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh,and later as Osho (/ˈoʊʃoʊ/), was an Indian godman, mystic, and founder of the Rajneesh movement. During his lifetime, he was viewed as a controversial new religious movement leader and a mystic Guru. He rejected institutional religions. Rajneesh emphasised the importance of freethought, meditation, mindfulness, love, celebration, courage, creativity, and humour—qualities that he viewed as being suppressed by adherence to static belief systems, religious dogmas and traditions, and socialization. In advocating a more open attitude to human sexuality he caused controversy in India during the late 1960s and became known as "the sex guru".
1931 (Dec 14): Jaun Elia was born as Syed Sibt-e-Asghar Naqvi in Amroha, British India. His father, Shafiq Elia, was a scholar of literature and astronomy well-versed in the Arabic, English, Persian, Hebrew and Sanskrit languages, and who corresponded with leading intellectuals like Bertrand Russell. He was the youngest of his siblings. Rais Amrohvi was his elder brother. Indian film director Kamal Amrohi was his first cousin. [Zeno of Elea]
1931:[Art] Spanish surrealist Salvador Dalí painted The Persistence of Memory. It is one of the most recognizable works of Surrealism. The Salvador Dali Museum has the largest collection of Salvador Dali work in the United States. They currently have close to 100 oil paintings, over a 100 watercolors and drawings.
1931:[Mntngg] Eric Earle Shipton, CBE (1 August 1907, Ceylon – 28 March 1977, Salisbury-England), was an English Himalayan mountaineer. With Frank Smythe, Shipton was amongst the first climbers to stand on the summit of Kamet, 7756 metres, in 1931, the highest peak climbed at that time.
1931: Most students of India’s fight for independence may only be aware of Churchill’s famous 1931 remarks on Gandhi, when he went to meet the Viceroy, Lord Irwin, in his usual dress. Churchill had said: “It is alarming and also nauseating to see Mr. Gandhi, a seditious Middle [Inner] Temple lawyer, now posing as a fakir of a type well known in the East, striding half-naked up the steps of the Viceregal palace, while he is still organizing and conducting a defiant campaign of civil disobedience, to parley on equal terms with the representative of the King-Emperor.”
1932: Kingdom of Iraq.
1932:[Physics][UK] Rutherford’s student, James Chadwick, discovered the neutron.
1931:[Env][Disaster][Extreme] 1931 China floods. Deaths: 422,000–2,000,000
1931:[India] Historical records indicate the presence of a significant number of villages in India before independence, with the 1931 Census noting more than 100,000 villages.
1931:[Who] What began as the brainchild of the young and ambitious entrepreneur Mr. Balak Ram Gupta decades ago has evolved into a hospitality empire. Founded in 1931, Tivoli Hospitality Group was established to deliver a world of comfort, luxury and elegance that would set new standards in the industry. Following Mr. Balak Ram's tradition of flawless hospitality, Mr. RR Gupta and his son Mr. Rohit Gupta have led Tivoli to being one of the most well-recognized and respected Hospitality Groups in the country, carrying forward a legacy that spans over nine decades of excellence.
1932:[Physics][UK] Rutherford’s student, James Chadwick, discovered the neutron.
1932:[Physics][US] Carl David Anderson (September 3, 1905 – January 11, 1991) was an American physicist. He is best known for his discovery of the positron in 1932, an achievement for which he received the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physics, and of the muon (with his doctoral student Seth Neddermeyer) in 1936. (proving Paul Dirac's work)
1932:[Med][Delhi] Established in 1932 by the British Raj as Willingdon Hospital with just 54 beds, New Delhi's Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital was designed to serve colonial personnel. Control transferred to independent India's central government in 1954, and it was renamed in the 1970s after socialist leader Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia. Pioneering Care: Became the first capital hospital to feature a dedicated nursing home setup. Expansion: Added specific departments early on, including an outdoor psychiatry unit launched in 1943. Transfer of Control: Management shifted to the New Delhi Municipal Committee (NDMC) and was later taken over by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, on January 1, 1954. Renaming: Re-baptized in honor of Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia during the 1970s.Modern Academic Integration: Expanded into a major teaching institution, culminating in the establishment of the Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences (ABVIMS) in August 2019. Current Scale: Operates as a prominent multi-specialty tertiary care center with over 1,400 beds spread across a sprawling 30-acre campus.
1932: Kundan Lal Saigal, often abbreviated as K. L. Saigal, was an Indian singer and actor who is considered the first superstar of the Hindi film industry, which was centred in Kolkata during Saigal's time, but is currently centred in Mumbai. Mukesh was a big fan of K. L. Saigal and imitated his voice. First superhit of K.L Saigal was Devdas (Hindi, 1935).
1932: Polish cryptologists Marian Rejewski, Henryk Zygalski and Jerzy Różycki broke the Enigma machine code.
1932: Talwalkars Better Value Fitness Ltd, popularly known as Talwalkars founded. In 2016s, It rose to be India's largest chain of health clubs. It has 152 Health Clubs across 80 cities in India on a consolidated basis, with over 200,000 members.
1932: Polish cryptologists Marian Rejewski, Henryk Zygalski and Jerzy Różycki broke the Enigma machine code.
1932: Talwalkars Better Value Fitness Ltd, popularly known as Talwalkars founded. In 2016s, It rose to be India's largest chain of health clubs. It has 152 Health Clubs across 80 cities in India on a consolidated basis, with over 200,000 members.
1932:[FnB][Business] Lay's potato chips originated in the United States. Specifically, the brand was founded in 1932 by Herman Lay, who started selling chips in Nashville, Tennessee. Initially, Lay sold chips made by a company in Atlanta, Georgia, but he later bought that company and formed H.W. Lay & Company. Uncle Chipps was founded in 1992 by Amrit Agro Ltd. It was later acquired by Frito-Lay India (now owned by PepsiCo) in 2000.
1933:[GeoPolitics] While Hitler despised Zionism, the Nazis initially allowed some German Jews to emigrate to Palestine in the 1930s, driven by a desire to make Germany judenrein (clean of Jews) rather than support a Jewish state. The 1933 Haavara Agreement facilitated this emigration, allowing Jews to transfer some assets. This historical, pragmatic arrangement has been cited by critics, such as in Mahmoud Abbas’s controversial writings, as "collaboration," though historians generally emphasize that Nazis viewed a Jewish state as a threat.
1933:[Maths] Randomness got its axiomatization. At the same time, the advent of quantum mechanics changed the scientific perspective on determinacy.
1933:[Physics][Polity] while Einstein was visiting the United States, Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany. Horrified by the Nazi "war of extermination" against his fellow Jews, Einstein decided to remain in the US, and was granted American citizenship in 1940.
1933: Indian Post Office Rules, 1933.
1933: FM broadcasting is radio broadcasting using frequency modulation (FM) technology. Invented by American engineer Edwin Armstrong (Alpine, New Jersey-USA), it is used worldwide to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio utilizing the VHF band from 87.5 MHz to 108.0 MHz.
1933: Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when the country was governed by a dictatorship under the control of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP).
1933: Annie Besant died in India.
1933:[Physics][Polity] while Einstein was visiting the United States, Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany. Horrified by the Nazi "war of extermination" against his fellow Jews, Einstein decided to remain in the US, and was granted American citizenship in 1940.
1933: Indian Post Office Rules, 1933.
1933: FM broadcasting is radio broadcasting using frequency modulation (FM) technology. Invented by American engineer Edwin Armstrong (Alpine, New Jersey-USA), it is used worldwide to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio utilizing the VHF band from 87.5 MHz to 108.0 MHz.
1933: Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when the country was governed by a dictatorship under the control of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP).
1933: Annie Besant died in India.
1933:[Computer] IBM Type 31 Alphabetical Duplicating Punch was introduced. It automatically ejected one card and fed another in 0.65 second. These machines were equipped with separate alphabetical and numerical keyboards. The alphabetical keyboard was similar to a conventional manual typewriter except that the shift, tab, backspace and character keys were eliminated, and a skip, release, stacker and '1' key were provided." – IBM Archives
1933:[Gaming] Pinball (1930s to 1960s). Coin-operated pinball machines that included electric lights and features were developed in 1933, but lacked the user-controlled flipper mechanisms at that point; these would be invented in 1947.
1933:[NSE] Dhampur Sugar Mill (Group) est. with crushing capacity of 23,500 tonnes per day. Founded by Lala Ram Narain (1880-1943), carried fwd by his eldest son Murli Manohar (1916-1964)
1933:After the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire, East India Company took over the Tirupati temple administration and leased it to tenants for various purposes. The British later transferred the administration to the Hathiramji Muth which took care of the temple until 1933. After that, the ”Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam” (TTD) handled the temple administration for some years until a court order transferred it to Andhra Pradesh government in 1966. However, this order was rolled back in 1979 and a committee having members from the government and the TTD trust was formed. This temple committee has been taking care of the day-to-day activities of the temple till date.
1933:[Mntngg] Eric Shipton was involved with most of the Mount Everest expeditions during the 1930s and later, including Hugh Ruttledge's 1933 Mount Everest expedition and the follow-up in 1936, the 1935 Mount Everest expedition which was Shipton's first as leader and the first for Tenzing Norgay, and the pioneering 1951 Mount Everest expedition which chalked out the now famous route over the Khumbu Glacier.
1933:[Mntngg] Eric Shipton was involved with most of the Mount Everest expeditions during the 1930s and later, including Hugh Ruttledge's 1933 Mount Everest expedition and the follow-up in 1936, the 1935 Mount Everest expedition which was Shipton's first as leader and the first for Tenzing Norgay, and the pioneering 1951 Mount Everest expedition which chalked out the now famous route over the Khumbu Glacier.
1933:[Def][Aviation] The aircraft that this article will be about is the Russian K-7, or as its real name is, the Kalinin K-7. It was built by the Soviet Union and had its first flight in 1933, only 30 years after the Wright brothers made their first flight. It was to be used as a heavy bomber or civilian transport, although in the bomber mode it featured guns as well and so made it a gunship/bomber. It had an unusual construction with large underwing pods that housed fixed landing gears. Inside of these pods was also some of the machine guns mounted.
1933:[WW2] The Geheime Staatspolizei, abbreviated Gestapo, was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe. The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the various political police agencies of Prussia into one organisation. (Churchill)
1933:[Env] The first polythene, or polyethylene, plastic was created accidentally in England in the 1930s. While it was produced in small batches before, the 1933 synthesis at Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) was the first practically useful version. The modern, one-piece plastic shopping bag, often called a T-shirt bag, was invented in Sweden by Gustaf Thulin Sten in the early 1960s and patented in 1965.
1933:[Bio][Chemistry] Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid): Discovered in 1933 by R.J. Williams.
1933:[US][Book][Who] To Kill a Mockingbird is set during a three-year period, from 1933 to 1935, in the fictional town of Maycomb, Alabama, during the economic hardships and racial tensions of the Great Depression in the American South. The story unfolds through the eyes of young Scout Finch, capturing the era's profound social issues. To Kill a Mockingbird, a 1960 novel by Harper Lee
1933:[Tourism][Malaysia] If you think this blue water looks good enough to dive into, you're not alone- many share the sentiment. It's a popular spot for scuba diving and snorkeling. The area, a series of islands, sand cays, and patch reefs off the coast of Sabah, Malaysia, first received protection in 1933, when Bodgaya was declared a forest reserve and Bohey Dulang (the island in our image) a bird sanctuary. Many efforts were made in the following decades to provide further protection for this rare environment, and in 2004 it became an official marine park. The world's a better place for its conservation: Some scientists believe Tun Sakaran Marine Park approaches the biodiversity of the Great Barrier Reef.
1934:[Physics][Research] The necessity of fermions (matter) being created and destroyed in Enrico Fermi's 1934 theory of beta decay led to a reinterpretation of Dirac's equation as a "classical" field equation for any point particle of spin ħ/2, itself subject to quantisation conditions involving anti-commutators. Thus reinterpreted, in 1934 by Werner Heisenberg, as a (quantum) field equation accurately describing all elementary matter particles – today quarks and leptons – this Dirac field equation is as central to theoretical physics as the Maxwell, Yang–Mills and Einstein field equations. Dirac is regarded as the founder of quantum electrodynamics, being the first to use that term. He also introduced the idea of vacuum polarisation in the early 1930s. This work was key to the development of quantum mechanics by the next generation of theorists, in particular Schwinger, Feynman, Sin-Itiro Tomonaga and Dyson in their formulation of quantum electrodynamics.
1934: Ruskin Bond is an Indian author of British descent. He lives with his adopted family in Landour, in Mussoorie, India. The Indian Council for Child Education has recognised his role in the growth of children's literature in India.
1934: The Schmitt trigger was invented by American scientist Otto H. Schmitt in 1934 while he was a graduate student, later described in his doctoral dissertation (1937) as a "thermionic trigger."[2] It was a direct result of Schmitt's study of the neural impulse propagation in squid nerves.
1934: Hailey was Governor of the Punjab from 1924 to 1928, a compromiser with the Akali leadership, and Governor of the United Provinces 1928 to 1934. He was early convinced of the strength of Indian nationalism, but remained ambivalent about it.
1934: Kamala Surayya [1934-2009], also known by her one-time pen name Madhavikutty and Kamala Das, was an Indian English poetess and littérateur and at the same time a leading Malayalam author from Kerala, India. Spouse: Madhava Das (m. 1949–2009). Children: Madhav Das Nalapat, Chinnen Das, and Jayasurya Das
1934: Ruskin Bond is an Indian author of British descent. He lives with his adopted family in Landour, in Mussoorie, India. The Indian Council for Child Education has recognised his role in the growth of children's literature in India.
1934: The Schmitt trigger was invented by American scientist Otto H. Schmitt in 1934 while he was a graduate student, later described in his doctoral dissertation (1937) as a "thermionic trigger."[2] It was a direct result of Schmitt's study of the neural impulse propagation in squid nerves.
1934: Hailey was Governor of the Punjab from 1924 to 1928, a compromiser with the Akali leadership, and Governor of the United Provinces 1928 to 1934. He was early convinced of the strength of Indian nationalism, but remained ambivalent about it.
1934: Kamala Surayya [1934-2009], also known by her one-time pen name Madhavikutty and Kamala Das, was an Indian English poetess and littérateur and at the same time a leading Malayalam author from Kerala, India. Spouse: Madhava Das (m. 1949–2009). Children: Madhav Das Nalapat, Chinnen Das, and Jayasurya Das
1934:[Book] George Orwell's Burmese Days; 1935 – A Clergyman's Daughter 1936 – Keep the Aspidistra Flying 1939 – Coming Up for Air 1945 – Animal Farm 1949 – Nineteen Eighty-Four; 1933 – Down and Out in Paris and London 1937 – The Road to Wigan Pier 1938 – Homage to Catalonia.
1934:[Crime] Haji Mastan (born on 1 March 1926 Ramanathapuram, Madras Presidency, British India and died aged 68 on 25 June 1994 Mumbai, Maharashtra, India) aged 8 migrated from the coastal town of Cuddalore to Bombay with his father. He was originally known as Mastan Haider Mirza, was a Bombay-based Tamil Muslim mobster who became the first celebrity gangster in the city of Bombay (now Mumbai). Born in 1926 in a Tamil family in Pannaikulam, near Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu.
1934:[Technology][Medicine] Hans Berger's EEG discoveries were first confirmed after 10 years later by British scientists Edgar Douglas Adrian and B. H. C. Matthews.
1934:[GoI][CPSU] Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited, formerly called Mazagon Dock Limited, is a shipyard situated in Mazagaon, Mumbai. It manufactures warships and submarines for the Indian Navy and offshore platforms and associated support vessels for offshore oil drilling.
1934:[Finance] 1934 - Much of the wealth has been locked up in the Rockefeller family trust of 1934 (which holds the bulk of the fortune and matures on the death of the fourth generation) and the trust of 1952, both administered by Chase Bank, the corporate successor to Chase Manhattan Bank.
1934:[Mntngg] Eric Shipton and Tilman also discovered the access route to the Nanda Devi sanctuary through the Rishi Ganga gorge in 1934. Their shoe-string budget expedition operated in the Kumaon-Garhwal mountains continuously from pre-monsoon to post-monsoon, and set a record for single-expedition achievement that has never been equalled.
1934:[Tourism][EU] The Bayuvi Dupki–Dzhindzhiritsa Reserve was founded in the northwest region to protect native pine forests, making it one of the oldest reserves in Bulgaria. 1962: The core area was officially declared Vihren National Park (later renamed Pirin National Park) covering an initial area around the highest peaks.1977: The Bayuvi Dupki-Dzhindzhiritsa area was designated a UNESCO Man and Biosphere Reserve.1983: The park gained international recognition when it was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its outstanding natural beauty and rare ecosystems.1994: The park's Yulen Reserve was added to the Man and Biosphere program.2010s: The protected territory expanded significantly to cover roughly 40,000 hectares, mirroring the current boundaries minus designated ski zones.
1935:[Physics][Computing] Erwin Schrödinger devised a well-known thought experiment, now known as Schrödinger's cat, which highlighted this dissonance between quantum mechanics and classical physics. One modern view is that this mystery is explained by quantum decoherence.
1935: Persia was renamed to Iran.
1935: The Government of India Act, 1935 provided for the establishment of a Public Service Commission for each Province.
1935: Swami and Friends is the first of a trilogy of novels written by R. K. Narayan, English language novelist from India. The novel, Narayan's first, is set in British India in a fictional town called Malgudi.
1935 (Apr 1): RBI estd. and nationalized on Jan 1, 1949.
1935: Devdas enthrall audiences nationwide. Film making became an established craft in India.
1935: The Z1 was a mechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse from 1935 to 1936 and built by him from 1936 to 1938. It was a binary electrically driven mechanical calculator with limited programmability, reading instructions from punched celluloid film.
1935: K1- first practical tape recorder
1935: The Government of India Act, 1935 provided for the establishment of a Public Service Commission for each Province.
1935: Swami and Friends is the first of a trilogy of novels written by R. K. Narayan, English language novelist from India. The novel, Narayan's first, is set in British India in a fictional town called Malgudi.
1935 (Apr 1): RBI estd. and nationalized on Jan 1, 1949.
1935: Devdas enthrall audiences nationwide. Film making became an established craft in India.
1935: The Z1 was a mechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse from 1935 to 1936 and built by him from 1936 to 1938. It was a binary electrically driven mechanical calculator with limited programmability, reading instructions from punched celluloid film.
1935: K1- first practical tape recorder
1935:[Mntngg] 1935 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition: United Kingdom British Raj Shipton led a small reconnaissance expedition during the monsoon season in preparation for the following year's expedition. The team climbed smaller peaks in the vicinity of Everest, and examined alternative possible routes on the mountain, including the West Ridge, and entry into the Western Cwm via Lho La. Both were dismissed as impractical, though Shipton did decide that an ascent from the Western Cwm would be possible if entry from the Nepalese side could be made. This would be the route by which the mountain would eventually be climbed in 1953. The expedition is also notable as the first visit to Everest for Tenzing Norgay, who was engaged as one of the 'porters'.
1935:[WW1] The Luftwaffe was the aerial warfare branch of Nazi Germany's armed forces during World War II. It was founded in 1935 and played a significant role in the early successes of the German military, particularly during the Blitzkrieg campaigns. However, the Luftwaffe ultimately suffered heavy losses and contributed to Germany's defeat in the war.
1935:[Env][Disaster] 1935 Yangtze flood, China; 145,000 detahs
1935:[Tourism][UK] Ladybower Reservoir originated as a major water supply project built between 1935 and 1943 by the Derwent Valley Water Board to provide water for the East Midlands and industrial cities like Sheffield, Derby, and Nottingham. Creating this artificial lake required flooding the historic villages of Derwent and Ashopton. Timeline: Built from 1935 through 1943, continuing even during World War II despite labor and material shortages. Design: Unlike the neighboring Howden and Derwent masonry dams, Ladybower utilizes a clay-cored earth embankment with a deep concrete cut-off trench going down 180 feet (55 meters). Expansion: A later water diversion scheme completed in 1951 channeled water from the River Noe into the reservoir via a masonry weir and concrete tunnel.
1936:[MBA] 1936 Flood Control Act (US): This act formally required that the benefits of public projects "to whomsoever they accrue are in excess of the estimated costs," marking a major shift toward systematic CBA in public policy.
1936:[Economics] Keynesian economics gets its name, theories, and principles from British economist John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946), who is regarded as the founder of modern macroeconomics. His most famous work, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, was published in 1936.
1936:[Telco] (waveguide) G. C. Southworth at Bell Labs and W. L. Barrow independently rediscover hollow tube waveguides and present their work.
1936:[Research] Otto Warburg, in 1936, established that NAD+ participates in redox (reduction-oxidation) reactions, a crucial function in cellular energy transfer.
1936:[Education][India][Public] Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) is a multi-campus public university in Mumbai, India. It is Asia's oldest institute for professional social work education and was founded in 1936 in the then Bombay Presidency of British India as the Sir Dorabji Tata Graduate School of Social Work by the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust. In 1944, the institute was officially renamed the Tata Institute of Social Sciences and in 1964, the Government of India declared TISS a deemed university under Section 3 of the University Grants Commission Act, 1956. In 1954, TISS moved to a permanent campus at Deonar, Mumbai, from the earlier campuses at Nagpada and then Andheri. In 2001, the Deonar campus was expanded to include the Malti Jal and Jal A. D. Naoroji Campus Annexe, which are now commonly known as the New Campus. TISS, in 1986, established a rural campus in Tuljapur, Maharashtra and two off-campuses in Guwahati and Hyderabad in 2011.
1936: George 6th succeeded Edward 8th as the King of the UK for 16 yrs. He was the last Emperor (King) of India and the first Head of the Commonwealth. In the mid-1920s, he had speech therapy for a stammer, which he never fully overcame. During his reign George was served by a total of 31 Prime Ministers; 4 from the United Kingdom, 7 from Australia, 2 from Canada, 1 from Ceylon, 1 from India, 1 from Ireland, 3 from Malta, 3 from New Zealand, 3 from Northern Ireland, 2 from Pakistan, 3 from South Africa and 1 from Southern Rhodesia.1936: How to win Friends and Influence People by Dale Carnegie, an American writer and lecturer
1936: "Akashvani" was first used in the context of radio by M. V. Gopalaswamy after setting up the India’s first private radio station in his residence, "Vittal Vihar" (about 200 yards from AIR’s current location in Mysore).
1936:[Med] Lok Nayak Hospital in Delhi opened on April 7, 1936. It started as the British-era Irwin Hospital built on a former central jail complex. Over the decades, it grew into one of the largest public medical institutions run by the Government of Delhi, closely tied to the Maulana Azad Medical College.
1936: Lahore became capital of Punjab till 1947. Cuttack became the capital of Odisha till 1948; Patna became capital of Bihar.
1936: Lahore became capital of Punjab till 1947. Cuttack became the capital of Odisha till 1948; Patna became capital of Bihar.
1936: High courts of India - Madhya Pradesh High Court, 8th HC set-up in Jabalpur, MP.
1936: Tasmanian tiger (Thylacine), declared extinct. (displayed at the Australian Museum in Sydney)
1936:[Book] Dale Carnegie's How to Win Friends and Influence People
1936:[Book] House of Incest is a slim volume of 72 pages written by Anaïs Nin. Originally published in 1936, it is Anaïs Nin's first work of fiction.
1936:[Book] 10YO Harper Lee gets inspiration for To Kill a Mockingbird. It's plot and characters are loosely based on Lee's observations of her family, her neighbors and an event that occurred near her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama.
1936:[Env] The last known ‘Tasmanian tiger’ died in 1936. A group of scientists is trying to bring the animal back.
1936:[Physics][Research] Seth Henry Neddermeyer (September 16, 1907 – January 29, 1988) was an American physicist who co-discovered the muon, using cloud chamber measurements of cosmic rays. Their discovery predated Hideki Yukawa's 1935 theory of mesons that postulated the particle as mediating the nuclear force. He later championed the implosion-type nuclear weapon while working on the Manhattan Project at the Los Alamos Laboratory during World War II. (proving Paul DIrac's work)
1936:[Books][Cinema] An Actor Prepares is the first of Konstantin Stanislavski's books on acting, followed by Building a Character and Creating a Role. Stanislavski intended to publish the contents of An Actor Prepares and Building a Character as a single volume, and in the Russian language. (method acting)
1936:[Research] DuPont attempted to solve this (Teflon), 27YO chemist Roy J Plunkett experimenting with tetrafluoroethylene (TFE)
1936:[Research] Became the first Indian botanist elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) of London in 1936.
1936:[mktg][FnB] 20th-Century Influx: The Khari Baoli market saw another surge of business growth in 1936 when displaced traders and financiers from Punjab relocated to Delhi and opened storefronts. Many current shops are still run by the 9th or 10th generation of those original merchant families, often identified by old serial numbers rather than modern names.
1936:[Biz][Delhi] Delhi's first grand luxury property, The Imperial, New Delhi, opened on Janpath in 1936 as New Delhi’s first grand luxury hotel.
1937 (Sep 1): The Federal Court of India came into being. The seat of the court was the Chamber of Princes in the Parliament building in Delhi. It began with a Chief Justice and two puisne judges. The first Chief Justice was Sir Maurice Gwyer and the other two judges were Sir Shah Muhammad Sulaiman and M. R. Jayakar. It functioned until the establishment of the Supreme Court of India on 28 January 1950.
1937:[space][research][book] The earliest modern imagining of dyson structure was by Olaf Stapledon in his science fiction novel Star Maker (1937).
1937: Area of India (before partition) 4,903,312 km² (1,893,179 sq mi).
1937: Area of India (before partition) 4,903,312 km² (1,893,179 sq mi).
1937:[Polity][activism] Post-Independence Linguistic and Social Movements (1950s–1980s) Anti-Hindi Agitations (1937–1965): Particularly in Tamil Nadu, widespread student-led protests erupted against the imposition of Hindi as the sole official language of India. These historic movements ultimately safeguarded linguistic federalism and state autonomy
1937: Canadian inventor Donald Hings was the first to create a portable radio signaling system for his employer CM&S in 1937. He called the system a "packset", although it later became known as a "walkie-talkie". Alfred J. Gross, a radio engineer and one of the developers of the Joan-Eleanor system, also worked on the early technology behind the walkie-talkie between 1938 and 1941, and is sometimes credited with inventing it. Walkie-Talkie is a is a hand-held, portable, two-way radio transceiver with half-duplex communication ability. The transceiver is normally in receive mode; when the user wants to talk he presses a "push-to-talk" (PTT) button that turns off the receiver and turns on the transmitter.1937: Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan Chhatari (Independent) was CM of UP from 3 Apr 1937 to 16 July 1937
1937: Lucknow became the capital of Uttar Pradesh.
1937: A major Indian sweets and snacks manufacturer, Haldiram's founded in Nagpur, Maharashtra, India by Shivkisan Agrawal. The company now has manufacturing plants in Nagpur, New Delhi, Kolkata, Bikaner.
1937: GDP first came into use in a report to the U.S. Congress in response to the Great Depression after Russian economist Simon Kuznets conceived the system of measurement. At the time, the preeminent system of measurement was the Gross National Product (GNP)
1937:[Military][Education] Oldest private military school is Bhonsala Military School, which was established in 1937. Although Sainik School, Lucknow, established in 1960 was the first Sainik School, is not under the Sainik School Society, but rather under Uttar Pradesh Sainik Schools Society, which is registered under the Indian Societies Registration Act (1860).
1937:[Book] Napoleon Hill's Think and Grow Rich
1937:[Art] Guernica (Spanish: [ɡeɾˈnika]; Basque: [ɡernika]) is a large 1937 oil painting on canvas by Spanish artist Pablo Picasso. It is one of his best-known works, regarded by many art critics as the most moving and powerful anti-war painting in history. It shows the bombing of the Spanish town of Guernica in 1937 during the Spanish Civil War. It is exhibited in the Museo Reina Sofía in Madrid.
1937 (Dec):[History] Fall of the capital of China, Nanking. the Nanking Massacre or the Rape of Nanking. It is estimated that around 20,000 women including children and the elderly were raped during the Japanese occupation of Nanking city. Imperial Japanese army killed between 40,000 and 300,000 people. This number is the total number of civilians and soldiers killed.
1937:The National Government of 1937–1939 was formed by Neville Chamberlain on his appointment as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom by King George VI. George VI (born December 14, 1895, Sandringham, Norfolk, England—died February 6, 1952, Sandringham) was the king of the United Kingdom from 1936 to 1952.
1937:[WW2] Douglas MacArthur retired from the US Army in 1937, but continued as an advisor and as a Field Marshal in the Philippine Army from 1936. (to be recalled to active duty in 1941)
1937:Modern, sanitary landfills, with their engineered systems for waste containment and environmental protection, developed much later, with the Fresno Municipal Sanitary Landfill in California (1937) being considered one of the first in the US.
1937:[India] Mir Osman Ali Khan, the seventh and last Nizam of Hyderabad, was widely recognized as one of the richest people in the world, with an estimated net worth exceeding $200 billion, even appearing on the cover of Time magazine in 1937. He is credited with establishing key institutions like Osmania University, Osmania General Hospital, State Bank of Hyderabad, and Begumpet Airport. He focused on social reforms, education, and infrastructure development, including the construction of reservoirs like Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar. His wealth was significantly tied to the Golconda diamond mines, which were a major source of diamonds during his reign. Despite his immense wealth and power, Mir Osman Ali Khan was often referred to as the "son of a Marwari Seth" due to rumors about his parentage.
1937:[Marketing] Old Spice is manufactured by Procter & Gamble. Old Spice was launched as Early American Old Spice by William Lightfoot Schultz's soap and toiletries company, Shulton Inc., in 1937.
1937:[Bio][Chemistry] Vitamin B3 (Niacin): Discovered in 1937.
1937:[Who] Born on 24 Dec 1924 to Haji Mohammed Ali and Allahrakhi Bai in the village of Kotla Sultan Singh, a short distance from Amritsar, Mohd. Rafi's singing talent was apparent from a very early age. He performed his first stage show at the age of thirteen in Lahore.
1938: Delhi Technological University/IITD. The seeds of Delhi Polytechnic were sowed by the Wood and Abott Committee of 1938. It was established as Delhi Polytechnic in 1941. The technical school was created to cater to the demands of Indian industries. At that time, Delhi Polytechnic offered courses in Arts, Architecture, Commerce, Engineering, Applied Science and Textiles.
1938: Konrad Zuse crafted the world's very first fully programmable computer, known as the Z3, in his parents' apartment. Zuse eventually gained some backing by the German government, leading to the evolution from the Z1 to the Z3, which, complete in 1941, is considered the mother of modern computing.
1938: e-JukeBox
1938: Konrad Zuse crafted the world's very first fully programmable computer, known as the Z3, in his parents' apartment. Zuse eventually gained some backing by the German government, leading to the evolution from the Z1 to the Z3, which, complete in 1941, is considered the mother of modern computing.
1938: e-JukeBox
1938: Frida Kahlo made her first significant sale in the summer when film star and art collector Edward G. Robinson purchased four paintings at $200 each.
1938:[Research][Chemistry][Technology][Business][US] PTFE (PolyTetraFluoroEthylene) is a synthetic fluoropolymer of tetrafluoroethylene. Being hydrophobic, non-wetting, high density and resistant to high temperatures, PTFE is an incredibly versatile material with a wide variety of applications, though it's perhaps best-known for its non-stick properties. Teflon™ is the quintessential American product. It was discovered by accident and like many such discoveries was at first simply a creation in search of a purpose. Versions of it are in our frying pans and popcorn bags, our medical devices and electronic gadgets, our pruning shears and our cars. It is ubiquitous and essential. It is part of our vocabulary, uttered with both envy and exasperation to describe politicians and Mafia dons. It even helped win World War II: Teflon was needed to properly seal the pipes in the gaseous diffusion plant where uranium was enriched to make the first atomic bombs.
1938:[Biz][Mktng] The 1930s were marked by the Great Depression, which impacted consumer spending and diamond sales. De Beers hired the N.W. Ayer advertising agency to create a campaign that would elevate diamonds as a symbol of love and commitment. The campaign's iconic slogan, "A Diamond Is Forever," was coined in 1947 by Frances Gerety, but the groundwork for its success was laid in the 1930s. In the 1930s, De Beers, the diamond cartel, launched a significant marketing campaign to boost diamond sales, particularly for engagement rings. This campaign, starting in 1938, aimed to associate diamonds with love and commitment, and to make them a necessary part of engagements. While diamond engagement rings had existed before, they were not the norm, and the campaign significantly increased their popularity.
1930s: In fact, Round diamonds were the most popular shape, as transition cuts between old european and the modern Round Brilliant were starting to gain traction. This period is also when solitaire styles gained considerable prominence, as they were more cost-effective during the depression.
1938:[Env][Disaster] 1938 Yellow River flood Deaths: 470,000–500,000
1938:[Mgmt][Law] The labor union movements continued to gain in popularity, and demonstrations for reductions of work hours were seen here and there throughout the country. The pressure of this rising tide of workplace populism resulted in the creation of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, which limited working hours to 44 hours per week and 8.8 hours per day, respectively. In addition, this act began to regulate minimum wage rates, overtime pay and child labor standards. In 1940, Congress amended that act and established a 40-hour work week, as we know it today.
1938:[Research][Who][Tech][Computing] In 1938, Konrad Zuse of Berlin completed the Z1, the first binary, programmable mechanical computer;[13] it uses a 24-bit binary floating-point number representation with a 7-bit signed exponent, a 17-bit significand (including one implicit bit), and a sign bit.[14] The more reliable relay-based Z3, completed in 1941, has representations for both positive and negative infinities; in particular, it implements defined operations with infinity, such as
1939:[Business][Politics][Economics][Research][Book] The concept of complementary and substitute goods (often referred to in earlier literature alongside supplementary) in economics was formally developed and defined by John Hicks (Sir John Richard Hicks) in his book Value and Capital (1939). Hicks defined a good as a complement of if a fall in the price of leads to an increase in the consumption of (with a compensatory adjustment in income). Hicksian analysis, which split the price effect into income and substitution effects, allowed for a clearer definition of these relationships, which Pareto had previously tried to define using marginal utility. While earlier economists like Edgeworth and Pareto discussed related goods, Hicks provided the precise modern definition using indifference curve analysis. Complementary Goods are products that are used together, such as cars and petrol, while Substitute Goods are alternatives to each other, such as tea and coffee.
1939: ATMs1939: Alan Turing, Gordon Welchman and Harold Keen worked together to develop the Bombe (on the basis of Rejewski's works on Bomba). The Enigma machine's use of a reliably small key space makes it vulnerable to brute force.
1939: German Invasion of Poland. On 1st September 1939, Hitler’s Nazi Germany invaded Poland, ostensibly for ‘lebensraum’ and to redress the imbalances of the Treaty of Versailles. The invasion of a sovereign nation finally convinced the allies – Great Britain and France of Hitler’s wider intentions for the occupation of Europe. After appeasing Hitler over Austria and Czechoslovakia, Poland proved the final straw and on September 3rd, 1939, Great Britain declared war on Nazi Germany.
1939: Adolf Hitler's Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, marking the start of World War II. This invasion, which included both German and Soviet forces, was a key event that triggered the outbreak of global conflict. The invasion was preceded by the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union, which divided Poland between them. The invasion was justified by Nazi propaganda, which falsely claimed Polish aggression and persecution of ethnic Germans.
1939 (Apr 1): Ernest Hemingway and Pauline Pfeiffer divorced after he returned from the Spanish Civil War (17 July 1936 – 1 April 1939 (2 years, 8 months, 2 weeks and 1 day)), which he covered as a journalist and which was the basis for his novel For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940).
1939 (Aug 2):[Physics][Polity][US][Germany] The Einstein–Szilard letter was a letter written by Leo Szilard and signed by Albert Einstein, that was sent to President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt. Written by Szilard in consultation with fellow Hungarian physicists Edward Teller and Eugene Wigner, the letter warned that Germany might develop atomic bombs and suggested that the United States should start its own nuclear program. It prompted action by Roosevelt, which eventually resulted in the Manhattan Project, the development of the first atomic bombs, and the use of these bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
1939 (Oct 30): Wilhelm Zahn was responsible for killing countless Allied soldiers. Winston Churchill was aboard one of the ships he targeted and was more than lucky to survive. On the morning of 30 October 1939, U-boat commander Wilhelm Zahn brought his vessel to periscope depth to scan the horizon.
1939:[Computing][Research] Mathematician (Alan Turing) were tasked to find a better alt of Babbage machines. Analog era of computing halted, Digital era started.
1939:[Physics][UK][Quantum] Dirac included the bra–ket notation in the third edition of his book, The Principles of Quantum Mechanics (1930) thereby contributing to its universal use nowadays.
1939:[Business][Food] Parle began manufacturing biscuits in 1939, with a license to supply their biscuits only to the British Army.
1939:[Physics]Feynman received a bachelor's degree and was named a Putnam Fellow. He attained a perfect score on the graduate school entrance exams to Princeton University in physics—an unprecedented feat—and an outstanding score in mathematics, but did poorly on the history and English portions. The head of the physics department there, Henry D. Smyth, had another concern, writing to Philip M. Morse to ask: "Is Feynman Jewish? We have no definite rule against Jews but have to keep their proportion in our department reasonably small because of the difficulty of placing them." Morse conceded that Feynman was indeed Jewish, but reassured Smyth that Feynman's "physiognomy and manner, however, show no trace of this characteristic".
1939: During World War II, Winston Churchill, who served as the British Prime Minister, had a personal valet named Frank Sawyers. Sawyers was responsible for organizing Churchill's daily life from 1939 to the end of 1946. He wasn't just a valet; according to Tennants Auctioneers, Sawyers also traveled everywhere with Churchill. While not a prominent public figure, Sawyers was an important part of Churchill's inner circle.
1939:World War II (1939–1945) World War II Key Players: Allied Powers (U.S., U.K., Soviet Union, China, France) vs. Axis Powers (Germany, Japan, Italy) Significance: World War II was the deadliest and most influential war in human history, with over 70 million deaths, including millions of civilians and victims of genocide, particularly during the Holocaust. The war involved nearly every part of the world and witnessed major battles, large-scale atrocities, and the use of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. It ended with the defeat of the Axis Powers, reshaping world politics and power structures. Major Consequences: Formation of the United Nations in 1945 to prevent future conflicts. The division of Germany and the onset of the Cold War between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. Decolonization movements across Asia and Africa as weakened European powers lost influence. Advances in technology, including radar, nuclear power, and medical innovations. Why It’s Famous: The sheer scale of human suffering, the strategic and ideological conflicts, and the lasting impact on global politics make WWII a central part of modern history.
-----------------------------------The Great Depression ended---------------------------------------------------
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1939 (Sep 1st): WW2 started between Allies and Axis. WWII
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1940s:[Space] The existence of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) was postulated on theoretical grounds in the late 1940s by George Gamow, Ralph Alpher, and Robert Herman, who were studying the consequences of the nucleosynthesis of light elements, such as hydrogen, helium and lithium, at very early times in the Universe. They realised that, in order to synthesise the nuclei of these elements, the early Universe needed to be extremely hot and that the leftover radiation from this ‘hot Big Bang’ would permeate the Universe and be detectable even today as the CMB. Due to the expansion of the Universe, the temperature of this radiation has become lower and lower – they estimated at most 5 degrees above absolute zero (5 K), which corresponds to microwave wavelengths. It wasn’t until 1964 that it was first detected – accidentally – by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, using a large radio antenna in New Jersey, a discovery for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1978.
1940: In World War II, Winston Churchill, as Britain's Prime Minister, was the political leader and shaped Allied strategy, but he wasn't the chief of generals in a formal military command sense. His key military advisor and chief of staff was General Hastings Ismay, who also served on the Chiefs of Staff Committee. Ismay played a crucial role in planning and coordinating military operations, including the Normandy landings. While Churchill had a direct influence on military matters and strategy, he relied on the expertise of his military advisors and the Chiefs of Staff Committee, with Ismay as his closest aide.
1940s:[EU][Armenia] Yerevan was now transformed from a provincial town of 1920s within the Russian Empire to Armenia's principal cultural, artistic, and industrial centre, as well as becoming the seat of national government.
1940s:[Business][Food] Horlicks came to India with the British Army; the end of World War I saw Indian soldiers of British Indian Army bringing it back with them as a dietary supplement. Punjab, Bengal and Madras Presidencies became early adopters of Horlicks and many well-to-do Indians took to drinking Horlicks as a family drink in early 1940s and 1950s. It became a sort of status symbol in upper middle class Indians and rich classes. The first flavour available in India, as in Britain, was malt.
1940s:[Telco] (waveguide) World War II radar development at the MIT Radiation Laboratory drives mass production and practical deployment of metallic waveguides.
1940s:[edu] Transport Phenomena (1940s–1950s): Programs shifted toward rigorous mathematical analysis of momentum, heat, and mass transfer rather than purely descriptive industrial practices. (Chemical engg)
1940s:[Gaming] Tha fall of Skee-Ball and carnival games (started in late 19th) and the rise of Electro-mechanical games (1940s to 1970s).
1940s: By then, new developments and the later conversion of aviation fuel plants to produce tetrapropylene, used in household detergents production, caused a fast growth of domestic use in the late 1940s.
1940s:[Crime] The powerful trio of Haji Mastan, gang leader from Tamil Nadu (Cuddalore), Varadarajan Mudaliar, another gang leader from Tamil Nadu (Tuticorin) and Karim Lala, leader of the Pathan gang, enjoyed backing from their communities and were an infamous trio of mafia gang leaders in Bombay for over two decades from the 1960s to the early 1980s
1940s:[Telco] The 50-ohm impedance standard in radio frequency (RF) and microwave engineering is a result of balancing power handling and signal loss in early coaxial cables. It emerged from the need to optimize performance in radio transmitters and radar systems, particularly during and after World War II.
1940s:[Realty] Lodhi Estate, specifically the residential area, was developed in the 1940s as a government housing colony during the British Raj. It was one of the last residential areas built by the British in India. The area is known for its historical appeal, spacious flats, and lush greenery.
1940s:[Realty] Jor Bagh, a residential area in South Delhi, was established in the mid-20th century, specifically during the 1940s. It was initially developed to house government employees, with larger bungalows reserved for senior officials in the nearby Lodhi Estate area. Jor Bagh is known for its wide streets, well-maintained parks, and a mix of independent row houses and villas.
1940s:[edu][www] Early US classes: Institutions like Columbia University offered some of the first academic-credit courses related to computing in the late 1940s.
1940s[Management][Mgmt] From Japanese 看板 (かんばん, kanban), from 看 (kan, “visible”) + 板 (“board or card”), developed and first used in the Toyota Production System. (Agile)
1940:[Physics][Polity] Einstein was granted American citizenship.
1940:[Physics] Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai was an Indian physicist and astronomer who initiated space research and helped to develop nuclear power in India. Often regarded as the "Father of Indian space program", Sarabhai was honored with Padma Bhushan in 1966 and the Padma Vibhushan in 1972. He attended Gujarat College, Ahmedabad, but later moved to the University of Cambridge, England, where he took his tripos in natural sciences in 1940. In 1945, he returned to Cambridge to pursue his PhD and wrote a thesis, "Cosmic Ray Investigations in Tropical Latitudes", in 1947.
1940: In Spring of 1940, Batman #1 was published and introduced new characters into Batman's pantheon, most notably those of Catwoman and Batman's eventual nemesis, the Joker.
1940: 1G or First Generation of Computer starts (Vaccum Tubes), lasted for 16 years.
1940: first color TV set by Peter Goldmark.
1940: first color TV set by Peter Goldmark.
1940:[WW2] During World War II, the British air chief was Air Chief Marshal Sir Charles Portal. He served as the Chief of the Air Staff (CAS) for the majority of the war, from 1940 until the end of the conflict. Prior to Portal, Air Chief Marshal Sir Cyril Newall held the position.
1940:[WW2] During World War II, the Royal Navy's highest-ranking officer was the First Sea Lord and Chief of Naval Staff. This position was held by two individuals during the war: Admiral of the Fleet Sir Dudley Pound from 1939 until his death in 1943, and then by Admiral of the Fleet Sir Andrew Cunningham from 1943 until the end of the war.
1940:[WW2] During World War II, the British air chief in charge of Bomber Command was Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Travers Harris, also known as "Bomber" Harris. He held this position from 1942 to 1945. Before becoming head of Bomber Command, Harris served in various roles, including commanding a bomber group at the start of the war and assisting with aircraft production in America.
1940 (May): In 1940, the British Army comprised approximately 892,697 officers and men in both the regular and Territorial Army. This included 224,000 regular soldiers and a reserve of 173,700 men. Additionally, the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), which was deployed to France, had a strength of around 394,000 men by May 1940, consisting of 13 divisions according to the National Army Museum.
1940: In 1940, the United Kingdom's leadership transitioned from Neville Chamberlain to Winston Churchill as Prime Minister on May 10th. This change occurred amidst the escalating threat of World War II, particularly with Germany's invasion of France and other European nations. Churchill's appointment marked a shift towards a more assertive and determined approach to leading Britain through the war. Chamberlain, the previous Prime Minister, had been criticized for his policy of appeasement towards Nazi Germany. His leadership was seen as inadequate in the face of the growing Nazi threat, leading to his resignation.
Churchill, known for his strong anti-appeasement stance and powerful oratory, was chosen to lead Britain at this critical juncture. He immediately took on the roles of Prime Minister and Minister of Defence.
Churchill faced a daunting task. France was on the verge of surrender, and Britain stood virtually alone against the Axis powers. His leadership was crucial in rallying the British people and sustaining morale during this period of intense conflict.
Colville Diaries (Churchill's private secretary)
1940 (May 10 04:35): The German army invaded the Netherlands and Belgium on May 10, 1940. This invasion was part of a larger German offensive, codenamed "Fall Gelb" (Case Yellow), that also targeted Luxembourg and France. Luftwaffe bombed airfields across Holland and Northern France. Panzer divisions are moving thru Luxembourg towards the Belgium frontier. Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax (16 April 1881 – 23 December 1959), 1st Earl of Halifax, known as the Lord Irwin from 1925 until 1934 and the Viscount Halifax from 1934 until 1944, was a British Conservative politician of the 1930s.
1940 (May 10):Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill KG OM CH TD DL FRS RA (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was a British statesman, military officer, and writer who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 (during the Second World War) and again from 1951 to 1955. For some 62 of the years between 1900 and 1964, he was a member of parliament (MP) and represented a total of five constituencies over that time. Ideologically an adherent to economic liberalism and imperialism, he was for most of his career a member of the Conservative Party, which he led from 1940 to 1955. He was a member of the Liberal Party from 1904 to 1924.
1940 (May 13): Churchill delivered "Blood, toil, tears, and sweat" speech on May 13, 1940, this speech outlined the grim reality of the war but also emphasized the determination to fight for victory.
1940 (May 15): The French High Command, slow to react because of its strategy of "methodical warfare", reeled from the shock of the German offensive and was overtaken by defeatism. On the morning of 15 May, the French Prime Minister, Paul Reynaud, telephoned the new British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill and said, "We have been defeated. We are beaten; we have lost the battle." Churchill, attempting to offer some comfort to Reynaud, reminded him of all the times the Germans had broken through the Allied lines in the First World War only to be stopped but Reynaud was inconsolable.
1940 (May 16): Churchill flew to Paris on 16 May. He immediately recognised the gravity of the situation when he observed that the French government was already burning its archives and was preparing for an evacuation of the capital. In a sombre meeting with the French commanders, Churchill asked General Gamelin, "Where is the strategic reserve?" referring to the reserve that had saved Paris in the First World War. Gamelin replied: "Aucune" [None / There is no longer any.]
1940: Lord Gort was the Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in France during the early stages of World War II. He faced the German blitzkrieg offensive, which led to a rapid retreat of Allied forces and the eventual evacuation at Dunkirk. While some criticize his decisions during this period, particularly his choice not to participate in a counter-attack, others credit him with successfully extricating the BEF from a dire situation.
1940: Born into a well-to-do Ulster family transplanted to the town of Pau in southern France, a decorated World War I Royal Artillery veteran, and commander of the 2nd Corps at Dunkirk, Alan Francis Brooke was resolute, logical, articulate, and probably the best British strategist since the Duke of Marlborough. He had an unerring grasp of both detail and the broader view, and became the acknowledged conscience of the British Army. Alanbrooke does not feature in the mythology of World War II because he did not capture headlines by winning famous battles. Prime Minister Winston Churchill preferred him in charge of those who did, and Alanbrooke, like his American counterpart General George C. Marshall, Army chief of staff, put duty before martial ambition. Both were promised command of the Allied invasion of Normandy, but both were ultimately considered indispensable by their superiors, Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt.
1940 (May 26): The Dunkirk evacuation, codenamed Operation Dynamo and also known as the Miracle of Dunkirk, or just Dunkirk, was the evacuation of more than 338,000 Allied soldiers during the Second World War from the beaches and harbour of Dunkirk, in the north of France, between 26 May and 4 June 1940. The operation commenced after large numbers of Belgian, British, and French troops were cut off and surrounded by German troops during the six-week Battle of France.
1940 (Jun 4): "We shall fight on the beaches": This speech, delivered by Churchill on June 4, 1940, was a vow to continue fighting even if Britain was invaded. "Never surrender", this speech, a part of the "We shall fight on the beaches" address, encapsulated the unwavering resolve to resist the enemy.
1940 (Jun 13): Across the English Channel, the new British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, also was aware of the French fleet’s potential; prior to taking over the role on 10 May, he had been First Lord of the Admiralty. On 13 June, during his final visit to rally support for the beleaguered French government at Tours, Churchill singled out the commander of the French Navy, Admiral Jean François Darlan, and stated, “You must never let them get the French fleet.” Darlan assured Churchill that the French Navy would never surrender its ships to the Germans.
1940 (Jun 18): "This was their finest hour": Speech given by Churchill on June 18, 1940, this speech celebrated the bravery of the Royal Air Force during the Battle of Britain.
1940 (Jul 1): On 1 July 1940, Vice Admiral James Somerville, the recently appointed commander of the Royal Navy’s Force H, received his first orders from the Admiral of the Fleet, Sir Dudley Pound. Somerville later reflected that the task he had been assigned was “the biggest political blunder of modern times and [it] will rouse the whole world against us . . . we all feel thoroughly ashamed.”
1940 (Jul 3): The British Royal Navy attacked the French fleet at Mers-el-Kébir (near Oran) on July 3, 1940. This was part of Operation Catapult, aimed at preventing the French fleet from falling into German hands after France's surrender in World War II. The attack resulted in the sinking of a French battleship and damage to several other ships, with heavy casualties for the French navy. (Churchill)
1940 (Jul 3): The British Royal Navy attacked the French fleet at Mers-el-Kébir (near Oran) on July 3, 1940. This was part of Operation Catapult, aimed at preventing the French fleet from falling into German hands after France's surrender in World War II. The attack resulted in the sinking of a French battleship and damage to several other ships, with heavy casualties for the French navy. (Churchill)
1940 (Aug 20): at the height of the Battle of Britain, Churchill addressed the Commons to outline the situation. In the middle of it, he made a statement that created a famous nickname for the RAF fighter pilots ('The Few') involved in the battle. "The gratitude of every home in our Island, in our Empire, and indeed throughout the world, except in the abodes of the guilty, goes out to the British airmen who, undaunted by odds, unwearied in their constant challenge and mortal danger, are turning the tide of the World War by their prowess and by their devotion. Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few."
1940 (Sep 7): The Luftwaffe altered its strategy from 7 September 1940 and began the Blitz, which was intensive through October and November. Churchill's morale was high and told his private secretary John Colville, in November, he thought the threat of invasion was past. He was confident Great Britain could hold its own, given the increase in output, but was realistic about its chances of winning the war without American intervention.
1940 (Sep): George Stibitz was able to transmit problems using teletype to his Complex Number Calculator in New York and receive the computed results back at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire.
This configuration of a centralized computer or mainframe with remote dumb terminals remained popular throughout the 1950s.
1940: Tom and Jerry is an American animated series of short slapstick comedy films created in 1940, by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera. [from 1940 to 1958; 18 yrs.]
1940: LORAN and the Decca Navigator, ground-based radio-navigation systems were developed and used by the British Royal Navy during World War II.
1940: Fayyaz Hashmi was employed as the resident lyricist by the British-owned Gramophone Company of India from age 20.
This configuration of a centralized computer or mainframe with remote dumb terminals remained popular throughout the 1950s.
1940: Tom and Jerry is an American animated series of short slapstick comedy films created in 1940, by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera. [from 1940 to 1958; 18 yrs.]
1940: LORAN and the Decca Navigator, ground-based radio-navigation systems were developed and used by the British Royal Navy during World War II.
1940: Fayyaz Hashmi was employed as the resident lyricist by the British-owned Gramophone Company of India from age 20.
1940: Dunkirk and the escape of the British army (1940)
1940: At the start of WW2, Brooke commanded the Second Corps of the British Expeditionary Force, which failed to stop the German invasion.
1940:[Cinema] Algol(1920)
1940:[Cinema] Men Must Fight(1933)
1940:[Cinema] The Tunnel(1935)
1940:[Computing][IBM i] Year floor for *JUL, *YMD, *DMY and *MDY date data types, max year supported is 2039 i.e. a period of 99 years (almost 10 decades).
1940 (Dec 23) :[GoI][CPSU] Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) is an Indian public sector aerospace and defence company, headquartered in Bangalore. Established on 23 December 1940, HAL is one of the oldest and largest aerospace and defence manufacturers in the world.
1940:[Education] After 32 years of launch of MBA by Harvard College, the University of Chicago launched the first MBA program designed to meet the needs of professionals already working in business. This led to the eventual offering of what came to be known as Executive MBA programs.
1940:[Telco] The dBm was first proposed as an industry standard in 1940. [Davis, Gary (1988). The Sound Reinforcement Handbook. Yamaha. p. 22. ISBN 0881889008;; Chinn, H. A.; D. K. Gannett; R. M. Moris (January 1940). "A New Standard Volume Indicator and Reference Level" (PDF). Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers. 28 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1940.228815. S2CID 15458694. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-02-13. Retrieved 2012-08-04.]
------------------------- The Holocaust Begin, killed 6 million Jews and 20 million others -------------------
1941:Before the independence of the South American countries, most of their commercial and political ties were mediated by the Spanish Empire, which prohibited significant trade with Brazil. In the 19th century, the process of political emancipation in South America accentuated the various competing interests of the countries of the region. They often found themselves at war, such as the Cisplatine War, the independence of the Republic of Uruguay, the Uruguayan Great War, the Ragamuffin War, the dispute between unitaries and federalists in Argentina and the Paraguayan War. In 1941, in the middle of the Second World War, Brazil and Argentina for the first time tried to create a Customs Union between their economies. However, this did not happen due to the countries' diplomatic differences in relation to Axis policies, after the attack on Pearl Harbor. With the end of the war, the need for interaction between nations became imminent and, consequently, economic blocs formed. In Latin America, however, there was no union that obtained satisfactory results. (Mercosur)
1941:[extreme][women] Lamarr, known for her acting career, had an idea for a secure communication system. She teamed up with composer Antheil, who had experience with synchronized mechanisms like player pianos. Frequency hopping, a method of transmitting radio signals by rapidly switching between different frequencies, was conceived during World War II by actress Hedy Lamarr and composer George Antheil. Their "Secret Communications System" (patent US2292387), filed in 1941, aimed to create a secure guidance system for radio-controlled torpedoes, preventing them from being jammed by the enemy. Their invention laid the foundation for spread spectrum technology, which has become a cornerstone of modern wireless communication.
Frequency hopping is primarily used in CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), specifically in a technique called Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS). While GSM also utilizes frequency hopping as an option, it's more commonly associated with CDMA systems.
1941: Independence of Lebanon from France declared.1941: The statue of Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, Chief of the British Imperial General Staff from December 1941 until 1945, is inscribed, “Master of Strategy.”
1941: The Z3 was an electromechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse developed at Berlin. It was the world's first working programmable, fully automatic digital computer. The Z3 was built with 2,000 relays, implementing a 22-bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5–10 Hz.[2] Program code and constant data were stored on punched film.
1941: The Z3 was an electromechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse developed at Berlin. It was the world's first working programmable, fully automatic digital computer. The Z3 was built with 2,000 relays, implementing a 22-bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5–10 Hz.[2] Program code and constant data were stored on punched film.
1941 (Jun 22): Operation Barbarossa - Nazi Germany launched a blistering attack on the Soviet Union. Stalin was shocked as the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany had signed a non-aggression pact in 1939.
1941 (Jun 22):[GoI][CPSU] Hindustan Shipyard Limited is a shipyard located in Visakhapatnam on the east coast of India. Founder: Walchand Hirachand.
1941 (Jul):[WW2] MacArthur was recalled to active duty in July 1941 as commander of U.S. Army Forces in the Far East. A large portion of his air forces were destroyed on 8 December 1941 in the Japanese attack on Clark Field, and an invasion of the Philippines followed. MacArthur's forces withdrew to Bataan, where they held out until April 1942. In March 1942, MacArthur left nearby Corregidor Island and escaped to Australia, where he was appointed Supreme Commander of the Southwest Pacific Area in April. He promised that he would return to the Philippines, and for his defense of the islands was awarded the Medal of Honor in 1942. From Australia, he commanded the New Guinea campaign, and in October 1944 returned to the Philippines and led the campaign which liberated the islands. In December 1944, he was promoted to General of the Army.
1941 (Dec 7): Pearl Harbour - “A day that will live in infamy” – President Franklin D. Roosevelt
1941: [GoI] The CBI was established as the Special Police Establishment in 1941, to investigate cases of corruption in the procurement during the Second World War. Later, the Santhanam Committee on Prevention of Corruption recommended the establishment of the CBI. The CBI was then formed in 1942 by a resolution of the Home Affairs Ministry.
1941: Tata Memorial Hospital is one of the oldest and topmost hospitals in India and has been around since 1941. This has over time grown into a top cancer treatment hospital over the years. It gets over 64000 patients annually from all over the globe. It also has over 11000 surgeries performed every year.
1941 (Oct 31):[Art] 14 year long carving ended for Mount Rushmore National Memorial, it is centered on a colossal sculpture carved into the granite face of Mount Rushmore (Lakota: Tȟuŋkášila Šákpe, or Six Grandfathers ) in the Black Hills near Keystone, South Dakota. Sculptor Gutzon Borglum created the sculpture's design and oversaw the project's execution from 1927 to 1941 with the help of his son, Lincoln Borglum.
1941: In 1942, General Alan Brooke held the position of Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS), the professional head of the British Army, and became a key military advisor to Prime Minister Winston Churchill. He also joined the U.S.-British Combined Chiefs of Staff, representing British military strategy to both his own government and the Allies. In this role, he focused on grand strategy and worked closely with his American counterparts.
1942:
1942:[GeoPolitics][Military][Economics][APAC] the Japanese invasion of Sumatra (1942).
1942 (Jan 1): India signed the Declaration by United Nations and was represented by Girija Shankar Bajpai who was the Indian Agent-General at the time.
1942 (Feb 15):[WW2] The surrender of Singapore occurred after a period of intense fighting in Malaya and was preceded by the sinking of the British warships Prince of Wales and Repulse. Singapore's fall to Japanese forces on February 15, 1942, was a significant event that Prime Minister Winston Churchill described as the "worst disaster and largest capitulation in British history". He delivered a radio broadcast acknowledging the defeat and emphasizing the need for resilience. The fall of Singapore was a major blow to British prestige and power in the Far East, and it signified a significant shift in the balance of power in the region.
1942 (Mar): Brooke joined the Western Allies' ultimate command, the U.S.-British Combined Chiefs of Staff. Brooke became chair of the Chiefs of Staff Committee, where he sat with his navy and air force colleagues to formulate British military strategy in conjunction with the prime minister, who was also minister of defense.
1942:[Business][GeoPolitics] Oxfam is a British-founded confederation of 21 independent non-governmental organizations, focusing on the alleviation of global poverty, founded in 1942 and led by Oxfam International. Headquarters: Nairobi, Kenya Founder: Cecil Jackson-Cole Board of directors: Aruna Rao (Chair) Founded: 1942, Oxford, United Kingdom Focus: Poverty eradication; Disaster relief; Advocacy; Policy research; Migration advocacy Named after: Oxford Committee for Famine Relief Registration no: 202918
1942:Railway Recruitment Boards (RRBs): Origin: RRBs were initially established as Railway Service Commissions in 1942. Renaming: They were renamed as Railway Recruitment Boards in 1985. Purpose: RRBs are responsible for recruiting staff for various positions in the Indian Railways. Number of RRBs: There are currently 21 RRBs functioning across India. Headquarters: The headquarters of the Railway Recruitment Boards is located in New Delhi.
1942: Hindustan Motors was started.
1942: There were 597 Indians and 588 Britishers in Imperial Civil Services.
1942: Cripps Mission
1942: Coffee Act in India. HQ'd at B'luru.
1942 (Jun 14):[Book] Anne Frank started recording her diary; Anne Frank's The Annex: Diary Notes 14 June 1942 – 1 August 1944; The Diary of a Young Girl.
1942: Cripps Mission
1942: Coffee Act in India. HQ'd at B'luru.
1942 (Jun 14):[Book] Anne Frank started recording her diary; Anne Frank's The Annex: Diary Notes 14 June 1942 – 1 August 1944; The Diary of a Young Girl.
1942 (Aug):[WW2] Alanbrooke himself had turned down “the finest command I could ever hope for”—the Middle East Command—in August 1942, because he believed “it would take at least six months for any successor, taking over from me (as commander of the Imperial General Staff), to become as familiar with Churchill and his ways…. Winston never realized what this decision cost me.”
1942: Frida Kahlo became a founding member of the Seminario de Cultura Mexicana, a group of twenty-five artists commissioned by the Ministry of Public Education to spread public knowledge of Mexican culture.
1942: Frida Kahlo became a founding member of the Seminario de Cultura Mexicana, a group of twenty-five artists commissioned by the Ministry of Public Education to spread public knowledge of Mexican culture.
1942:[Aviation][Military] Boeing B-29 Superfortress Intercontinental Bomber; 357mph @ 31,850ft.
1942:[Research][Physics] Attendees at Feynman's first seminar, which was on the classical version of the Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory, included Albert Einstein, Wolfgang Pauli, and John von Neumann. Pauli made the prescient comment that the theory would be extremely difficult to quantize, and Einstein said that one might try to apply this method to gravity in general relativity, which Sir Fred Hoyle and Jayant Narlikar did much later as the Hoyle–Narlikar theory of gravity.
1942:[Physics][Who] Feynman received a PhD from Princeton; his thesis advisor was John Archibald Wheeler. In his doctoral thesis entitled "The Principle of Least Action in Quantum Mechanics", Feynman applied the principle of stationary action to problems of quantum mechanics, inspired by a desire to quantize the Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory of electrodynamics, and laid the groundwork for the path integral formulation and Feynman diagrams. A key insight was that positrons behaved like electrons moving backwards in time.
1942:[Who] It was a sheer privilege and honour to meet one of our oldest teacher Shri D.D.Kapoor who is perhaps one of oldest teachers amongst us. Shri Kapoor was born on 31.07.1916. He joined King George School at Jullunder in 1942. Later on served at Nowgong and Chail upto 1964. Thereafter he was transferred to Ajmer and retired from there in 1974. He represented the Maths faculty and held all presitigious posts of the faculty. He was also House Master of Wavell Company at Jullunder, Shivaji at Nowgong, Taxila and Ujjain at Chail and Prithviraj at Ajmer. Shri Kapoor taught to cadets who have excelled in various fields both in Indian Defence forces and Civil Service Cadres. Currently, Shri Kapoor is in Gurgaon (Haryana) and shall probably shift back to Dehradun by the end of March. Any of the Georgians willing to call on Shri Kapoor can do so on his mobile number- 9259291173. I accompanied Shri Ajit Singh Dev and Devender Singh to meet and pay our respect to Shri Kapoor on 02.03.2008 (Sunday) and had the opportunity to share his experiences with the georgian fraternity. He spoke at length about his days at the school. All those georgians who had the privilege to be taught by him are requested to get in touch with him. His permanent address is -Shri D.D.Kapoor, c/o Capt. R.L.Kapoor, 101, Rajpur Road, Dehradun. Georgians can also view the photos in this regard in pictures section.
1942:[Book][Space] The term "terraforming" was first coined by American science fiction writer Jack Williamson in his short story "Collision Orbit", published in the July 1942 issue of Astounding Science Fiction magazine. Terraforming is the hypothetical process of deliberately modifying the atmosphere, temperature, surface topography or ecology of a planet, moon, etc. to make it similar to those of Earth and thus suitable for human life.
1942:[tech][computing] The first commercial computer with floating-point hardware was Zuse's Z4 computer, designed in 1942–1945. In 1946, Bell Laboratories introduced the Model V, which implemented decimal floating-point numbers. (FLOPS)
1942:[silvics][India] Experimental Silviculture: The entire New Forest estate was declared as reserved forest vide notifications dated 2.12.42 and 30.8.77. The estate covers an area of 500 ha (1,250 acres). The Experimental Silviculture discipline manages the entire reserved forest area in a systematic and scientific manner. It carried out works for the protection of the reserved forest and management of forest produce in FRI Campus, Kanwali Garden Campus, Centenary Nursery, Rangers College campus (City Section). The operations of felling, logging, debarking, transportation, collection and transportation of timber and firewood, extraction of dead, dry, dangerous, fallen, broken and leaning trees and bamboos, collection of honey and sale of fruit are carried out by the Range Office. It has played a key role in evolving of silvicultural systems and afforestation techniques in different regions of India. Nursery techniques of about 500 species were developed through research in this discipline. The discipline manages the Central Nursery of the Institute where plants of important plantation species are produced and sold to stakeholders, including the general public. (FRI)
1943:[WW2] After a heating parliamentary session and bering heat from the opposition, Churchill said to his monarch, George VI "I feel I must assure you, sir that if you wish me to hand over my responsibilities to some other person , I would feel in many ways it is the right and proper thing to do." "Keep Buggering On" K.B.O. - Churchill
1943:[WW2] Admiral Karl Dönitz was the main enemy of Allied naval forces in the Battle of the Atlantic. From 1939 to 1943 the U-boats fought effectively but lost the initiative from ...
1943:[Book][Philosophy] Being and nothingness by the philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre.
1943 (Jan 7): Nikola Tesla died aged 86 at New York City, New York, United States.1943: the US Army accepted John Mauchly and John Eckert (Univ. of Penn.) proposal to buid a gen-purpose computer using vaccum tubes, later known to be ENIAC. It was used to determine the feasibility of H-Bomb and to calculate range and trajectories of new weapons and artilliary.
1943: The first programming language for a computer was Plankalkül, developed by Konrad Zuse for the Z3 between 1943 and 1945.
1943: René Carmille, comptroller general of the Vichy French Army, hacked the punched card system used by the Nazis to locate Jews.
1943 (Nov 30): Russian Embassy, Tehran - celebration of Churchill's bday by Stalin, Roosevelt, conservative party and the proletarian masses. At the Tehran Conference in 1943, where Winston Churchill celebrated his 69th birthday, the main attendees were U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin. They were the "Big Three" Allied leaders who met in Tehran, Iran, from November 28 to December 1. Churchill's birthday, November 30th, fell during the conference, and he received a gift from a British soldier during a celebration at the British Legation. General H.H. Arnold (U.S. Army Air Force), General Alan Brooke (Chief of the Imperial General Staff), Admiral Cunningham (First Sea Lord), and Admiral William Leahy (Chief of Staff to President Roosevelt). Harry Hopkins (Roosevelt's personal emissary to Churchill), W. Averell Harriman (U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union), Vyacheslav Molotov (Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs), and Kliment Voroshilov (Soviet military leader). Company Sergeant Major Calloway and other soldiers from the PAI Force, who presented gifts to Churchill.
1943: Churchill spoke to Admiral Cunningham about his accommodation on HMS Belfast. (from Jock'd diaries: "Jock" refers to two distinct figures associated with Winston Churchill: Sir John "Jock" Colville, a close aide and private secretary, and Jock the cat, a marmalade tabby who became a beloved pet at Chartwell, Churchill's country home. )
1943 (Dec 24):[WW2] Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower[a] (born David Dwight Eisenhower; October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was the 34th president of the United States, serving from 1953 to 1961. During World War II, he was Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force in Europe and achieved the five-star rank as General of the Army. Eisenhower planned and supervised two of the most consequential military campaigns of World War II: Operation Torch in the North Africa campaign in 1942–1943 and the invasion of Normandy in 1944.
1944:[Business][GeoPolitics] The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international financial institution and a specialized agency of the United Nations, headquartered in Washington, D.C. Founders: J. Keynes, Harry Dexter White; Founded: July 1944, Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States; Budget: $1,295 million: 60 (2023); Staff: 3,100; Main organ: Board of Governors
1943:[Env][Disaster] Rajasthan floods, 10k deaths.
1943:[Military] Experimental Board established in Dehradun for officer selection using psychological methods. The Defence Institute of Psychological Research (DIPR) has its origins in a pre-independence era experimental board established in 1943 for officer selection in the Indian Armed Forces using psychological techniques. After India's independence, the Psychological Research Wing (PRW) was formed in 1949 under the Defence Science Organization. This evolved into the Directorate of Psychological Research (DPR) in 1962, and finally, in 1982, it became the DIPR, a full-fledged institute under the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO).
1943:[WW2][Military] The British Army developed selection processes during World War II to identify individuals with the necessary intelligence and leadership qualities for battlefield command. The SSB (Services Selection Board) has its origins in the British military's need for a more robust officer selection process during World War II, which India later adopted and adapted after independence. The Indian Army initially formed the Central Interview Board, which evolved into the SSB. This standardized five-day evaluation process is used by the Army, Navy, and Air Force to assess candidates for officer positions. The Central Interview Board was established, later becoming the GHQ Selection Board and eventually evolving into the SSB.
1943:[Tourism][UK] Ashopton and Derwent: The filling of the Y-shaped reservoir permanently flooded both villages, including homes, farms, and the Derwent church .Relocation: Residents were rehoused nearby in Bamford, and local graves were exhumed and moved prior to flooding.Visible Remnants: The famous submerged church steeple remained visible for years until safety concerns led to its demolition in 1947, though building foundations occasionally reappear during severe droughts.
1944: [GeoPolitics][Military][Economics] The Bretton Woods Agreement formally establishes the US Dollar as the world's new reserve currency [[00:25](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYJri1eNRyc&t=25)].
John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946) was a towering figure in 20th-century economics. A British economist and philosopher, he is best known for founding Keynesian economics, which transformed modern macroeconomic theory and public policy.
Harry Dexter White (1892-1948) was an American government official in the United States Department of the Treasury. Working closely with the secretary of the treasury Henry Morgenthau Jr., he helped set American financial policy toward the Allies of World War II.
1944: Fiserv's George Dalton, aged 16, saw a friend run a deck of punched cards through an early computer. He later said, he "fell in love with the computer business then and there."
1944: Fiserv's George Dalton, aged 16, saw a friend run a deck of punched cards through an early computer. He later said, he "fell in love with the computer business then and there."
1944: And then later in July 1944, Gandhi had written to Churchill a letter saying, “Dear Prime Minister, You are reported to have a desire to crush the simple 'naked fakir' as you are said to have described me. I have been long trying to be a fakir and that [too] naked - a more difficult task I, therefore, regard the expression as a compliment though unintended. I approach you then as such and ask you to trust and use me for the sake of your people and mine and through them those of the world.
1944 (Jul 22):[Economics] The Bretton Woods Conference, formally known as the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, was the gathering of 730 delegates from all 44 Allied nations from Jul 1 to Jul 22 (22 days) at the Mount Washington Hotel, situated in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States, to regulate the international monetary and financial order after the conclusion of World War II.
Prior to 1944, pound sterling was the world’s most widely used currency. As a result of the agreement, the United States dollar became the world’s foremost reserve currency. After the devastation of two world wars and the massive spending of Great Britain’s gold reserves, it became the world’s second-largest reserve.
1944 (Aug 1):[Book] Last diary entry of Anne Frank; Anne Frank's The Annex: Diary Notes 14 June 1942 – 1 August 1944; The Diary of a Young Girl.
1944: Most luxurious individual ration in WW@ was of American Soldier's Ration. C-type breakfast of the US Army Field Infantry (key to open the can, water purification tablets, coffee, 3 sugar cubes (diff flavors), 2 diff flavor candies (yellow and green), oil paper, 4 biscuits) Accessory Bag (small box of Chesterfield cigarettes - they satisfy, wrigley's gum, toilet paper, matchsticks, 12 water purification tablet, with instructions to prevent malaria)
(80 years later found to be intact and consumable; Liggett & Myers Tobacco Company was a manufacturer of tobacco products, founded in 1873 in St. Louis, Mo., through the partnership of John Edmund Liggett)
1944:[Telco] The BNC (Bayonet Neill–Concelman) connector first designed, widely used for 50-ohm systems, also played a role in standardizing the impedance.
1944: The Japanese and INA forces invaded India from Rangoon in 1944, and Bose's nominal Provisional Government of Azad Hind declared war on Britain. Losses inflicted by the British in the Battle of Imphal in Manipur caused the invasion to be halted.
------------------------------------------ The Holocaust Halted on May 8 -------------------------------------------
1945: [GeoPolitics][Military][Economics] The US Navy achieves total dominance over global trade routes [[04:25](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYJri1eNRyc&t=265)].
1945–1949:[US][GeoPolitics] American occupation zone in Germany. (US's involvement in regime change)
1945–1955:[US][GeoPolitics] American occupation zone in Austria. (US's involvement in regime change)
1945–1952:[US][GeoPolitics] occupation of Japan. (US's involvement in regime change)
1945–1948:[US][GeoPolitics] occupation of Korea. (US's involvement in regime change)
1945:[Business][GeoPolitics] The term "NASC" in the context of trade regulation can refer to the National Access and Scaffolding Confederation (NASC), a UK-based trade association for the scaffolding and access industry. It can also refer to the National Animal Supplement Council (NASC), a US-based non-profit trade organization focused on the health of companion animals and horses. Additionally, "NASC" can stand for Number Administration and Service Center in Taiwan, an agency dealing with emergency transportation. This NASC is a UK-based trade association representing companies involved in scaffolding and access work. It was established in 1945 and is a member of Build UK (formerly UK Contractors Group). The NASC's focus is on setting safety standards and promoting best practices within the scaffolding industry.
1945:[Business][GeoPolitics] UNESCO - The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations with the aim of promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture.
1945:[War] The phrase "Made in China" gained prominence during the Second Sino-Japanese War when Chinese citizens boycotted Japanese goods to support national salvation efforts. The Second Sino-Japanese War was a conflict fought between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan from 1937 to 1945. It's often considered the beginning of World War II in Asia, becoming part of the broader conflict when Japan entered the war on the side of the Axis powers.
1945:WWV is a shortwave ("high frequency" or HF) radio station, located near Fort Collins, Colorado. It has broadcast a continuous time signal since 1945.
1945:[WW2] As detailed in Alanbrooke’s War Diaries 1939-1945 (University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles; 2001; hardcover; 763pp.; 16 photographs, notes, index; $40.00), the field marshal’s relationship with the prime minister was a close and stormy one, marked by mutual admiration, frequent confrontations, rage, and frustration. In Alanbrooke, the intuitive, impulsive, interfering Churchill had found his perfect foil. Alanbrooke was one of the few with the intellect and temperament to face him down. Churchill ranted and railed, but never overruled him. As the prime minister reported, “I thump the table and push my face towards him, and what does he do? Thumps the table harder and glares back at me.” While acknowledging that the prime minister “is quite the most wonderful man I have ever met,” Alanbrooke confides in his diary, “He knows no details, has only got half the picture in his mind, talks absurdities, and makes my blood boil to listen to his nonsense…. Without him, England was lost for certainty; with him, England has been on the verge of disaster time and time again.”
1945: Alanbrooke was disliked by most Americans, and vice versa. A notable exception was General Douglas A. MacArthur; their adulation was mutual. However, his affection for Marshall and General Dwight D. Eisenhower was not matched by professional respect.
1945: Alanbrooke was disliked by most Americans, and vice versa. A notable exception was General Douglas A. MacArthur; their adulation was mutual. However, his affection for Marshall and General Dwight D. Eisenhower was not matched by professional respect.
1945: And of Ike, he writes, “I am afraid that Eisenhower as a general is hopeless! He submerges himself in politics (as during the 1942 North African invasion) and neglects his military duties, partly, I am afraid, because he knows little if anything about military matters…. As supreme commander, what he may have lacked in military ability he greatly made up for by the charm of his personality.”
1945:[WW2] Douglas MacArthur (26 January 1880 – 5 April 1964) was an American general who served as a top commander during World War II and the Korean War, achieving the rank of General of the Army. He served with distinction in World War I; as chief of staff of the United States Army from 1930 to 1935; as Supreme Commander, Southwest Pacific Area, from 1942 to 1945 during WWII; as Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers overseeing the occupation of Japan from 1945 to 1951; and as head of the United Nations Command in the Korean War from 1950 to 1951. MacArthur was nominated for the Medal of Honor three times, and awarded it for his WWII service in the Philippines. He is one of only five people to hold the rank of General of the Army, and the only person to hold the rank of Field Marshal in the Philippine Army. British Field Marshal Viscount Alanbrooke, the chief of Britain's Imperial General Staff, had stated (in 1945 book) that MacArthur outshone all of his contemporary American and British generals, much to the concurring of B. H. Liddell Hart and espoused that the blend of his strong personality along with his grasp of tactics, operative mobility and vision had put him in such class, on par with or even greater than Genghis Khan and Napoleon Bonaparte. President of the Republic of China Chiang Kai-shek praised him a glory of the U.S. as well as all people who defend freedom and justice.
1945:[WW2] MacArthur's relief "left a lasting current of popular sentiment that in matters of war and peace, the military really knows best", a philosophy which became known as "MacArthurism".
1945:[WW2] George Catlett Marshall Jr. (31 December 1880 – 16 October 1959) was an American army officer and statesman. He rose through the United States Army to become Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army under presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman, then served as Secretary of State and Secretary of Defense under Truman. Winston Churchill lauded Marshall as the "organizer of victory" for his leadership of the Allied victory in World War II. During the subsequent year, he unsuccessfully tried to prevent the continuation of the Chinese Civil War. As Secretary of State, Marshall advocated for a U.S. economic and political commitment to post-war European recovery, including the Marshall Plan that bore his name. In recognition of this work, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953, the only Army general ever to receive the honor. Book: Roberts, Andrew (2008). Masters and Commanders. How Roosevelt, Churchill, Marshall and Alanbrooke won the war in the west.
1945:[edu] Post-War Boom in EEE: Enrollment surged following World War II due to government funding and returning veterans. Computing and Solid-State: The invention of the transistor and digital computers in the mid-20th century led many departments to merge with or spawn computer science programs. Electrical Engg Degrees branched into distinct sub-disciplines including signal processing, robotics, integrated circuit design, and renewable energy systems.
1945: Vannevar Bush outlines the idea of hypermedia in The Atlantic Monthly in July 1945 in “As We May Think”. He describes a futuristic machine called the Memex.1945: von Neumann published the idea of stored-program (a limitation of ENIAC), which grew and implemented at EDVAC and the IAS computer prototype.
1945: 15YO Anne Frank died of typhus in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.
1945 (Feb 4): The Yalta Conference, held from February 4-11, 1945, took place at Livadia Palace in Yalta, Crimea. Winston Churchill, representing the UK, along with Franklin D. Roosevelt (USA) and Joseph Stalin (USSR), met to discuss the post-war reorganization of Europe. Key topics included the division of Germany, the formation of the United Nations, and plans for defeating Nazi Germany. The conference was a pivotal moment in World War II, as the Allied leaders sought to establish a new world order after the anticipated end of the conflict. Livadia Palace, the former residence of the Russian Tsars, served as the backdrop for these crucial discussions. The decisions made at Yalta had a profound and lasting impact on the political landscape of Europe and the world. Churchill also wanted to discuss the future of the Poland with Roosevelt, but Roosevelt gave him a KBO.
1945 (Feb 13-15): The bombing of Dresden was a joint British and American aerial bombing attack on the city of Dresden, the capital of the German state of Saxony, during World War II. In four raids between 13 and 15 February 1945, 772 heavy bombers of the Royal Air Force (RAF) and 527 of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) dropped more than 3,900 tons[vague] of high-explosive bombs and incendiary devices on the city.[3] The bombing and the resulting firestorm destroyed more than 1,600 acres (6.5 km2) of the city centre.[4] Up to 25,000 people were killed.[1][2][a] Three more USAAF air raids followed, two occurring on 2 March aimed at the city's railway marshalling yard and one smaller raid on 17 April aimed at industrial areas.
1945 (Apr):[Research][Physics] "Interaction with the Absorber as the Mechanism of Radiation" published by Wheeler, J. A. and Feynman, R. P. (post-doctoral paper)
1945 (Apr 26): Hacksaw Ridge, also known as Maeda Escarpment, was a key location in the Battle of Okinawa during World War II. It was a steep, rocky area that the Japanese troops heavily fortified, and the Americans had to capture it in a brutal, hand-to-hand battle. The battle for Hacksaw Ridge is particularly famous for the heroic actions of medic Desmond T. Doss, who, as a conscientious objector, refused to carry a weapon but still rescued 75 of his wounded comrades. The American attack on Hacksaw Ridge began on April 26, 1945, and was part of the larger Battle of Okinawa, which was a critical campaign in the Pacific theater. Hacksaw Ridge is located in Urasoe City on the island of Okinawa, specifically within the grounds of the Urasoe Castle Ruins. The ridge is a steep, rocky area, featuring a 400-foot vertical cliff, and was a major defensive position for the Japanese. The Japanese fortified the area with caves and dugouts, and their resistance was fierce. Cpl. Desmond T. Doss, an Army medic and conscientious objector, became a symbol of bravery during the battle. He refused to carry a weapon or kill the enemy, but he still risked his life to rescue wounded comrades, earning him the Medal of Honor. The 2016 movie "Hacksaw Ridge" tells the story of Desmond Doss's heroism during the battle on the Maeda Escarpment.
1945 (May): Following the defeat of Nazi Germany and the end of the War in Europe in May 1945, Attlee and Churchill favoured the coalition government remaining in place until Japan had been defeated. However, Herbert Morrison made it clear that the Labour Party would not be willing to accept this, and Churchill was forced to tender his resignation as Prime Minister and call an immediate election.
1945 (May 7): The unconditional surrender of Germany in World War II was signed at 2:41 AM on May 7, 1945, in Reims, France. This event took place at General Eisenhower's headquarters, specifically in a converted schoolhouse that served as the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) war room. The surrender document was signed by German representatives and representatives of the Allied forces, including General Walter Bedell Smith, Eisenhower's chief of staff, on behalf of the Supreme Commander. The signing in Reims signified the end of hostilities in Europe, although a later surrender ceremony was held in Berlin.
1945 (May 8): In 1945, Hendaye, France, was a site of celebration rather than conflict. Following the end of World War II in Europe, the town, like the rest of France, commemorated Victory in Europe Day (VE Day) on May 8th, with church bells ringing and General de Gaulle addressing the nation. Later that summer, in July 8th, Winston Churchill and his daughter Mary took a holiday in Hendaye, marking his first break since the war began.
1945 (May 9):Buckingham Palace - Victory in Europe Day.
1945: In 1945, Noël Coward did not write a new play, but rather, the film adaptation of his 1936 one-act play, Still Life, titled Brief Encounter, was released. Brief Encounter is a British romantic drama directed by David Lean and adapted by Coward. It explores the complexities of a passionate, but ultimately restrained, love affair. Churchill's wife took Churchill to the show.
1945: In 1945, Noël Coward and Winston Churchill maintained a polite, albeit somewhat distant, relationship. Coward was part of a social circle that included Churchill, but they didn't fully grasp each other's perspectives. Churchill admired Coward's plays and songs, finding them humorous and uplifting, which was particularly valuable during the war. Coward, in turn, was well-regarded by Churchill and his associates, though he also faced criticism for his perceived lack of serious political ambition.
1945: In 1945, Noël Coward's play, "Blithe Spirit," featured Sarah Churchill, the daughter of Winston Churchill, in its film adaptation. She played the role of Elvira Condomine, the mischievous ghost wife.
1945 (Jun 1):[Education][India][Public] Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) is a public deemed research university located in Mumbai, India that is dedicated to basic research in mathematics and the sciences. It is a Deemed University and works under the umbrella of the Department of Atomic Energy of the Government of India. It is located at Navy Nagar, Colaba, Mumbai, with a campus in Bangalore, International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, and an affiliated campus in Serilingampally near Hyderabad. TIFR conducts research primarily in the natural sciences, mathematics, the biological sciences and theoretical computer science.
1945 (Jun 26): the Indian delegation led by Sir Arcot Ramaswamy Mudaliar signed the United Nations Charter on behalf of India during the historic United Nations Conference on International Organization held in San Francisco, United States. In 1945, when the UN charter was signed, more than 750 million people lived in colonies including India. India was among the most outspoken critics of apartheid and racial discrimination in South Africa, being the first country to have raised the issue in the UN (in 1946).
1945 (Jul 16): [USA] The Trinity test near Socorro, New Mexico, was the first-ever test of a nuclear weapon (yield of around 20 kilotons).
1945 (Jul 16):[USA] The first atomic bomb, a plutonium device nicknamed "Gadget," was detonated at 5:29:45 a.m. MWT on July 16, 1945, in the New Mexico desert, 120 miles south of Albuquerque. Part of the Manhattan Project, this "Trinity" test produced a 20-kiloton blast, creating a 100-foot crater and melting sand into green glass. The first atomic bomb exploded at Alamogordo, New Mexico more than 70 years ago. Since then, more than 2,000 atomic bombs have been tested till 25-Apr-2016, injecting radioactive materials into the atmosphere. And over 200 small and large accidents have occurred at nuclear facilities. But experts and advocacy groups are still fiercely debating the health and environmental consequences of radioactivity.
1945 (Jul 26): to the astonishment of the world, on July 26, 1945, the British voters turned Churchill out of office.
1945 (Jul 26): When the results of the election were announced on 26 July, they came as a surprise to most, including Attlee himself. Labour had won power by a huge landslide, winning 47.7 per cent of the vote to the Conservatives' 36 per cent. This gave them 393 seats in the House of Commons, a working majority of 146. This was the first time in history that the Labour Party had won a majority in Parliament. When Attlee went to see King George VI at Buckingham Palace to be appointed Prime Minister, the notoriously laconic Attlee and the famously tongue-tied King stood in silence; Attlee finally volunteered the remark, "I've won the election". The King replied "I know. I heard it on the Six O'Clock News".
1945 (Aug 6): Atomic Bomb Hiroshima - Enola Gay, an American airplane drops nuclear bomb named "Little Boy" over the Hiroshima city, Japan. The bombing claimed lives of about 1,40,000 people and affected many from radiation-related illness.
1945: Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (August 6 and August 9, 1945) Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Key Context: The End of World War II As World War II dragged on in the Pacific, the U.S. sought to force Japan’s surrender and avoid a costly land invasion. With the success of the Manhattan Project, the U.S. developed the world’s first atomic bombs. President Harry S. Truman approved their use to end the war swiftly and demonstrate power to the Soviet Union. Hiroshima: August 6, 1945 Bomb: “Little Boy” (uranium-based) Immediate Death Toll: 70,000–80,000 Total Deaths by End of 1945: 140,000+ The B-29 bomber Enola Gay dropped the bomb, destroying 90% of the city. The blast, heat, and radiation killed tens of thousands instantly, with survivors suffering long-term effects such as cancer and radiation sickness. Nagasaki: August 9, 1945 Bomb: “Fat Man” (plutonium-based) Immediate Death Toll: 40,000 Total Deaths by End of 1945: 70,000 Poor visibility diverted the bomb from its original target, but it caused widespread destruction in Nagasaki’s Urakami district. Combined with the Soviet declaration of war on Japan, this second bombing pushed Japan toward surrender. Surrender and Aftermath: On August 15, 1945, Emperor Hirohito announced Japan’s surrender, marking V-J Day and the end of World War II. The bombings remain controversial, praised for preventing a prolonged war but criticized for causing massive civilian casualties. Legacy: Nuclear Arms Race: Sparked the Cold War competition between the U.S. and Soviet Union. Anti-Nuclear Movements: Inspired global disarmament efforts. Peace Memorials: Hiroshima’s Peace Park stands as a symbol of the call for global peace. The atomic bombings are a stark reminder of the destructive power of nuclear weapons and the need for international efforts to prevent their future use.
1945 (Aug 9): US dropped second nuclear bomb named as "Fat Man" over the Nagasaki city, claiming 70,000 lives.
1945 (Aug 15): the twin nuclear bombing led to Japan's unconditional surrender, bringing an end to World War II.
1945 (Aug 15): the twin nuclear bombing led to Japan's unconditional surrender, bringing an end to World War II.
1945 (Aug 18): Indian nationalist leader Subhas Chandra Bose died on 18 August 1945 from third-degree burns sustained after the overloaded bomber in which he was being transported by the Japanese crashed in Taihoku (now Taipei), Japanese Taiwan.
1945 (Oct 24): Foundation of United Nations. "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood." - UN Charter.
1945 (Oct 30): IN-UN. India became a founding member of the UN. Despite it being a British colony, India, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand and Australia were all British colonies but were given independent seats in the United Nations General Assembly.
1945: Paced by wartime needs and spending, Bell Labs and other researchers produced coaxial cable and microwave links that were first used commercially in the years after the war. No longer was it necessary to build an expensive telecommunication network using copper wires. Microwave links required the use of many antenna towers— and a license to use the high-frequency spectrum—but this was less expensive than a traditional wired netwo
rk. Coaxial cable offered the broadband capacity needed to transmit thousands of telephone calls or full-motion video.
1945: Korea was divided into North (protected by the Soviets and China) and South (protected by the US and western Europe).
1945 (Apr 12): US President, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who was supposed to host the first conference on Int'l Organisation died.
1945 (Jun 26): UN Charter signed during a convention of delegates from 50 Allied nations that took place from 25 April 1945 to 26 June 1945 in San Francisco, United States. It marked the first United Nations Conference on International Organization, headed to replace League of Nations.
1945: The organizational body, Shri Ram Chandra Mission (SRCM), was formally registered in 1945 by Shri Ram Chandra. Chandra was born on April 30, 1899 in Shahjahanpur, in a large town in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, India and died on April 19, 1983, at the age of 83.[later transformed into the Sahaj Marg]. After Babuji's Mahasamadhi in 1983, Chariji became the President of the Shri Ram Chandra Mission and the third Raja Yoga master of Sahaj Marg.
1945: Paced by wartime needs and spending, Bell Labs and other researchers produced coaxial cable and microwave links that were first used commercially in the years after the war. No longer was it necessary to build an expensive telecommunication network using copper wires. Microwave links required the use of many antenna towers— and a license to use the high-frequency spectrum—but this was less expensive than a traditional wired netwo
rk. Coaxial cable offered the broadband capacity needed to transmit thousands of telephone calls or full-motion video.
1945: Korea was divided into North (protected by the Soviets and China) and South (protected by the US and western Europe).
1945 (Apr 12): US President, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who was supposed to host the first conference on Int'l Organisation died.
1945 (Jun 26): UN Charter signed during a convention of delegates from 50 Allied nations that took place from 25 April 1945 to 26 June 1945 in San Francisco, United States. It marked the first United Nations Conference on International Organization, headed to replace League of Nations.
1945: The organizational body, Shri Ram Chandra Mission (SRCM), was formally registered in 1945 by Shri Ram Chandra. Chandra was born on April 30, 1899 in Shahjahanpur, in a large town in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, India and died on April 19, 1983, at the age of 83.[later transformed into the Sahaj Marg]. After Babuji's Mahasamadhi in 1983, Chariji became the President of the Shri Ram Chandra Mission and the third Raja Yoga master of Sahaj Marg.
1945:[Law][India] Chief Labour Commissioner estd.
1945:[Crime] Varadarajan was born in Tuticorin, Tamilnadu On 9 Oct 1926. He moved to Mumbai in 1945. Working as a porter at VT Station, he began his criminal life by stealing dock cargo. Varada, as he was fondly called, was hugely popular among the poor Tamil residents in the Dharavi slums. He used the massive Dharavi slums as a safe haven to expand his criminal activities into an underworld empire of extortion, kidnapping, contract killing, land encroachment, illegal gambling and liquor dens, manufacturing illicit liquor and bootlegging. Varada had total control over the distribution racket of illicit liquor. He died on 2 January 1988 (aged 61) in Madras, Tamil Nadu, India. (Bootlegging is the illegal making, moving, or selling of goods like alcohol. The term comes from hiding flasks inside high boots)
1945 (Sep 2):[ww2] World War II officially ended on September 2, 1945, with the formal signing of Japan's surrender. Major milestones included the end of the war in Europe on May 8, 1945, and the initial announcement of Japan's surrender on August 14, 1945.
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1945 (Sep 2): WW2 halted, Lasted for 6 years. WWII
The Great Acceleration begins
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1945 (Sep 2): WW2 halted, Lasted for 6 years. WWII
The Great Acceleration begins
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1945 (Oct 24): UN Charter entered into force. At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; there are now 193. The headquarters of the United Nations is in Manhattan, New York City, and experiences extraterritoriality. Further main offices are situated in Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna.
1945: Arthur C. Clarke fictioned the satellite.
British science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke disseminated the idea widely, with more details on how it would work, in a 1945 paper entitled "Extra-Terrestrial Relays- Can Rocket Stations Give Worldwide Radio Coverage?", published in Wireless World magazine.
1945: Ration Cards were launched in India.
1945: Mahindra founded as a steel industry.
1945: Much has also been written about Flight 19, a training flight that left from Fort Lauderdale base in Florida in 1945 and never returned. One of the search and rescue aircrafts deployed to look for them, also disappeared. [Bermuda Triangle]
1945:[Business][GeoPolitics] The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations is a specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to defeat hunger and improve nutrition and food security. Its Latin motto, fiat panis, translates to "let there be bread". It was founded on 16 October 1945.
1945:[Business][Music]Sennheiser, a German audio company, was founded in 1945 by Fritz Sennheiser and seven other engineers from the University of Hannover. Initially named Laboratorium Wennebostel, it was later shortened to Lab W and eventually became Sennheiser electronic. The company's early focus was on producing measuring instruments and microphones, including the first MD1 microphone for Siemens. A significant milestone was the introduction of the HD 414 headphones, the world's first open-back headphones, in 1968.
1945:[Extreme] The longest pregnancy ever recorded lasted 375 days, which is over a year (approximately 12.5 months). This record was set by Beulah Hunter, who gave birth to her daughter Penny Diana on February 21, 1945. Typically, pregnancies last around 280 days (9.5 months), but Penny Diana was almost 100 days overdue, according to Instagram posts.
1945:[edu] Post-WWII Shift: After World War II, Industrial engg programs expanded to include operations research, mathematical statistics, human factors, and computer systems.
1945:[Biz][Delhi] The Ambassador Hotel, located near Khan Market; an Art Deco style heritage property.
[Generation] Baby Boomers generation (1946–1964) starts; and exists for next 18 years.
1946:[edu] Biomedical Engineering Genesis - Post-WWII Technology: Rapid advances in electronics, medical instruments, and artificial organs created a demand for cross-disciplinary training.
1946:[Business][GeoPolitics] UNICEF, originally the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, officially United Nations Children's Fund since 1953, is an agency of the United Nations responsible for providing humanitarian and developmental aid to children worldwide. Founders: United Nations General Assembly, Ludwik Rajchman (2025); Headquarters: New York, New York, United States
1946 (20 Apr): League of Nations was dissolved followed by the inception of United Nations on Jun 26, 1945.
1946: The Cannes FF founded. It is an annual film fest held in Cannes, France. The Golden Palm (The Palme d'Or) is the hisghest prize at the Cannes FF.
1946: Tribhuvandas Kishibhai Patel (alongwith H.M. Dalaya and Verghese Kurien, dairy engineering students from Michigan State University) founded the Kheda Dairy Cooperative Milk Producers' Union Ltd. that went on to become AMUL.
1946: Dev Anand (Dharamdev Anand) born at Shakargarh, Gurdaspur district, Punjab, British India (now in Narowal District, Punjab, Pakistan)
1946: Iftikhar Ali Khan, sometimes I. A. K. Pataudi was the 8th Nawab of Pataudi and the captain of the India national cricket team for the tour to England in 1946. He also played Test cricket for the England team in 1932 and 1934, making him one of the few cricketers to have played Test cricket for two countries and the only Test cricketer to have played for both India and England.
1946 (Mar): Cabinet Mission Plan, 1946
1946 (Oct 29): Ministry of Finance, GoI formed.
1946: The 45-year Cold War between US and USSR, what began in Iran in 1946 lasted for 45 years, until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, in which the U.S. and the Soviets fought proxy wars in Korea and Vietnam, ended with the U.S. emerging victorious. It was the greatest blow to Communism in it’s 70-year existence.
Founded: 11 December 1946, New York, New York, United States
1946:[Book] Autobiography of a Yogi is an autobiography of Paramahansa Yogananda (5 January 1893 – 7 March 1952). Paramahansa Yogananda was born as Mukunda Lal Ghosh in Gorakhpur, India, into a Bengali Hindu family.1946 (20 Apr): League of Nations was dissolved followed by the inception of United Nations on Jun 26, 1945.
1946: The Cannes FF founded. It is an annual film fest held in Cannes, France. The Golden Palm (The Palme d'Or) is the hisghest prize at the Cannes FF.
1946: Tribhuvandas Kishibhai Patel (alongwith H.M. Dalaya and Verghese Kurien, dairy engineering students from Michigan State University) founded the Kheda Dairy Cooperative Milk Producers' Union Ltd. that went on to become AMUL.
1946: Dev Anand (Dharamdev Anand) born at Shakargarh, Gurdaspur district, Punjab, British India (now in Narowal District, Punjab, Pakistan)
1946: Iftikhar Ali Khan, sometimes I. A. K. Pataudi was the 8th Nawab of Pataudi and the captain of the India national cricket team for the tour to England in 1946. He also played Test cricket for the England team in 1932 and 1934, making him one of the few cricketers to have played Test cricket for two countries and the only Test cricketer to have played for both India and England.
1946 (Mar): Cabinet Mission Plan, 1946
1946 (Oct 29): Ministry of Finance, GoI formed.
1946: The 45-year Cold War between US and USSR, what began in Iran in 1946 lasted for 45 years, until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, in which the U.S. and the Soviets fought proxy wars in Korea and Vietnam, ended with the U.S. emerging victorious. It was the greatest blow to Communism in it’s 70-year existence.
1946: Chaudhary Raghvendra Singh founded DLF, in pre-independent India. A born businessman, he began his real estate career by transforming the urban landscape of Delhi's National Capital Region, providing millions of homes to families displaced by partition who settled in the 22 urban colonies.
1946:[Computer] Kathleen Booth worked at Birkbeck College, 1946–62. She travelled to the United States as Andrew Booth's research assistant in 1947, visiting with John von Neumann at Princeton. Upon returning to the UK, she co-authored "General Considerations in the Design of an All Purpose Electronic Digital Computer" describing modifications to the original ARC redesign to the ARC2 using a von Neumann architecture. Part of her contribution was the ARC assembly language. She also built and maintained ARC components.
1946:[Aviation][Military] Convair B-36 Peacekeeper Intercontinental Bomber; 435mph @ 43,600ft.
1946:[Technology][Business][APAC][Japan] The Japanese Big Four are the large motorcycle manufacturing companies of Japan: Honda, which produces motorcycles since 1946. Suzuki, which produces motorcycles since 1952. Kawasaki, which produces motorcycles since 1954. Yamaha, which produces motorcycles since 1955.
1946:[Music][Computing] Casio was founded in 1946 in Japan in the aftermath of World War II. The founder, Tadao Kashio (born 26 November 1917, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan and died 4 March 1993), started out by producing mechanical parts. He was joined by his brothers, who had expertise in electronics and by 1949 they had begun producing calculators. Piano.
1946:[Military][India] At the end of the World War II, Field Marshal Claude Auchinleck, then Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army, drawing on experiences of the army during the war, led a committee around the world and submitted a report to the Government of India in December 1946. The committee recommended the establishment of a Joint Services Military Academy, with training modelled on the United States Military Academy at West Point. (NDA)
1946: In the Indian provincial elections of 1946, the Muslim League won 425 out of 476 seats reserved for Muslims (and about 89.2% of Muslim votes) on a policy of creating the independent state of Pakistan, and with an implied threat of secession if this was not granted.
1946: Pt Malavia died on 2 November 1946 (age 84 years), Varanasi. Madan Mohan Malaviya was an Indian scholar, educational reformer and activist notable for his role in the Indian independence movement. He was president of the Indian National Congress three times and the founder of Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha. He was addressed as Pandit, a title of respect.
1946:[Marketing] Founding. The House of Dior was established on 16 December 1946 at 30 Avenue Montaigne in Paris. However, the current Dior company celebrates 1947 as the opening year. Christian Dior was financially backed by Marcel Boussac, a wealthy businessman.
1947 (Feb 10): On the 10th February 1947, Prime Minister Clement Atlee made a historic speech to the Commons chamber stating that India would be granted independence by June the following year.
1947 (Feb 20): Clement Attlee, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, announced on 20 February 1947 that: The British Government would grant full self-government to British India by 3 June 1948 at the latest, The future of the Princely States would be decided after the date of final transfer is decided.
1947 (Mar 4): the Treaty of Dunkirk was signed by France and the United Kingdom as a Treaty of Alliance and Mutual Assistance in the event of a possible attack by Germany or the Soviet Union in the aftermath of World War II. New color of the world polarization: Blue (of NATO) vs Red (of Communism)?
1947 (Mar 12): The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, which began following World War II. Historians do not fully agree on its starting and ending points, but the period is generally considered to span the 1947 Truman Doctrine (12 March 1947) to the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union (26 December 1991).
1947 (Mar 24): Lord Louis Mountbatten assumed the role of the last viceroy on 24 March 1947. He announced the Partition Plan on 3 June 1947, declaring that the British had decided to transfer power to the Indian and Pakistani governments by mid-August 1947.
The Cold War begins between US and USSR
--------------------------------------------- Modern India - Ends ----------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------- Independent India - Starts --------------------------------------------------
(CSE)
1947:The relationship curve between the Indian Rupee (INR) and the US Dollar (USD) is a long-term depreciation curve. Starting near parity at 1 = ₹3.3 in 1947, the curve has steadily sloped upward—representing the Rupee's weakening—to reach rates around ₹96.35 per USD.
1947:[Business][GeoPolitics] The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was the first major international trade treaty, signed on October 30, 1947 in Geneva. It came into effect on January 1, 1948. The GATT aimed to reduce trade barriers between nations and promote international trade. It was later replaced by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995.
1947:[GeoPolitics][US] These countries, together with the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, formerly constituted the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, a United Nations trusteeship administered by the United States Navy from 1947 to 1951, and by the U.S. Department of the Interior from 1951 to 1986 (to 1994 for Palau).
1947 (Apr 1):[Mktg][FnB] The Lasalgaon Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) mandi was established on April 1, 1947. Located in Nashik, Maharashtra, it is recognized as Asia's largest wholesale market for onions. Lasalgaon is a town in the Nashik district of Maharashtra, India. It is famous for housing Asia's largest wholesale onion market, driving major trade activity and setting benchmark prices for onions across the country.
1947 (Apr): [GeoPolitics] The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is the regional intergovernmental organization and geopolitical union of states in South Asia. Its member states are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. SAARC comprises 3% of the world's area, 21% of the world's population and 4.21% (US$3.67 trillion) of the global economy, as of 2019. The idea of co-operation among South Asian Countries was discussed in three conferences: the Asian Relations Conference held in New Delhi in April 1947; the Baguio Conference in the Philippines in May 1950; and the Colombo Powers Conference held in Sri Lanka in April 1954.
1947 (Jun 2): On 2 June 1947, the last Viceroy of India, Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten, announced that Britain had accepted that the country should be divided into a mainly Hindu India and a mainly Muslim Pakistan, encompassing the geographically separate territories of West Pakistan (now Pakistan) and East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)
1947 (Jun 3): The Mountbatten Plan, 1947---------------------------------------- I Indo-Pak War started ----------------------------------------
1947 (Oct 22):[war] The India–Pakistan war of 1947–1948, also known as the First Kashmir War, was a war fought between India and Pakistan over the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir from 1947 to 1948. It was the first of the India–Pakistan wars between the two newly independent nations, both were dominions within the commonwealth realm. 22 October 1947 – 1 January 1949. (1 year and 10 weeks)
1947 (Oct 22):[war] On 22 October 1947, Khurshid Anwar entered Kashmir near Muzaffarabad heading a lashkar of 4,000 tribesmen. The Pashtun tribal attack was launched in the Muzaffarabad sector. The state forces stationed in the border regions around Muzaffarabad and Domel were quickly defeated by tribal forces (Muslim state forces mutinied and joined them) and the way to the capital was open. Among the raiders, there were many active Pakistani Army soldiers disguised as tribals. They were also provided logistical help by the Pakistan Army. Rather than advancing toward Srinagar before state forces could regroup or be reinforced, the invading forces remained in the captured cities in the border region engaging in looting and other crimes against their inhabitants. In the Poonch valley, the state forces retreated into towns where they were besieged. In the Poonch and Kotli districts, the tribesmen and rebels were led by an American ex-GI, Russell K. Haight Jr., who had been promoted to the rank of Brigadier in the Kashmir Liberation Force, who was said to be operating under the pseudonym "General Tariq."
1947 (Nov 5):[war] By 5 November 1947, Indian Army officer Kalwant Singh was appointed as the commander of the Indian Army forces in Kashmir and was responsible for the operations in the entire state.
1947 (Nov 25):[war] Indian forces ceased pursuit of tribal forces after recapturing Uri and Baramula, and sent a relief column southwards, in an attempt to relieve Poonch. Although the relief column eventually reached Poonch, the siege could not be lifted. A second relief column reached Kotli, and evacuated the garrisons of that town and others but were forced to abandon it being too weak to defend it. Meanwhile, Mirpur was captured by the tribal forces on 25 November 1947 with the help of Pakistan's PAVO Cavalry.[125] This led to the 1947 Mirpur massacre where Hindu women were reportedly abducted by tribal forces and taken into Pakistan. They were sold in the brothels of Rawalpindi. Around 400 women jumped into wells in Mirpur committing suicide to escape from being abducted.
1947: British Rule ceased to exist. India became independent.
1947: The Indian Independence Act, 1947 of the British Parliament; Partition of India.
1947: first IAS Training School had been set-up in Metcalfe House, Delhi.
1947: Area of India (after partition) 4,226,734 km² (1,631,951 sq mi)
1947: Shimla replaced the Lahore as the capital of Punjab till 1966.
1947: India took active part in drafting of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights. Dr. (Mrs). Hansa Mehta, a Gandhian political activist and social worker who led the Indian delegation, had made important contributions in drafting of the Declaration, especially highlighting the need for reflecting gender equality.
1947: Partition Plan for Palestine and creation of State of Israel (1947)
1947: Behold the Spirit: A Study in the Necessity of Mystical Religion, a book by Alan Watts (1915–1973), was first published in 1947 by John Murray Publishers (London). This book is a reworking of Watts' Episcopal divinity degree thesis. Its importance lies partly in its exposition of Watts' earliest attempt to reconcile traditional Anglican theology with a mystical, Buddhist based approach, but also as a personal expression of the mystical experience; The Wisdom of Insecurity (1957)
1947:[Book] The Diary of a Young Girl, also known as The Diary of Anne Frank, is a book of the writings from the Dutch-language diary kept by Anne Frank while she was in hiding for two years with her family during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands. The family was apprehended in 1944, and Anne Frank died of typhus in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in 1945. The diary was retrieved by Miep Gies, who gave it to Anne's father, Otto Frank, the family's only known survivor, just after the Second World War was over. The diary has since been published in more than 70 languages. First published under the title Het Achterhuis. Dagboekbrieven 14 Juni 1942 – 1 Augustus 1944 (The Annex: Diary Notes 14 June 1942 – 1 August 1944) by Contact Publishing in Amsterdam in 1947, the diary received widespread critical and popular attention on the appearance of its English language translation, Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl by Doubleday & Company (United States) and Vallentine Mitchell (United Kingdom) in 1952. Its popularity inspired the 1955 play The Diary of Anne Frank by the screenwriters Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett, which they adapted for the screen for the 1959 movie version. The book is included in several lists of the top books of the 20th century.
1947:[Aviation][Military] Boeing B-4 Stratojet Bomber; 607mph @ 40,500ft.
1947:[Cinema] In 1947, Jackie Robinson becomes the first African-American to play in Major League Baseball in the modern era when he was signed by the Brooklyn Dodgers and faces considerable racism in the process. - 42 (2013).
1947:[Business][Food] When India became independent, Parle launched an ad campaign showcasing its Glucose biscuits as an Indian alternative to the British biscuits. The Parle brand became well known in India following the success of products such as the Parle-G biscuits.
1947: The cheetah is believed to have disappeared from the Indian landscape in 1947 when Maharaja Ramanuj Pratap Singh Deo of Koriya princely state hunted down and shot the last three recorded Asiatic cheetahs in India.
1947:[Bio][Chemistry] Researchers noticed that liver extracts were effective in treating pernicious anemia, a condition that was once fatal. In 1947, Karl Folkers and his team at Merck isolated the "anti-pernicious anemia factor" from liver, which appeared as a pinkish-red compound. (Vitamin B12)
1947:[History][India] USA is 171 years ahead of India in terms of Independence.
1947:[Music][Biz] The biggest currently active artist signed to Atlantic Records is global pop superstar Bruno Mars, who shattered streaming records by surpassing 150 million monthly listeners on Spotify. Historically, rock legends Led Zeppelin remain the label's biggest-ever signing based on all-time commercial album sales. Bruno Mars: Record-breaking streaming numbers and massive global hits. Cardi B: One of hip-hop's top-selling and most influential modern acts. Coldplay: Massive international stadium-selling alternative rock band. Burna Boy: Leading global ambassador for Afrobeats.
1948:[GeoPolitics] India brought the Kashmir issue to the United Nations in January 1948, leading to the creation of the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan (UNCIP).
1948:[GeoPolitics][UK] I-day of Myanmar (Burma): January 4, 1948
1948:[GeoPolitics][UK] I-day of Sri Lanka (Ceylon): February 4, 1948
1948:[GeoPolitics][UK] The State of Israel was officially established on May 14, 1948, when David Ben-Gurion, the head of the Jewish Agency, proclaimed its independence in Tel Aviv, hours before the British Mandate over Palestine expired. The declaration was rooted in the UN General Assembly partition plan and established a Jewish state in Eretz Israel. 7 lakh Palestinians fled or were forced from their homes. US was the first country to recognize Israel.
1948:[Research] The fossil plant group Pentoxylales (originally named Pentoxyleae) was discovered and proposed in 1948 by the prominent Indian paleobotanist Prof. Birbal Sahni. He reported the specimens from the Jurassic-Cretaceous strata of the Rajmahal Hills in India.
1948: Puma founded by Rudolf Dassler at Herzogenaurach, Germany. No. of Emp (end 2015): 11,351.1948: LP Records by Peter Goldmark.; Jukebox by Robert Hope-Jones.
1948 (30 Jan): Gandhiji died aged 78 at New Delhi, Delhi, India.
1948: Industrial Finance Corp. of India.
1948: Ulmale Industries Limited was incorporated in 1948; Grasim is the largest exporter of Viscose Rayon Fiber in the country, with exports to over 50 countries.
1948: Odisha, Rajsthan, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir got their present-day capitals as Bhubaneshwar, Jaipur, Shimla and Srinagar/Jammu resp.
1948: Publication of Norbert Wiener’s Cybernetics.
1948: Paula Scher born. She is an American graphic designer, painter and art educator in design, and the first female principal at Pentagram, which she joined in 1991.
1948: During one of his court hearings, he told a judge: “A writer picks up his pen only when his sensibility is hurt.” After partition, in January 1948, Manto returned to Lahore and faced a number of financial and professional challenges. He went into depression and started to drink heavily and, eventually, his excessive drinking claimed his life at the tender age of 42, on Jan 18, 1955. Indeed, Manto was right when he said: “Sadaat Hasan will die but Manto will live on.”
1948: LPs
1948 (Apr 16): [GeoPolitics] OECD founded. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development is an intergovernmental economic organisation with 38 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade. It is a forum of countries describing themselves as committed to democracy and the market economy, providing a platform to compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practices and coordinate domestic and international policies of its members. The majority of OECD members are high-income economies with a very high Human Development Index and are regarded as developed countries. As of 2017, the OECD member countries collectively comprised 62.2% of global nominal GDP and 42.8% of global GDP at purchasing power parity. The OECD is an official United Nations observer.
1948 (Jun 24): The Berlin Blockade (24 June 1948 – 12 May 1949) was one of the first major international crises of the Cold War. During the multinational occupation of post–World War II Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies' railway, road, and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Western control.
1948 (Aug 13): Both nations, India and Pakistan, accepted a resolution proposed by the UN on August 13, 1948, which was finalized and adopted on January 5, 1949. The plan required Pakistan to withdraw its regular and irregular forces, permitted India to keep a minimum force for law and order, and called for a future public vote (plebiscite).
1948:[Book] Dale Carneige's How to Stop Worrying and Start Living
1948:[Book][Fiction] No Longer Human (人間失格, Ningen Shikkaku) is a 1948 Japanese novel by Osamu Dazai. It is considered Dazai's masterpiece and ranks as the second-best selling novel ever in Japan, behind Natsume Sōseki's Kokoro. The literal translation of the title, discussed by Donald Keene in his preface to the English translation, is "Disqualified From Being Human".
1948:[Music][India] Lata Mangeshkar's first major break with the song Dil Mera Toda O Mujhe Kahi Ka Na Chhoda in film Majboor.
1948:[Law][India] Atomic Energy Commission of India estd.
1948:[Technology] The first article on the history of ultrasound was witten. According to its author, during the First World War, a Russian engineer named Chilowski submitted an idea for submarine detection to the French Government. The latter invited Paul Langevin, then Director of the School of Physics and Chemistry in Paris, to evaluate it. Chilowski's proposal was to excite a cylindrical, mica condenser by a high-frequency Poulsen arc at approximately 100 kHz and thus to generate an ultrasound beam for detecting submerged objects.
1948:Jews have left Israel throughout history for a variety of reasons, including conquest, expulsions, persecution, and economic hardship. While some Jews have always remained in the region, the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948 was followed by a period of substantial emigration, often referred to as Yerida.
1948:[Military][Education] The National Cadet Corps (NCC) in India was formed in 1948. It can be traced back to the ‘University Corps’, which was created under the Indian Defence Act 1917, with the objective to make up for a shortage of personnel in the Army. In 1920, when the Indian Territorial Act was passed, the ‘University Corps’ was replaced by the University Training Corps (UTC). The aim was to raise the status of the UTC and make it more attractive to the youth. UTC Officers and cadets wear Army uniform. It was a significant step towards the 'Indianisation' of the Indian armed forces. It was renamed the UOTC so the National Cadet Corps can be considered a successor to the University Officers Training Corps (UOTC) which was established by the Government of India in 1942. During World War II, the UOTC never came up to the expectations set by the British. This led to the idea that some better schemes should be formed, which could train more young men in a better way, even during peace. The first Prime Minister of India, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru presided over the function of raising the first NCC Unit at Delhi on the last Sunday of Nov. 1948. This day is traditionally celebrated as the 'NCC Day'. A committee headed by H. N. Kunzru recommended a cadet organization to be established in schools and universities at a national level. The soldier youth foundation Act was accepted by the Governor General, and on the 15th of July 1950 the soldier youth foundation came into existence.
The National Cadet Corps (NCC) is the youth wing of the Indian Armed Forces with its headquarters in New Delhi, India. It is open to school and college students on voluntary basis as a Tri-Services Organisation, comprising the Army, the Navy and Air Force. Cadets are given basic military training in small arms and drill. Officers and cadets have no liability for active military service once they complete their course. (Unity and Discipline)
The National Cadet Corps (NCC) is the youth wing of the Indian Armed Forces with its headquarters in New Delhi, India. It is open to school and college students on voluntary basis as a Tri-Services Organisation, comprising the Army, the Navy and Air Force. Cadets are given basic military training in small arms and drill. Officers and cadets have no liability for active military service once they complete their course. (Unity and Discipline)
1948:[Bio][Chemistry] In 1948, Rickes, Brink, Koniuszy, Wood, and Folkers officially named the substance vitamin B12.
1948:[Bio][Chemistry] Dorothy Hodgkin began using X-ray crystallography to determine the complex molecular structure of vitamin B12. By 1957, Hodgkin had fully elucidated its molecular structure. For her work on vitamin B12, Dorothy Hodgkin was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964.
---------------------------------------- I Indo-Pak War started ----------------------------------------
1949 (Jan 1): I Indo-Pak war halted
1949: [GeoPolitics][Military][Economics] Britain devalues the pound by 30%, causing international confidence to collapse [[15:31](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYJri1eNRyc&t=931)].
1949:[Business][GeoPolitics] The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 32 member states—30 in Europe and 2 in North America. Founded in the aftermath of World War II, NATO was established with the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty in 1949. Founders: United States, United Kingdom, France, Canada, Italy etc; Headquarters: Brussels, Belgium; Founded: 4 April 1949, Washington, D.C., United States
1949:[Research][Book] Russell used the terminology of Richard Maurice Bucke in his 1901 book Cosmic Consciousness to explain "cosmic illumination." Later he wrote, "It will be remembered that no one who has ever had [the experience of illumination] has been able to explain it. I deem it my duty to the world to tell of it." This became the subject of his book The Divine Iliad, published in two volumes in 1949.
1949: Asssembly language (asm) first appeared.
1949: Republic of China turned to People's Republic of China.
1949: Delhi Public School Society, one of the largest institutions providing education at school level in India and abroad was founded by Pinkesh Barjatiya and later developed by Anant Barjatiya. After this Rear Admin Anant Barjatiya has been appointed as new vice-chairman of Delhi Public School Society. Delhi Public School, Mathura Road, founded in 1949 by educationist Reverend James Douglas Tytler was the first Delhi Public School.
1949: ETS' GRE started. The Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) is a standardized test that is an admissions requirement for most Graduate Schools in the United States.
1949: Kochhi was the capital of Kerela till 1956.
1949: Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver published 'The Mathematical Theory of Communication'.
1949: Roasting, a comedic art form originated in New York- AIB
1949: Syed Amir Haider Kamal Naqvi, popularly known as Kamal Amrohi (17 January 1918 – 11 February 1993) was an Indian film director and screenwriter. He was a Shi'a Muslim and an Urdu and Hindi poet. He is famous for his Hindi films such as Mahal (1949), Pakeezah (1972) and Razia Sultan (1983). He established Kamal Pictures (Mahal Films) in 1953 and Kamalistan Studio in Bombay in 1958.
1949: Republic of China turned to People's Republic of China.
1949: Delhi Public School Society, one of the largest institutions providing education at school level in India and abroad was founded by Pinkesh Barjatiya and later developed by Anant Barjatiya. After this Rear Admin Anant Barjatiya has been appointed as new vice-chairman of Delhi Public School Society. Delhi Public School, Mathura Road, founded in 1949 by educationist Reverend James Douglas Tytler was the first Delhi Public School.
1949: ETS' GRE started. The Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) is a standardized test that is an admissions requirement for most Graduate Schools in the United States.
1949: Kochhi was the capital of Kerela till 1956.
1949: Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver published 'The Mathematical Theory of Communication'.
1949: Roasting, a comedic art form originated in New York- AIB
1949: Syed Amir Haider Kamal Naqvi, popularly known as Kamal Amrohi (17 January 1918 – 11 February 1993) was an Indian film director and screenwriter. He was a Shi'a Muslim and an Urdu and Hindi poet. He is famous for his Hindi films such as Mahal (1949), Pakeezah (1972) and Razia Sultan (1983). He established Kamal Pictures (Mahal Films) in 1953 and Kamalistan Studio in Bombay in 1958.
1949 (Jan 10):[Day] Vishwa Hindi Diwas is an annual event observed on January 10. World Hindi Day was created to mark the occasion when Hindi was first spoken at the UNGA in 1949. With nearly 600 million speakers worldwide, Hindi is the third most widely spoken language in the world after Mandarin Chinese and English.
1949 (Jan 15):[Day] Every year 15 January is observed as Indian Army Day because on this day in 1949 field Marshal Kodandera M Cariappa took over as the first Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army from General Sir Francis Butcher, the last British Commander-in-Chief.
1949 (Apr 4): the North Atlantic Treaty was signed, later leading to formation of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) of 12 member countries. In 1948, The Treaty of Dunkirk alliance was expanded to include the Benelux countries, in the form of the Western Union, also referred to as the Brussels Treaty Organization (BTO), established by the Treaty of Brussels. Talks for a new military alliance, which could also include North America, resulted in the signature of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949 by the member states of the Western Union plus the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland.
1949 (May 14):After Israel declared its independence on May 14, 1948, the fighting intensified with other Arab forces joining the Palestinian Arabs in attacking territory in the former Palestinian mandate. On the eve of May 14, the Arabs launched an air attack on Tel Aviv, which the Israelis resisted.
1949 (Jul 27): The Karachi Agreement: Military representatives from both sides met later to formalize the temporary border, setting up a Ceasefire Line (later known as the Line of Control). The Karachi Agreement was signed on July 27, 1949, by military representatives of India and Pakistan under UN supervision. It formally established a Ceasefire Line in Jammu and Kashmir, ending the 1947–1948 war, and laid the groundwork for the deployment of United Nations military observers.
1949 (Oct 1): The Establishment of Maoist China. In the aftermath of the Second World War, China was involved in a bitter civil war between the Communists led by Mao Tse Tung, and the Nationalists by Chiang Kai-shek. On October 1st, 1949, the triumphant Communist Party established the People’s Republic of China. This created another powerful Communist State in the most populated country in the world.
1949: China's population growth rate surpassed the world average from 1949 to the late 1970s. Under Mao's leadership, the government promoted pro-natal policies and remunerated families not according to their productivity but by the number of workers.
1949:[Book] Benjamin Graham's The Intelligent Investor
1949:[Book] Joseph Campbell's The Hero with a Thousand Faces, a work of comparative mythology in which the author discusses his theory of the mythological structure of the journey of the archetypal hero found in world myths. [12 stages of the hero's journey; The hero's journey]
1949:[Book] Nobel Prize in Literature to William Faulkner. From the early 1920s to the outbreak of World War II, Faulkner published 13 novels and many short stories. This body of work formed the basis of his reputation and earned him the Nobel Prize at age 52 (1949)
1949:[Book] Nineteen Eighty-Four (also stylised as 1984) is a dystopian social science fiction novel and cautionary tale written by English writer George Orwell. It was published on 8 June 1949 by Secker & Warburg as Orwell's ninth and final book completed in his lifetime. Thematically, it centres on the consequences of totalitarianism, mass surveillance and repressive regimentation of people and behaviours within society. Orwell, a democratic socialist, modelled the totalitarian government in the novel after Stalinist Russia and Nazi Germany. More broadly, the novel examines the role of truth and facts within politics and the ways in which they are manipulated.
1949:[Computer] The IBM 024 Card Punch and IBM 026 Printing Card Punch were announced in 1949.
1949:[US][Book][Who] Holden Caulfield, California (Dec 1949, Pennsilvania, 16YO); Home in Manhattan, Holden's brother works in Hollywood. The Catcher in the Rye, a 1951 novel by J. D. (Jerome David) Salinger
1950s:[GeoPolitics] Plans for a corridor stretching from the Chinese border to Pakistan's deepwater ports on the Arabian Sea date back to the 1950s and motivated the construction of the Karakoram Highway beginning in 1959. Chinese interest in Pakistan's deep-water harbor at Gwadar was rekindled in 2002, leading to construction at Gwadar port, which was completed in 2006. Expansion of Gwadar Port then ceased due to political instability in Pakistan following the fall of General Pervez Musharraf and the subsequent conflict between the Pakistani state and Taliban militants. (CPEC)
1950s:[GeoPolitics][APAC][ North Korea's nuclear weapons program began in the 1950s, evolving from early Soviet-assisted research to an independent, plutonium-based arsenal developed from the 1970s at the Yongbyon facility. Despite joining the NPT in 1985, the country accelerated its program, leading to six nuclear tests between 2006 and 2017. As of 2026, it is estimated to possess roughly 40-60 functional nuclear weapons, including thermonuclear capabilities.
1950s:[History] Today the Fertile Crescent is not so fertile: Beginning in the 1950s, a series of large-scale irrigation projects diverted water away from the famed Mesopotamian marshes of the Tigris-Euphrates river system, causing them to dry up.
1950s:[MBA] 1950s-1960s: The theoretical basis for CBA was established in welfare economics, with significant contributions from economists like Otto Eckstein and others. This period saw application to water quality and, in the 1960s, to large-scale transportation projects.
1950s:[Women] In the 1950s, geologist and cartographer Marie Tharp produced groundbreaking hand-drawn maps of the Atlantic Ocean floor based on data collected via sonar. Due to the sexism of the era, Tharp was not allowed on the research ships that gathered data, so she worked at the Lamont Geological Observatory, analyzing and charting the information sent back by her colleague, Bruce Heezen. Discovery of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: By plotting six east-to-west profiles across the North Atlantic, Tharp observed a prominent, deep cleft running down the center of an underwater mountain range. She identified this as a rift valley, a feature known to exist on land.
1950s:[Delhi] Chanakyapuri: Developed in the 1950s as a diplomatic enclave.
1950s: IAS Staff College, Shimla functioned auxillary to IAS Tng. School, Delhi.
1950s: Punjabi Suba movement, that lead to the formation of present day Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh.
1950s: Until the 1950s vacuum tube diodes were used more frequently in radios because the early point-contact type semiconductor diodes were less stable.
1950s: Punjabi Suba movement, that lead to the formation of present day Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh.
1950s: Until the 1950s vacuum tube diodes were used more frequently in radios because the early point-contact type semiconductor diodes were less stable.
1950s:[Computing][Research] The concept of regular expressions began in the 1950s, when the American mathematician Stephen Cole Kleene formalized the description of a regular language. They came into common use with Unix text-processing utilities. Different syntaxes for writing regular expressions have existed since the 1980s, one being the POSIX standard and another, widely used, being the Perl syntax.
1950s:[Space][Research] In astrophysics, an event horizon is a boundary beyond which events cannot affect an observer. Wolfgang Rindler coined the term in the 1950s.
1950s:[Maths][Computing] In the mid to late 20th-century, ideas of algorithmic information theory introduced new dimensions to the field via the concept of algorithmic randomness. (randomness). Although randomness had often been viewed as an obstacle and a nuisance for many centuries, in the twentieth century computer scientists began to realize that the deliberate introduction of randomness into computations can be an effective tool for designing better algorithms. In some cases, such randomized algorithms are able to outperform the best deterministic methods.
1950s:[Business][Food] Parle Products (1950s), led by Vijay, Sharad and Raj Chauhan (owner of the brands such as Parle-G, 20-20, Magix, Milkshakti, Melody, Mango Bite, Poppins, Londonderry, Kismi Toffee Bar, Monaco and KrackJack).
1950s:Malviya Nagar, a residential area in South Delhi, was primarily established in the 1950s by refugees who migrated from Pakistan after the Partition of India. The area is named after Madan Mohan Malviya, a freedom fighter. While the area itself was established in the 50s, the Industrial Training Institute (ITI) in Malviya Nagar was established earlier, in 1960. (Dargans)
1950s: K2 is known as the Savage Mountain after climber George Bell said "It's a savage mountain that tries to kill you" after an expedition in the 1950s. As of 2022, A total of 66 people have died from 284 attempts.
1950s:Teamwork gained traction in organizations as a way to enhance productivity and efficiency. The focus shifted to understanding how to build and manage effective teams, with an increased emphasis on social interactions and communication.
1950:[Business][GeoPolitics] The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is a United Nations agency mandated to aid and protect refugees, forcibly displaced communities, and stateless people, and to assist in their voluntary repatriation, local integration or resettlement to a third country. Founded: 14 December 1950, Geneva, Switzerland; Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland; Founder: United Nations; President: Filippo Grandi (2025); Head: Filippo Grandi; (High Commissioner for Refugees); Legal status: Nonprofit
1950:[Business][GeoPolitics] The Inner Six (also known as the Six or the Six founders) are the six founding member states of the European Union, namely Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. They were the original members of the European Communities, which were later succeeded by the European Union. Named for their location on a map of western Europe, the Inner Six contrasted with the "Outer Seven", which pursued a free-trade system.
Parent organization: United Nations General Assembly; United Nations Economic and Social Council
1950:[Business][GeoPolitics] The Schuman Declaration, or Schuman Plan, was a proposal to place French and West German production of coal and steel under a single authority that later became the European Coal and Steel Community, made by the French foreign minister, Robert Schuman, on 9 May 1950 (now celebrated in the EU as Europe Day), the day after the fifth anniversary of the end of World War II in Europe. The alliance would later be opened to other European countries. The ultimate goal was to pacify relations, especially between France and West Germany, through gradual political integration to be achieved by creating common interests. Schuman said that "[t]he coming together of the countries of Europe requires the elimination of the age-old opposition of France and Germany ... the solidarity in production thus established will make it plain that any war between France and Germany becomes not merely unthinkable, but materially impossible."
1950:[Business][GeoPolitics] The World Meteorological Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for promoting international cooperation on atmospheric science, climatology, hydrology and geophysics.
1950:[Business][Politics][Economics][Research] The snob effect was defined by economist Harvey Leibenstein in 1950. It describes a phenomenon where the demand for a particular luxury good decreases as more people consume it, driven by a desire for exclusivity and a wish to avoid being part of the crowd.
1950:[Business][Politics][Economics][Research] The bandwagon effect as an economic and consumer demand theory was introduced by economist Harvey Leibenstein in 1950.
1950:[Research] Arthur Kornberg, in 1950, isolated a yeast enzyme that could transfer a phosphate group from ATP to NAD+, producing NADP+. This enzyme was partially purified and shown to directly generate NADP+ from NAD+. NADP+/NADPH act as essential coenzymes, carrying electrons in various metabolic pathways. NADPH is predominantly used in anabolic (biosynthetic) reactions, such as fatty acid and nucleic acid synthesis, while NAD+ is more involved in catabolic (energy-yielding) reactions.
1950 (Jan 26): birth of the Republic of India. (2 yrs and 4 months after Independence from the British)1950 (Jan 26): Govind Ballabh Pant, Premier of United Provinces, became the first Chief Minister of the newly renamed Uttar Pradesh. .
1950 (Jan 28): establishment of the Supreme Court of India and cessation of the Federal Court of India after 13 years of functioning. H. J. Kania of Bombay High Court was the inaugural CJI for almost 2 years.
1950 (Jun 1): Int'l Day for protection of Children
1950: CAT (Common Admission Test) started by The Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) for selecting students for their business administration programs.
1950 (Jan 26): The United Province was renamed to Uttar Pradesh on, headed by the Governor of Uttar Pradesh.
1950: Indian Railway was nationalised.
1950: fall in the readership of Hindi literature started rapidly.
1950: Dinkar wrote Singhasan Khaali Karo ke Janta Aati Hai. In 1972, Jai Prakash Narain recited the poem in his campaign,
1950: China had a population of 552.0 million people.
1950:[Cinema] High Treason(1929)
1950 (Jan):[India][Education] The idea of National Service Scheme (NSS) was first considered by the Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE) at its meeting.
1950:[Law]{India] Election Commission (ECI) estd.
1950:[Day] On 26 November, 1949 the Indian Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution the supreme law of the land and replaced the Government of India Act 1935. It came into effect on 26 January 1950 with a democratic government system. This day marks the largest parade that took place at Rajpath, Delhi every year.
1950:[Business][Polity][mgmt] Delhi Chamber of Commerce is 78 years old and recognised organization of commercial opinion and is consulted by the Government of India, and state Governments on all vital and important commercial matters and is truely equipped to serve the interest that it stands for.
1950:[Who][Culture][Philosophy][Medicine][Godman] Sayagyi U Ba Khin was the first Accountant General of the Union of Burma. He was the founder of the International Meditation Centre in Yangon, Myanmar, and is principally known as a leading twentieth century authority on Vipassana meditation. Wikipedia Born: 6 March 1899, Yangon, Myanmar (Burma) Died: 19 January 1971 (age 71 years), Yangon, Myanmar (Burma) Nationality: Burmese
1950:[Delhi] Not every colony in Delhi has a private lake, but Model Town does, its residents proudly point out. Developed by DLF Group in the early 1950s, the north Delhi colony became known for its luxurious bungalows and villas, recalls 82-year-old Dharmendra Pratap, a retired bank employee.“When I moved here in 1960, there were only a few houses. Although it has grown beautifully over time with multi-storey residences, markets and modern amenities, Naini Lake has remained its soul.”. For generations, the 6.5-acre lake is more than a recreational space; it is a repository of childhood memories. Tucked amid busy lanes, it offers residents a chance to boat on its glimmering waters or take leisurely strolls along its banks. Developed in the early 1960s, the waterbody is a focal point for community gatherings, picnics and recreation.
----------------------------------------- 175 years of Independent USA --------------------------------------------
1951: Section 3 of AIS Act,1951 and the rules and regulations made by the government prescribe the selection process for the IAS. Similar provisions exist for IPS and IFoS.
1951: The first 5-year plan (1951-1956) was presented in the parliament by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru in December 1951. The model was based Harrod-Domar Model. It was mainly focused in development of the primary sector.
1951: Raj Kapoor's Awaara (आवारा ) presented the city as both a nightmare and a dream.
1951: During this decade, population increased by 781 lakh (+78M). It is the highest increase in one decade. Also see 1971.
1951 (Nov 1): [GeoPolitics] The Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty (ANZUS or ANZUS Treaty) is the 1951 collective security non-binding agreement between Australia and New Zealand and, separately, Australia and the United States, to co-operate on military matters in the Pacific Ocean region, although today the treaty is taken to relate to conflicts worldwide. It provides that an armed attack on any of the three parties would be dangerous to the others, and that each should act to meet the common threat. It set up a committee of foreign ministers that can meet for consultation.
1951:[Book] J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye is an all-time classic in coming-of-age literature- an elegy to post-war teenage alienation. The novel details two days in the life of 16-year-old angst-ridden teen, Holden Caulfield after he has been expelled from prep school. Salinger wrote his first work in 1948.
1951:[Law][India] Finance Commission (FCI) estd.
1951:[APAC][Polity][Art] After a 1951 revolution overturned the totalitarian Rana dynasty that had ruled the country for more than a century, Nepal opened its borders to the world. Western academics and tourists bought statues and carvings looted by locals, often from temples in the Kathmandu Valley, then took their purchases out of the country. The trafficking reached a peak in the 1970s and 1980s.
1951:[Extreme][Research] Challenger II surveyed the Mariana trench using echo sounding, a much more precise and vastly easier way to measure depth than the sounding equipment and drag lines used in the original expedition. During this survey, the deepest part of the trench was recorded when the Challenger II measured a depth of 5,960 fathoms (10,900 metres; 35,760 feet) at 11°19′N 142°15′E, known as the Challenger Deep.
1951: [Mntngg] Mt. Frey, also known as Frey Peak (5889 meters or 19,321 feet), is a mountain located in the western region of Sikkim, India, near the Rathong Glacier. The peak is named after mountaineer George Frey, who perished on an attempt to climb nearby Mt. Kokthang with Tenzing Norgay in 1951. Mt. Frey is known for its resemblance to the Matterhorn and is considered a challenging but rewarding peak for climbers.
1951:[India][Education] The first Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) was IIT Kharagpur, established in 1951. It was initially known as the Eastern Institute of Higher Technology. The formal inauguration of IIT Kharagpur took place on August 18, 1951, according to the Council of Indian Institute of Technology.
1951:[Env]:Ruben Rausing and Erik Åkerlund founded Åkerlund & Rausing, a packaging company in Sweden in 1929. Åkerlund & Rausing developed the tetrahedron-shaped paper carton in 1944. AB Tetra Pak was established as a subsidiary of Åkerlund & Rausing in Lund, Sweden in 1951. Tetra Pak originated in Sweden in 1951, founded in Lund by Dr. Ruben Rausing. The company introduced the tetrahedron-shaped paper carton, inspired by a vision to make food safer and more accessible, especially for milk distribution. The first filling machine was delivered in 1952 to a local dairy, Lundaortens Mejeriforening, for packing cream in 100ml cartons. Tetra Pak expanded its operations, with machines being exported to Germany, France, and Italy in early 1950s.
1951:[US][Edu][Culture] Warren studied there for two years and joined the Alpha Sigma Phi fraternity. He then transferred to the University of Nebraska where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration with major in Investment Management in 1951.
1952:[Geography] Tudakul Lake was formed naturally in 1952 when floodwaters from the Zarafshan River flowed into the Tudakul lowland, creating a natural depression that filled with water. It was later converted into the Tudakul reservoir, which was completed in 1968. (Uzbekistan)
1952: Z-Transform got the name. This transformation is a way to treat sampled-data control systems used with radar. It gives a tractable way to solve linear, constant-coefficient difference equations. the way was dubbed "the z-transform" by Ragazzini and Zadeh in the sampled-data control group at Columbia University. From a mathematical view the Z-transform can also be viewed as a Laurent series where one views the sequence of numbers under consideration as the (Laurent) expansion of an analytic function.
1952: Asiatic cheetahs once roamed the grasslands of the Indian subcontinent for many centuries alongside lions, tigers, and leopards until they became a hunting target of princely rulers and British colonizers. In 1952, they were officially declared extinct in India.
1952: IAS computer prototype completed. It consist of main memory + ALU + CU + I/O.
1952: Egypt became Independent.
1952: Vikram Seth CBE was born. He is an Indian novelist and poet. He has written several novels and poetry books. He has received several awards including Padma Shri, Sahitya Akademi Award, Pravasi Bharatiya Samman, WH Smith Literary Award and Crossword Book Award.
1952: Notaries Act,1952, (India)
1952: India's first general election took place. Congress Party won.
1952: Egypt became Independent.
1952: Vikram Seth CBE was born. He is an Indian novelist and poet. He has written several novels and poetry books. He has received several awards including Padma Shri, Sahitya Akademi Award, Pravasi Bharatiya Samman, WH Smith Literary Award and Crossword Book Award.
1952: Notaries Act,1952, (India)
1952: India's first general election took place. Congress Party won.
1952 (Feb 24): [GoI] - ESIC estd. Employees' State Insurance Corporation
1952 (Mar 4): [GoI] - EPFO estd. Employees' Provident Fund Organisation
1952 (Mar 26): Elections to the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly were held on March 26, 1952. 2,604 candidates contested for the 347 constituencies in the Assembly. There were 83 two-member constituencies and 264 single-member constituencies. Govind Ballabh Pant of INC became CM.1952 (May 20): Gobing Ballabh Pant's term ended as first Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh.
1952: In Dublin, Erwin Schrödinger gave a lecture in which he jocularly warned his audience that what he was about to say might "seem lunatic." He said that, when his Nobel equations seemed to describe several different histories, these were "not alternatives, but all really happen simultaneously." This is the earliest known reference to the 'multiverse'.
1952 (Aug 17): [US] Eric H. Monkkonen born in Kansas City, Missouri. Eric Henry Monkkonen was an American urban and social science historian who conducted authoritative studies on the history of crime as well as urban development.
1952 (Nov 1): Mushroom cloud of the Ivy Mike nuclear test, 1952; one of more than a thousand such tests conducted by the US between 1945 and 1992. Ivy Mike was detonated on November 1, 1952, by the United States on the island of Elugelab in Enewetak Atoll, in the now independent island nation of the Marshall Islands, as part of Operation Ivy. It was the first full test of the Teller–Ulam design, a staged fusion device.
1952:[Book] The Power of Positive Thinking. For half a century, Norman Vincent Peale was one of the most influential clergymen in the United States. Brilliantly combining the wisdom of Christianity with a deep understanding of human psychology.
1952:[Aviation][Military] Boeing B-52 Stratofortress Bomber; 652mph @ 50,000ft.
1952:[Technology][Business][APAC][Japan] Suzuki started motorcycle production in Japan.
1952:[NSE][PSU] MoPaNG's Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) is an Indian public sector undertaking under the ownership of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of India. It operates three refineries in Bina, Kochi and Mumbai.
1952:[US][Economy] 1952 - Much of the wealth has been locked up in the Rockefeller family trust of 1934 (which holds the bulk of the fortune and matures on the death of the fourth generation) and the trust of 1952, both administered by Chase Bank, the corporate successor to Chase Manhattan Bank.
1952:[Mntngg][Military] John Hunt (1910-1998) was a British Army officer and mountaineer who is best known for leading the successful 1953 expedition to Mount Everest. He was commissioned into the King's Royal Rifle Corps in 1930 and later became a leader in mountaineering, organizing and leading the British Everest expedition in 1952.
1952:[research] University of Chicago Prof. Harold Urey (pictured on the right) and then-graduate student Stanley Miller performed a famous experiment showing how life might have formed in a primordial soup, passing electrical sparks through a container of gases they thought might have made up Earth’s early atmosphere. Amino acids, an essential building block for life, spontaneously formed. The experiment gave rise to a new scientific field called prebiotic or abiotic chemistry, the chemistry that preceded the origin of life. This is the opposite of biogenesis, the idea that only a living organism can beget another living organism. Life emerged from a primordial soup. As a University of Chicago graduate student in 1952, Stanley Miller performed a famous experiment with Harold Urey, a Nobel laureate in chemistry. Their results explored the idea that life formed in a primordial soup.
Miller and Urey injected ammonia, methane and water vapor into an enclosed glass container to simulate what were then believed to be the conditions of Earth’s early atmosphere. Then they passed electrical sparks through the container to simulate lightning. Amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, soon formed. Miller and Urey realized that this process could have paved the way for the molecules needed to produce life.
1952:[Who] Charles Kemmons Wilson was a businessman who founded the Holiday Inn hotel chain (in year 1952, Memphis, Tennessee, United States). Called the “Father of the Modern Hotel,” he revolutionized the travel industry by providing affordable, comfortable, dependable lodging.
Marriott International is one of the largest hotel chains in the world, and the company has a significant presence in India. The group owns and operates over 120 hotels in India, ranging from luxury properties to budget hotels.
1953:[US][GeoPolitics] Iranian coup d'état. (US's involvement in regime change)
1953:[Env] First polythene bag (1933) gets decomposed after 20 years in landfill.
1953: Technical Graduate Course (TGC - 1) first commenced in around May 1953.1953: DNA Double Helix.
1953: GMAC's GMAT (Graduate Management Admission Test) is a computer adaptive test (CAT) intended to assess certain analytical, writing, quantitative, verbal, and reading skills in written English for use in admission to a graduate management program, such as an MBA. It requires knowledge of certain grammar and knowledge of certain algebra, geometry, and arithmetic. The GMAT does not measure business knowledge or skill, nor does it measure intelligence.
1953 (Mar 5): Joseph Stalin aged 74 died. China and the USSR remained allies until Stalin died. When Khrushchev succeeded Stalin and made his huge denunciation of him and announced a policy of detente and coexistence with the West, Mao threw a fit and all but declared war on the USSR, declaring them “revisionists”, “fascists”, “capitalist roaders” and God knows what besides!
1953:[Computer] In late 1953, John W. Backus submitted a proposal to his superiors at IBM to develop a more practical alternative to assembly language for programming their IBM 704 mainframe computer. A draft specification for The IBM Mathematical Formula Translating System was completed by November 1954. The first manual for FORTRAN appeared in October 1956, with the first FORTRAN compiler delivered in April 1957. The initial release of FORTRAN for the IBM 704 contained 32 statements (incl. popular IF, GOTO, DO; I/O opcodes like READ, WRITE, PRINT, PUNCH, READ/WRITE TAPE/DRUM; and others like PAUSE, STOP, CONTINUE, REWIND, BACKSPACE, END FILE etc.). Before the development of disk files, text editors and terminals, programs were most often entered on a keypunch keyboard onto 80-column punched cards, one line to a card. The resulting deck of cards would be fed into a card reader to be compiled. Punched card codes included no lower-case letters or many special characters, and special versions of the IBM 026 keypunch were offered that would correctly print the re-purposed special characters used in FORTRAN.
1953:[Law][India] States Re-organisation Commission estd.
1953:[Law][India] States Re-organisation Commission estd.
1953:[English] Jitendra Narayan Dash, who writes under the pseudonym of Dash Benhur is a Sahitya Akademi award winner writer from Odisha. He was born in Khandapada in Nayagarh district, Odisha. He retired as the Principal of Samanta Chandra Sekhara College, Puri. He is a founder member of Aama Odisha.
1953: With his father, Robert Bourdillon, Tom Bourdillon (29YO) developed the closed-circuit bottled oxygen apparatus used by Charles Evans and himself on their climb to the South Summit of Everest on 26 May 1953. Bourdillon could have been either the first or second man to officially reach the summit of Everest, but he was forced back when Evans's oxygen system failed. The pair came within 300 feet (91 m) of the Main Summit; both turning back after reaching the South Summit. Three days later, Hunt directed Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay to go for the Main Summit, using open-circuit equipment; which they reached on 29 May 1953. Bourdillon never attempted an Everest expedition again. Bourdillon appears as himself in the film The Conquest of Everest (1953)[7] and in archive footage in The Race for Everest (2003).
1953:[Mntngg][Extreme][UK] The 1953 British Mount Everest expedition, led by Colonel John Hunt, successfully reached the summit of Mount Everest on May 29, 1953, with Edmund Hillary (New Zealand) and Tenzing Norgay (Nepalese Sherpa) becoming the first known people to do so. This was the ninth attempt to reach the summit and the first confirmed success, marking a historic achievement. Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay reached the summit at 11:30 am on May 29, 1953. This was the ninth mountaineering expedition to attempt the first ascent of Mount Everest.
1953:[research][cosmos] In 1953, UChicago researchers published a landmark paper in the Journal of Biological Chemistry that marked the discovery of the pro-chirality concept, which pervades modern chemistry and biology. The paper described an experiment showing that the chirality of molecules—or “handedness,” much the way the right and left hands differ from one another—drives all life processes. Without chirality, large biological molecules such as proteins would be unable to form structures that could be reproduced.
1953: Karachi Bakery
1953:[mntngg] Nanga Parbat is the world's ninth highest mountain. It's known for being extremely hard to climb; named the "Killer Mountain" by the 1953 German expedition, first to successfully reach the peak.[211][212] In addition to the large number of climbing deaths, 11 mountaineers were killed in 2013 by Taliban.
1954:[US][GeoPolitics] Guatemalan coup d'état. (US's involvement in regime change)
1954 (Apr 29): The Panchsheel Agreement, otherwise known as the Five Principles of Coexistence, are a set of principles to govern relations between states. They were first codified during an agreement between Indian and China in 1954. The 5 principles were emphasized by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Premier Zhou Enlai in a broadcast speech made at the time of Asian Prime Ministers Conference in Colombo, Sri Lanka after signing the Sino-Indian Agreement in Beijing.
1954 (Nov 20): UK proclaimed the Universal Children's Day for the first time.1954 (Sep 29): CERN (Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire) European Organization for Nuclear Research was founded.
1954 (Sep 8): The Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty, or Manila Pact, was signed in Manila, as part of the American Truman Doctrine of creating anti-communist bilateral and collective defense treaties.
1954 (Jan 2): First Bharat Ratna was awarded to Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, C. Rajagopalachari, and C. V. Raman.
1954 (Jan 2): First Padma Vibhushan was awarded to Satyendra Nath Bose, Nand Lal Bose, Zakir Hussain, Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher, Jigme Dorji Wangchuk, V. K. Krishna Menon
1954:[Business][GeoPolitics] The Federal Office for Economic Affairs and Export Control (BAFA) in Germany is the authority responsible for regulating foreign trade, particularly in the area of export controls. BAFA's role includes determining whether goods require export licenses, processing license applications, and monitoring compliance with embargoes and international agreements. They also work with the EU and other international bodies to harmonize export control systems.
1954 (Jan 2): First Bharat Ratna was awarded to Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, C. Rajagopalachari, and C. V. Raman.
1954 (Jan 2): First Padma Vibhushan was awarded to Satyendra Nath Bose, Nand Lal Bose, Zakir Hussain, Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher, Jigme Dorji Wangchuk, V. K. Krishna Menon
1954:[Business][GeoPolitics] The Federal Office for Economic Affairs and Export Control (BAFA) in Germany is the authority responsible for regulating foreign trade, particularly in the area of export controls. BAFA's role includes determining whether goods require export licenses, processing license applications, and monitoring compliance with embargoes and international agreements. They also work with the EU and other international bodies to harmonize export control systems.
1954: In 1954, Yang Chen-Ning and Robert Mills extended the concept of gauge theory for abelian groups, e.g. quantum electrodynamics, to nonabelian groups to provide an explanation for strong interactions.
1954: National Film Awards (India) estd.
1954: Pondicherry became the admin and legislative capital of Puducherry.
1954: David Carson born. He is an American graphic designer, art director and surfer. He is best known for his innovative magazine design, and use of experimental typography.
1954: Pondicherry became the admin and legislative capital of Puducherry.
1954: David Carson born. He is an American graphic designer, art director and surfer. He is best known for his innovative magazine design, and use of experimental typography.
1954:[Book] Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, short-story writer, journalist, and sportsman. His economical and understated style—which he termed the iceberg theory—had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his adventurous lifestyle and his public image brought him admiration from later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and he was awarded the 1954 Nobel Prize in Literature. He published seven novels, six short-story collections, and two nonfiction works. Three of his novels, four short-story collections, and three nonfiction works were published posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of American literature.
1954:[Technology][Business][APAC][Japan] Kawasaki started motorcycle production in Japan.
1954:[Cinema] In 1954, a U.S. Marshal investigates the disappearance of a murderer who escaped from a hospital for the criminally insane. - Shutter Island (2010)
1954 (Apr 20):[Space][Research][India] Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIOS) is a research institute situated at Manora Peak (1,951 m (6,401 ft)), about 9 km from Nainital, a popular hill station. in Kumaon, Uttarakhand which specializes in astronomy, solar physics, astrophysics and atmospheric science. It is an autonomous body under the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India.
1954:[Business][Food] Complan was launched by Glaxo. As part of Glaxo's Farley Health Products subsidiary, the Complan UK brand was sold to Boots in 1988. In India, Complan remained with Glaxo until 1994, when it was acquired by Heinz, who also acquired the UK brand in the same year. Its USP was that it was the complete planned food. Complan Foods is a British company that makes powdered milk energy drinks. It was acquired by Danone in 2011. In India the Complan brand is owned by the Zydus Wellness.
1954:[GoI][CPSU] Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) is an Indian Government-owned aerospace and defence electronics company. It primarily manufactures advanced electronic products for ground and aerospace applications. BEL is one of sixteen PSUs under the Ministry of Defence of India.
1954 (Jan):[GoI] The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) is India's premier nuclear research facility, headquartered in Trombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It was founded by Homi Jehangir Bhabha as the Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay in January 1954 as a multidisciplinary research program essential for India's nuclear program.
1954 (May 8): Ms Dargan was born, her FIL was an engineer who went to BHU, Banaras around 1940s upon the recommendation of Pt Malvia.
1954:[tech][computing][maths] The mass-produced IBM 704 followed in 1954; it introduced the use of a biased exponent. For many decades after that, floating-point hardware was typically an optional feature, and computers that had it were said to be "scientific computers", or to have "scientific computation" (SC) capability (see also Extensions for Scientific Computation (XSC)). It was not until the launch of the Intel i486 in 1989 that general-purpose personal computers had floating-point capability in hardware as a standard feature. (FLOPS)
1954:[sports] Sir Garry Sobers, widely regarded as the greatest all-rounder in cricket history, has died at the age of 89. The West Indies legend made his Test debut in 1954 and went on to become one of the game's most celebrated players. In 1958, he scored an unbeaten 365, then the highest individual score in Test cricket. Sobers also made history in 1968 by becoming the first batter to hit six sixes in a single over in first-class cricket. He retired from international cricket in 1974 after playing 93 Tests, scoring 8,032 runs at an average of 57.78 and taking 235 wickets. Across his first-class career, Sobers scored more than 28,000 runs and claimed over 1,000 wickets. He was knighted in 1975 for his services to cricket. The Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy, awarded annually by the International Cricket Council to the men's Cricketer of the Year, is named in his honour.
1954:[Tourism][UK] As you may have guessed from the name, the region of Exmoor in southwest England is known for its expansive moorlands. Besides its signature heaths, Exmoor contains blanket bogs and ancient woodlands within its more than 18,000 acres. And as shown in our image, Exmoor incudes land long settled and cultivated—here we see fields and houses on a ridge overlooking Porlock Bay. This area is part of Exmoor's 267 square miles set aside in 1954 as a national park. Folks have long liked living in the Exmoor area—it's been populated since at least the Mesolithic era. See less
1955:[Extreme][Travel][UK] The 1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition succeeded in climbing the 28,168-foot (8,586 m) Kangchenjunga, the third highest mountain in the world, for the first time. The expedition complied with a request from the Sikkim authorities that the summit should not be trodden on so the climbers deliberately stopped about five feet below the summit. George Band and Joe Brown reached the top on 25 May 1955, and they were followed the next day by Norman Hardie and Tony Streather. The expedition was led by Charles Evans who had been deputy leader on the 1953 British Mount Everest expedition.
1955:[Education][UK][Public] University of Exeter founded.
1955 (Jan): ICICI1955: ENIAC was dis-assembled by US Army's BRL.
1955(Apr 15): McDonald's founded at Des Plaines, Illinois, United States by Ray Kroc.
1955: Citizenship Act, 1955 (Used to provide proof of DoB in India)
1955: First All India Engineering Entrance Exam in India (held by and for IIT Kharagpur)
1955: Imperial Bank, the then largest bank was nationalised and rechristened as SBI.
1955:[Art] In September 1954, Marilyn Monroe began filming Billy Wilder's comedy The Seven Year Itch, starring opposite Tom Ewell as a woman who becomes the object of her married neighbor's sexual fantasies. Although the film was shot in Hollywood, the studio decided to generate advance publicity by staging the filming of a scene in which Monroe is standing on a subway grate with the air blowing up the skirt of her white dress on Lexington Avenue in Manhattan. The shoot lasted for several hours and attracted nearly 2,000 spectators. The "subway grate scene" became one of Monroe's most famous and The Seven Year Itch became one of the biggest commercial successes of the year after its release in June 1955.
1955:[Book] Lolita is a 1955 novel written by Russian-American novelist Vladimir Nabokov. The novel is notable for its controversial subject: the protagonist and unreliable narrator, a French middle-aged literature professor under the pseudonym Humbert Humbert, is obsessed with an American 12-year-old girl, Dolores Haze, whom he sexually molests after he becomes her stepfather. "Lolita" is his private nickname for Dolores. The novel was originally written in English and first published in Paris in 1955 by Olympia Press. Later it was translated into Russian by Nabokov himself and published in New York City in 1967 by Phaedra Publishers.
1955:[Computer] Stan Poley wrote the Symbolic Optimal Assembly Program or SOAP assembly language for the IBM 650 computer.
1955:[Technology][Business][APAC][Japan] Yamaha started motorcycle production in Japan.1955:[India][Who][Physics] Venkatraman Radhakrishnan (s/o CV Raman; Born: 18 May 1929, Chennai; Died: 3 March 2011 (age 81 years), Bengaluru) worked at the Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg, Sweden as a Research Assistant during 1955–1958. He was a senior research fellow of the California Institute of Technology in USA before joining the Radiophysics Division of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Sydney, Australia initially as the senior research scientist and later as the principal research scientist. He returned to India in 1972 and took up the task of rebuilding the Raman Research Institute as its director. During his tenure as the director of the Raman Research Institute between 1972–1994 he built an international reputation for work in the areas of pulsar astronomy, liquid crystals, and other areas of frontline research in Astronomy.
1955: Winston Churchill resigned as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in 1955, after a second premiership. He was 80 years old at the time and cited declining health as a reason for his resignation. He continued to serve as a Member of Parliament until 1964.
1955:[Who][Culture][Philosophy][Medicine][Godman] Satya Narayana Goenka was a successful businessman, born in Burma to an Indian business family, he moved to India in 1969 and started teaching meditation. When in 1955 he started experiencing severe, debilitating migraines. Unable to find medical relief, and on the suggestion of a friend, he met with the Vipassana teacher Sayagyi U Ba Khin. Though initially reluctant, Ba Khin took him on as a student. Goenka subsequently trained under him for 14 years.
1955:[Biz][Delhi] The Claridges New Delhi established in Lutyens' Delhi.
1956–57:[US][GeoPolitics] regime change attempts in Syria. (US's involvement in regime change)
1956: 2G or Second Generation of Computers starts (Transistors), lasted for 7 years.
1956 (Sep 25): no cable connection existed until TAT-1 was inaugurated this day, providing 36 telephone circuits.TAT-1 (Transatlantic No. 1), carrying 36 telephone channels was the first transatlantic telephone cable system. It was laid between Gallanach Bay, near Oban, Scotland and Clarenville, Newfoundland by the cable ship Monarch.
In the first 24 hours of public service there were 588 London–U.S. calls and 119 from London to Canada. The capacity of the cable was soon increased to 48 channels. Later, an additional three channels were added by use of C Carrier equipment. Time-assignment speech interpolation (TASI) was implemented on the TAT-1 cable in June 1960 and effectively increased the cable's capacity from 37 (out of 51 available channels) to 72 speech circuits. TAT-1 was finally retired in 1978. Later coaxial cables, installed through the 1970s, used transistors and had higher bandwidth. The Moscow–Washington hotline was initially connected through this system.
The cable consisted of seven copper wires, each weighing 26 kg/km (107 pounds per nautical mile), covered with three coats of gutta-percha (as suggested by Jonathan Nash Hearder[4]), weighing 64 kg/km (261 pounds per nautical mile), and wound with tarred hemp, over which a sheath of 18 strands, each of seven iron wires, was laid in a close spiral. It weighed nearly 550 kg/km (1.1 tons per nautical mile), was relatively flexible and was able to withstand a pull of several tens of kilonewtons (several tons). It was made jointly by two English firms – Glass, Elliot & Co., of Greenwich, and R. S. Newall & Co., of Birkenhead. Late in manufacturing it was discovered that the respective sections had been made with strands twisted in opposite directions. While the two sections proved a simple matter to join, this mistake subsequently became magnified in the public mind.
1956: All India Radio adopted आकाशवाणी as their on-air name.
1956 (Sep): LIC estd. and HQ'd at Mumbai.
1956 (Nov 1): Madhya Bharat was merged into Madhya Pradesh, the state capital was shifted from Indore to Bhopal.
1956: NCT (Delhi), Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerela, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Andman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep got their present day capitals as Delhi, Bhopal, Bengaluru, T'puram, H'bad, Port Blair and Kavaratti resp.
1956: After 1956, China and the USSR were no longer on speaking terms and were mutually hostile. China’s foreign policy was reset on the principle of “first oppose the USSR, then oppose Western Imperialism”. This meant China often allied with right-wing anticommunist regimes and movements against Soviet-aligned communist and socialist countries.
1956: The world's first democratically elected communist government came to power. After the formation of the Kerala state in 1956, elections were announced in the state next year. The Communist Party of India emerged as the single largest party in the 1957 Kerala Assembly elections. The election was fought under the leadership of EMS Namboodiripad. The Communist Party of India contested 101 of the 126 seats and won 60 capturing more than 40 per cent of the vote share. The Indian National Congress contested 124 seats but won only 43. The CPI, with the help of five other independent MLAs, formed the government. According to the biography of former US Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker, "the election results rang alarm bells in Washington". But the GoI wasn't able to complete its tenure and was dismissed by the central government through the controversial Article 356 of the Indian constitution.
1956: The Strangest Secret was a 1956 spoken word record by Earl Nightingale, which sold over one million copies and received the first Gold Record for the spoken word, which helped launch the fields of business motivation and audio publishing. It was later adapted into print (44-page essay) and video forms. The teachings focus on nonconformity and self-education, and summarizes that "You are now, and you do become, what you think about."
1956:[Aviation][Military] Convair B-58 Hustler Bomber; 1319mph @ 63,400ft.
1956 (Jun 24):[Aviation][Military] The Sukhoi Su-9 (NATO reporting name: Fishpot) was a single- engine, all-weather, missile -armed interceptor aircraft developed by the Soviet Union . The Su-9 emerged from aerodynamic studies by TsAGI, the Soviet aerodynamic center, during the Korean War, which devised several optimum aerodynamic configurations for jet fighters.
1956:[Law][India] University Grants Commission (UGC) estd.; Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) estd.
1956:[Music] The Sabri Brothers were a musical band from Pakistan who were performers of Sufi qawwali music and were closely connected to the Chishti Order. They are considered one of the greatest Sufi qawwali singers of all times. The Sabri Brothers were led by Ghulam Farid Sabri (1956-94) and his brother Maqbool Ahmed Sabri (1955-11), and later by Amjad Fareed Sabri (1982-16).
1956:[Who][Polity]Pawar's first political activity was when he was a school-going student. He organized a protest march for Goan Independence in Pravaranagar in 1956. At college, he was active in student politics. Although his older lawyer brother belonged to Peasants and Workers Party, the young Pawar preferred the Congress party and joined Youth Congress in 1958. He later became the president of Poona district (now Pune district) youth Congress in 1962. By 1964, he was one of the two secretaries of Maharashtra youth congress and in regular contact with influential leaders of the party.
1956:[NSE][PSU] The Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited is an Indian central public sector undertaking under the ownership of Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of India. The company is headquartered in Delhi. ONGC was founded on 14 August 1956 by the Government of India.
1956:[India][Education] The first AIIMS (All India Institute of Medical Sciences) was established in New Delhi in 1956. It was founded under the AIIMS Act of 1956 and was envisioned as a premier medical institution providing high-quality education, research, and healthcare services. The foundation stone for the Delhi AIIMS was laid in 1952.
1956:[research][physics] Pines predicted the existence of electronic modes where electrons in different bands move coherently out of phase, which he dubbed "demon" modes, after James Clerk Maxwell, since he thought he "lived too early to have a particle or excitation named in his honor."[7] Although Pines justified his etymological choice by making the term a half backronym (from D.E.M., which he claimed stood for "distinct electron motion"), the phenomenon is unrelated to Maxwell's statistical mechanics demon.[8] Pines' demon should not be confused with the more common acoustic plasmon which arise from low dimensionality in, for example, 2D- or quasi-2D-materials. In comparison, the demon arises only in multiband materials through opposing currents from different electronic bands, and is not tied to a particular dimensionality. His prediction of the demon was first observed experimentally in 2023 in strontium ruthenate.
1956:[research] The correct number of human chromosomes, 23 pairs (46 total), was established in 1956 by Jo Hin Tjio and Albert Levan. Prior to this, it was widely believed that humans had 24 pairs of chromosomes. Tjio and Levan, using improved cell culture techniques, accurately determined the human diploid chromosome number to be 23 pairs (46 total). Their findings were published in April 1956.
1956:[Research][Education] Bloom’s Taxonomy is a hierarchical framework developed in 1956 by Benjamin Bloom to classify educational learning objectives into levels of complexity and specificity. It helps educators design curriculum, assessments, and lessons that move students from lower-order thinking skills to higher-order critical thinking. The revised cognitive domain includes: Remembering, Understanding, Applying, Analyzing, Evaluating, and Creating.
1956:[Biz][Delhi][gov] Ashok Hotel opened as India's first state-owned luxury five-star hotel.
1957 (Fri, Oct 4, 7:28 PM): Pushed by the cold war missile race, the world's first artificial satellite came just 12 years later as the Soviet Union launched Sputnik (now, Sputnik 1) from Baikonur 1/5 into a LEO situated at 577km amsl, It was a 58 cm diameter polished metal sphere, with four external radio antennae to broadcast radio pulses, into a low Earth orbit. Early military satellite communications followed the same low-orbit path.
1957:[GeoPolitics][UK] I-day of Ghana (March 6, 1957): Led by Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana was the first sub-Saharan colony to achieve independence.
1957:[Business][GeoPolitics]The European Economic Community (EEC) was a regional organisation created by the Treaty of Rome of 1957, [note 1] aiming to foster economic integration among...Founder: Inner Six; Founded: 25 March 1957, Belgium; Area served: Europe
1957:[Business][GeoPolitics]The International Atomic Energy Agency is an intergovernmental organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons.
1957: In 1957, Chien-Shiung Wu demonstrated parity was not conserved in the weak interaction.
1957: … there was Sputnik, and President Dwight D. Eisenhower said, “This is bad.” And so he founded ARPA, the Advanced Research Projects Agency.
1957 (Oct 26): last contact with Sputnik 1.
1957: L Billington's "Radio Propagation Fundamentals" was published in Bell System Tech Journal.
1957 (Oct 26): last contact with Sputnik 1.
1957: L Billington's "Radio Propagation Fundamentals" was published in Bell System Tech Journal.
1957: A numerical control programming tool named PRONTO, developed by Dr. Patrick J. Hanratty. For that reason he is most often referred to as "the father of CAD-CAM".
1957: Guru Dutt's Pyaasa critiqued the unrealities of city life.
1957: Mehboob Khan's Mother India , which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.
1957: Joe Engressia, a blind seven-year-old boy with perfect pitch, discovered that whistling the fourth E above middle C (a frequency of 2600 Hz) would interact with AT&T's implementation of fully automatic switches, thereby inadvertently opening the door for phreaking.
1957: Mehboob Khan's Mother India , which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.
1957: Joe Engressia, a blind seven-year-old boy with perfect pitch, discovered that whistling the fourth E above middle C (a frequency of 2600 Hz) would interact with AT&T's implementation of fully automatic switches, thereby inadvertently opening the door for phreaking.
1957:[Music][India] Jaane Wo Kaise Log The Jinke Pyar Ko Pyar Mila sung by Hemant Kumar. Song: Jane Woh Kaise Log The Artist: Hemant Kumar Songwriters: Sahir Ludhianvi Music: Sachin Dev Burman Starcast's: Guru Dutt, Mala Sinha, Rehman, Waheeda Rehman Movie : Pyaasa.
1957:[Music][India][APAC] Lata Mangeshkar's song Aye Maalik Tere Bande Hum which was the original composition of Vasant Desai and used in the film Do Aankhen Barah Haath on 1957, was adapted by a Pakistani school as the school anthem on Sep 5, 2011.
1957:[Music][India][APAC] Lata Mangeshkar's song Aye Maalik Tere Bande Hum which was the original composition of Vasant Desai and used in the film Do Aankhen Barah Haath on 1957, was adapted by a Pakistani school as the school anthem on Sep 5, 2011.
1957:[Gaming][Polity] The Amusement & Music Operators (AMOA), a trade founded. It was composed by 1,700 members up to 1995. In music industry, forged license-compliance programs with right groups ASCAP, BMI or SESAC, and it represented the country's licensed jukebox owners.
1957: Housing - The Delhi Development Authority (DDA) was created in 1957 under the provisions of the Delhi Development Act "to promote and secure the development of Delhi". The Delhi Development Authority is a statutory body established under the Delhi Development Act, 1957, under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India to "promote and secure the development of Delhi".
1957:The Antarctic Treaty was signed in Washington on 1 December 1959 by the twelve countries whose scientists had been active in and around Antarctica during the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957-58. It entered into force in 1961 and has since been acceded to by many other nations.
1957:[History][India] Vishnu Shridhar Wakankar (4 May 1919 – 3 April 1988) was an Indian archaeologist. Wakankar is credited with the discovery of the Bhimbetka rock caves in 1957 and the Kayatha culture in 1964, among others.
1958:[US][GeoPolitics] failed coup attempt in Indonesia. (US's involvement in regime change)
1958 (Jan 1): EU founded. Treaty of Rome.
1958: Hush Puppies founded at US.1958:[Med][Delhi] The Maulana Azad Medical College was established on its campus, turning the hospital into a major teaching institution. (LNH)
1958: Seymour Cray developed the first transistorized supercomputer for the Control Data Corporation in 1958. He introduced the CDC 6600, the first supercomputer with parallel processing.
1958 (May): BTEUP or Uttar Pradesh Board of Technical Education, an education company, is the board which provides technical education to students in Uttar Pradesh, India, after completing their junior engineers course.1958 (May 12):[Space] North American Aerospace Defense Command (NAADC), known until March 1981 as the North American Air Defense Command, is a combined organization of the United States and Canada that provides aerospace warning, air sovereignty, and protection for Canada and the continental United States. Headquarters for NORAD and the NORAD/United States Northern Command center are located at Peterson Space Force Base in El Paso County, near Colorado Springs, Colorado. The nearby Cheyenne Mountain Complex has the Alternate Command Center. The NORAD commander and deputy commander are, respectively, a United States four-star general or equivalent and a Canadian lieutenant-general or equivalent. NORAD re-locate 100s of satellite after each geomagnetic storm as they have been knocked out of their old orbits.
1957:[Extreme][Research] the Soviet vessel Vityaz reported a depth of Mariana trench to be 11,034 m (36,201 ft; 6,033 fathoms) at a location dubbed the Mariana Hollow.
1958 (Nov 3): CISCE (Council for the Indian School Certificate Exam) founded at Nehru Place, New Delhi. It consucts ICSE and ISC exam for Class X and Class XII resp. in India. It is a Non-Gov. Board of School Edu.
1958:[Delhi] The Okhla Industrial Estate, established on April 13, 1958, and inaugurated by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, was one of India's first large industrial estates and the first industrial setup in the Okhla area of Delhi, marking a significant step in the nation's post-independence industrial development. The establishment of the Okhla Industrial Estate aligned with the focus of India's Second Five Year Plan (1956-1961), which emphasized industrialization to foster economic development and create employment opportunities.
1958: Uttar Pradesh Small Industries Corporation Ltd. founded. It is a company registered under the Company Law Act of 1956 – wholly owned by the State Government of Uttar Pradesh.
1958 (Jul 25): IIT Bombay was the second IIT to be established in 1958 with assistance from UNESCO and with funds contributed by the Soviet Union. with 100 students. These students were selected from over 3,400 applicants for admission to the first year undergraduate engineering programmes .
1958: Amitabh Bachchan passed out from Sherwood College, Nainital.
1958 (Aug 29): Michael Jackson was born in Gary, Indiana, United States.
1958 (Jul 25): IIT Bombay was the second IIT to be established in 1958 with assistance from UNESCO and with funds contributed by the Soviet Union. with 100 students. These students were selected from over 3,400 applicants for admission to the first year undergraduate engineering programmes .
1958: Amitabh Bachchan passed out from Sherwood College, Nainital.
1958 (Aug 29): Michael Jackson was born in Gary, Indiana, United States.
1958:[Computer] IBM Port-A-Punch: Port-A-Punch; IBM 1958. History of IBM RPG.
1958:[India][Polity] Tribal Panchsheel was given by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru [1889–1964], the first Prime Minister of India in the year 1958.
1958:[Computer] ALGOL (short for "Algorithmic Language"), a family of imperative computer programming languages, was developed jointly by a committee of European and American computer scientists in a meeting in 1958 at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (cf. ALGOL 58). It specified three different syntaxes: a reference syntax, a publication syntax, and an implementation syntax. The different syntaxes permitted it to use different keyword names and conventions for decimal points (commas vs periods) for different languages.
1958:[Music][India] Ek Pardesi Mera Dil Le Gaya, song by Asha Bhosle and Mohammed Rafi ft. in movie Phagun
1958:[Business][Finance][Housing] Warren Buffet still lives in his house bought in 1958. - 2022
1958:[Space][Research] David Finkelstein used general relativity to introduce a stricter definition of a local black hole event horizon as a boundary beyond which events of any kind cannot affect an outside observer, leading to information and firewall paradoxes, encouraging the re-examination of the concept of local event horizons and the notion of black holes.
1958:[PSU] Hindalco Industries Limited an Indian aluminium and copper manufacturing company, is a subsidiary of the Aditya Birla Group. Its headquarters are at Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. The company is listed in the Forbes Global 2000 at 661st rank. Its market capitalisation by the end of November 2023 was US$15.6 billion.
1958:[PSU] NMDC Limited, formerly National Mineral Development Corporation, is an Indian public sector undertaking HQ'd at H'bad and involved in the exploration of iron ore, copper, rock phosphate, limestone, dolomite, gypsum, bentonite, magnesite, diamond, tin, tungsten, graphite, coal etc.
1958:[Mntngg][Extreme] El Capitan is a vertical rock formation in Yosemite National Park, on the north side of Yosemite Valley, near its western end. Wikipedia Elevation: 2,308 m First ascenders: Warren Harding, Wayne Merry, George Whitmore First ascent: 12 November 1958 Mountain range: Sierra Nevada Coordinates: 37°44′32″N 119°38′09″W / 37.74222°N 119.63583°W Easiest route: Hike English translation: "the captain" or "the chief"
1958:[Extreme][India] Paan Singh Tomar was a noteworthy figure in Indian history, transitioning from a respected athlete to a notorious Chambal Valley rebel. He was a national steeplechase champion and represented India in the 1958 Asian Games. After his military service, he later became a Chambal Valley dacoit due to a land dispute and other grievances.
Early Life and Athletic Career: Born: 1932 Army Service: Served in the Indian Army, where he was discovered to have a talent for running. Steeplechase Champion: He was a seven-time national steeplechase champion during the 1950s and 1960s. Represented India: Represented India in the 1958 Asian Games. Premature Retirement: Retreated from the army and settled back in his village. Rise to Rebel: Land Dispute: A land dispute led to his descent into banditry. Rebel Leader: He became a well-known Chambal Valley rebel and formed his own gang. Revenge: Some accounts suggest that he retaliated after his brother's death, killing nine villagers who had provided information to the police. Notable Encounter: He was eventually killed in an encounter with law enforcement officials on October 1, 1981. Cultural Icon: His story became a legend, and he is considered a hero and cult figure in some circles. Cultural Impact: Biopic: A movie titled "Paan Singh Tomar" (2012) was released, starring Irrfan Khan and Mahie Gill, based on his life, according to IMDb. Symbol of Rebellion: His story serves as a symbol of resistance and rebellion, particularly in the Chambal Valley region.
Early Life and Athletic Career: Born: 1932 Army Service: Served in the Indian Army, where he was discovered to have a talent for running. Steeplechase Champion: He was a seven-time national steeplechase champion during the 1950s and 1960s. Represented India: Represented India in the 1958 Asian Games. Premature Retirement: Retreated from the army and settled back in his village. Rise to Rebel: Land Dispute: A land dispute led to his descent into banditry. Rebel Leader: He became a well-known Chambal Valley rebel and formed his own gang. Revenge: Some accounts suggest that he retaliated after his brother's death, killing nine villagers who had provided information to the police. Notable Encounter: He was eventually killed in an encounter with law enforcement officials on October 1, 1981. Cultural Icon: His story became a legend, and he is considered a hero and cult figure in some circles. Cultural Impact: Biopic: A movie titled "Paan Singh Tomar" (2012) was released, starring Irrfan Khan and Mahie Gill, based on his life, according to IMDb. Symbol of Rebellion: His story serves as a symbol of resistance and rebellion, particularly in the Chambal Valley region.
1958:[accident] On March 11, 1958, a U.S. Air Force B-47 Stratojet bomber accidentally dropped a 7,600-pound Mark 6 nuclear bomb on the Mars Bluff community near Florence, South Carolina. The bomb's conventional explosives detonated on impact, creating a 35-foot deep crater, destroying a family home, and injuring six people, but the nuclear core was not installed, preventing a nuclear explosion. While flying from Hunter Air Force Base in Georgia to the UK, a crew member, Captain Bruce Kulka, accidentally grabbed the emergency bomb release pin while attempting to secure a jammed weapon in the bay. The blast destroyed the home of Walter "Bill" Gregg, injured his family, and left a 50-70 foot wide, 25-35 foot deep crater. The incident was classified initially, and the family received $54k in compensation for the damage to their property.
1959:[extreme] Dashrath Manjhi (14 January 1934 – 17 August 2007), also known as the Mountain Man, was an Indian laborer from Gehlaur village, near Gaya in the eastern state of Bihar. When his wife died in 1959 after being injured from falling from a mountain and due to the same mountain blocking easy access to a nearby hospital in time, he decided to carve a 110-metre-long (360 ft), 9.1-metre-wide (30 ft), and 7.7-metre-deep (25 ft) path through a ridge of hills using only a hammer and a chisel.
1959:Dashrath Manjhi, also known as the Mountain Man, was an Indian laborer from Gehlaur village, near Gaya in the eastern state of Bihar. Wikipedia Born: 14 January 1934, Gehlor Died: 17 August 2007 (age 73 years), All India Institute Of Medical Sciences Delhi, New Delhi Spouse: Falguni Devi (m. ?–1959) Children: Bhagirath Manjhi Known for: Manually carving a mountain in order to connect Gehlaur and Gaya
1959:[Music] Bryan Adams, in full Bryan Guy Adams, (born November 5, 1959, Kingston, Ontario, Canada), Canadian rock singer-songwriter, photographer, and social activist whose hit albums Cuts Like a Knife (1983) and Reckless (1984) made him one of the most popular and successful recording artists of the 1980s.
1959: 17 RECs were established from 1959 onwards in each of the major states.
1959: Television broadcasting began as an experimental telecast in Delhi as part of AIR, but was split off from the radio network as Doordarshan on 1 April 1976.
Pratima Puri was the first newsreader. Salma Sultan joined Doordarshan in 1967, and later became a news anchor. The television service was extended to Bombay (now Mumbai) and Amritsar in 1972. Finally, in 1982, Doordarshan took shape as a National Broadcaster. Krishi Darshan was the first program telecast on Doordarshan. It commenced on 26 January 1967 and is one of the longest running programs on Indian television.
1959: Padma Desai, author of "India: Planning for Industrialization" is the first Asian woman to get a PhD in economics from Harvard university
1959 (Dec 29): "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom", a lecture given by physicist Richard Feynman at an American Physical Society meeting at Caltech, which further laid to the advent of nanotechnology.
1959: IBM RPG was written for IBM 1401 to process punched-cards.
1959: The Gulf rupee (Arabic: روبيه or روبيه خليجيه), also known as the Persian Gulf rupee, was a currency used in the countries of the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Peninsula between 1959 and 1966. It was issued by the Government of India and the Reserve Bank of India and was equivalent to the Indian rupee.
1961: Mansoor Ali Khan or Mansur Ali Khan sometimes M. A. K. Pataudi (5 January 1941, Bhopal– 22 September 2011, New Delhi), nicknamed Tiger Pataudi, was an Indian cricketer and former captain of the Indian cricket team. He was the titular Nawab of Pataudi from 1952 until 1971, when by the 26th Amendment to the Constitution of India the privy purses of the princes were abolished and official recognition of their titles came to an end.
1961: Hague Convention of 1961 (Used by For other than Individuals (Foreign companies/Entities incorporated outside India/Unincorporated entities formed outside India))
1961: Department of Technical Education was separated from the Directorate of Industries, U.P. and had been established as an independent unit in the 1961 for the planned, chronological and coordinated development of technical education in the state of Uttar Pradesh. The Directorate of Technical Education, U.P. is located at Kanpur. The department has been divided in two sectors viz. degree and diploma to provide standard technical education at Graduate/Post Graduate and Diploma level.
1961: Ganga-Jamuna starring Dili Kr. Helen and Vaijainthimala. Had a song Insaaf Ki Dagar Pe ( a Top 10 Patriotic songs in Bollywood for Gandhi Jayanti.)
1961: the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 to curb the social menace of dowry in India.
1963 (Jan): Ivan Edward Sutherland submitted a technical report based on a dissertation titled "Sketchpad: A man-machine graphical communication system" for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
1963 (Nov 21): The first rocket launch into space from Indian soil under the leadership of project scientist Praful Bhavsar.
1963: Kohima became the capital of Nagaland.
1963: The first ever reference to malicious hacking is 'telephone hackers' in MIT's student newspaper, The Tech of hackers trying up the lines with Harvard, configuring the PDP-1 to make free calls, war dialing and accumulating large phone bills.
1963: Ellen Lupton born. She is a graphic designer, writer, curator, and educator. Well known for her fascination and study within typography, Lupton decided to expand her love for design and took on the graphic design world.
1965: Ted Nelson gave a presentation titled "A File Structure for the Complex, the Changing, and the Indeterminate." Nelson described to the scientific community his interconnected "docuverse“, an idea similar to Licklider’s Gallactic Network. Nelson coined the term "hypertext“ and “hyperlink”
1965: UCB (United Colors of Benetton) or Benetton Group S.r.l. founded by Luciano Benetton at Ponzano Veneto, Italy. It trades in Clothing, Shoes, Bags and Accessories.. It has 7714 employees and has an annual revenue of 1,529 million Euros (as of 2015).
1965: Gold's Gym International, Inc. is an American chain of international co-ed fitness centers originally started by Joe Gold in Venice Beach, LA, California.
1965: The Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) (or Xizang Autonomous Region) was formally established in 1965 to replace the Tibet Area, an administrative division the PRC inherited from the Republic of China (ROC).
1965: Engineers India Limited (EIL) is a Navratna public-sector undertaking of the Government of India under the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas.
1965: The 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act (USA), which removed origin-country quotas and created employment-based immigration channels, as well as subsequent legislation emphasizing highly skilled immigration provided an entry pathway for a growing number of professionals and students from India. The majority of post-1965 arrivals from India were young, educated urban dwellers, with strong English language skills.
1965: William D. Mathews from MIT found a vulnerability in a CTSS running on an IBM 7094. The standard text editor on the system was designed to be used by one user at a time, working in one directory, and so created a temporary file with a constant name for all instantiations of the editor. The flaw was discovered when two system programmers were editing at the same time and the temporary files for the message-of-the day and the password file became swapped, causing the contents of the system CTSS password file to display to any user logging into the system.
1965: IBM RPG-II was released for IBM System/3.
1966: MeritNet.
1966: Reita Faria won Miss World, became the first Asian to win the title.
1966: Niall Rudd authored Horace: Satires and Epistles and Persius: Satires
1966: Bareli ke bazaar mein, Jhumka gira re. (Movie: Mera Saaya)
1966: CD-ROM. American inventor James T. Russell has been credited with inventing the first system to record digital information on an optical transparent foil that is lit from behind by a high-power halogen lamp. Sony and Philips licensed Russell's patents (then held by a Canadian company, Optical Recording Corp.) in the 1980s.
1966: Reliance Textiles Industries Pvt Ltd was incorporated in Maharashtra. It established a synthetic fabrics mill in the same year at Naroda in Gujarat.
-----------------------------------------Emergency Period in India (China war) halted------
1968: ARPANET. Created as a network to discuss research ideas and to help the nation survive a nuclear attack.
1969: Logic& Computer Programming introduced.
1969: Scholastic Asian Book Award founded by Nat. Book Dev Council of S'pore (NBDCS) and Scholastic Asia. For 6 to 18 years Asian writers for unpublished manuscript (32000 words). (Prize:S$10000).
1969 (Apr): [GeoPolitics] Russia proposed the organization of a European Security Conference in the same way as it had done in 1954. This led to formation of Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE). CSCE further gave birth to Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) in 1975.
1970s: One of the first rappers at the beginning of the hip hop period, at the end of the 1970s, was also hip hop's first DJ, DJ Kool Herc. Herc, a Jamaican immigrant, started delivering simple raps at his parties, which some claim were inspired by the Jamaican tradition of toasting.
1970s: BRACT was developed by MBAssociates for the US Air Force's Space and Missile Systems Center.
In the early versions of this technology, there was only one core protocol, which was named TCP. And in fact, these letters didn't even stand for what they do today Transmission Control Protocol, but they were for the Transmission Control Program. The first version of this predecessor of modern TCP was written in 1973, then revised and formally documented in
1974: Mother Dairy was commissioned as a wholly owned subsidiary of the National Dairy Development Board {NDDB}. It was an initiative under Operation Flood, a dairy development program aimed at making India a milk sufficient nation.
1974 (Oct): [India][Culture] Steve Jobs in India. India has always attracted the inhabitants of the western world, who have viewed it as a land of sadhus. Steve Jobs too nurtured these thoughts, and so in the middle of 1974, he visited India along with one of his friends from Reeds college, named Dan Kottke, who would later become the first employee of Apple. He went to India to meet Neem Karoli Baba, but to his dismay Baba was already dead; at around September, 1974.
1975s: Cleve Moler, the chairman of the CS dept. at the University of New Mexico, started developing MATLAB in the late 1970s.
1975 (Nov 4): Staff Selection Commission was formed as Subordinate Services Commission and HQ'd at New Delhi.
1977: Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Len Adleman of MIT designed RSA algorithm used in ATMs and in other secure transactions. Its key-size ranges from 1024 to 4096 bit. The basic technique was first discovered in 1973 by Clifford Cocks of CESG (part of the British GCHQ) but this was a secret until 1997.
1978: Intel's 8086 that lead to x86 architecture.
1978: Global Positioning System (GPS), also known as Navstar was launched by USA.
1978: IBM RPG-III was released for IBM System/38.
1979: Rohini RS-1, the first Indian satellite launched from first Indian lauch centre, RLC, Sriharikota (Andhra Pradesh).
1981: AIDS was first clinically observed in the United States.
1981: Chaos Computer Club forms in Germany.
1984: GATE was organised by IISc Bangluru for the first time.
1984: Jyotiraditya Scindia aged 13 participated in his father's Madhavrao Scindia election campaign in Guna, MP.
1984 (Apr 14): The Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) was founded on the birth anniversary of B.R. Ambedkar by Kanshi Ram, who named former schoolteacher Mayawati as his successor in 2001.
1984 (Oct 31):[Polity] Four months after the Operation Bluestar and Woodrose, Indira Gandhi was assassinated in vengeance by her two Sikh bodyguards, Satwant Singh and Beant Singh. Rajiv Gandhi becomes PM of India for 5 years.
1984: In Sophocles: The Three Theban Plays, Robert Fagles translates Sophocles' Oedipus the King. He was an American professor, poet, and academic, best known for his many translations of ancient Greek and Roman classics, especially his acclaimed translations of the epic poems of Homer.
1985: first website with '.com. as suufix.
1985: MS-Windows 1.0 released.
1985: Homer's The Iliad translated to English by Emile Victor Rieu CBE, a classicist, publisher, poet, and initiator and editor of the Penguin Classics series of books.
1985: when, following US, Marijuana got enlisted under illegal drugs in India.
1985 (May 21): David M Barnes published "The intro. of cellular radio in the UK"
1985: Super Mario Bros (a platform video game) developed and published by Nintendo as a pseudo-sequel to the 1983 game, Mario Bros. It was originally released in Japan for the Family Computer.
1985: The DeLorean time machine got featured in Back to the Future. It is a fictional automobile-based time travel device featured in the Back to the Future franchise. In the feature film series, Dr. Emmett Brown builds a time machine based on a DeLorean DMC-12 car, to gain insights into history and the future.
1985 (Jan): Railway Service Commissions have been renamed as Railway Recruitment Board (RRB). At present 19 Railway Recruitment Boards are functioning.
1985 (Jan 12): 1st National Youth Day on B'day of Swami Vivekananda.
1985: All tickets were issued manually and Stand-alone Computerized ticketing and reservation was introduced in multiple phases, beginning from New Delhi as pilot project, followed by Bombay, Chennai, Kolkata and Secundrabad.
1985 (Mar 20): IRBI (Industrial ReConstruction Bank of India ) estd.
1986: The EU issued a directive to all member states to clear the frequency band of 890-915 MHz for transmission from UE to BTSand 935-960 MHz for the reverse direction for the operation of 124 radio channels for the future pan-European cellular radio network.
1986 (Nov 8): Aaron Swartz born at Highland Park, Illinois. At age 13, Swartz won an ArsDigita Prize, given to young people who create "useful, educational, and collaborative" noncommercial websites.
1987: UUNet. No. of Hosts connected to internet: 28,000.
1987: Daman became the capital of Daman & Diu.
1987: Gavaskar, who had retired from all forms of cricket after the 1987 Cricket World Cup.
1987 (May 29):[Philosophy] Criss Jami (born Christopher James Gilbert) is an American poet, essayist, and existentialist philosopher. He is best known as the author of Healology, Killosophy, Diotima, Battery, Electric Personality, Venus in Arms, and Salomé: In Every Inch In Every Mile. Criss Jami began writing song lyrics at an early age.
1992: First Master Plan-2011 was prepared for Greater NOIDA. Outline Development Plan 2011 approved by NCR Planning Board in 1996.
1995: Int'l Gandhi Peace Prize launched.
1995: Sachin R. Tendukar and Anjali Tendulkar wedded together.
1995: .mp3 invented.
1959 (Jan 2): Kaagaz Ke Phool (Hindi: कागज़ के फूल) released. It was directed by Guru Dutt, Written by Abrar Alvi, Starring Waheeda Rehman, Guru Dutt, Baby Naaz, Mehmood and Johnny Walker; Music by S. D. Burman. Running Time: <150 mins. (2.5 hrs.)
1959: Ruth invents a three dimension doll named Barbie.
1959: Ruth invents a three dimension doll named Barbie.
1959 (Oct 29):[Book] Astérix was originally serialised in Pilote magazine, debuting in the first issue. In 1961 the first book was put together, titled Asterix the Gaul. From then on, books were released generally on a yearly basis.
1959 (Nov 20): UN adopted the Declaration of the Rights of the Child.
1959: Robin S Ngangom was born. He is an Indian poet and translator from Manipur, North Eastern India. He authored A Poem for Mother and The strange Affairs of Robin S. Ngangom. Ngangom is living in Shillong.1959: Television broadcasting began as an experimental telecast in Delhi as part of AIR, but was split off from the radio network as Doordarshan on 1 April 1976.
Pratima Puri was the first newsreader. Salma Sultan joined Doordarshan in 1967, and later became a news anchor. The television service was extended to Bombay (now Mumbai) and Amritsar in 1972. Finally, in 1982, Doordarshan took shape as a National Broadcaster. Krishi Darshan was the first program telecast on Doordarshan. It commenced on 26 January 1967 and is one of the longest running programs on Indian television.
1959: Padma Desai, author of "India: Planning for Industrialization" is the first Asian woman to get a PhD in economics from Harvard university
1959 (Dec 29): "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom", a lecture given by physicist Richard Feynman at an American Physical Society meeting at Caltech, which further laid to the advent of nanotechnology.
1959: IBM RPG was written for IBM 1401 to process punched-cards.
1959: The Gulf rupee (Arabic: روبيه or روبيه خليجيه), also known as the Persian Gulf rupee, was a currency used in the countries of the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Peninsula between 1959 and 1966. It was issued by the Government of India and the Reserve Bank of India and was equivalent to the Indian rupee.
1959:[Book] David J. Schwartz's The Magic of Thinking Big
1959 (Feb 18):[NSE][PSU] Oil India Limited is a central public sector undertaking engaged in the business of exploration, development and production of crude oil and natural gas, transportation of crude oil and production of liquid petroleum gas.
1959:[NSE][PSU] MoPaNG's Indian Oil Corporation Limited, trading as IndianOil, is an Indian multinational oil and gas company under the ownership of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of India.
1959:[Tourism][China] Ho Pui Reservoir is an irrigation reservoir in Hong Kong completed in 1962, built to supply water to Pat Heung farmers and managed by the Water Supplies Department. Site work began in 1959, and its opening was celebrated alongside the Tsing Tam dams on January 29, 1962. Tucked into seemingly every corner of Hong Kong SAR, from the mainland peninsula to its numerous islands, you'll find artificial reservoirs created to quench a booming population's thirst in this region that's short on natural freshwater. The metropolis innovatively uses seawater for such applications as toilet flushing, but its drinking and irrigation water is mostly delivered from elsewhere in China, then stored in reservoirs built into basins and bays throughout the bustling region. Ho Pui Reservoir, seen here from a drone's perspective, is a popular destination in the mountains, with a hiking trail that traverses right over the curving dam.
1959:[Tourism][EU] The Shiroka Polyana Reservoir (lake) was constructed between 1959 and 1962. Location: Western Rhodopes mountains, BulgariaPurpose: Built as part of the Batak Hydropower Cascade to collect and manage water resources. Kayaking on Shiroka Polyana Lake, Bulgaria - Slender spruces and pines rise abruptly next to grassy meadows and glassy waters here in the Rhodopes. Bulgaria's largest mountain range is transected by several cascading series of dams and reservoirs, which generate the bulk of the country's water power. It'd take almost the equivalent in upper body power to paddle the whole of these human-made lakes: The undulating shores of the flooded valleys outline countless channels, inlets, coves, and bays.
Ice kayaker in Shiroka Polyana reservoir, Bulgaria - 'There's no such thing as bad weather, just bad clothes,' goes an old Scandinavian saying. Our aerial shot of an ice-defying kayaker brings us to a different part of Europe—Bulgaria, to be exact—but the aphorism applies anywhere there's a chill in the air. To a skilled and well-equipped kayaker, any body of water lacking a thick ice layer can offer opportunities for polar paddling—as our photo subject, clad in a dry suit and presumably warm layers beneath, proves by slicing a streak through the Shiroka Polyana reservoir's thin sheet of ice. See less
1960s:
1960s–1970s:[Telco] (waveguide) Commercial expansion into microwave relay networks, followed by a shift toward fiber-optic waveguides after major loss reductions achieved by Corning Glass in 1970.
1960s:[MBA] 1960s-1970s: The "Project Management Triangle" (Cost, Time, Quality/Performance) was developed to analyze the trade-offs between project constraints.
1960s:[Space][Interstellar] a Grand Tour (GT) to study the outer planets was proposed by NASA which prompted NASA to begin work on a mission during the early 1970s. Information gathered by the Pioneer 10 spacecraft helped Voyager's engineers design Voyager to cope more effectively with the intense radiation environment around Jupiter. However, shortly before launch, strips of kitchen-grade aluminum foil were applied to certain cabling to further enhance radiation shielding.
1960s:[Computer] The idea behind FARGO was to facilitate ease of transition for IBM 407 Accounting Machine technicians to the new IBM 1400 series of computers. The 1400 series had two assemblers; Symbolic Programming System (SPS) and Autocoder (a more advanced assembler which required more memory than SPS). Another important feature of FARGO programs is that they did not require compilation. Instead, specification cards were placed into the FARGO program deck at appropriate locations and then simply run with the data cards at the end of the program deck. FARGO was designed for IBM 1401 card systems with at least 4000 positions of Core storage.
1960s:[Physics][Research][US] Raymond Davis Jr. (October 14, 1914 – May 31, 2006) was an American chemist and physicist. He is best known as the leader of the Homestake experiment in the 1960s-1980s, which was the first experiment to detect neutrinos emitted from the Sun; for this he shared the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics. (proving theories of Pauli and Fermi).
1960s:[Culture] Hippie movement, the 1960s counterculture that brought peace, drugs, and free love across the United States. Hippie fashion has been commonplace in the years since the 1960s in clothing and accessories, particularly the peace symbol. Astrology, including everything from serious study to whimsical amusement regarding personal traits, was integral to hippie culture.
1960s: Supercomputers were introduced. The term 'minicomputer' was introduced.
1960s: touch-tone signaling started replacing the rotary dial in the 1960s.1960s: Heliographs were standard issue in the British and Australian armies until the 1960s. They were used by the Pakistani army as late as 1975, and Canada was the last major army to keep the heliograph as an issue item.
1960s: PepsiCo, a US-beverage giant, entered the Russian market in the early 1960s, at the height of the Cold War, and helped to create common ground between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, this followed by McDonald's.
1960s:[Crime] Karim Lala, born as Abdul Karim Sher Khan ( born in 1911, Kunar, Afghanistan died aged 90 on 19 February 2002, Mumbai) in the Samalam Village of the Shegal District of the Kunar province of Afghanistan, was infamous as one of the three "mafia dons of Mumbai" in India for more than two decades from the sixties to the early eighties.
1960s:[Business][Food] Parle Agro (1960s), led by Prakash Jayantilal Chauhan (elder son of Jayantilal Chauhan). The company is run by his daughters Schauna, Alisha and Nadia (owner of the brands such as Frooti and Appy).
1960s:[Research] Research on rechargeable Li-ion batteries.
1960s:[GeoPolitics][mntngg] Before we delve into what happened on the mountain in 1965, we need to go back a little, to the early 1960s, when the geopolitical situation in Asia was tense. Xinjiang in China had witnessed nuclear tests; India was still reeling from its 1962 war with China; and the United States, embroiled in Cold-War rivalry, was seeking vantage points to monitor Chinese missile and nuclear activity.
1960s:[Research][Education] The Feynman Technique, a four-step mental model for learning through simplification and teaching, was not developed in one specific year but is derived from the teaching methods of Nobel laureate physicist Richard Feynman throughout his career, particularly during the 1940s–1960s. It is often associated with his 1960s lectures and the philosophy in his 1985 book, Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman!.
1960s: The company was co-founded by Dhirubhai Ambani and his brother Champaklal Damani in 1960s as Reliance Commercial Corporation. In 1965, the partnership ended and Dhirubhai continued the polyester business of the firm.
1960s:[Space][Research] Initially, the term theory of everything was used with an ironic reference to various overgeneralized theories. For example, a grandfather of Ijon Tichy – a character from a cycle of Stanisław Lem's science fiction stories of the 1960s – was known to work on the "General Theory of Everything". Physicist Harald Fritzsch used the term in his 1977 lectures in Varenna. Physicist John Ellis claims to have introduced the acronym "TOE" into the technical literature in an article in Nature in 1986. Over time, the term stuck in popularizations of theoretical physics research.
1960s:[Space] Direct radar measurements of the distances to Venus and Mars became available in the early 1960s. Along with improved measurements of the speed of light, these showed that Newcomb's values for the solar parallax and the constant of aberration were inconsistent with one another.
1960s:[Space] Direct radar measurements of the distances to Venus and Mars became available in the early 1960s. Along with improved measurements of the speed of light, these showed that Newcomb's values for the solar parallax and the constant of aberration were inconsistent with one another.
1960s:[Culture][Space] Sci-fi films have influenced our psyche about aliens coming to our world and annihilating us, and made it made a most prominent challenge to make the first contact from Earth.
[Generation] Baby Boomers generation (1946–1964) ends; lasted for 18 years.
1960–1965:[US][GeoPolitics] involvement in the Congo Crisis. (US's involvement in regime change)
1960:[GeoPolitics][UK] I-day of Nigeria (October 1, 1960): Gained independence three years after Ghana, marking a major milestone in West African liberation.
1960:[US][GeoPolitics] Laotian counter-coup by Phoumi Nosavan. (US's involvement in regime change)
1960: [GeoPolitics][Military][Economics] Economist Robert Triffin explains the "Triffin Dilemma," describing the inherent instability of a reserve currency [[08:43](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYJri1eNRyc&t=523)].
1960:[Business][GeoPolitics] EFTA stands for the European Free Trade Association. It's a regional trade organization and free trade area consisting of four European countries: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland. EFTA was established in 1960 to promote free trade and economic integration among its member states.
1960:[space][research][book] Dyson Sphere - The same concept was later used by physicist Freeman Dyson in his 1960 satirical paper "Search for Artificial Stellar Sources of Infrared Radiation". Dyson speculated that such structures would be the logical consequence of the escalating energy needs of a technological civilization and would be a necessity for its long-term survival. A signature of such spheres detected in astronomical searches would be an indicator of extraterrestrial intelligence.
1960:[Extreme][Travel][India] Trisul II (21,949) and Trisul III (19708) were first climbed in 1960 by the Yugoslav team JAHO I . They climbed from the Bidalgwar glacier, achieving the summit of Trisul II via the southern ridge and Trisul III via the north ridge.
1960: ASCII was developed from telegraph code. Its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6, 1960, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) (now the American National Standards Institute or ANSI) X3.2 subcommittee. The first edition of the standard was published in 1963, underwent a major revision during 1967, and experienced its most recent update during 1986.
1960: The first MOS transistor actually built was by Kahng and Atalla at Bell Labs in 1960.
1960: the big year for African independence.
1960: Dr. M.L. Goel first invented the electoral ink for India in around 1960 using Phosphorus.
1960: The The International System of Units (abbreviated as SI, from the French Système international (d'unités)) was published in 1960 as a result of an initiative that began in 1948. It is based on the metre–kilogram–second system of units (MKS) rather than any variant of the centimetre–gram–second system of units (CGS).
1960: IIT-JEE conducted for the first time as Common Entrance Exam (CEE)
1961: First two Indian Institute of Management estd. at Ahmedabad and Calcutta. (IIMA)
1961: Silvasa and Panaji became the capital of Dadra'n'Nagar Haveli and Goa resp.
1961: Earth orbit was first achieved by Yuri Gargin of the Soviet Union
1961 (Oct 15): Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala' died aged 65 at Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh.
1961 (Jun 23):[Military][Education] Sainik School, Satara , MH
1960: the big year for African independence.
1960: Dr. M.L. Goel first invented the electoral ink for India in around 1960 using Phosphorus.
1960: The The International System of Units (abbreviated as SI, from the French Système international (d'unités)) was published in 1960 as a result of an initiative that began in 1948. It is based on the metre–kilogram–second system of units (MKS) rather than any variant of the centimetre–gram–second system of units (CGS).
1960: IIT-JEE conducted for the first time as Common Entrance Exam (CEE)
1960: Phalguni Devi w/o Dashrath Manjhi, while crossing Gehlour hills to bring him lunch, she slipped and seriously injured herself, which eventually led to her death.
1960: there were only 12,000 Indian immigrants in the United States, representing less than 0.5 percent of the 9.7 million foreign-born population at the time in US.
1960: Nagpur became the winter capital of Maharashtra.
1960 (May): BRO (Border Roads Organisation) was estd.
1960: there were only 12,000 Indian immigrants in the United States, representing less than 0.5 percent of the 9.7 million foreign-born population at the time in US.
1960: Nagpur became the winter capital of Maharashtra.
1960 (May): BRO (Border Roads Organisation) was estd.
1960 (Sep 9): Jigar Moradabadi died at Gonda
1960: K. Asif's Mughal-e-Azam.
1960: Chitrahaar (चित्रहार) is television program on DD National featuring song clips from Bollywood films. It was widely watched in the 1970s.The word literally means 'a garland of pictures', or more liberally, 'a story of pictures'. It airs for half an hour every Friday on prime-time, where the videos of the latest songs in Hindi film (Bollywood) music are televised.
1960: The Government opened 8 RECs in 1960 two in each region, Regional Engineering Colleges (REC) at Durgapur and Jamshedpur in East, Nagpur, Surat and Bhopal in West, Warangal and Surathkal in South, at Srinagar and Allahabad in Northern Region. Later on 5 more were added by 1965.
1960: Chitrahaar (चित्रहार) is television program on DD National featuring song clips from Bollywood films. It was widely watched in the 1970s.The word literally means 'a garland of pictures', or more liberally, 'a story of pictures'. It airs for half an hour every Friday on prime-time, where the videos of the latest songs in Hindi film (Bollywood) music are televised.
1960: The Government opened 8 RECs in 1960 two in each region, Regional Engineering Colleges (REC) at Durgapur and Jamshedpur in East, Nagpur, Surat and Bhopal in West, Warangal and Surathkal in South, at Srinagar and Allahabad in Northern Region. Later on 5 more were added by 1965.
1960:[Book] Sylvia Plath (October 27, 1932 – February 11, 1963) was an American poet, novelist, and short-story writer. She is credited with advancing the genre of confessional poetry and is best known for two of her published collections, The Colossus and Other Poems (1960) and Ariel (1965), as well as The Bell Jar, a semi-autobiographical novel published shortly before her death in 1963. The Collected Poems were published in 1981, which included previously unpublished works. For this collection Plath was awarded a Pulitzer Prize in Poetry in 1982, making her the fourth to receive this honour posthumously
1960:[Book] To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by the American author Harper Lee. It was published in 1960 and was instantly successful. In the United States, it is widely read in high schools and middle schools. To Kill a Mockingbird has become a classic of modern American literature, winning the Pulitzer Prize. The plot and characters are loosely based on Lee's observations of her family, her neighbors and an event that occurred near her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama, in 1936, when she was ten.
1960:[Book] To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by the American author Harper Lee. It was published in 1960 and was instantly successful. In the United States, it is widely read in high schools and middle schools. To Kill a Mockingbird has become a classic of modern American literature, winning the Pulitzer Prize. The plot and characters are loosely based on Lee's observations of her family, her neighbors and an event that occurred near her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama, in 1936, when she was ten.
1960s:[Culture] Mysetry of crop circles. Attributed to aliens, they were famous in the 1960s and 1970s, and appeared mainly in Australia and the United Kingdom. In 1991 British Doug Bower and Dave Chorley revealed that they had made about 200 for over more than two decades.
1960:[Cinema] The Last Man on Earth(1924)
1960:[Business] Lion Saffron by Bombay Keshar Company. India’s oldest saffron brand, that sells saffron and saffron-based products worldwide.
1960:[Mntngg][Book] Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills, 10th Edition - More than 800,000 copies sold since the first edition was published in 1960, and translated into 12 languages
1960:[Mntngg][Extreme] Yes, "Manjhi – The Mountain Man" is based on a true story. The film tells the story of Dashrath Manjhi, a landless laborer who single-handedly carved a path through a mountain in the Gehlour Hills of Bihar, India. He did this to improve access to medical facilities for his village. Effort: He worked for 22 years, from 1960 to 1982, using only a hammer and chisel. Dashrath Manjhi: A landless laborer from the Musahar settlement in Gehlour, Bihar. Motivation: He carved the path after witnessing his wife's injury due to a fall and the lack of easy access to medical care. Effort: He worked for 22 years, from 1960 to 1982, using only a hammer and chisel. Impact: The path he carved reduced the distance between his village and the nearest town from 55 km to 15 km. Recognition: The road was later named "Dashrath Manjhi Path" by the government of Bihar.
1960:[Telco] While Heaviside's operational impedance is not directly used in EIS, his work provided the foundation for its development. The application of impedance techniques in electrochemistry was further advanced by Warburg's work on diffusional impedance and later by Epelboin and his group in the 1960s, who significantly propelled EIS as a corrosion mechanism analysis tool.
1960:[Business][GeoPolitics] The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is an organization enabling the co-operation of leading oil-producing and oil-dependent countries in order to collectively influence the global oil market and maximize profit. Headquarters: Vienna, Austria; Founded: September 1960, Baghdad, Iraq; Founders: Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo, Abdullah Tariki
1961:[US][GeoPolitics] Bay of Pigs invasion. (US's involvement in regime change)
1961:[US][GeoPolitics] Operation Mongoose in Cuba. (US's involvement in regime change)
1961:[Business][GeoPolitics] The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an intergovernmental organisation with 38 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade. Headquarters: Paris, France; Founded: 30 September 1961
1961:[Business][GeoPolitics] The World Food Programme is an international organization within the United Nations that provides food assistance worldwide. It is the world's largest humanitarian organization and the leading provider of school meals. Founded in 1961, WFP is headquartered in Rome and has offices in 87 countries. Founders: Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations General Assembly.
1961:[Med][Delhi] The Govind Ballabh Pant Hospital, officially renamed the Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), was commissioned in New Delhi on April 30, 1964, after its foundation stone was laid in October 1961. Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru officially opened the facility, which began with 229 beds and has since grown into a premier super-specialty medical center.
1961:[Business][GeoPolitics] Amnesty International is an international non-governmental organization focused on human rights, with its headquarters in the United Kingdom. The organization says that it has more than ten million members and supporters around the world.
1961:[Business][GeoPolitics] The World Wide Fund for Nature is a Swiss-based international non-governmental organization founded in 1961 that works in the field of wilderness preservation and the reduction of human impact on the environment.
1961:[Research][cosmos] The idea of terraforming Venus, or deliberately modifying its atmosphere and surface to make it Earth-like, was first proposed by astronomer Carl Sagan in 1961. The Proposal: In his 1961 article in the journal Science titled "The Planet Venus," Sagan proposed seeding the Venusian atmosphere with genetically engineered algae. This algae was intended to convert the carbon dioxide in Venus's atmosphere into oxygen and organic compounds, theoretically reducing the greenhouse effect and cooling the planet.
1961:The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) was formerly the world’s largest agency for foreign aid, disaster relief, and economic development. Established in 1961 during the Cold War by president John F. Kennedy, USAID was designed to counter the Soviet Union through the use of soft power across the world.
1961: Packet Switching1961: First two Indian Institute of Management estd. at Ahmedabad and Calcutta. (IIMA)
1961: Silvasa and Panaji became the capital of Dadra'n'Nagar Haveli and Goa resp.
1961: Earth orbit was first achieved by Yuri Gargin of the Soviet Union
1961 (Oct 15): Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala' died aged 65 at Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh.
1961 (Jun 23):[Military][Education] Sainik School, Satara , MH
1961:[Military][Education] The concept of Sainik Schools in India traces back to the vision of V. K. Krishna Menon, the then Defence Minister of India. The first Sainik School was established in 1961 at Satara in Maharashtra, with the objective of grooming young boys academically, physically, and mentally to pursue a career in the armed forces.
1961: The UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 is an international treaty to prohibit production and supply of specific (nominally narcotic) drugs, including Marijuana (Penicillin of Ayurvedic Medicines).1961: Mansoor Ali Khan or Mansur Ali Khan sometimes M. A. K. Pataudi (5 January 1941, Bhopal– 22 September 2011, New Delhi), nicknamed Tiger Pataudi, was an Indian cricketer and former captain of the Indian cricket team. He was the titular Nawab of Pataudi from 1952 until 1971, when by the 26th Amendment to the Constitution of India the privy purses of the princes were abolished and official recognition of their titles came to an end.
1961: Hague Convention of 1961 (Used by For other than Individuals (Foreign companies/Entities incorporated outside India/Unincorporated entities formed outside India))
1961: Department of Technical Education was separated from the Directorate of Industries, U.P. and had been established as an independent unit in the 1961 for the planned, chronological and coordinated development of technical education in the state of Uttar Pradesh. The Directorate of Technical Education, U.P. is located at Kanpur. The department has been divided in two sectors viz. degree and diploma to provide standard technical education at Graduate/Post Graduate and Diploma level.
1961: Ganga-Jamuna starring Dili Kr. Helen and Vaijainthimala. Had a song Insaaf Ki Dagar Pe ( a Top 10 Patriotic songs in Bollywood for Gandhi Jayanti.)
1961: the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 to curb the social menace of dowry in India.
1961 (Aug 13): The Berlin Wall was a guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989. Construction of the wall was commenced by the German Democratic Republic on 13 August 1961. The Wall cut off West Berlin from surrounding East Germany, including East Berlin. Wikipedia
1961: Kushal Pal Singh joined his father-in-law's company DLF as Chairman, spent nearly 6 decades building DLF a $4.2 billion fortune.
1961 (Oct 30):[Physics] The Tsar Bomba (loosely translated as Emperor of Bombs; aka Kuzka's mother) is the most powerful thermonuclear weapon ever detonated, as no other bomb as strong has ever been tested. While there were no deaths from the Tsar Bomba's test, there were windows shattered due to the explosion 780km (480 miles) away in a village on Dikson Island. However, the Soviet Union developed three AN602 physics packages at 101.5 megatons (Mt) and these are more powerful than the Tsar Bomba, which was downscaled to 51 Mt before being used RDS-220 Vanya. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) designated the test as "JOE 111", using their "JOE" counting scheme begun with RDS-1 in 1949.
1961:"Ask Not What Your Country Can Do For You". John F. Kennedy's Inaugural Address, January 20, 1961. We observe today not a victory of party, but a celebration.
1961:[Env][Disaster] Bihar flood, 1k deaths
1961:[Env] Tetra Pak unveiled aseptic technology, enabling safe packaging of bacteria-free milk without refrigeration. Tetra Pak continued to expand, with its first production plant outside Sweden established in Mexico and production exceeding 1 billion cartons annually.
Aseptic technology in Tetra Pak packaging refers to the process of sterilizing the packaging material and the food product separately, then combining them in a sterile environment. This allows for long shelf life without refrigeration and enables the distribution of products at ambient temperatures. The food product, such as milk, juice, or soup, is sterilized using methods like ultra-high temperature (UHT) sterilization. The packaging material, typically a composite of paper, polyethylene, and aluminum, is sterilized separately.
1961:Hungarian physicist Eugene Wigner did not perform a physical experiment but devised the thought experiment "Wigner's Friend" in 1961 to highlight the paradoxes in the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics regarding the measurement problem. In the scenario, Wigner observes his friend, who is in a sealed lab performing a quantum measurement, and the experiment illustrates conflicting perspectives on when and how quantum superposition collapses into a definite state, questioning the nature of objective reality and the role of the observer.
1962:[GeoPolitics][UK] I-day of Uganda (October 9, 1962): Achieved independence, with Milton Obote as its first Prime Minister.
1962:[Space] The (11 year long) Mariner program was conducted by the American space agency NASA to explore other planets. Between 1962 and late 1973, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) designed and built 10 robotic interplanetary probes named Mariner to explore the inner Solar System - visiting the planets Venus, Mars and Mercury for the first time, and returning to Venus and Mars for additional close observations. The program included a number of interplanetary firsts, including the first planetary flyby, the planetary orbiter, and the first gravity assist maneuver. The total cost of the Mariner program was approximately $554 million. They were to take advantage of the soon-to-be-available Atlas launch vehicles as well as the developing capability of JPL’s Deep Space Instrumentation Facility (later named the Deep Space Network), a global network of ground stations designed to communicate with spacecraft in deep space. The name of the Mariner program was decided in "May 1960-at the suggestion of Edgar M. Cortright" to have the "planetary mission probes ... patterned after nautical terms, to convey 'the impression of travel to great distances and remote lands.'" That "decision was the basis for naming Mariner, Ranger, Surveyor, and Viking probes." Each spacecraft was to carry solar panels that would be pointed toward the Sun and a dish antenna that would be pointed at Earth. Each would also carry a host of scientific instruments. Some of the instruments, such as cameras, would need to be pointed at the target body it was studying. Other instruments were non-directional and studied phenomena such as magnetic fields and charged particles. JPL engineers proposed to make the Mariners "three-axis-stabilized," meaning that unlike other space probes they would not spin.
1962:[Maths] Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Wiley, (First edition 1962; ninth edition 2006, ISBN 978-0-471-48885-9; tenth edition (posthumous) 2011, ISBN 978-0-470-45836-5). Erwin Otto Kreyszig was a German Canadian applied mathematician and the Professor of Mathematics at Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. He was a pioneer in the field of applied mathematics: non-wave replicating linear systems. Wikipedia Born: 6 January 1922, Pirna, Germany Died: 12 December 2008 (age 86 years) Education: Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Technische Universität Darmstadt, University of Münster Children: Herbert Kreyszig
1962: Digital technology first appeared in American telecommunications with AT&T's introduction of its T1 Carrier System.
1962: Stefan Sagmeister born. He is a New York-based graphic designer, storyteller, and typographer. Sagmeister co-founded a design firm called Sagmeister & Walsh Inc. with Jessica Walsh in New York City. [Movies: The Happy Film]
1962: The first commercial modem was manufactured - the Bell 103 by AT&T. The Bell 103 was also the first modem with full-duplex transmission, frequency-shift keying or FSK, and had a speed of 300 bits per second or 300 bauds.
1962: The Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) was set up in 1962 by Jawaharlal Nehru. It had Vikram Sarabhai as its chairman.
1962: Stefan Sagmeister born. He is a New York-based graphic designer, storyteller, and typographer. Sagmeister co-founded a design firm called Sagmeister & Walsh Inc. with Jessica Walsh in New York City. [Movies: The Happy Film]
1962: The first commercial modem was manufactured - the Bell 103 by AT&T. The Bell 103 was also the first modem with full-duplex transmission, frequency-shift keying or FSK, and had a speed of 300 bits per second or 300 bauds.
1962: The Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) was set up in 1962 by Jawaharlal Nehru. It had Vikram Sarabhai as its chairman.
1962 (Jul 22):[Space][Research] Mariner 1 (designated Mariner R-1) was launched was destroyed approximately 5 minutes after liftoff by the Air Force Range Safety Officer when its malfunctioning Atlas-Agena rocket went off course.
1962 (Aug): J.C.R. Licklider, a VP at BBN, describes the idea of a “Galactic Network”. He envisioned a globally interconnected set of computers through which everyone could quickly access data and programs from any site.
1962 (Aug): J.C.R. Licklider, a VP at BBN, describes the idea of a “Galactic Network”. He envisioned a globally interconnected set of computers through which everyone could quickly access data and programs from any site.
1962 (Aug 27):[Space] Mariner 2 (designated Mariner R-2) was launched, sending it on a 3½-month flight to Venus. The mission was a success, and Mariner 2 became the first spacecraft to have flown by another planet. Mariner 1 (P-37) and Mariner 2 (P-38) were two deep-space probes making up NASA's Mariner-R project. The primary goal of the project was to develop and launch two spacecraft sequentially to the near vicinity of Venus, receive communications from the spacecraft and to perform radiometric temperature measurements of the planet. A secondary objective was to make interplanetary magnetic field and/or particle measurements on the way to, and in the vicinity of, Venus.
-------------------------------------------- Sino-Indian War --------------------------------------------
1962 (Oct 20):[war] The Sino-Indian War of 1962. The Sino-Indian War, also known as the China–India War or the Indo-China War, was an armed conflict between China and India that took place from October to November 1962. It was a military escalation of the Sino-Indian border dispute. The fighting was concentrated in two locations along the India-China border, the North-East Frontier Agency (NESA), and the Aksai Chin region, which were roughly 1,000 km (620 mi) apart. The conflict arose due to China's claims over the Aksai Chin and NESA, with both countries relying on different historical border agreements. India recognised the Johnson Line in the west and the McMahon Line in the east, while China did not recognise them.
1962 (Oct 20): The Sino-Indian War of 1962, also known as the Sino-Indian Border Conflict of 1962, was a war between China and India that occurred in 1962. A disputed Himalayan border was the main pretext for war, but other issues played a role.
-----------------------------------------Emergency Period in India (China war) started------
1962 (Oct 26): during the India-China war — "the security of India" having been declared "threatened by external aggression". In the history of independent India, this was the first of three periods during which a state of emergency was deemed to have existed.
-----------------------------------------Emergency Period in India (China war) started------
1962 (Oct 26): during the India-China war — "the security of India" having been declared "threatened by external aggression". In the history of independent India, this was the first of three periods during which a state of emergency was deemed to have existed.
1962 (Dec 14):[Space] On the way it measured for the first time the solar wind, a constant stream of charged particles flowing outward from the Sun. It also measured interplanetary dust, which turned out to be more scarce than predicted. In addition, Mariner 2 detected high-energy charged particles coming from the Sun, including several brief solar flares, as well as cosmic rays from outside the solar system. As it flew by Venus on December 14, 1962, Mariner 2 scanned the planet with infrared and microwave radiometers, revealing that Venus has cool clouds and an extremely hot surface (because the bright, opaque clouds hide the planet’s surface, Mariner 2 was not outfitted with a camera).
1962: Rashtriya Indian Military College (RIMC), Dehradun was founded in 1962 by former Defence Minister of India(Late Krishnan Menon). RMS is an all-boys residential school affiliated with the Central Board of education (CBSE), New Delhi.
1962:[Art][US] Andy Warhol created a portrait of every non-frozen Campbell's soup flavor available to him in 1962. When his 32-piece “Soup Cans” exhibition opened in 1962, he transformed into a visual Prince of Pop.
1962:[Research][Chemistry]Moseley's work did not directly concern the study of electron shells, because he was trying to prove that the periodic table was not arranged by weight, but by the charge of the protons in the nucleus. However, because the number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom equals the number of protons, this work was extremely important to Niels Bohr who mentioned Moseley's work several times in his 1962 interview. Moseley was part of Rutherford's group, as was Niels Bohr. Moseley measured the frequencies of X-rays emitted by every element between calcium and zinc and found that the frequencies became greater as the elements got heavier. This led to the theory that electrons were emitting X-rays when they were shifted to lower shells. This led to the conclusion that the electrons were in Kossel's shells with a definite limit per shell, labeling the shells with the letters K, L, M, N, O, P, and Q.
1962:[Books] "Daddy" is a poem written by American confessional poet Sylvia Plath. The poem was written on October 12, 1962, four months before her death and one month after her separation from Ted Hughes. It was published posthumously in Ariel during 1965[1] alongside many other of her poems leading up to her death such as "Tulips” and "Lady Lazarus."
1962: the surface ship M.V. Spencer F. Baird recorded a maximum depth of Mariana trench to be 10,915 m (35,810 ft; 5,968 fathoms) using precision depth gauges.
1962:[Disaster] 'brain-eating amoeba' infections spread in Florida, United States.
1962:[Env][Mntngg] The Dokriani Glacier (aka Dokrani Bamak) in the Bhagirathi basin of the Garhwal Himalayas is retreating, with an average rate of 15-20 meters per year. This retreat has been observed since 1995, with a total recession of 550 meters between 1962 and 1995. Studies show that the rate of recession has increased slightly, possibly due to global warming. The Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology monitors several glaciers in Uttarakhand, and the Dokriani Glacier is one of them. The Dokriani Glacier, also known as Dokriani Bamak, is a medium-sized glacier located in the Garhwal Himalayas of Uttarakhand, India. It is part of the Bhagirathi river system and is 5 km long, terminating at an elevation of 3,800 m. It is a medium sized (7 sqkm) glacier, fed by two cirques originating at the northern slope of Draupadi-Ka-Danda (5600m) and Jaonli peak (6000m).
1962:[Business][Music] In 1962, Matsushita founded Audio-Technica with the vision of producing high-quality audio for everyone. And following this vision, he soon created the first
1962:[SpaceX][Meteor] Comet Swift–Tuttle is a large periodic comet with a 1995 orbital period of 133 years that is in a 1:11 orbital resonance with Jupiter. It fits the classical definition of a Halley-type comet, which has an orbital period between 20 and 200 years. Wikipedia Meteor shower spawned: Perseids Discoverers: Horace Parnell Tuttle, Lewis A. Swift Orbital period: 133 years Radius: 13 km Discovered: 16 July 1862 Last perihelion: 11 December 1992 Comet nuclear magnitude (M2): 8.5
1962:[silvics][India] Forest Tree Seed Laboratory: Forest Tree Seed Laboratory (FTSL) started its journey as Seed Testing Laboratory in the year 1962. In the year 1966, the laboratory was granted the status of an accredited station for tree seeds in India by the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA). The laboratory is devoted to studies on all aspects of forest tree seed problems, viz. seed collection, handling & processing, developing procedures for germination, techniques for breaking seed dormancy, testing viability & vigour, storage physiology & protocols and conservation of forest genetic resources. Considering wider scope of the laboratory the World Bank Consultants Dr. W.W. Elam and Dr. F.T. Bonner in their report recommended that the laboratory be re-designated as the Forest Tree Seed Laboratory (FTSL). Over the years, this laboratory has done pioneering work on tree seeds of tropical as well as temperate regions of India providing inputs for evolving procedures for the testing of seeds. The laboratory has also shared knowledge with other institutions with similar interests and has been largely responsible for creating infrastructure for tree seed research and testing in the Indian Council of Forestry Research & Education (ICFRE) institutes, State Forest Departments and Agricultural Universities. As natural regeneration failure is a complex problem, in some of forestry species since long and allelopathy can influence forest succession, inhibit forestation and forest regeneration, so this laboratory is also carrying out allelopathic research for tackling regeneration problems of some of the temperate and subtropical species. FTSL has taken a lot of new initiatives for the conservation of forest genetic resources and developed guidelines based on scientific principles for short, medium and long term storage of forest tree species, medicinal plants, tree-borne oilseeds and other multipurpose species. FTSL has also helped the state forest departments in their large-scale plantation activities under Greening Mission, by supplying quality seed of many forestry species. (FRI)
1962:[edu][www] First department: Purdue University created the first formal academic Department of Computer Science in 1962.
1963:[GeoPolitics][UK] I-day of Kenya (December 12, 1963): Kenya gained independence, followed by becoming a republic exactly one year later.
1963:[US][GeoPolitics] South Vietnamese coup d'état. (US's involvement in regime change)
1963:[Business][GeoPolitics] EUROCONTROL is a pan-European, civil-military organisation dedicated to supporting European aviation. The European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation, commonly known as Eurocontrol, is an international organisation working to achieve safe and seamless air traffic management across Europe. Founded in 1963, Eurocontrol currently has 42 member states with headquarters in Brussels, Belgium.
1963:[Education][UK][Public] University of York founded.
1963: Compact Music Cassettes.1963 (Jan): Ivan Edward Sutherland submitted a technical report based on a dissertation titled "Sketchpad: A man-machine graphical communication system" for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
1963 (Nov 21): The first rocket launch into space from Indian soil under the leadership of project scientist Praful Bhavsar.
1963: Kohima became the capital of Nagaland.
1963: The first ever reference to malicious hacking is 'telephone hackers' in MIT's student newspaper, The Tech of hackers trying up the lines with Harvard, configuring the PDP-1 to make free calls, war dialing and accumulating large phone bills.
1963: Ellen Lupton born. She is a graphic designer, writer, curator, and educator. Well known for her fascination and study within typography, Lupton decided to expand her love for design and took on the graphic design world.
1963: Michael Jackson became choir lead of his father's band and later went onto became an American singer, songwriter, and dancer. Dubbed the "King of Pop", he is regarded as one of the most significant cultural figures of the 20th century and one of the greatest entertainers in the history of music.
1963 (May):[US][Teen][Socialism] In May 1963, the Birmingham Children's Crusade, a nonviolent protest by Black children in Birmingham, Alabama, aimed to desegregate public facilities and gain civil rights for all. Over 1,000 students marched through the city, facing arrests, fire hoses, and police dogs. This campaign, led by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, played a crucial role in shifting public opinion and leading to federal civil rights legislation.
1963:[US][Teen][Socialism] In the Southern United States in 1963, the Civil Rights Movement was actively pushing for desegregation and equality, leading to significant events like the March on Washington and the integration of the University of South Carolina. The year also saw the brutal murder of Emmett Till and the subsequent trial, which galvanized the movement.
1963 (Nov 22): Assassination of John F Kennedy. “My fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you — ask what can you do for your country.” - (JFK from Inauguration speech Jan 1961)
1963:[Book] Joseph Murphy's The Power of Your Subconscious Mind.
1963:[Computer] In conclusion, the computer mouse was invented in 1963 by Douglas Engelbart, an engineer and computer scientist working at the Stanford Research Institute. The first mouse was a wooden shell with two metal wheels on the bottom, which were used to track movement on a surface.
1963:[Philosophy][Research][Physics][US][Who] Gilbert Harman started teaching Philosophy at Princeton University, until his retirement in 2017.
1963 (Oct): William H. Oldendorf received a U.S. patent for a "radiant energy apparatus for investigating selected areas of interior objects obscured by dense material". (CT Scan).
1963 (Oct 7):[GeoPolitics] the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union signed the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, which forbade tests in the atmosphere, outer space and underwater. As such, with the signing of this treaty, these countries ensured that no one would detonate a Tsar Bomba-style weapon ever again.
1963:[GoI] Since 1963, India inducted more than 1,200 MiG-21s into its air force. As of 2024, around 40 MiG-21s are known to be in operation with the IAF. At its peak, IAF operated 400 MiG-21s in 19 squadrons. In 2023, the IAF announced that it would replace its MiG-21 Bisons with indigenously built Tejas fighter jet.
1963:[Mntngg][Extreme] The couloir was named after a member of the 1963 American Mount Everest Expedition, Thomas Hornbein, who was on the first ascent. The first ascent of the couloir was made on 22 May 1963, by Tom Hornbein and his partner, Willi Unsoeld, who were with the 1963 U.S.A. expedition attempting to reach the Everest summit from the Nepalese southern side by two routes. The majority of expedition members used the same route climbed ten years earlier by Tenzing Norgay and Edmund Hillary. This entailed negotiating the Western Cwm and the flank of Lhotse to the South Col, then up the southeast ridge to the peak. Hornbein and Unsoeld, however, took a more challenging, different and unknown route up the west ridge from Camp 2 in the Western Cwm, traversing over the north face to ascend the steep and narrow couloir. After summiting, they descended the southeast ridge, bivouacking high up.
1963:It was on 16 Sept of 1963, that the foundation stone of the 12 Sainik Schools in the chain of 33 Sainik Schools sprawling across the length and breadth of the country was laid down. This fledgling nascent school was a sequel to the concerted endeavour of the legendary cultural ambassador and the then Union Defence Minister, Late V K Krishna Menon and the visionary Chief Minster from Bihar Late K B Sahay. The onus of translating vision from the drawing boards into reality fell on the scholar Principal Lt Col LEG Smith. Thus was born SST which later has been ensconced as a landmark on the academic scene of the state and nation as well. Today it is a top ranking nursery to the NDA.
1963:[silvics] Coat of arms of Royal Forestry Society, granted 20 November 1963.
1964:[US][GeoPolitics] Brazilian coup d'état. (United States i. (US's involvement in regime change)
1964:[US][GeoPolitics] ousting of Cheddi Jagan in British Guiana. (US's involvement in regime change)
1964:[Business][GeoPolitics] UNCTAD - UN Trade and Development is an intergovernmental organization within the United Nations Secretariat that promotes the interests of developing countries in world trade. Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland; Founded: 1964; Founder: United Nations General Assembly
Head: Rebeca Grynspan; (Secretary-General); Legal status: Active profit organization; Parent organization: United Nations General Assembly; United Nations Secretariat
1964:[space][research] The Kardashev scale, proposed by Nikolai Kardashev in 1964, is a method of ranking civilizations by their technological advancement based on the amount of energy they can harness. It traditionally ranges from Type I (planetary energy) to Type III (galactic energy), with human civilization currently ranked around 0.7.
1964:[Computer] Specific instruction set architectures that have been retroactively labeled CISC (Complex instruction set computer) are System/360 (announced by IBM on April 7, 1964) through z/Architecture, the PDP-11 and VAX architectures, and many others. Well known microprocessors and microcontrollers that have also been labeled CISC in many academic publications include the Motorola 6800, 6809 and 68000-families; the Intel 8080, iAPX432 and x86-family; the Zilog Z80, Z8 and Z8000-families; the National Semiconductor 32016 and NS320xx-line; the MOS Technology 6502-family; the Intel 8051-family; and others.
1964: 3G or Third Generation of Computers starts (ICs), lasted for 7 years.1964:[Med][Delhi] GIPMER commissioned by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on April 30 with 229 beds to cater to specialized care needs.
1964: The CDC 6600 released. It is generally considered the first supercomputer.
1964 (May 27): Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru died.
1964: The CDC 6600 released. It is generally considered the first supercomputer.
1964 (May 27): Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru died.
1964 (May 30): [GeoPolitics] The Council of Arab Economic Unity was founded by Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Mauritania, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Tunisia, Syria, United Arab Emirates and Yemen on May 30, 1964, following an agreement in 1957 by the Economic Council of the Arab League.
1964: ETS' TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) started.
1964: UTI or Unit Trust of India estd. and HQ'd at Mumbai.
1964: Muhammad Ali first won the title of world heavyweight champion.
1964: Syncom-3, the first satellite was placed into a geostationary orbit . It was launched by NASA's Delta D rocket.
1964: The Merlion at Marina Bay, landmark of the metropolis of Singapore, designed by artist Alec Fraser-Brunner for Singapore Board of Tourism.
1964: The proposal to have a mountaineering Institute at Uttarkashi was mooted by the Ministry of Defence, Government of India and the Government of Uttar Pradesh in 1964. Uttarkashi was specially selected as the home of NIM, primarily because of its close proximity to the Gangotri region in western garhwal, which undoubtedly has the best climbing and training potential in India and perhaps in the world. NIM, Uttarkashi.
1964: UTI or Unit Trust of India estd. and HQ'd at Mumbai.
1964: Muhammad Ali first won the title of world heavyweight champion.
1964: Syncom-3, the first satellite was placed into a geostationary orbit . It was launched by NASA's Delta D rocket.
1964: The Merlion at Marina Bay, landmark of the metropolis of Singapore, designed by artist Alec Fraser-Brunner for Singapore Board of Tourism.
1964: The proposal to have a mountaineering Institute at Uttarkashi was mooted by the Ministry of Defence, Government of India and the Government of Uttar Pradesh in 1964. Uttarkashi was specially selected as the home of NIM, primarily because of its close proximity to the Gangotri region in western garhwal, which undoubtedly has the best climbing and training potential in India and perhaps in the world. NIM, Uttarkashi.
1964: Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) founded, it is designated as a terrorist organisation by USA.
1964: The 1964 Brazilian coup d'état (Portuguese: Golpe de estado no Brasil em 1964), colloquially known in Brazil as the Coup of 64 (Golpe de 64), was a series of events in Brazil from March 31 to April 1 that led to the overthrow of President João Goulart by members of the Brazilian Armed Forces, supported by the United States government. The following day, with the military already in control of the country, the speaker of the Brazilian Congress came out in support of the coup.
1964:[Aviation][Military] North American B-70 Valkyrie Supersonic Strategic Bomber; max speed of Mach3.1/2057mph @ service ceiling of 23,576m/77,350ft. State-of-the-art aircraft that Soviet intelligence knew for a decade. To match the incredible performance, Soviet engineers came up with an aircraft that needs to be as fast and that can be developed in record time and can be mass produced by hundreads, Mikoyan-Gurevich Ye-155P (aka Mig-25) Mach 3 @ 75k ft., quick to develop and easy to mass produce to overcome the odss with bruteforce. To withstand kinetic heating (300*C), but light-weight heat-resisting Titanium was not mass-scalable, hence used heavy Nickel-steel alloy, quickly welded together and can be easily repaired even in the most remote and ill-equipped airbase. 40,000 pound jet maneuvre.
1964:[Music][India] Lag Ja Gale Song from Woh Kaun Thi is popular Hindi song sung by Lata Mangeshkar with music composed by Madan Mohan and lyrics by Raja Mehndi Ali Khan
1964:[Cinema] On the Beach(1959)
1964 (Nov 13):[GoI][CPSU] Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) is an Indian central public sector undertaking and the largest government-owned power generation equipment manufacturer. It is owned by the Government of India, with administrative control by the Ministry of Heavy Industries.
1964:[GoI][CPSU] BEML Limited, formerly Bharat Earth Movers Limited, is an Indian public sector undertaking which manufactures a variety of heavy equipment, such as that used for earth moving, railways, transport and mining. It is headquartered in Bangalore. BEML is Asia's second-largest manufacturer of earth moving equipment. It also manufacture sleeper racks for Vande Bharat (launched in 2019) trains.
1964:[US][Economy] David Rockefeller and President Johnson launch IESC (IESC: Improving Economies for Stronger Communities (formerly known as International Executive Service Corps)) in the White House Rose Garden in 1964
1964:[Research][Space] The Kardashev scale is a method for classifying civilizations based on their level of technological advancement, specifically focusing on the amount of energy they can harness and utilize. Proposed by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Kardashev in 1964, the scale categorizes civilizations into three main types.
Type I Civilization (Planetary): This civilization can utilize and store all the energy available on its home planet. This includes harnessing resources like wind, water, and solar energy to their fullest potential. Currently, Earth is estimated to be at about 0.73 on this scale, indicating that humanity hasn't yet reached Type I status.
Type II Civilization (Stellar): This civilization can harness and control the total energy output of its star. A hypothetical structure, like a Dyson Sphere, could be used to capture and utilize most or all of a star's energy.
Type III Civilization (Galactic): This civilization can harness and control the energy of its entire galaxy.
1964:[India] The 1964 Twin City Concept: Architects proposed building New Bombay (Navi Mumbai) not just as a bedroom suburb, but as an active economic counter-magnet to break South Mumbai's single-point commercial focus. APMC Market at Vashi/Turbhe: CIDCO constructed Asia's largest Agricultural Produce Market Complex (APMC) in Navi Mumbai's Vashi/Turbhe node.
1965–1966:[US][GeoPolitics] occupation of the Dominican Republic. (US's involvement in regime change)
1965–66:[US][GeoPolitics] transition to the New Order in Indonesia. (US's involvement in regime change)
1965:[Research] CuF2/Li battery developed by NASA.
1965: Bisleri founded. The Parle Group, founded by Jayantilal Chauhan, began manufacturing soft drinks in 1949. Bisleri, an Italian mineral water company, was launched in Mumbai in the year 1965. The Parle Group purchased Bisleri from the Italian entrepreneur Signor Felice Bisleri in 1969.1965: Ted Nelson gave a presentation titled "A File Structure for the Complex, the Changing, and the Indeterminate." Nelson described to the scientific community his interconnected "docuverse“, an idea similar to Licklider’s Gallactic Network. Nelson coined the term "hypertext“ and “hyperlink”
1965: UCB (United Colors of Benetton) or Benetton Group S.r.l. founded by Luciano Benetton at Ponzano Veneto, Italy. It trades in Clothing, Shoes, Bags and Accessories.. It has 7714 employees and has an annual revenue of 1,529 million Euros (as of 2015).
1965: Gold's Gym International, Inc. is an American chain of international co-ed fitness centers originally started by Joe Gold in Venice Beach, LA, California.
1965: The Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) (or Xizang Autonomous Region) was formally established in 1965 to replace the Tibet Area, an administrative division the PRC inherited from the Republic of China (ROC).
1965: Engineers India Limited (EIL) is a Navratna public-sector undertaking of the Government of India under the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas.
1965: The 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act (USA), which removed origin-country quotas and created employment-based immigration channels, as well as subsequent legislation emphasizing highly skilled immigration provided an entry pathway for a growing number of professionals and students from India. The majority of post-1965 arrivals from India were young, educated urban dwellers, with strong English language skills.
1965: William D. Mathews from MIT found a vulnerability in a CTSS running on an IBM 7094. The standard text editor on the system was designed to be used by one user at a time, working in one directory, and so created a temporary file with a constant name for all instantiations of the editor. The flaw was discovered when two system programmers were editing at the same time and the temporary files for the message-of-the day and the password file became swapped, causing the contents of the system CTSS password file to display to any user logging into the system.
1965: IBM RPG-II was released for IBM System/3.
1965:[Book] The Warriors is a novel written by Sol Yurick and illustrated by Frank Modell in 1965. In 1979, it was adapted into the film of the same name. Compared to the film, the novel takes a closer look at the concepts of sexuality, reputation, family, and survival.
1965:[Cinema] Battle in Outer Space: (released in Japan as Uchu daisenso)(1959)
1965:[Cinema] Two Thousand Maniacs(1964)
1965:[Books] "Lady Lazarus" is a poem written by Sylvia Plath, originally included in Ariel, which was published in 1965, two years after her death by suicide. This poem is commonly used as an example of her writing style. It is considered one of Plath's best poems and has been subject to a plethora of literary criticism since its publication. It is commonly interpreted as an expression of Plath's suicidal attempts and thoughts.
1965:[Research][Medicine] In Australia, Fowler and Carter reported the first case of Naegleria fowleri infection, commonly referred to as the “brain-eating amoeba”, which is the only known species of the Naegleria genus associated with human disease.
1965:[PSU] Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited (CPCL), formerly known as Madras Refineries Limited (MRL), is a subsidiary of Indian Oil Corporation Limited which is under the ownership of Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas of the Government of India. It is headquartered in Chennai, India.
1965 (Jan 15): Winston Churchill's last words to his family were, "I am bored with it all." This was reported today, on excellent authority, by the London Evening Standard. Sir Winston's family announced his illness Friday, Jan. 15, and the first medical report was issued that afternoon.
1965 (Jan 24): Her Majesty also expresses a desire that the entire nation should 'have the opportunity to express their sorrow' over the passing of Churchill, who she describes as 'the inspiring leader who strengthened and supported us all.'. The arrival of HM Queen Elizabeth II - accompanied by HM Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, the Duke of Edinburgh and the Prince of Wales - marked a break with tradition as, by not arriving last, the Queen gave precedence to Churchill himself.
1965 (Jan 24): Leading the world in tributes were Queen Elizabeth II, Prime Minister Harold Wilson, and Lyndon B. Johnson, the president of the United States.
1965 (Jun 25): Vedanta Limited is an Indian multinational mining company headquartered in Mumbai, with its main operations in iron ore, gold and aluminium mines in Goa, Karnataka, Rajasthan and Odisha.
1965:[PSU] Bharat Aluminium Company Ltd. was an Indian government owned aluminium producer under Ministry of Mines, Government of India. In 2000, the Ministry of Mines, Government of India sold it to Vedanta Resources when Atal Bihari Vajpayee-Bharatiya Janta Party-National Democratic Alliance-led-government was in power.
1965:[India] The truth behind this story came out decades later, when a Right to Information (RTI) request in 2019 revealed that Mir Osman Ali Khan never donated 5000 kilograms of gold. Instead, he invested 425 kilograms of gold in the National Defence Gold Scheme, a program introduced by the Indian government during the war.
1965:[Med][Delhi] Between 1965 and 1970, specialized departments like Radiology and Pathology were added to GIPMER and expanded into functional diagnostic units.
1965:[Biz][Delhi] The Oberoi, New Delhi opened its doors overlooking Humayun's Tomb.
--------------------------------------- II Indo-Pak War started ---------------------------------------
1965 (Aug 5):[war] The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 was a 22-day military conflict fought between India and Pakistan from August to September 1965. Triggered by Pakistan's covert Operation Gibraltar to infiltrate Jammu and Kashmir, the war saw fierce land and air battles across the international border before ending in a UN-mandated ceasefire.
1965 (Sep):[GeoPolitics][mntngg] Nanda Devi was chosen as the best location for this espionage mission. This mission was spearheaded by Indian mountaineer and Navy veteran Captain Manmohan Singh Kohli, in collaboration with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) of the U.S. and India’s Intelligence Bureau (IB). In September 1965, the expedition established its base camp in the Nanda Devi Sanctuary. The equipment included a heavy RTG (weighing approximately 50-60 kg) with plutonium fuel capsules, antennae, transceivers and more. As per the plan, the sherpas would carry the device up via several camps to a ridge near the summit. Once placed, a summit team (two Indians, two Americans) would install it. As per plan, in mid-October, the mission reached “Camp IV” on the southeast ridge. But then the unthinkable happened.
--------------------------------------- II Indo-Pak War halted ----------------------------------------
1965 (Oct 16):[mntngg][disaster][extreme] On 16 October 1965 severe weather hit. A blizzard set in; and an avalanche threat rose. It was too dangerous to continue the mission, and Captain Kohli called off the climb to the summit. With the intention to come back and continue installation of the device once the blizzard died down, the team left the equipment, including the plutonium capsules, on the mountain. By the time the team could go back up again, it was already 1966, the next year. To everyone’s absolute horror, the device was gone. Missing. Most probably, nature played its part, and snow, ice and glacial movements carried the device to an unknown place. Now, with the device missing, the team had only one thing left to do – abort the mission. The disappearance of a plutonium-powered device on a glacier, draining into the Rishi Ganga and then the Ganga basin, raised serious environmental concerns. Plutonium has a long‐term radioactive life, and contamination is a real threat. (1983 ban)
1965:[silvics] Codification (1965): The USDA Forest Service published the first comprehensive "Silvics of Forest Trees of the United States" (Agriculture Handbook 271) in 1965, a 10-year project compiling research on 127 tree species.
1965:[edu][www] First Ph.D.: The first Doctor of Philosophy in computer science was awarded by the University of Pennsylvania in 1965.
1966: Reita Faria won Miss World, became the first Asian to win the title.
1966: Niall Rudd authored Horace: Satires and Epistles and Persius: Satires
1966: Bareli ke bazaar mein, Jhumka gira re. (Movie: Mera Saaya)
1966: CD-ROM. American inventor James T. Russell has been credited with inventing the first system to record digital information on an optical transparent foil that is lit from behind by a high-power halogen lamp. Sony and Philips licensed Russell's patents (then held by a Canadian company, Optical Recording Corp.) in the 1980s.
1966:[India][Polity][accident] PM Lal Bahadur Shastri died due to heart attack in Tashkent, Uzbekistan (then in the Soviet Union) on 11 January 1966, one day after signing a peace treaty to end the 1965 Indo-Pakistan War.
1966:[Aviation][accident][Mntngg] On 24 January 1966, Bhabha was on board Air India Flight 101, a Boeing 707-420, when it crashed near Mont Blanc in a controlled flight terrain while trying to land at Geneva Airport. All 106 passengers, including Bhabha, and 11 crew members died in the crash. A misunderstanding between Geneva Airport ATC and the pilots about the aircraft position near the mountain was noted to be the official reason of the crash.1966 (Sep 7): the Punjab Reorganisation Act was passed in Parliament, implemented with effect beginning 1 November 1966. Punjab was divided into the state of Punjab and Haryana, with certain areas to Himachal Pradesh. Chandigarh, Haryana and Punjab got Chandigarh as their mutual capital.1966: Reliance Textiles Industries Pvt Ltd was incorporated in Maharashtra. It established a synthetic fabrics mill in the same year at Naroda in Gujarat.
1966:[Medicine] Henry Knowles Beecher was a pioneering American anesthesiologist, medical ethicist, and investigator of the placebo effect at Harvard Medical School. An article by Beecher's in 1966 on unethical medical experimentation in the New England Journal of Medicine — "Ethics and Clinical Research" — was instrumental in the implementation of federal rules on human experimentation and informed consent. A 1999 biography—written by Vincent J. Kopp, M.D. of UNC Chapel Hill and published in an American Society of Anesthesiologists newsletter—describes Beecher as an influential figure in the development of medical ethics and research techniques, though he has not been without controversy.
1966:[Polity] Bal Keshav Thackeray (Marathi pronunciation: [baːɭ̆ keːʃəʋ ʈʰaːk(ə)ɾeː]; 23 January 1926 – 17 November 2012) also known as Balasaheb Thackeray, was an Indian politician who founded the Shiv Sena in 1966. Shiv Sena a right-wing pro-Marathi and Hindu nationalist party active mainly in the state of Maharashtra. Uddhav Thackeray was Shiv Sena's second CM elecetd on 28 Nov 2019 for <3 years. First was Manohar Joshi (14 Mar 1995 - 1 Feb 1999)
1966:[Research][Medicine] The ameba that caused the infections was identified as a new species, which was later named Naegleria fowleri after one of the authors of the original report, M. Fowler. A 1966 report was the first to identify infections in the United States, which occurred in 1962 in Florida.
1966:[MENA] Oil found in Dubai, Dubai ruled by 'Sheikh Rashid' ibn Saeed Al Maktoum, also spelled Sheikh Rāshid ibn Saʿīd Āl Maktūm. Hard times create strong men, strong men create easy times. Easy times create weak men, weak men create difficult times. Many will not understand it but you have to raise warriors, not parasites.'. Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum (1912-1990) was the former prime minister of the United Arab Emirates who ruled the emirate of Dubai until his death. He has been called the “father of modern Dubai” and is credited with leading development of the city.
1966:[Day] He was the second Prime Minister of Independent India. He popularised the slogan 'Jai Jawan Jai Kisan' He actively participated in India's freedom struggle. Due to cardiac arrest, he died on 11 January 1966. And he was also known as the 'Man of Peace' globally.
1966: Hindustan Zinc Limited, Delhi is a1922n Indian integrated mining and resources producer of zinc, lead, silver and cadmium. It is a subsidiary of Vedanta Limited.
1966: After Churchill's death, Lady Churchill surrendered her rights to the house, and the Chartwell was opened to the public by the National Trust in 1966.
1966:[Research][Extreme] The Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP), established in June 1966, operated Glomar Challenger in drilling and coring operations in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, as well as in the Mediterranean and Red Seas. Glomar Challenger's coring operations enabled DSDP to provide the next intellectual step in verifying the hypothesis of plate tectonics associated with seafloor spreading, by dating basal sediments on transects away from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
1966:[Crime] A comparative overview of major global and U.S. mass shootings reveals how individual tragedies have reshaped law enforcement, security protocols, and national legislation across decades. The 1966 University of Texas Tower shooting in Austin, Texas, left 14 killed and over 30 wounded, initiating the first active-shooter law enforcement protocols. Thirty years later, the 1996 Dunblane School Massacre in Scotland resulted in the deaths of 16 children and one adult, driving the UK to ban all cartridge-ammunition handguns. That same year, the Port Arthur Massacre in Tasmania, Australia, left 35 dead and 23 wounded, prompting swift national gun buyback laws and comprehensive weapon bans.
1966:[Space] Named after physicists Kenneth Greisen, Georgiy Zatsepin, and Vadim Kuzmin, who independently calculated it in 1966. The Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit (GZK cutoff) is a theoretical upper limit on the energy of cosmic ray protons traveling from other galaxies. Set at approximately 50 EeV, this energy ceiling happens because ultra-high-energy protons interact with the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) photons over long distances, losing energy by producing pions.
1967: [GeoPolitics][Military][Economics] A final devaluation of the pound marks the end of its role as a major reserve currency [[18:57](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYJri1eNRyc&t=1137)].
1967:[Business][GeoPolitics] The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, commonly abbreviated as ASEAN, is a regional grouping of 10 states in Southeast Asia "that aims to promote economic and security cooperation among its ten members." Founded: 8 August 1967, Bangkok, Thailand; Headquarters: Jakarta, Indonesia; Founders: Abdul Razak Hussein, Narciso Ramos, Adam Malik, S. Rajaratnam, Thanat Khoman
1967:[Business][GeoPolitics] The World Intellectual Property Organization is one of the 15 specialized agencies of the United Nations.
1967: NPLNet-Packet Swiched.
1967:The Estimates Committee of Parliament (1967-68) recommended the formation of a body to conduct recruitment exams for certain government posts. The Staff Selection Commission (SSC) in India originated from a recommendation by the Estimates Committee of Parliament in its 47th report (1967-68). The committee suggested establishing a Service Selection Commission to conduct recruitment exams for lower-level government positions. Initially called the Subordinate Services Commission, it was later renamed the Staff Selection Commission on September 26, 1977. Its functions were redefined on May 21, 1999, with the new constitution and functions taking effect on June 1, 1999.
1967: Quiz in India. Neil O'Brian father of Derek O'Brian, conducted the first well-organised formal quiz at Christ the King Church, Parish Hall in Calcutta.
1967: The Uttar Pradesh Assembly consists of 403 elected members and one nominated Anglo-Indian member. The Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council has 100 members. Prior to 1967, the strength of the Legislative Assembly was 431 members including one nominated Anglo-Indian member which was revised to 426 including one nominated Anglo-Indian member.
1967: REC, Silchar.
1967: The Uttar Pradesh Assembly consists of 403 elected members and one nominated Anglo-Indian member. The Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council has 100 members. Prior to 1967, the strength of the Legislative Assembly was 431 members including one nominated Anglo-Indian member which was revised to 426 including one nominated Anglo-Indian member.
1967: REC, Silchar.
1967: The 1970s, known as New Hollywood (technically 1967–1980), is generally considered the best decade cinematically in Hollywood history. This was the decade in which directors had the most creative control, films pushed the most boundaries, and the most artistic and daring films were made.
1967 (Jul):[GeoPolitics] The concept of "Greater Israel" (Eretz Yisrael HaShlema) generally refers to an expanded historic or desired territory for the Jewish state. It has two primary definitions: a narrower political definition encompassing Mandatory Palestine and territories captured in 1967 (the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and Golan Heights), and a maximalist biblical definition stretching from the Nile River to the Euphrates River. Derived from passages in the Hebrew Bible (such as Genesis 15:18-21), describing God's covenant with Abraham promising land from the "river of Egypt to the Euphrates".
1967 (Aug 8): ASEAN, officially the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, is a political and economic union of 10 member states in Southeast Asia, which promotes intergovernmental cooperation and facilitates economic, political, security, military, educational, and sociocultural integration between its members and other countries in Asia.
1967 (Oct 15):[Art] Construction completed for Russia's The Motherland Calls, a 279ft. monument that was started in May 1959. It was the tallest sculpture in the world at the time of creation.
1967: S2
1967:[Aviation][Military] Airshow at Soviet Union where Mig-25 (Red Foxbat) were first introduced to the world. This show was also broadcasted in English for American audience, which surprisingly resembled with America's concept next-gen superiority fighter jet. A jet that wouldn't be ready for another 10 years. Great leap-frogging by USSR
1967 (Nov 3):[GoI] Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Limited, also known as IFFCO, is a multi-state cooperative society engaged in the manufacture and marketing of fertiliser. IFFCO is headquartered in New Delhi, India.
1967:[GoI][CPSU] Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL) is a Public Sector Enterprise under the Department of Atomic Energy, established on 11 April 1967 by A. S. Rao at Hyderabad, under the Prime Ministership of Smt Indira Gandhi, to create a strong indigenous base in electronics.
1967 (Nov 9):[PSU] Hindustan Copper Ltd. is a central public sector undertaking under the ownership of the Ministry of Mines, Government of India.
1967: Mir Osman Ali Khan passed away on February 24, 1967, at the age of 80. He was buried at Masjid-e-Judi in King Kothi.
1967:[Music] "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman" is a 1967 song recorded by American soul singer Aretha Franklin and released as a single by Atlantic from her album Lady Soul. The lyrics were written by Gerry Goffin from an idea by Atlantic producer Jerry Wexler, with music composed by Carole King. Created specifically for Franklin, the single reached number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 and became one of her signature recordings. It entered the UK Singles Chart at number 79 in 2018, one week after Franklin's death, marking its first appearance there more than 50 years after its original release. Franklin later included a live version on her 1968 album Aretha in Paris.
-----------------------------------------Emergency Period in India (China war) halted------
1968: ARPANET. Created as a network to discuss research ideas and to help the nation survive a nuclear attack.
1968:[Physics][US][Quantum] Yet “coming up with the idea” was as far as Gell-Mann went in 1964 when he and George Zweig independently developed the concept. Without the 1968 experiments of Kendall, Friedman and Taylor at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), quarks would have remained a mere theory, a will-o-wisp whose existence was confidently postulated but never proven.
1968 (Jan):[MENA][GeoPolitics] Britishers left the Dubai region owing to high operation and security maintenance cost.
1968(Jan 10): Emergency Period in India (External disturbance) halted.
1968 (Feb 12): Christopher Johnson McCandless was born in Inglewood, California and spent his early childhood in El Segundo, California. He was the eldest child of Wilhelmina Marie "Billie" McCandless (née Johnson) and Walter "Walt" McCandless, and had a younger sister named Carine. McCandless also had six half-siblings from Walt's first marriage, who lived with their mother in California and later in Denver, Colorado.
1968 (Feb): [India][Music] The Beatles visited Rishikesh.
1968: The North Face, an American outdoor product company founded at Alameda, California. (USA)
1968: 42 Years B.G. (Before Gru) New York ft. in the movie Minions.
1968: Rajdhani Train service started in India.
1968: Villain-Con International- the biggest gathering of criminals anywhere. Minions went there.
1968: The North Face, an American outdoor product company founded at Alameda, California. (USA)
1968: 42 Years B.G. (Before Gru) New York ft. in the movie Minions.
1968: Rajdhani Train service started in India.
1968: Villain-Con International- the biggest gathering of criminals anywhere. Minions went there.
1968: Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia by Russia.
1968:[Cinema] The Last Man on Earth(1964)
1968:[Space][Mars][Earth] Effort began by NASA Langley Research Center for Viking mission to Mars.
1968:[Env][Mntngg] Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun (WIHG) is an autonomous Natural Resources research institute for the study of Geology of the Himalaya under the Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India
1968:[US][Teen]Socialism] These students were protesting two of the most pressing issues of the day: social inequality and the ongoing war in Vietnam. The actions at Columbia were mirrored by student and popular unrest across the country in a politically charged election year.
1968:[Japan] The 1968-69 Japanese University Protests shook Japan to its core. Led by violent, passionate student protest groups, the riots resulted in nearly one year of disrupted lessons, the death of a student and the start of the women's liberation movement.
1968:1968 Rajasthan, Gujarat monsoon rain, 5k deaths
1968:[Women] Collaboration with Heinrich Berann: After completing their scientific charts, Tharp and Heezen collaborated with Austrian painter Heinrich Berann to create a stunning hand-painted panoramic map of the ocean floor, published by National Geographic in 1968.
1968:[edu][www] Curriculum '68: The Association for Computing Machinery published Curriculum ’68 in 1968, which set global guidelines and officially defined computer science as a distinct, coherent academic discipline.
1968:[Music][Biz] Led Zeppelin: Secured a historic $200,000 signing fee in 1968 and shifted tens of millions of records. Aretha Franklin (1960s): Defined the label's golden soul and R&B era with immense cultural impact. Aretha Franklin's defining musical era is the Golden Age of Soul during the late 1960s—specifically her legendary run with Atlantic Records starting in 1966, where she earned the title "Queen of Soul".
1969:[Business][Politics][Economics] Nixonomics - Nixonism - The policies of Richard Nixon (1913–1994), 37th president of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. (US politics) The economic policies of the Richard Nixon administration, 1969-1974.
1969:[Geography] Aydar Lake was formed in 1969 when excess water from the Syr Darya River was diverted into the Arnasay depression due to catastrophic spring floods. This resulted in the creation of this artificial, man-made lake system in Uzbekistan.
1969:[extreme] On 28 September 1969 at approximately 10:58 a.m. local time, near Murchison, Victoria, in Australia, a bright fireball was observed to separate into three fragments before disappearing,[1] leaving a cloud of smoke. About 30 seconds later, a tremor was heard. Many fragments were found scattered over an area larger than 13 square kilometres (5.0 sq mi), with individual mass up to 7 kilograms (15 lb); one, weighing 680 grams (1.5 lb), broke through a roof and fell in hay.[1] The total collected mass of the meteorite exceeds 100 kilograms (220 lb). The Murchison meteorite is a meteorite that fell in Australia in 1969 near Murchison, Victoria. It belongs to the carbonaceous chondrite class, a group of meteorites rich in organic compounds. Due to its mass (over 100 kg or 220 lb) and the fact that it was an observed fall, the Murchison meteorite is one of the most studied of all meteorites.
1969: The Moon Landing (1969) The Moon Landing Key Event: Apollo 11 Mission (July 20, 1969) Significance: The first human moon landing was a monumental achievement for humanity and a key milestone in the U.S.-Soviet space race. The mission was led by NASA, with astronauts Neil Armstrong, Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin, and Michael Collins. Armstrong’s iconic words, “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind,” symbolized technological progress and the spirit of exploration. Why It’s Famous: It demonstrated humanity’s capability to achieve the impossible and paved the way for space exploration. The mission was televised globally, inspiring millions. The landing fostered scientific curiosity, leading to further space programs, like the Mars rovers and the International Space Station. Long-Term Impact: The moon landing had political and scientific consequences, solidifying the U.S. as a leader in space exploration and innovation. It also inspired future generations to explore the cosmos and seek technological advancements.
1969: first moon landing named Apollo 10 capsule.1969: Logic& Computer Programming introduced.
1969: Scholastic Asian Book Award founded by Nat. Book Dev Council of S'pore (NBDCS) and Scholastic Asia. For 6 to 18 years Asian writers for unpublished manuscript (32000 words). (Prize:S$10000).
1969 (Apr): [GeoPolitics] Russia proposed the organization of a European Security Conference in the same way as it had done in 1954. This led to formation of Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE). CSCE further gave birth to Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) in 1975.
1969 (Apr 22):[Education][India][Public] Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) is a public major research university located in South West Delhi, India. It was established in 1969 and named after Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first Prime Minister. The university is known for leading faculties and research emphasis on social sciences and applied sciences.
1969 (Aug 30): ARPANET, the first Wide Area Network, is introduced. The first manifestation of ARPANET connected four universities. Implements TCP/IP and packet switching.
1969 (Dec 5): a four-node network emerged between the University of California (LA), the Stanford Research Institute, the University of Utah and the University of California (Santa Barbara). This network would become ARPANET, which by 1981 would consist of 213 nodes. In June 1973, the first non-US node was added to the network belonging to Norway's NORSAR project. This was shortly followed by a node in London.
1969 (Aug 15): INCOSPAR renamed to ISRO.
1969: Indo-Thai Synthetics Company Ltd was incorporated in Thailand, started operations in 1970, this was Aditya Birla Group's first foray into international venture.
1969: Malcolm Hailey, 1st Baron Hailey, entered Indian Civil Service-1896. Governor of the United Provinces from 1928 to 1934 died.
1969: First PLC Modicon 084 kicked-in Industrial Revolution-3. Electronics and IT.
1969 (Dec 5): a four-node network emerged between the University of California (LA), the Stanford Research Institute, the University of Utah and the University of California (Santa Barbara). This network would become ARPANET, which by 1981 would consist of 213 nodes. In June 1973, the first non-US node was added to the network belonging to Norway's NORSAR project. This was shortly followed by a node in London.
1969 (Aug 15): INCOSPAR renamed to ISRO.
1969: Indo-Thai Synthetics Company Ltd was incorporated in Thailand, started operations in 1970, this was Aditya Birla Group's first foray into international venture.
1969: Malcolm Hailey, 1st Baron Hailey, entered Indian Civil Service-1896. Governor of the United Provinces from 1928 to 1934 died.
1969: First PLC Modicon 084 kicked-in Industrial Revolution-3. Electronics and IT.
1969:[Music] Bryan Adams writes a song about their youthful days from this year.
1969 (Mar 10):[Book] The Godfather is a crime novel by American author Mario Puzo. The story chronicles the Corleone family under patriarch Vito Corleone, focusing on the transformation of his youngest son, Michael Corleone, from reluctant family outsider to ruthless mafia boss.
1969 (Mar 10):[Book] The Godfather is a crime novel by American author Mario Puzo. The story chronicles the Corleone family under patriarch Vito Corleone, focusing on the transformation of his youngest son, Michael Corleone, from reluctant family outsider to ruthless mafia boss.
1969:[Computer] B is a programming language developed at Bell Labs circa 1969 by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie. Dennis called it "BCPL semantics with a lot of SMALGOL syntax". PL/I also influenced its design and development.
1969:[Computer] The System/38 was designed as a follow-on for the System/3, but it is not compatible with those computers. The predecessors to the System/38 include the System/3 (1969), System/32 (1975), and System/34 (1977). In 1983 the System/36 was released as a low-end business computer for users who found the System/38 too expensive for their needs. The System/38 was succeeded by the IBM AS/400 midrange computer family in 1988, which originally used a processor architecture similar to the System/38, before adopting PowerPC-based processors in 1995.
1969:[Aviation][Military] Mass production began for Mig-25. 100 aircrafts rolling off assembly lines per month and flying higher and faster than any combat jet in history.
1969 (Sep 24):[Military][Education][India] The then Union Education Minister Dr. V.K.R.V. Rao, launched the NSS programme in 37 universities covering all States and simultaneously requested the Chief Ministers of States for their cooperation and help. It was appropriate that the programme was started during the Gandhi Centenary Year as it was Gandhi Ji who inspired the Indian youth to participate in the movement for India’s independence and the social upliftment of the downtrodden masses of our nation. The idea was first considered by the Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE) at its meeting held in January, 1950.
1969:[Who][Philosophy][Business][India][Education] Satya Narayana Goenka (1924-2013) was an Indian teacher of Vipassanā meditation. Born in Burma to an Indian business family, he moved to India in 1969 and started teaching meditation. His teaching emphasized that the Buddha's path to liberation was non-sectarian, universal, and scientific in character.
1969: In 1969, two years after losing the Punjab Assembly elections, Indian politician Jagjit Singh Chohan moved to the United Kingdom to start his campaign for the creation of Khalistan. Chohan's proposal included Punjab, Himachal, Haryana, as well as some parts of Rajasthan.
1969:[PSU] REC Limited, formerly Rural Electrification Corporation Limited (RECL), of which Power Finance Corporation Limited is the holding company of that is under the ownership of the Ministry of Power, the Government of India. It finances and promotes power projects across India.
1969:[Economics][Finance] The Special Drawing Right (SDR) is an interest-bearing international reserve asset created by the IMF in 1969 to supplement other reserve assets of member countries. The SDR is based on a basket of international currencies comprising the U.S. dollar, Japanese yen, euro, pound sterling and Chinese Renminbi. As of Aug 2024, 1 SDR = $1.346. The IMF's current total resources of about SDR 982 billion translate into a capacity for lending of about (70% of the total resources) SDR 695 billion (around US$932 billion), as at mid-December 2023.
1969:[Culture] This period, starting in the late 1960s and early 1970s, saw the theatrical release of explicit films like "Blue Movie" (1969) and the rise of films like "Deep Throat" (1972) and "Behind the Green Door" (1972).
1969:[research][cosmos] Meteorites then might have served as the cosmic Mayflowers that transported molecular seeds to Earth. In 1969, the Murchison meteorite that fell in Australia contained dozens of different amino acids—the building blocks of life.
1969:[Military][Education] The National Service Scheme (NSS) launched on Sep 24, 1969 with motto "Not me but you". It is an Indian government sector public service program conducted by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports of the Government of India. Popularly known as NSS, the scheme was launched in Mahatma Gandhi's centenary year in 1969.
1970s:[History] The late 20th century (roughly 1970 to 1999) was a defining era marked by the end of the Cold War, the rise of personal computers and the early internet, major geopolitical shifts in the Middle East, and accelerated globalization.
1970s:[edu] Modern Expansion of Chemical Engg: Late 20th-century (1970s - 2000) curricula incorporated computer process simulation, biochemical engineering, environmental safety, and advanced reaction kinetics.
1970s:[Physics][Research][Quantum] Gargamelle was a heavy liquid bubble chamber detector in operation at CERN between 1970 and 1979. It was designed to detect neutrinos and antineutrinos, which were produced with a beam from the Proton Synchrotron between 1970 and 1976, before the detector was moved to the Super Proton Synchrotron. In 1979 an irreparable crack was discovered in the bubble chamber, and the detector was decommissioned. It is currently part of the "Microcosm" exhibition at CERN, open to the public. Gargamelle is famous for being the experiment where neutral currents were discovered. Found in July 1973, neutral currents were the first experimental indication of the existence of the Z⁰ boson, and consequently a major step towards the verification of the electroweak theory. Gargamelle can refer to both the bubble chamber detector itself, or the high-energy physics experiment by the same name. (Proof of that atoms exists)
1970s:[Research] The "99% chimp" (or 98-99% similar) claim stems from 1970s-1990s research using DNA-DNA hybridization, pioneered by researchers like Charles Sibley and Jon Ahlquist. It was popularized over the last 40+ years as a key, albeit now debated, statistic to show human-chimpanzee evolution. The idea grew out of biochemical studies (1970s-80s) measuring how well human and chimp DNA hybridized. It was solidified as a popular "99% similar" figure in scientific literature and public discourse to signify our closest living relatives.
1970s:[FnB][APAC][China] China has been a dominant, top global producer of various crops—particularly rice, wheat, and potatoes—largely since the agricultural reforms and modernization efforts starting in the late 1970s and early 1980s. While historically a major agricultural society, the dramatic surge in production to lead the world resulted from the 1978 Household Responsibility System.
1970s:[meds][Research] In the 1970s, Jens Juul Holst and Joel Habener began research on the GLP-1 hormone, initially in relation to duodenal ulcer disease. They were examining hormones secreted during eating, and testing them on pig pancreases, leading to the discovery of GLP-1's significant potency in 1988. Their work, which later contributed significantly to diabetes and obesity treatments, earned them and Daniel J. Drucker the 2021 Warren Alpert Foundation Prize.
1970s:The massive increase in the use of concrete and cement for construction and infrastructure projects since the 1970s is the primary driver of large-scale sand mining.
1970s: the first commercial geostationary satellites launched.
1970s: For most of written history, there were only two types of currency: fiat or commodity. Fiat currencies have been the dominant currency since the 1970s, when the US ended the Bretton Woods system and abandoned the gold standard.1970s: One of the first rappers at the beginning of the hip hop period, at the end of the 1970s, was also hip hop's first DJ, DJ Kool Herc. Herc, a Jamaican immigrant, started delivering simple raps at his parties, which some claim were inspired by the Jamaican tradition of toasting.
1970s: BRACT was developed by MBAssociates for the US Air Force's Space and Missile Systems Center.
1970s: The decade that saw the most one-hit wonders (i.e. they have never had a second Billboard top 10 hit) make it to the top spot with a total of 23. [Music]
1970s:[Cinema] The merciless 1970s rivalry between Formula One rivals James Hunt and Niki Lauda. - Rush (2013)
1970s:[Space][Research] Stephen Hawking applied the semi-classical approach of quantum field theory in curved spacetime to such systems and found that an isolated black hole would emit a form of radiation called Hawking radiation. Hawking also argued that the detailed form of the radiation would be independent of the initial state of the black hole, and would depend only on its mass, electric charge and angular momentum.
1970s:[Physics][Space][Research] In the 20th century, two theoretical frameworks emerged for formulating the laws of physics. The first is Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, a theory that explains the force of gravity and the structure of spacetime at the macro-level. The other is quantum mechanics, a completely different formulation, which uses known probability principles to describe physical phenomena at the micro-level. By the late 1970s, these two frameworks had proven to be sufficient to explain most of the observed features of the universe, from elementary particles to atoms to the evolution of stars and the universe as a whole.
1970s:[Crime][UK] Mickey Green (1942-2020) in UK (1970 - 1998).
1970s:[Crime] In the 1970s, Karim Lala agreed to a pact with the other two ganglords, Haji Mastan and Varadarajan Mudaliar to divide Mumbai amongst themselves so that they could freely run their criminal activities without any conflict between each other. Due to failing health during the late seventies, Lala gradually transferred the leadership of the Pathan gang to his nephew, Samad Khan and then managed his hotel and transport business. Although Lala had several illegitimate businesses[citation needed], his legitimate business included two hotels (Al Karim Hotel and New India Hotel) and a travel and passport agency called New India Tours and Travels. He was also close to Shiv Sena supremo Bal Thackeray.
1970s:[Crime] Dawood Ibrahim (26 Dec 1955, Khed, Ratnagiri) is an Indian mob boss, drug lord, and terrorist from Dongri, Mumbai, who is wanted by the Indian government. He reportedly heads the Indian organised crime syndicate D-Company, which he founded in Mumbai in the 1970s.
1970s:[Business][Food] Parle Bisleri (1970s), led by Ramesh Jayantilal Chauhan, younger son of Jayantilal. He runs it with his wife Zainab Chauhan and their daughter Jayanti Chauhan.
1970s:[Gaming] Arcade video games (1970s to present)
1970s:[Marketing] Several entrepreneurs opened former uranium mines in the US to the general public and advertised alleged health benefits from breathing radon gas underground. Health benefits claimed included pain, sinus, asthma and arthritis relief, but these were proven to be false and the government banned such advertisements in 1975. In 2003? Radon-222 decay products have been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as being carcinogenic to humans, and as a gas that can be inhaled, lung cancer is a particular concern for people exposed to elevated levels of radon for sustained periods. (Radon)
1970s:[Culture] Many countries now have laws in support of the woman retaining her maiden name. The reforms brought in Greece in the 1970s and 80s made it mandatory for women to keep the name decided by their parents even after marriage; that is, it is illegal to add the husband's surname to their own name after marriage.
1970s:[Culture] The history of pornography spans millennia, with evidence found in ancient civilizations. In the United States, its modern history is tied to the advent of photography and film, evolving from early daguerreotypes and silent films to the "Golden Age of Porn" in the 1970s and the internet's impact in the late 20th and 21st centuries.
1970s: The Balkan Peninsula's fragmentation, known as Balkanization, began to accelerate in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, primarily with the decline of the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires. This period saw the rise of numerous independent nation-states in the region as they gained autonomy from these empires. The term "Balkanization" itself gained widespread use after World War I, reflecting the creation of several new states from the empires' collapse.
Balkanization refers to the process where a larger region or political entity breaks down into smaller, often hostile, and mutually antagonistic states. This fragmentation is usually driven by ethnic, cultural, religious, or political differences. The term originates from the historical fragmentation of the Balkan Peninsula, particularly following the decline of the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empires.
1970s: Petrodollars are dollars paid to oil-producing countries for their exports. The petrodollar emerged as an economic concept in the 1970s as growing U.S. imports of increasingly costly crude oil increased the dollar holdings of foreign producers.
1970s:[Tourism][Colombia] The Embalse Guatapé (Peñol-Guatapé reservoir) was created in the 1970s when the Colombian government built a major hydroelectric dam complex. This massive infrastructure project flooded a large river valley to generate electrical power, transforming the original farming and mining landscape into an extensive network of artificial lakes, islands, and peninsulas. Historically a farming village, and since the 1970s a major centre of electric power production for central Columbia, Guatapé is now known more for its scenic beauty. A big reason for that is the Embalse Guatapé, a huge artificial lake created by the construction of a hydroelectric dam. Boats glide over its surface, past islets and peninsulas hosting holiday homes. The lakeside town of Guatape is just as charming, full of traditionally decorated buildings that display colourful bas-relief baseboards. For sweeping views like the one in our image, people climb the more than 600 steps to the top of El Peñón de Guatapé, a massive rock formation that sits at the lake's edge.
1970s:[mktg][FnB] Satanpur Mandi (Satanpur Aalu Mandi; Satanpur Potato Wholesale Market) in Farrukhabad, Uttar Pradesh, does not have an officially documented or widely publicized exact establishment year in public records, though local wholesale trade and commission businesses in the market date back several decades (with regional operations tracing back to the late 20th century).
1970s:[Med][Delhi] Specialized units like the large Burns and Plastic Surgery department scaled up operations. (LNH). In 1977, the government renamed Irwin Hospital to Lok Nayak Jayaprakash (LNJP) Hospital to honor the independence activist Jayaprakash Narayan.
1970 (Apr 11):[Space] Apollo 13 (April 11–17, 1970) was the seventh crewed mission in the Apollo space program and the third meant to land on the Moon. The craft was launched from Kennedy Space Center on April 11, 1970, but the lunar landing was aborted after an oxygen tank in the service module (SM) failed two days into the mission. The crew instead looped around the Moon in a circumlunar trajectory and returned safely to Earth on April 17. The mission was commanded by Jim Lovell, with Jack Swigert as command module (CM) pilot and Fred Haise as Lunar Module (LM) pilot. Swigert was a late replacement for Ken Mattingly, who was grounded after exposure to rubella.
1970 (Apr 13):[Space] The accident happened at 55:54:53 (03:08 UTC on April 14, 10:08 PM EST, April 13). Swigert reported 26 seconds later, "Okay, Houston, we've had a problem here," echoed at 55:55:42 by Lovell, "Houston, we've had a problem. We've had a Main B Bus undervolt."
1970 (Apr 17):[Space] During re-entry of the Apollo 13 spacecraft, ionization of the air around the command module during reentry would typically cause a four-minute communications blackout. Apollo 13's shallow reentry path lengthened this to six minutes, longer than had been expected; controllers feared that the Command Module's (CM) heat shield had failed. The Lunar Module (LM) had charged batteries and full oxygen tanks for use on the lunar surface, so Kranz directed that the astronauts power up the LM and use it as a "lifeboat" – a scenario anticipated but considered unlikely.
1970s:Team building became more widespread, with organizations recognizing the link between teamwork and business success. This period saw a more systematic approach to team building, including training programs and activities designed to improve team cohesion and performance.
1970: Birth of EDM (Electronic Dance Music)
1970: Gandhinagar became the capital of Gujrat.
1970: Gandhinagar became the capital of Gujrat.
1970:[Cinema] Frankenstein 1970(1958)
1970:[Cinema] Privilege(1967)
1970:[Cinema] Project Moonbase(1953)
1970:[Cinema] The Mummy's Ghost(1944)
1970:[Cinema] The Mummy's Tomb(1942)
1970:[Marketing] Tobacco Ad-ban. Marlboro Man remain least impacted, as Cigarette wasn't the primary objective.
1970: According to the 'events outside India' narrative, particularly after 1971, the notion of a sovereign and independent state of Khalistan began to get popularized among Sikhs in North America and Europe. One such account is provided by the Khalistan Council which had moorings in West London, where the Khalistan movement is said to have been launched in 1970. Davinder Singh Parmar migrated to London in 1954. According to Parmar, his first pro-Khalistan meeting was attended by less than 20 people and he was labelled as a madman, receiving only one person's support. Parmar continued his efforts despite the lack of following, eventually raising the Khalistani flag in Birmingham in the 1970s. Parmar and Chohan met in 1970 and formally announced the Khalistan movement at a London press conference, though being largely dismissed by the community as fanatical fringe without any support.
1970 (Mar 17):[mgmt][gov] To decongest South Mumbai's crowded commercial centers, the City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO) was formed on March 17, 1970, by the Government of Maharashtra. It operationalized a visionary "twin city" counter-magnet blueprint drafted in 1964 by planners Charles Correa, Pravina Mehta, and Shirish Patel to shift major wholesale markets and jobs eastward across the harbor.
1970 (Apr 25):[PSU] The Housing and Urban Development Corporation Limited (HUDCO), Delhi is an Indian public sector undertaking engaged in housing finance and infrastructure project finance. The Govt Grants Navratna Status to PSU on April 18,2024.
1970 (Jul 16):[PSU] Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL), HQ'd at Hyderabad, Telangana as a Public Sector Undertaking under the Ministry of Defence,
1970:[Mntngg][Extreme] Reinhold Messner's first ascent of the unclimbed Rupal Face and first traverse of the mountain by descending along the unexplored Diamir Face with his brother Günther. Prior to this ascent, Messner had not previously visited the Greater Ranges and the greatest altitude he had been to was on the expedition to the Andes in 1969.
1970:[Def][Aviation][Research] First flight of The Grumman F-14 Tomcat is an American carrier-capable supersonic, twin-engine, tandem two-seat, twin-tail, all-weather-capable variable-sweep wing fighter aircraft. The Tomcat was developed for the United States Navy's Naval Fighter Experimental (VFX) program after the collapse of the General Dynamics-Grumman F-111B project. A large and well-equipped fighter, the F-14 was the first of the American Teen Series fighters, which were designed incorporating air combat experience against smaller, more maneuverable MiG fighters during the Vietnam War. Retired on 22 September 2006; 18 years ago (United States Navy)
1970:[Env][Disaster] 1970 Bhola cyclone in East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh); Deaths: 300,000–500,000
1970:[Mgmt] The Waterfall Model's history began with Winston W. Royce's 1970 paper, though he described it as flawed, it became popular for its clear, linear phases (Requirements, Design, Implementation, Testing, Maintenance) and engineering discipline, mimicking manufacturing. Adopted by the U.S. DoD in the 1980s, its rigid structure appealed to large projects needing documentation, despite Royce advocating iterative improvements, a concept later seen in Agile.
1970:[mktg][FnB] The Madanapalle Tomato Wholesale Market in Andhra Pradesh’s Annamayya district is recognized as Asia’s largest tomato market. Originating over five decades ago with just 14 traders, it has expanded across an 18-acre yard with roughly 200 active merchants, serving as a primary economic pillar for regional farmers. Record Peaks and Slumps: Gained national media attention during extreme price surges (such as touching ₹130–260 per kg during weather and blight shortages) as well as steep crashes during bumper yields.
1971:[war] Left the northernmost point at the NJ9842 glacier region undefined, which later caused friction. Following the 1971 war, the 1972 Simla Agreement converted the old CFL into the modern Line of Control (LoC).
1971:[US][GeoPolitics] Bolivian coup d'état. (US's involvement in regime change)
1971: [GeoPolitics][Military][Economics] The United States enters Stage 4 as its trade surplus permanently reverses into a deficit [[11:01](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYJri1eNRyc&t=661)].
1971:[Business][GeoPolitics] The World Economic Forum (WEF) is an international advocacy non-governmental organization and think tank, based in Cologny, Canton of Geneva, Switzerland. It was founded on 24 January 1971 by German engineer Klaus Schwab.
1971:[GeoPolitics][EMEA[MENA][UAE] The Constitution of the United Arab Emirates[a] provides a legal and political framework for the operation of the United Arab Emirates as a federation of seven emirates. The Constitution came into effect on 2 December 1971 and was permanently accepted in July 1996. Authored by Adi Bitar, a forming judge and legal advisor, the Constitution is written in 10 parts and has 152 Articles. The United Arab Emirates celebrates the formation of the Union (and acceptance of the federal constitution) as National Day on 2 December.
1971:[Business][GeoPolitics]Greenpeace is an independent global campaigning network, founded in Canada in 1971 by a group of environmental activists.
1971:[Env] Marine biologist Edward Carpenter made a shocking discovery, finding small bits of plastics floating thousands of miles off the east coast of America, in the Atlantic Ocean. More than 50 years later he tells the story of how he had to fight hard to get the scientific world to take notice of his discovery.
1971:In fact, in 1971, rules were established that Monday was considered the beginning of the week in daily life and business practices, recommended by the ISO (International Organization for Standardization). Accordingly, Monday through Sunday are indicated by numbers, 1 to 7.
1971: NE555, the first 555 timer IC was designed by Hans R. Camenzind under contract to Signetics (later acquired by Philips Semiconductors, and now NXP).
1971: Ray Tomlinson sent the first network email using a program called SNDMSG.
1971: TymNet-Packet Switched.
1971: Intel's 4004, a BCD oriented 4-bit microprocessor.
1971: The IBM 3270 is a class of block oriented computer terminal (sometimes called display devices) introduced by IBM. Telnet 3270, or IBM TN3270 describes both the process of sending and receiving 3270 data streams using the Telnet protocol and the software that emulates a 3270 class terminal that communicates using that process.
-----------------------------------------Emergency Period in India (Pakistan war) started------
1971 (Dec 3): during the Indo Pakistan war, and later extended along with the third proclamation — "the security of India" having been declared "threatened by external aggression".
1972: 4G or Fourth Generation of Computers starts (Microprocessor), lasted for 38 years.
1971: Ray Tomlinson sent the first network email using a program called SNDMSG.
1971: TymNet-Packet Switched.
1971: Intel's 4004, a BCD oriented 4-bit microprocessor.
1971: The IBM 3270 is a class of block oriented computer terminal (sometimes called display devices) introduced by IBM. Telnet 3270, or IBM TN3270 describes both the process of sending and receiving 3270 data streams using the Telnet protocol and the software that emulates a 3270 class terminal that communicates using that process.
Project Gutenberg is the first and largest single collection of free electronic books, or eBooks. Michael Hart, founder of Project Gutenberg, invented eBooks in 1971 and continues to inspire the creation of eBooks and related technologies today.
1971; the personal computer (PC) became feasible
1971: Invention of the first email system. Raymond Samuel "Ray" Tomlinson implemented the first email program on the ARPANET system, the precursor to the Internet.
1971: ALOHAnet connected the Hawaiian Islands with a UHF wireless packet network (link speed < 2 Mbit/sec) and marked the beginning of Wi-Fi.
ALOHAnet and the ALOHA protocol were early forerunners to Ethernet.
1971; the personal computer (PC) became feasible
1971: Invention of the first email system. Raymond Samuel "Ray" Tomlinson implemented the first email program on the ARPANET system, the precursor to the Internet.
1971: ALOHAnet connected the Hawaiian Islands with a UHF wireless packet network (link speed < 2 Mbit/sec) and marked the beginning of Wi-Fi.
ALOHAnet and the ALOHA protocol were early forerunners to Ethernet.
1971 (Jan 1): Jyotiraditya Madhavrao Scindia was born in Mumbai to Madhavrao Scindia and Madhavi Raje Scindia.
1971 (Feb 4): NASDAQ, Inc. founded by Gordon Macklin at NYC. The Nasdaq Stock Market is an American stock exchange. It is the second-largest exchange in the world by market capitalization, behind only the New York Stock Exchange. NASDAQ (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations)
1971 (Jun): ALOHAnet, also known as the ALOHA System,or simply ALOHA, was a pioneering computer networking system developed at the University of Hawaii. ALOHAnet became operational in June, 1971, providing the first public demonstration of a wireless packet data network. ALOHA originally stood for Additive Links On-line Hawaii Area.
1971 (Feb 4): NASDAQ, Inc. founded by Gordon Macklin at NYC. The Nasdaq Stock Market is an American stock exchange. It is the second-largest exchange in the world by market capitalization, behind only the New York Stock Exchange. NASDAQ (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations)
1971 (Jun): ALOHAnet, also known as the ALOHA System,or simply ALOHA, was a pioneering computer networking system developed at the University of Hawaii. ALOHAnet became operational in June, 1971, providing the first public demonstration of a wireless packet data network. ALOHA originally stood for Additive Links On-line Hawaii Area.
1971 (Jul 17):[Japan][US] The Okinawa Reversion Agreement (Japanese: 沖縄返還協定, Hepburn: Okinawa henkan kyōtei) was an agreement between the United States and Japan in which the United States agreed to relinquish in favor of Japan all rights and interests under Article III of the Treaty of San Francisco, which had been obtained as a result of the Pacific War, and thus return Okinawa Prefecture to Japanese sovereignty. The document was signed simultaneously in Washington, DC, and Tokyo on June 17, 1971, by William P. Rogers on behalf of United States President Richard Nixon and Kiichi Aichi on behalf of Japanese Prime Minister Eisaku Satō. The document was not ratified in Japan until November 24, 1971, by the National Diet.
1971 (Aug):[GeoPolitics] The partnership between the two countries, India and Russia developed after the 1971 Indo-Soviet Treaty of Peace, Friendship, and Cooperation, following escalating tensions with Pakistan and US support for the latter — from the Eisenhower administration’s decision to provide military aid to Islamabad in the 1950s, to President Richard Nixon’s closeness with Pakistani President Yahya Khan during the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War.
1971: India won over Pak.
1971: India won over Pak.
1971 (Nov 6):[Military][Aviation] Israeli radar controller began tracking of Mig-25 over Sinai peninsula, Egypt.
1971: Karoke invented.
1971: Chacha Chaudhary is a popular Indian comic book character, created by cartoonist Pran Kumar Sharma, was first published.
1971: John T. Draper (later nicknamed Captain Crunch), his friend Joe Engressia, and blue box phone phreaking hit the news with an Esquire Magazine feature story.
1971: Karoke invented.
1971: Chacha Chaudhary is a popular Indian comic book character, created by cartoonist Pran Kumar Sharma, was first published.
1971: John T. Draper (later nicknamed Captain Crunch), his friend Joe Engressia, and blue box phone phreaking hit the news with an Esquire Magazine feature story.
-------------------------------------- III Indo-Pak War started ---------------------------------------
1971 (Dec 3) The India–Pakistan war of 1971, also known as the third Indo-Pakistani war, was a military confrontation between India and Pakistan that occurred during the Bangladesh Liberation War in East Pakistan from 3 December 1971 until the Pakistani capitulation in Dhaka on 16 December 1971. The war began with Pakistan's Operation Chengiz Khan, consisting of preemptive aerial strikes on eight Indian air stations. The strikes led to India declaring war on Pakistan, marking their entry into the war for East Pakistan's independence, on the side of Bengali nationalist forces. India's entry expanded the existing conflict with Indian and Pakistani forces engaging on both the eastern and western fronts.
1971 (Dec 3): during the Indo Pakistan war, and later extended along with the third proclamation — "the security of India" having been declared "threatened by external aggression".
1971 (Dec 13): III Indo-Pak War Halted. First row: Lt-Gen. A.A.K. Niazi, the Cdr. of Pakistani Eastern Comnd., signing the documented Instrument of Surrender in Dacca in the presence of Lt. Gen. Jagjit Singh Aurora (GOC-in-C of Indian Eastern Comnd.). Surojit Sen of All India Radio is seen holding a microphone on the right. Second row (left to right): Vice Adm. N. Krishnan (FOC-in-C Eastern Naval Comnd.), Air Mshl. H.C. Dewan, (AOC-in-C Eastern Air Comnd.), Lt Gen. Sagat Singh (Cdr. IV Corps), Maj Gen. JFR Jacob (COS Eastern Comnd.) and Flt Lt Krishnamurthy (peering over Jacob's shoulder).
-------------------------------------- III Indo-Pak War halted ---------------------------------------
1971: Decade with the highest growth rate in India. The Decadal growth rate of population in terms of percentage was highest in India in 1971. The population growth rate peaked during the decade 1971-81, perhaps in the year 1972-73 (based on the Sample Registration Scheme data).
1971:[Space][Research][India] The Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), with its headquarters in Bengaluru, is an autonomous research institute wholly financed by the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India. IIA conducts research primarily in the areas of astronomy, astrophysics and related fields.
1971:[Technology][Medicine][Art] MRI. At Stony Brook University, Paul Lauterbur applied magnetic field gradients in all three dimensions and a back-projection technique to create NMR images. He published the first images of two tubes of water in 1973 in the journal Nature, followed by the picture of a living animal, a clam, and in 1974 by the image of the thoracic cavity of a mouse. Lauterbur called his imaging method zeugmatography, a term which was replaced by (N)MR imaging. In the late 1970s, physicists Peter Mansfield and Paul Lauterbur developed MRI-related techniques, like the echo-planar imaging (EPI) technique.
1971 (Dec):[MENA] Nearby 7 emirates joins to form UAE, Ras Al Khaima joins in 1972.
1971:[Who][Philosophy][Business][APAC][Education] Sayagyi U Ba Khin (1889-1971) was the first Accountant General of the Union of Burma. He was the founder of the International Meditation Centre in Yangon, Myanmar and is principally known as a leading twentieth century authority on Vipassana meditation.
1971:[Research] 1971 (approx.): The term "black hole" was coined by John Wheeler. While Einstein predicted the existence of black holes with his theory of relativity in 1916, the first object widely accepted as a black hole was Cygnus X-1, identified in 1971. This binary system contains a supergiant star and a black hole companion. Initially, scientists observed X-ray emissions from this system in 1964, but it wasn't until the 1970s that they confirmed a black hole as the source of the X-rays.
1971:[military][art][music] "Piya Tu Ab To Aja" (transl. 'Come to me now, my love') is a single by Indian playback singer Asha Bhosle featuring composer R. D. Burman. The song was originally recorded for the 1971 Hindi film Caravan.
----------------------------------------- 25 years of Independent India --------------------------------------------
1972:[Technology][Medicine][Art] The first commercially viable CT scanner (aka CT Scan) was invented by Godfrey Hounsfield.
1972: (Delhi Public School) DPS, R K Puram, which is widely recognized as the flagship school of the DPSS was founded.
1972: Permanent Account Number (PAN) launched. It is a unique, 10-character alpha-numeric code that acts as an identification for Indian nationals, especially those who pay Income Tax.
1972 (Jan 7): ITPO's 1st New Delhi World Book Fair (NDWBF) at Windsor Place, New Delhi. 200 participants. The Fair is organized by National Book Trust, India, an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, working towards promotion of books and the habit of reading in the country.
1972: (Delhi Public School) DPS, R K Puram, which is widely recognized as the flagship school of the DPSS was founded.
1972: Permanent Account Number (PAN) launched. It is a unique, 10-character alpha-numeric code that acts as an identification for Indian nationals, especially those who pay Income Tax.
1972 (Jan 7): ITPO's 1st New Delhi World Book Fair (NDWBF) at Windsor Place, New Delhi. 200 participants. The Fair is organized by National Book Trust, India, an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, working towards promotion of books and the habit of reading in the country.
1972 (Mar 2): Pioneer 10 is an American space probe, launched in 1972 and weighing 258 kilograms, that completed the first mission to the planet Jupiter. Thereafter, Pioneer 10 became the first of five artificial objects to achieve the escape velocity needed to leave the Solar System. This space exploration project was conducted by the NASA Ames Research Center in California. The space probe was manufactured by TRW Inc.
1972 (Mar 27): MC Escher died. Maurits Cornelis Escher was a Dutch graphic artist who made mathematically inspired woodcuts, lithographs, and mezzotints. Despite wide popular interest, Escher was for long somewhat neglected in the art world, even in his native Netherlands. He was 70 before a retrospective exhibition was held. In the twenty-first century, he became more widely appreciated, with exhibitions across the world.
1972 (Mar 27): MC Escher died. Maurits Cornelis Escher was a Dutch graphic artist who made mathematically inspired woodcuts, lithographs, and mezzotints. Despite wide popular interest, Escher was for long somewhat neglected in the art world, even in his native Netherlands. He was 70 before a retrospective exhibition was held. In the twenty-first century, he became more widely appreciated, with exhibitions across the world.
1972: The Government of India constituted the International Airports Authority of India (IAAI) to manage the nation's international airports.
1972: Action Group, mfr. of the Action Shoes brand, founded by Lala Mange Ram Agarwal at New Delhi.
1972: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Mizoram got their present-day capitals as Itanagar, Dispur, and Aizawal
1972: Department of Space (DOS) and the Space Commission were set up in 1972. ISRO was brought under DOS on June 1, 1972.
1972: The Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India is a Public Sector Undertaking of the Government of India. Established in 1972, ALIMCO manufactures artificial limbs and rehabilitation aids. The company is headquartered in Kanpur.
1972: Action Group, mfr. of the Action Shoes brand, founded by Lala Mange Ram Agarwal at New Delhi.
1972: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Mizoram got their present-day capitals as Itanagar, Dispur, and Aizawal
1972: Department of Space (DOS) and the Space Commission were set up in 1972. ISRO was brought under DOS on June 1, 1972.
1972: The Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India is a Public Sector Undertaking of the Government of India. Established in 1972, ALIMCO manufactures artificial limbs and rehabilitation aids. The company is headquartered in Kanpur.
1972 (May 31): Shivani Verma, better known as BK Shivani, Brahma Kumari Shivani, or Sister Shivani, is a teacher in the Brahma Kumaris spiritual movement in India. After master's degree in Computer Science, she worked backstage at the production of Brahma Kumaris television presentations in Delhi, where senior teachers would record the teachings. In 2007, due to the unavailability of other teachers, she was asked to start answering the viewers' queries herself.
1972: 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China. İn the 1960s, the USA finally woke up to the fact that the USA and China had a very similar policy vis-a-vis the USSR and President Richard Nixon made his famous visit to China. This visit made communist China and capitalist America unusual allies in the Cold War. China and the USA worked together to back movements like the Khmer Rouge (who opposed the USSR’s ally Vietnam) and far right guerrilla organisations fighting leftist revolutionary governments in Southern Africa.
1972:[India] The Mumbai-New Delhi Rajdhani express was flagged of for the first time from Mumbai Central. 90YO Qamruzzaman Sarang, passenger.
1972:[Computer] C programming language was developed by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson. The origin of C is closely tied to the development of the Unix operating system, originally implemented in assembly language on a PDP-7 by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson, incorporating several ideas from colleagues. Eventually, they decided to port the operating system to a PDP-11. The original PDP-11 version of Unix was also developed in assembly language. They were awarded the Turing Award from the ACM in 1983, the Hamming Medal from the IEEE in 1990 and the National Medal of Technology from President Bill Clinton in 1999. Ritchie was the head of Lucent Technologies System Software Research Department when he retired in 2007.
1972:[History][Sports][Terrorism] Tragedy struck the 1972 Olympics in Munich when eight Palestinian terrorists invaded the Olympic Village on September 5 and killed two members of the Israeli team. Nine other Israelis were held hostage as the terrorists bargained for the release of 200 Palestinian prisoners in Israel.
1972:[Cinema] The Day the Fish Came Out(1967)
1972:[Military][Education][India]Nehru Yuva Kendras were established in the year 1972 with the objective of providing rural youth avenues to take part in the process of nation building as well providing opportunities for the development of their personality and skills.
1972:[Computing][Web] Computers at educational institutions would have the domain edu, for example. NIC's Finler and her team managed the Host Naming Registry from 1972 to 1989. This laid foundation for DNS, which got launched in 1985.
1972:[Maths][Security] In number theory, the general number field sieve (GNFS) is the most efficient classical algorithm known for factoring integers larger than 10100. This finds mentions in Ribenboim, Paulo (1972). Algebraic Numbers. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978-0-471-71804-8, later in Dec 1996 book 'A Tale of Two Sieves' by Carl Pomerance.
1972:[Day] On 21 January 1972, the states of Tripura, Manipur, and Meghalaya became full-fledged states under the North Eastern Region (Re-organisation) Act, of 1971. Therefore, Tripura, Manipur, and Meghalaya celebrate their Statehood Day on 21 January.
1972:[GoI][CPSU] Cochin Shipyard Ltd is the largest shipbuilding and maintenance facility in India. It is part of a line of maritime-related facilities in the port-city of Kochi, in the state of Kerala, India. Of the services provided by the shipyard are building platform supply vessels and double-hulled oil tankers.
1972:[Def][Aviation][Research] The McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle is an American twin-engine, all-weather fighter aircraft designed by McDonnell Douglas (now part of Boeing). Following reviews of proposals, the United States Air Force (USAF) selected McDonnell Douglas's design in 1969 to meet the service's need for a dedicated air superiority fighter. The Eagle took its maiden flight in July 1972, and entered service in 1976. It is among the most successful modern fighters, with over 100 victories and no losses in aerial combat, with the majority of the kills by the Israeli Air Force.
1972:[Research] Raj Kumar Pathria published the paper "The universe as a black hole".A black hole cosmology (also called Schwarzschild cosmology or black hole cosmological model) is a cosmological model in which the observable universe is the interior of a black hole. Such models were originally proposed by theoretical physicist Raj Kumar Pathria, and concurrently by mathematician I. J. Good. In the version as originally proposed by Pathria and Good, and studied more recently by, among others, Nikodem Popławski, the observable universe is the interior of a black hole existing as one of possibly many inside a larger parent universe, or multiverse.
1972:[Tourism] In 1972, Sunil Dutt launched a campaign to promote India as a popular tourist destination. The phrase "Incredible India" was adopted as a slogan by the ministry.
1972:[SpaceX] The Great Daylight Fireball was an Earth-grazing fireball that passed within 57 kilometres of Earth's surface at 20:29 UTC on August 10, 1972. It entered Earth's atmosphere at a speed of 15 km/s in daylight over Utah, United States and passed northwards leaving the atmosphere over Alberta, Canada.
1973:[GeoPolitics][UK] I-day of The Bahamas: July 10, 1973
1973:[US][GeoPolitics] Chilean coup d'état. (US's involvement in regime change)
1973:[Business][GeoPolitics] The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is a regional security-oriented intergovernmental organization comprising member states in Europe, North America, and Asia. Its mandate includes issues such as arms control, the promotion of human rights, freedom of the press, and free and fair elections.
1973: CYCLADESNet.
1973: CYCLADESNet.
1973:[Polity][activism]Post-Independence Linguistic and Social Movements (1950s–1980s) The Chipko Movement (1973): One of the earliest and most impactful eco-feminist movements, where villagers (primarily women) hugged trees to prevent them from being logged, igniting India's modern environmental activism.
1973 (Apr 3rd): Motorola manager Martin Cooper placed a cellular phone call (in front of news reporters) to Dr. Joel S. Engel, head of research at AT&T's Bell Labs. This began the era of the handheld cellular mobile phone.1973 (Apr 5): Pioneer 11 is a 260-kilogram robotic space probe launched by NASA on April 5, 1973, to study the asteroid belt, the environment around Jupiter and Saturn, solar winds, and cosmic rays. It was the first probe to encounter Saturn, the second to fly through the asteroid belt, and the second to fly by Jupiter. Later, Pioneer 11 became the second of five artificial objects to achieve an escape velocity allowing it to leave the Solar System. Due to power constraints and the vast distance to the probe, the last routine contact with the spacecraft was on September 30, 1995, and the last good engineering data was received on November 24, 1995.
1973: Talkomatic, the earliest IM i.e. instant messaging (online chat) facilities.
1973: Biopreparat was established by Yuri Ovchinnikov as a "civilian" continuation of earlier Soviet bio-warfare programs.
1973 (Apr 24): Sachin Tendulkar was born at Nirmal Nursing Home in Dadar, Bombay on 24 April 1973 in a Maharashtrian family. His father, Ramesh Tendulkar, was a well-known Marathi novelist and his mother, Rajni, worked in the insurance industry.
1973: Lata Mangeshkar and Shailendra Singh sung Jhoot Bole Kauwa Kaate...for the movie Bobby.
1973:[Research] In computer science, the Knuth–Morris–Pratt string-searching algorithm (or KMP algorithm) searches for occurrences of a "word" W within a main "text string" S by employing the observation that when a mismatch occurs, the word itself embodies sufficient information to determine where the next match could begin, thus bypassing re-examination of previously matched characters. The algorithm was conceived by James H. Morris and independently discovered by Donald Knuth "a few weeks later" from automata theory. Morris and Vaughan Pratt published a technical report in 1970. The three also published the algorithm jointly in 1977. Independently, in 1969, Matiyasevich discovered a similar algorithm, coded by a two-dimensional Turing machine, while studying a string-pattern-matching recognition problem over a binary alphabet. This was the first linear-time algorithm for string matching.
1973: Biopreparat was established by Yuri Ovchinnikov as a "civilian" continuation of earlier Soviet bio-warfare programs.
1973 (Apr 24): Sachin Tendulkar was born at Nirmal Nursing Home in Dadar, Bombay on 24 April 1973 in a Maharashtrian family. His father, Ramesh Tendulkar, was a well-known Marathi novelist and his mother, Rajni, worked in the insurance industry.
1973: Lata Mangeshkar and Shailendra Singh sung Jhoot Bole Kauwa Kaate...for the movie Bobby.
1973:[Research] In computer science, the Knuth–Morris–Pratt string-searching algorithm (or KMP algorithm) searches for occurrences of a "word" W within a main "text string" S by employing the observation that when a mismatch occurs, the word itself embodies sufficient information to determine where the next match could begin, thus bypassing re-examination of previously matched characters. The algorithm was conceived by James H. Morris and independently discovered by Donald Knuth "a few weeks later" from automata theory. Morris and Vaughan Pratt published a technical report in 1970. The three also published the algorithm jointly in 1977. Independently, in 1969, Matiyasevich discovered a similar algorithm, coded by a two-dimensional Turing machine, while studying a string-pattern-matching recognition problem over a binary alphabet. This was the first linear-time algorithm for string matching.
1973 (Sep 11): Neem Karoli Baba of Kainchi Dham Ashram in Nainital, Uttarakhand died in a hospital at Vrindavan The Guru’s Ashram. Later Steve Jobs and Mark Zuckerberg came to pay them a visit in India.
1973: Charles Berlitz "invented" the Bermuda Triangle with a book published in 1973. He had heard stories of pilots and sailors who considered that area "cursed", and so decided to compile those enigmatic tales. "Other times, the planes arrive at their destination two hours in advance", said Berlitz. “And, on other occasions, ships or airplanes never arrive at their destination.”
1973:[Cinema] Penny Chenery Tweedy and colleagues guide her long-shot but precocious stallion to set, in 1973, the unbeaten record for winning the Triple Crown. - Secretariat (2010)
1973:[Cinema] Escape from the Planet of the Apes(1971)
1973:[Cinema] It! The Terror from Beyond Space(1958)
1973:[Space][Research] In 1973–1975, Stephen Hawking showed that black holes should slowly radiate away energy and Hawking later argued that this leads to a contradiction with unitarity. Hawking used the classical no-hair theorem to argue that the form of this radiation – called Hawking radiation – would be completely independent of the initial state of the star or matter that collapsed to form the black hole.
1973:[GoI] Akali Dal put forward the Anandpur Sahib Resolution to demand more autonomic powers to the state of Punjab. The union government considered the resolution a secessionist document and rejected it
1973 (Jan 24):[GoI][CPSU] MoS's Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) is a central public sector undertaking based in New Delhi, India. It is under the ownership of the Ministry of Steel, Government of India with an annual turnover of ₹105,398 crore for the fiscal year 2022-23. Incorporated on 24 January 1973, SAIL has 57,139 employees.
1973:[GoI][CPSU] MoD/DoDP's Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited (MDNL), is a specialized metals and metal alloys manufacturing facility in India, located in Hyderabad, Telangana. It is a Public Sector Undertaking, under the administrative control of Department of Defence Production, Ministry of Defence, Government of India.
1974: [GeoPolitics][Military][Economics] Saudi Arabia begins pricing oil in dollars, establishing the "Petrodollar" system [[16:35](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYJri1eNRyc&t=995)].
1974 (May): TCP came. the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) published a paper titled "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication" by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn, described an internetworking protocol for sharing resources using packet switching among network nodes. A central control component of this model was the "Transmission Control Program" that incorporated both connection-oriented links and datagram services between hosts.In the early versions of this technology, there was only one core protocol, which was named TCP. And in fact, these letters didn't even stand for what they do today Transmission Control Protocol, but they were for the Transmission Control Program. The first version of this predecessor of modern TCP was written in 1973, then revised and formally documented in
1974:[Business][GeoPolitics] The United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) is a United Nations agency dedicated to implementing humanitarian and development projects for the United Nations System, international financial institutions; Headquarters: UN City, Copenhagen, Denmark
Executive Director: Jorge Moreira da Silva (2025); Founded: December 1974; Parent organization: United Nations System
1974:[Business][GeoPolitics]The International Energy Agency is a Paris-based autonomous intergovernmental organization, established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the global energy sector. The 31 member countries and 13 association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.
1974:[Business][Politics][Economics] Fordonomics - (US politics, uncommon) Economic policies associated with the administration of Gerald Ford, 1974–1977.
1974: TeleNet-Packet Switched.
1974: British chemist M. Stanley Whittingham made the breakthrough that produced the earliest form of the modern Li-ion battery, who first used titanium disulfide (TiS2) as a cathode material, which has a layered structure that can take in lithium ions without significant changes to its crystal structure.
1974:[Book] Charles Bukowski's Burning in Water, Drowning in Flame (1955-1973) - Collection of Poems
1974: IBM's SNA (Systems Network Architecture, is IBM's proprietary networking architecture) was made public as part of IBM's "Advanced Function for Communications" announcement in September, 1974, which included the implementation of the SNA/SDLC (Synchronous Data Link Control) protocols on new communications products: IBM 3767 communication terminal (printer) and IBM 3770 data communication system.
1974: Stephen Hawking introduces theory of Black Holes.
1974 (Apr 24): Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar' requested his death from Rameswaram Sea. As a student, his favourite subjects were history, politics and philosophy. At school and later in college, he studied Hindi, Sanskrit, Maithili, Bengali, Urdu and English literature. Dinkar was greatly influenced by Iqbal, Rabindranath Tagore, Keats and Milton and translated works of Rabindranath Tagore from Bengali to Hindi.
1974: Stephen Hawking introduces theory of Black Holes.
1974 (Apr 24): Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar' requested his death from Rameswaram Sea. As a student, his favourite subjects were history, politics and philosophy. At school and later in college, he studied Hindi, Sanskrit, Maithili, Bengali, Urdu and English literature. Dinkar was greatly influenced by Iqbal, Rabindranath Tagore, Keats and Milton and translated works of Rabindranath Tagore from Bengali to Hindi.
1974 (May): The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) founded in response to the Indian nuclear test. It is a multilateral export control regime and a group of nuclear supplier countries that seek to prevent nuclear proliferation by controlling the export of materials, equipment and technology that can be used to manufacture nuclear weapons.
1974: RITES Limited (राइट्स लिमिटेड) (earlier known as Rail India Technical and Economic Service) is an engineering consultancy company, specializing in the field of transport infrastructure.1974: Mother Dairy was commissioned as a wholly owned subsidiary of the National Dairy Development Board {NDDB}. It was an initiative under Operation Flood, a dairy development program aimed at making India a milk sufficient nation.
1974 (Oct): [India][Culture] Steve Jobs in India. India has always attracted the inhabitants of the western world, who have viewed it as a land of sadhus. Steve Jobs too nurtured these thoughts, and so in the middle of 1974, he visited India along with one of his friends from Reeds college, named Dan Kottke, who would later become the first employee of Apple. He went to India to meet Neem Karoli Baba, but to his dismay Baba was already dead; at around September, 1974.
1974:[Computer][Electronics] Researcher John Cocke and his team at IBM Research began work on designing a controller for a telephone exchange. They wound up creating the first prototype computer employing a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) architecture.
1974:[Cinema] Aelita(1924)
1974:[Space][Research] Info Loss Paradox by Stephen Hawking
1974:[NSE] Lloyds Steels Industries is primarily engaged in the design, Manufacturing, and Commissioning of heavy equipment, machinery & systems for the HydroCarbon Sector, Oil & Gas, Steel Plants, Power Plants, Nuclear Plant Boilers, and Turnkey Projects.
1974:[NSE][PSU] Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited is an Indian public sector undertaking in petroleum and natural gas industry, headquartered in Mumbai, and a subsidiary of the ONGC, which is owned by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of India.
1974:[Def][Aviation][Research] The General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon is an American single-engine supersonic multirole fighter aircraft originally developed by General Dynamics for the United States Air Force (USAF). Designed as an air superiority day fighter, it evolved into a successful all-weather multirole aircraft with over 4,600 built since 1976. Although no longer purchased by the U.S. Air Force, improved versions are being built for export. In 1993, General Dynamics sold its aircraft manufacturing business to the Lockheed Corporation, which became part of Lockheed Martin after a 1995 merger with Martin Marietta.
1974: Ms Dargans married to Mr Dargan in Delhi?
1974:[Ety] Xenology - From xeno- + -logy. Coined prior to 1974 and later popularized by Robert Freitas.
1975–1992:[US][GeoPolitics] support for UNITA in Angola. (US's involvement in regime change)
1975:[Business][GeoPolitics] The Group of Seven (G7) is an intergovernmental political and economic forum consisting of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States; additionally, the European Union is a "non-enumerated member". Wikipedia Founded: 15 November 1975 Formerly called: Library Group; Group of Six (G6); Group of Eight (G8) (reversion) Purpose: Political and economic forum.
1975: The Standard Model of Particle Physics - the term "Standard Model" was introduced by Abraham Pais and Sam Treiman in 1975,[28] with reference to the electroweak theory with four quarks.[29] Steven Weinberg has since claimed priority, explaining that he chose the term Standard Model out of a sense of modesty and used it in 1973 during a talk in Aix-en-Provence in France.
1975:Regional Rural Banks (RRBs): Origin: RRBs were established in 1975 under the Regional Rural Banks Act, 1976. Purpose: They were created to bridge the gap in credit availability in rural areas and to promote agricultural development and other rural economic activities. Key Recommendation: The Narasimham Committee on Rural Credit first recommended the establishment of RRBs. First RRB: Prathama Bank, sponsored by Syndicate Bank, was the first RRB, established in Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh. Number of RRBs: Initially, five RRBs were set up on October 2, 1975.
1975:[Polity][activism] State Dissent and Anti-Corruption (1970s–2010s) - The Emergency (1975–1977): When Prime Minister Indira Gandhi suspended democratic processes, widespread underground and public protests fought to restore civil liberties.
1975: Helmut Schmidt, Erich Honecker, Gerald Ford and Bruno Kreisky at the 1975 CSCE summit in Helsinki, Finland
1975: After a troubled childhood, Michael Jackson left his father's band and family to explore Pop music.
1975: Signalling System No. 7 (SS7) is a set of telephony signaling protocols developed, it is used to set up and tear down most of the world's public switched telephone network (PSTN) telephone calls. It also performs number translation, local number portability, prepaid billing, Short Message Service (SMS), and other mass market services.
1975: Moore's Law.
1975: Ovid: Selections from the Metamorphoses got translated by Mary M. Innes, a graduate from Glasgow and Oxford Universities and subsequently taught in the universities of Belfast and Aberdeen.
1975: Kapil Dev made an impressive debut for Haryana in November 1975 against Punjab with a 6 wicket haul, restricting Punjab to just 63 runs and helping Haryana to victory.
1975 (Apr 19): Aryabhatta, the first Indian satellite weigheing 360kgs. was launched through ICR from, RRLS-USSR for scientific purposes.
1975: Signalling System No. 7 (SS7) is a set of telephony signaling protocols developed, it is used to set up and tear down most of the world's public switched telephone network (PSTN) telephone calls. It also performs number translation, local number portability, prepaid billing, Short Message Service (SMS), and other mass market services.
1975: Moore's Law.
1975: Ovid: Selections from the Metamorphoses got translated by Mary M. Innes, a graduate from Glasgow and Oxford Universities and subsequently taught in the universities of Belfast and Aberdeen.
1975: Kapil Dev made an impressive debut for Haryana in November 1975 against Punjab with a 6 wicket haul, restricting Punjab to just 63 runs and helping Haryana to victory.
1975 (Apr 19): Aryabhatta, the first Indian satellite weigheing 360kgs. was launched through ICR from, RRLS-USSR for scientific purposes.
1975 (May 30): European Space Agency founded. ESA is an intergovernmental organisation of 22 member states dedicated to the exploration of space. Established in 1975 and headquartered in Paris, ESA has a worldwide staff of about 2,200 in 2018 and an annual budget of about €7.2 billion in 2022.
1975: Gangtok became the capital of Sikkim.
1975: Pakistan's Maqbool and Ghulam Farid Sabri first performed the "Bhar Do Jholi Meri" quawwali. They have significant contribution towards Sufi art and mystic poetry.
1975 (Jun7): The 1975 Cricket World Cup (officially called the Prudential Cup) was the first edition of the Cricket World Cup, organised by the International Cricket Conference (ICC). It was held from 7 to 21 June 1975 in England.
1975: In 1975, Reliance Industries Ltd. expanded its business into textiles, with "Vimal" becoming its major brand in later years. The company held its Initial public offering (IPO) in 1977.
1975: Pakistan's Maqbool and Ghulam Farid Sabri first performed the "Bhar Do Jholi Meri" quawwali. They have significant contribution towards Sufi art and mystic poetry.
1975 (Jun7): The 1975 Cricket World Cup (officially called the Prudential Cup) was the first edition of the Cricket World Cup, organised by the International Cricket Conference (ICC). It was held from 7 to 21 June 1975 in England.
1975: In 1975, Reliance Industries Ltd. expanded its business into textiles, with "Vimal" becoming its major brand in later years. The company held its Initial public offering (IPO) in 1977.
1975 (Nov 7):[NSE][PSU] NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation) Ltd along with its subsidiaries/ associates & JVs is primarily involved in generation and sale of bulk power to State power utilities. Other business of the group includes providing consultancy, project management & supervision, energy trading, oil & gas exploration and coal mining.
1975:NHPC Limited is an Indian public sector hydropower company that was incorporated in 1975 to plan, promote and organise an integrated and efficient development of hydroelectric power. Recently it has expanded to include other sources of energy like solar, geothermal, tidal, and wind.
1975: In 1975, the college was renamed Zakir Husain College, and today it is known as Zakir Husain Delhi College, a constituent college of the University of Delhi.
--------Emergency Period in India (Internal disturbance) started------
1975 (Jun 25): In India, "The Emergency" refers to a 21-month period from 1975 to 1977 when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi unilaterally had a state of emergency declared across the country. Officially issued by President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed under Article 352(1) of the Constitution because of the prevailing "internal disturbance", the Emergency was in effect from 25 June 1975 until its withdrawal on 21 March 1977.
1975 (Jun 25): In India, "The Emergency" refers to a 21-month period from 1975 to 1977 when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi unilaterally had a state of emergency declared across the country. Officially issued by President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed under Article 352(1) of the Constitution because of the prevailing "internal disturbance", the Emergency was in effect from 25 June 1975 until its withdrawal on 21 March 1977.
1975 (Aug 20):[Mars][Earth] Viking 1 (maiden) launch.
1975 (Sep 9):[Mars][Earth] Viking 2 (last) launch.
1975 (Oct 2): Regional Rural Bank estd. and Hq'd at Kolkata.1975 (Nov 4): Staff Selection Commission was formed as Subordinate Services Commission and HQ'd at New Delhi.
1975 (Sep 23):[Chemistry][GeoPolitics] United States Patent [191 Tedball Sept. 23, 1975 PRECIPITATION OF SODIUM BENZOATE [75] Inventor: Carole Anne Tedball, Sarnia, Canada [73] Assignee: The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Mich.
1975:[Culture] Similarly, in Italy in 1975, a major reform was brought in the law by which, women even after marriage, were given the right to keep their maiden name.
1975 (Nov):[NSE][PSU] Coal India Limited is an Indian central public sector undertaking under the ownership of the Ministry of Coal, Government of India. It is headquartered at Kolkata. It is the largest government-owned-coal-producer in the world. It is also the ninth largest employer in India with nearly 272,000 employees.
1975:[Extreme] The 1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition was the first to successfully climb Mount Everest by ascending one of its three faces (viz. the Southwest face (Nepal), the East face (Kangshung, Tibet) and the North face (Tibet)).
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1976:[Business][GeoPolitics] The AECA and ITAR were enacted in 1976 during the Cold War with the USSR and were intended to implement unilateral arms export controls that reflected those imposed on Eastern Bloc countries by the multilateral Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls.
ITAR, or the International Traffic in Arms Regulations, is a set of U.S. regulations that control the export and import of defense-related articles and services. It was established in 1976 under the Arms Export Control Act (AECA) to safeguard national security by preventing sensitive military technologies from falling into the wrong hands, according to Seclore. The regulations are administered by the U.S. Department of State's Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (DDTC).
ITAR, or the International Traffic in Arms Regulations, is a set of U.S. regulations that control the export and import of defense-related articles and services. It was established in 1976 under the Arms Export Control Act (AECA) to safeguard national security by preventing sensitive military technologies from falling into the wrong hands, according to Seclore. The regulations are administered by the U.S. Department of State's Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (DDTC).
1976: X.25 was developed in the ITU-T (formerly CCITT) Study Group VII based upon a number of emerging data network projects. Publicly accessible X.25 networks (Compuserve, Tymnet, Euronet, PSS, Datapac, Datanet 1 and Telenet) were set up in most countries during the 1970s and 1980s, to lower the cost of accessing various online services. Most systems that required X.25 now use TCP/IP, however it is possible to transport X.25 over TCP/IP when necessary.
1976: Intel produced an 8-bit microprocessor named, 8085.
1976: The first appearance of a geostationary orbit in popular literature was in the first Venus Equilateral story by George O. Smith titled "The Complete Venus Equilateral".
1976: Ebola virus disease (EVD) first appeared in 2 simultaneous outbreaks, one in what is now, Nzara, South Sudan, and the other in Yambuku, Democratic Republic of Congo. The latter occurred in a village near the Ebola River, from which the disease takes its name.
1976: The National Informatics Centre (NIC) (राष्ट्रीय सूचना विज्ञान केंद्र ) founded.
It is the premier science & technology organisation of India's Union Government in informatics services and information-and-communication- technology (ICT) applications. The NIC is a part of the Indian Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology's Department of Electronics & Information Technology.
1976 (Jul 20):[Mars] The Viking 1 lander touched down on the surface of Mars. The Viking program consisted of a pair of identical American space probes, Viking 1 and Viking 2, which landed on Mars.
1976: Intel produced an 8-bit microprocessor named, 8085.
1976: The first appearance of a geostationary orbit in popular literature was in the first Venus Equilateral story by George O. Smith titled "The Complete Venus Equilateral".
1976: Ebola virus disease (EVD) first appeared in 2 simultaneous outbreaks, one in what is now, Nzara, South Sudan, and the other in Yambuku, Democratic Republic of Congo. The latter occurred in a village near the Ebola River, from which the disease takes its name.
1976: The National Informatics Centre (NIC) (राष्ट्रीय सूचना विज्ञान केंद्र ) founded.
It is the premier science & technology organisation of India's Union Government in informatics services and information-and-communication- technology (ICT) applications. The NIC is a part of the Indian Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology's Department of Electronics & Information Technology.
1976 (Jul 20):[Mars] The Viking 1 lander touched down on the surface of Mars. The Viking program consisted of a pair of identical American space probes, Viking 1 and Viking 2, which landed on Mars.
1976 (Aug 3):[Mars] Viking 2's arrival in Mars orbit. (2-weeks after Viking 1 touchdown)
1976 (Aug 11): HCL Technologies Limited founded by Shiv Nadar , It is an Indian multinational IT services company, headquartered in Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
In the summer of 1976, a group of six engineers, all former employees of Delhi Cloth & General Mills, led by Shiv Nadar, started a company that would make personal computers. Initially floated as Microcomp Limited, Nadar and his team started selling teledigital calculators to gather capital for their main product. On August 11, 1976, the company was renamed to HCL.
1976: IRCON was registered as the Indian Railway Construction Company Limited, a wholly owned entity of the Ministry of Railways. Ircon International Limited is an engineering and construction company, specialized in transport infrastructure. The company was established in 1976, by the Government of India under The Companies Act, 1956.
In the summer of 1976, a group of six engineers, all former employees of Delhi Cloth & General Mills, led by Shiv Nadar, started a company that would make personal computers. Initially floated as Microcomp Limited, Nadar and his team started selling teledigital calculators to gather capital for their main product. On August 11, 1976, the company was renamed to HCL.
1976: IRCON was registered as the Indian Railway Construction Company Limited, a wholly owned entity of the Ministry of Railways. Ircon International Limited is an engineering and construction company, specialized in transport infrastructure. The company was established in 1976, by the Government of India under The Companies Act, 1956.
1976 (Sep 3):[Mars] Viking 2 lander successfully soft-landed after a month of coming-in the Mars orbit, while Viking 2 orbiter keep a watch.
1976 (Sep 6):[Military][Aviation] Soviet Union's most secretive jet Mig-25 crash landed at Northern Japan, and the West had first in-person experience. Pilot: 29YO Flt. Lt. Viktor Ivanovich Belenko (Russian: Виктор Иванович Беленко, born 15 February 1947) is a Russian-born American aerospace engineer and former Soviet pilot who defected to the West while flying his MiG-25 jet interceptor (NATO reporting name: "Foxbat") and landed in Hakodate, Japan.
1976 (Dec 3): TFAI was earlier incorporated, under Section 25 of the Indian Companies Act, 1956, on 30 December 1976 by amalgamating 3 organisations of the Government of India viz. India International Trade Fair Organisation, Directorate of Exhibitions & Commercial Publicity and Indian Council of Trade Fairs & Exhibitions and commenced operations with effect from 1 March 1977.1976:[Astro] The black hole information paradox proposed by Stephen Hawking in 1976 questioned that if you throw something into a black hole, it gains all the information like mass, charge, energy from the object. But what really happens to this information? This information could be encoded on the black hole's surface.
1976 (Jun):[S.Africa][Teen][Socialism] In June 1976, Black South African schoolchildren in Soweto protested against the imposition of Afrikaans as a medium of instruction in schools, leading to the Soweto Uprising. This event marked a turning point in the anti-apartheid struggle, igniting widespread unrest and violence across South Africa.
1976:[Delhi] Noida was conceived (came into administrative existence) on April 17, 1976, under the UP Industrial Area Development Act, 1976. It is an acronym for the New Okhla Industrial Development Authority, which was established as a planned, modern industrial city in Uttar Pradesh.
1977:[Business][GeoPolitics]The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) is an international financial institution and a specialised agency of the United Nations that works to address poverty and hunger in rural areas of developing countries. It is the only multilateral development organization that focuses solely on rural economies and food security. President: Alvaro Lario; Founded: December 1977, Rome, Italy
1977:[mktg][FnB] The Vashi Mandi, officially known as the APMC Market (Agricultural Produce Market Committee) in Vashi, Navi Mumbai, was established around 1977 and expanded with its prominent fruit market in 1982. It was built as a planned wholesale trade hub by CIDCO to decongest old markets in Mumbai.
1977: PC MoDem by Dennis C. Hayes and Dale Heatherington.
1977:[Computing][Security] RSA is a public-key cryptosystem, one of the oldest, that is widely used for secure data transmission. The acronym "RSA" comes from the surnames of Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Leonard Adleman, who publicly described the algorithm. Modern cryptography (2022) uses prime numbers that are around 313 digits long, factoring a product of two such big primes, even with a supercomputer would take around 16 million years.
1977: IBM 5250, a family of block-oriented terminals originally introduced with the IBM System/34 midrange computer systems. It is used as display terminal subsystem for IBM AS/400. TN5250.
1977: IPv0. IP versions 0 to 3 were experimental versions, used between 1977 and 1979.
1977: Dr. Landweber's first networking project in 1977, TheoryNet, involved an email system for theoretical computer scientists. In 1979, he proposed and later led the establishment of the CSNET (Computer Science Network) project. The goal of CSNET was to build a network for all US university and industrial computer research groups. By 1984, over 180 university, industrial, and government computer science departments were participating in CSNET. His team also developed one of the first Internet protocol implementations (1981-84, IBM VM systems).
-----------------------------------------Emergency Period in India (External disturbance) halted------
--------Emergency Period in India (Internal disturbance) halted------
1977 (Mar 21): Emergency period in India halted.
1977 (Mar 24): Morarji Desai become PM of India for 3 years.
1977 (Apr 1): ITPO founded. India Trade Promotion Organisation (ITPO), headquartered at Pragati Maidan, is the nodal agency of the Government of India under aegis of Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India) for promoting country's external trade. ITPO is a Mini-Ratna Category-1 Central Public Sector Enterprise (CPSE) with 100 percent shareholding of Government of India. India Trade Promotion Organisation (ITPO) was incorporated by merger of Trade Development Authority (TDA), a Registered Society under Ministry of Commerce & Industry, with Trade Fair Authority of India (TFAI) with effect from 1 January 1992.
1977 (May 2): Kapil Mishra (nickname: Sonu/Suaancha) born. The man who taught the word Jijashri, Bhenji,
1977: IBM 5250, a family of block-oriented terminals originally introduced with the IBM System/34 midrange computer systems. It is used as display terminal subsystem for IBM AS/400. TN5250.
1977: IPv0. IP versions 0 to 3 were experimental versions, used between 1977 and 1979.
1977: Dr. Landweber's first networking project in 1977, TheoryNet, involved an email system for theoretical computer scientists. In 1979, he proposed and later led the establishment of the CSNET (Computer Science Network) project. The goal of CSNET was to build a network for all US university and industrial computer research groups. By 1984, over 180 university, industrial, and government computer science departments were participating in CSNET. His team also developed one of the first Internet protocol implementations (1981-84, IBM VM systems).
-----------------------------------------Emergency Period in India (External disturbance) halted------
--------Emergency Period in India (Internal disturbance) halted------
1977 (Mar 21): Emergency period in India halted.
1977 (Mar 24): Morarji Desai become PM of India for 3 years.
1977 (Apr 1): ITPO founded. India Trade Promotion Organisation (ITPO), headquartered at Pragati Maidan, is the nodal agency of the Government of India under aegis of Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India) for promoting country's external trade. ITPO is a Mini-Ratna Category-1 Central Public Sector Enterprise (CPSE) with 100 percent shareholding of Government of India. India Trade Promotion Organisation (ITPO) was incorporated by merger of Trade Development Authority (TDA), a Registered Society under Ministry of Commerce & Industry, with Trade Fair Authority of India (TFAI) with effect from 1 January 1992.
1977 (May 2): Kapil Mishra (nickname: Sonu/Suaancha) born. The man who taught the word Jijashri, Bhenji,
1977 (Jun 30): [GeoPolitics] SEATO was dissolved after many members lost interest and withdrew. Primarily created to block further communist gains in Southeast Asia, SEATO is generally considered a failure because internal conflict and dispute hindered general use of the SEATO military; however, SEATO-funded cultural and educational programs left longstanding effects in Southeast Asia.
1977 (Jul 23): FM broadcasting began in Madras, India.
1977: UPDESCO, Uttar Pradesh Development Systems Corporation Ltd. founded.1977: Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Len Adleman of MIT designed RSA algorithm used in ATMs and in other secure transactions. Its key-size ranges from 1024 to 4096 bit. The basic technique was first discovered in 1973 by Clifford Cocks of CESG (part of the British GCHQ) but this was a secret until 1997.
1977 (Aug 20):[Space] Voyager 2 is a space probe launched by NASA to study the outer planets and interstellar space beyond the Sun's heliosphere. As a part of the Voyager program, it was launched 16 days before its twin, Voyager 1, on a trajectory that took longer to reach gas giants Jupiter and Saturn but enabled further encounters with ice giants Uranus and Neptune. Voyager 2 remains the only spacecraft to have visited either of the ice giant planets. Voyager 2 was the third of five spacecraft to achieve Solar escape velocity, which allowed it to leave the Solar System.
1977 (Sep 5): Voyager 1 is a space probe launched by NASA as part of the Voyager program to study the outer Solar System and interstellar space beyond the Sun's heliosphere. Launched 16 days after its twin, Voyager 2, Voyager 1 has been operating for 44 years, 5 months and 3 days as of February 9, 2022 UTC, and still communicates with the Deep Space Network to receive routine commands and to transmit data to Earth. Real-time distance and velocity data is provided by NASA and JPL. At a distance of 155.8 AU from Earth as of January 21, 2022, it is the most distant artificial object from Earth.
1977:[Book] Delta of Venus is a book of fifteen short stories by Anaïs Nin published posthumously, though largely written in the 1940s as erotica for a private collector.
1977:[Cinema] The Omega Man(1971).
1977:[Business][Food] the Morarji Desai government expelled Coca-Cola from India. The Parle family saw an opportunity here and opened their own cold drinks business, which flourished because there was no competition. It minted money from selling cold beverages like Gold Spot, Thums Up and Frooti, all of which became household names.
1977:[SpaceX] 2060 Chiron is a ringed small Solar System body in the outer Solar System, orbiting the Sun between Saturn and Uranus. Discovered in 1977 by Charles Kowal, it was the first-identified member of a new class of objects now known as centaurs—bodies orbiting between the asteroid belt and the Kuiper belt. Wikipedia Orbital period: 50 years Discovered: 18 October 1977 Radius: 135.69 km Dimensions: 252 × 218 × 136 km; ± (44 × 38 × 24 km) Discoverer: Charles T. Kowal Last perihelion: 14 February 1996 Apparent magnitude: 18.93; 14.9 (Perihelic opposition)
1977:[Business][Who] Thomas Peterffy left his job designing commodity trading software for Mocatta Metals, and bought a seat on the American Stock Exchange (AMEX) as an individual market maker. The following year, he formed his first company, named T.P. & Co., to expand trading activities to several members under badge number 549. At the time, trading used an open outcry system; Peterffy developed algorithms to determine the best prices for options and used those on the trading floor, and thus the firm became the first to use daily printed fair value pricing sheets.
1977:[silvics][India] Experimental Silviculture: The entire New Forest estate was declared as reserved forest vide notifications dated 2.12.42 and 30.8.77. The estate covers an area of 500 ha (1,250 acres). (FRI)
1977:[mktg][FnB] Delhi's Azadpur Mandi was established in 1977 by the Delhi Development Authority (DDA) to serve as a major wholesale hub for fruits and vegetables. It is widely recognized as the largest fruit and vegetable market in Asia. Management: Operated by the Agricultural Produce Marketing Committee (APMC). Size: Spans roughly 80 to 100 acres in North Delhi. Status: Declared a Market of National Importance in 2004.
1977:[Biz][Delhi] ITC Maurya in New Delhi was established and opened in 1977. Located in the heart of the Diplomatic Enclave in Chanakyapuri, this iconic luxury five-star hotel is styled as a tribute to the ancient Mauryan Dynasty and is famous for housing world-renowned restaurants like Bukhara and Dum Pukht. World-renowned for hosting global presidents and housing the legendary Bukhara restaurant.
1978:[Business][Politics][Economics] The Laffer Curve is a theoretical, inverse U-shaped graph illustrating the relationship between tax rates and government revenue, suggesting that tax revenue increases with rates only up to an optimal point, after which higher rates disincentivize work and reduce revenue. Developed by economist Arthur Laffer, it implies that cutting taxes could, in certain high-tax scenarios, increase total revenue.
1978:[Business] Thomas Peterffy founded Interactive Brokers, started the practice of sending coded instructions from a broker's computer to an exchange's terminal, using a typing cyborg. (HFT)
1978: Diesel, a denim brand started by Renzo Rosso.1978: Intel's 8086 that lead to x86 architecture.
1978: Global Positioning System (GPS), also known as Navstar was launched by USA.
1978: IBM RPG-III was released for IBM System/38.
1978: Pratiyogita Darpan (Hindi: प्रतियोगिता दर्पण) founded by Mahendra Jain and HQ'd at Agra, India. is an Indian bi-lingual magazine on current affairs and general knowledge specially useful for civil service exams and similar competitive exams.
1978 (Jul 25): Viking 2 orbiter retired, first one to retire of the 4 Viking probes sent to Mars.
1978 (Oct 24):[Computer] The IBM System/38 was introduced on October 24, 1978 and delivered in 1980. Developed under the code-name "Pacific", it was made commercially available in August 1979. The system offered a number of innovative features, and was designed by a number of engineers including Frank Soltis and Glenn Henry. The architecture shared many similarities with the design of the failed IBM Future Systems project, including the single-level store, the use of microcode to implement operating system functionality, and the Machine Interface abstraction. The System/38 and its descendants use a machine interface architecture to isolate the application software and most of the operating system from hardware dependencies, including such details as address size and register size.
1978:[Research] Work by Werner Nahm showed that the maximum spacetime dimension in which one can formulate a consistent supersymmetric theory is eleven.[33] In the same year, Eugene Cremmer, Bernard Julia, and Joël Scherk of the École Normale Supérieure showed that supergravity not only permits up to eleven dimensions but is in fact most elegant in this maximal number of dimensions.
1978:[NSE] Biocon Limited is an Indian biopharmaceutical company based in Bangalore. It was founded by Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw in 1978. The company manufactures generic active pharmaceutical ingredients that are sold in approximately 120 countries, including the United States and Europe.
1978:[Mntngg][Extreme] Reinhold Andreas Messner (German: [ˈʁaɪnhɔlt ˈmɛsnɐ]; born 17 September 1944) is an Italian climber, explorer, and author from the German-speaking province of South Tyrol. He made the first solo ascent of Mount Everest and, along with Peter Habeler, the first ascent of Everest without supplemental oxygen. He was the first person to climb all 14 eight-thousanders, doing so without supplementary oxygen. Messner was the first to cross Antarctica and Greenland with neither snowmobiles nor dog sleds and also crossed the Gobi Desert alone. He is widely considered to be the greatest mountaineer of all time.
1978:[Def][Aviation][Research] The McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet is an all-weather supersonic, twin-engine, carrier-capable, multirole combat aircraft, designed as both a fighter and attack aircraft (hence the F/A designation). Designed by McDonnell Douglas and Northrop, the F/A-18 was derived from the latter's YF-17 in the 1970s for use by the United States Navy and Marine Corps. The Hornet is also used by the air forces of several other nations, and formerly by the U.S. Navy's Flight Demonstration Squadron, the Blue Angels. (F-18, later bought by Canada; The film, Top Gun Maverick predominantly features F-18 Super Hornets over F-35s for a practical reason: the need for two-seater planes.)
1978:[Env][Disaster] Northern India monsoon rain. 4k deaths
1978:[Who] Kurt Gödel, a philosopher, starved himself to death for fear of being poisoned.
1978:[military][art][music] "Rasputin" is a famous 1978 Euro-disco hit by the group Boney M., known for its catchy beat and lyrics about the Russian mystic. It was produced by Frank Farian and featured on the album Nightflight to Venus. A separate, distinct event involved a Indian Naval Band performing the song in 2018. (Indian Navy Music Band)
1978:[FnB][Gov][Policy][Polity] China's Key Turning Point (1978-1980s): The shift from collective farming to the "Household Responsibility System" in 1978 revolutionized productivity, leading to a significant increase in output by the mid-1980s. China has maintained its position as the top producer of rice and wheat in modern times. (2026) Grain output increased from 113.18 million tons in 1949 to over 600 million tons in 2018, solidifying its top position. Beyond rice and wheat, China has been a leading producer of cotton and various vegetables for decades.
1979:[Who][Research] Rolf Maximilian Sievert (Swedish: [ˈrɔlf maksɪˈmǐːlɪan ˈsǐːvɛʈ]; 6 May 1896 – 3 October 1966) was a Swedish medical physicist whose major contribution was in the study of the biological effects of ionizing radiation. In 1979, at the Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures (General Conference on Weights and Measures or CGPM), the SI unit for ionizing radiation dose equivalent was named after him and given the name sievert (Sv). One sievert (Sv) is the SI unit for equivalent dose and effective dose of ionizing radiation, equivalent to 1 joule of energy absorbed per kilogram (J/kg) of tissue, but adjusted for biological effect, meaning 1 Sv = 100 rem (the older U.S. unit) and can represent varying absorbed doses in grays (Gy) depending on the radiation type (e.g., alpha particles are more damaging than X-rays). It incorporates radiation weighting factors to account for how different types of radiation (like alpha, beta, gamma) cause more or less biological damage for the same amount of absorbed energy.
Natural levels of radioactivity on Earth vary significantly by location, with some areas experiencing background radiation over a thousand-fold higher than others. While the worldwide average effective dose from natural background radiation is approximately 2.4 mSv per year, certain regions with high concentrations of uranium, thorium, or radium in the soil exhibit levels that can exceed 260 mSv per year.
A value of 9.82×10−8 sieverts or about 0.1 microsieverts (10 μrem) was suggested for consuming a 150-gram (5.3 oz) banana.
1979:[China][Who] Former Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji (1928-2026), who pushed reforms and India ties, dies of illness at 97. Building on former leader Deng Xiaoping's 1979 reforms, Zhu Rongji is credited with supplying the resourcefulness and tenacity to push through history-making changes such as China's WTO membership.
1979–1992:[US][GeoPolitics] support for the Afghan mujahideen in Afghanistan. (US's involvement in regime change)
1979:[Who][Env] In 1979, Dr. Sylvia Earle made history off the coast of Oahu, Hawaii. Contained in an armored diving suit called JIM, she descended 1,250 feet (381m) while strapped to the front of a small research submersible. On September 19, 1979, she set the world untethered diving record, descending 381 meters (1,250 feet) beneath the surface of the Pacific Ocean in a JIM diving suit, a special diving apparatus that maintains an interior pressure of 1 standard atmosphere (14.70 pounds per square inch). Sylvia Earle holds the record for deepest walk on the sea floor and is a world-renowned expert on marine biology. The first woman to lead the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Earle advocates for ocean conservation and education.
1979: "Poor man's ARPANET" at Duke University. Posting to USENET are called Articles, and are categorized into newsgroups.1979: Rohini RS-1, the first Indian satellite launched from first Indian lauch centre, RLC, Sriharikota (Andhra Pradesh).
1979 (Mar 1):[Space] The impact of a meteoroid on Jupiter was first captured on March 5, 1979, 17:45:24 UTC by the Voyager 1 spacecraft, which recorded a rapid flicker of light in the planet's atmosphere. Cook and Duxbury estimated that the mass of the meteoroid was about 11 kg.
1979 (Mar 5): Voyager 1 flyby of Jupiter.
1979 (Mar 5): Voyager 1 flyby of Jupiter.
1979 (Jul 9): Voyager 2 successfully fulfilled its primary mission of visiting the Jovian system.
1979 (Jul 28): Charan Singh becomes PM of India for 1/2 year.
1979: Kevin Mitnick breaks into his first major computer system, the Ark, the computer system Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) used for developing their RSTS/E operating system software.
1979: Sony Walkman
1979: Kevin Mitnick breaks into his first major computer system, the Ark, the computer system Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) used for developing their RSTS/E operating system software.
1979: Sony Walkman
1979: Iranian Revolution (1979) replacement of US supporting Shah and replaced with Ayatollah Khomeini – an authoritarian Islamist with anti-western theocracy
1979:[Cinema] Acting under the cover of a Hollywood producer scouting a location for a science fiction film, a CIA agent launches a dangerous operation to rescue six Americans in Tehran during the U.S. hostage crisis in Iran in 1979. - Argo (2012)
1979:[Cinema] Damnation Alley(1977)
1979:[Space] Supermoon is not an official astronomical term. It was first coined by an astrologer, Richard Nolle, in 1979. He defined it as ‘a New or a Full Moon that occurs when the Moon is at or near (within 90% of) its closest approach to Earth in its orbit’. It is not clear why he chose the 90% cut off in his definition.
1979:[Day] On January 19th, the Indian State of Tripura observes Kokborok Day, also known as Tripuri Language Day, to foster the Kokborok language. This day honours the year 1979 when Kokborok became officially recognized for the first time.
1979:[Music] Chamkila was first spotted by Surinder Shinda.
1979 (Oct 12):[Extreme] The lowest sea-level air pressure ever recorded was 870 mb (25.69 in. Hg) measured on October 12, 1979 in the eye of Typhoon Tip as it moved over Guam.
1979:[US][Economy] In 1979, David Rockefeller Sr. used his high-level contacts to bring Mohammad Reza Shah of Iran, who had been overthrown in the Iranian Revolution and was in poor health, for medical treatment in the United States.
1979:[Extreme] The 1979 Yugoslav Mount Everest expedition ( JAHE VII ) was the first successful summit of Mount Everest (8,848m) using the entire West Ridge route. The first successful ascent of the West Ridge Direct was done by 24 Yugoslav alpinists, of which four reached the peak on the May 13th and 15th of 1979, using a route modified from the French to avoid the avalanche fall-lines.
1979:[Env][Disaster] Machchhu dam failure, Morvi Gujarat; 5k deaths
1979:[MENA][IG] On July 22, 1979, shortly after becoming president of Iraq, Saddam Hussein held a dramatic Ba’ath Party meeting that was broadcast on state television. During the session, he read aloud the names of 68 senior party members accused of plotting against the leadership. Each was escorted out by security personnel as audio recordings of alleged confessions were played. The atmosphere grew tense, with remaining officials expressing vocal support for Saddam, many appearing visibly anxious. The event marked a decisive moment in Saddam’s rise, as he consolidated power and eliminated potential rivals within the party.
1979:[silvics][India][who] Jadav "Molai" Payeng is an environmental activist and forestry worker from Majuli, popularly known as the Forest Man of India. Over the course of several decades, he has planted and tended trees on a sandbar of the river Brahmaputra turning it into a forest reserve. Wikipedia Born: 31 October 1959 (age 66 years), Jorhat Awards: Padma Shri Parents: Lakhiram Payeng, Aphuli Payeng Spouse: Binita Payeng Nationality: Indian.
1979:[silvics][India][who] In 1979, Payeng encountered a large number of snakes that had died due to excessive heat after floods washed them onto the tree-less sandbar. That is when he planted around 20 bamboo seedlings on the sandbar. He not only looked after the plants, but continued to plant more trees on his own, in an effort to transform the area into a forest.
1980s:[edu] Modern Identity of Industrial Engg: Departments evolved later in the century into Industrial and Systems Engineering to reflect a broader focus on complex operational networks.
1980s:[Delhi] East Delhi: While the area has historical roots, its formalization as a district and the construction of the bridge connecting it to West Delhi (Tans Yamuna, now known as ITO) occurred between 1980 and 1990, according to the District East, Delhi website.
1980s: Dwarka: While the area has historical roots related to a stepwell, the modern Dwarka Sub City is a more recent development, with parts of it historically belonging to the Loharehri village. Dwarka was developed in the 1980s. Before its establishment, most of the area of Dwarka was under a village called "Pappankalan". Delhi Development Authority is now developing Dwarka on the lines of Prabuddha Nagar.
1980s:[Computing][Quantum] IBM has been involved in quantum computing research since the 1980s, when it demonstrated the first quantum logic gate and the first nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) quantum computer. Since then, IBM has developed a series of quantum chips, such as Qubit, Q Experience, Q System One, and Osprey, with increasing numbers of qubits (the basic units of quantum information) and improved performance. IBM also offers cloud-based access to its quantum processors and software tools for researchers, developers, and businesses through its IBM Quantum Network
1980s: India's supercomputer program was started in late 1980s because Cray supercomputers were denied for import due to an arms embargo imposed on India, as it was a dual use technology and could be used for developing nuclear weapons.1980s: There was an explosion of economic growth in the 1980s: GDP grew an average of 3.85% annually - the largest peace-time growth in U.S. history.
1980s:[Crime] David Hunt (1961-present) in UK (1980s-present)
1980s:[Crime] In the early 1980s, after Haji Mastan gave up his smuggling operations and Karim Lala's Pathan gang was weakened by a split between Samad Khan and Dawood Ibrahim, Varadarajan emerged as a powerful contender in the Mumbai underworld. Varadarajan ran a parallel judicial system within the Tamil community in his strongholds. Starting the 1980s, police officer Y.C. Pawar targeted Varadarajan Mudaliar. Most of his gang members were eliminated or imprisoned. His illegal gambling and liquor dens were closed down and finally by the end of 1983, Varadarajan was forced to abandon his underworld empire and flee from Mumbai to Tamil Nadu.
1980s:[Crime] Karim Lala unsuccessfully tried to mediate peace between his nephew, Samad Khan and his rivals, Shabir Ibrahim and Dawood Ibrahim.
1980s:[Realty][Delhi] Rohini, a sub-city in Delhi, was established in the 1980s as part of the Delhi Development Authority's (DDA) sub-city project. The project aimed to create a composite society for all income groups. The DDA began inviting applications for Rohini in 1981.
1980s:[mgmt] Timesheet history refers to the records of past work hours, showing clock-ins/outs, manual entries, edits, and approval statuses, crucial for payroll, project management, and historical analysis, accessible through digital apps or software where users can view, filter (by date, project, employee), and export these records for detailed review and reporting. The concept evolved from ancient wage records to mechanical clocks and now to sophisticated digital systems that automate tracking and provide deep insights into labor data.
1980s:[Aviation][Extreme] Pugachev Cobra, While popularized in 1989, similar "super stall" recovery techniques were developed by Swedish pilots in the early 1960s.
1980s:[meds][Research] In the early 1980s, Richard Goodman and P. Kay Lund were postdoctoral researchers working in Joel Habener's laboratory at Massachusetts General Hospital.[28] Starting in 1979, Goodman harvested DNA from American anglerfish islet cells and spliced the DNA into bacteria to find the gene for somatostatin; Lund then joined the Habener laboratory and used Goodman's bacteria to identify the gene for glucagon.[28] In 1982, they published their discovery that the gene for proglucagon actually codes for three peptides, namely glucagon and two novel peptides.[28] Those two novel peptides were later isolated, identified, and investigated by other researchers, and are now known as glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon-like peptide-2.
1980s:[Adventure][Extreme][Tourism][TR] Paragliding in Ölüdeniz, Turkey, evolved from a bold exploratory activity off Mount Babadağ in the late 1980s into one of the premier commercial paragliding hubs in the world by the early 1990s. Late 1980s: Adventurers and early free-flight pioneers first recognized the massive potential of Mount Babadağ (1,969 meters) for launching, drawn by its incredible height relative to the sea and stable weather patterns.1991: Regular safety training (SIV) and cross-country trips began operating out of the area as the sport gained organized traction.1992: The first recorded tandem flight took place in Ölüdeniz, paving the way for commercial tandem operations where everyday travelers could fly accompanied by a professional pilot.2000s–Present: Infrastructure steadily improved from rough dirt road vehicle tracks up the mountain to the modern Babadağ Teleferik cable car system, making access to the 1,700m, 1,800m, and 1,900m launching pads seamless. Whether by air, land or sea, there are so many ways to celebrate nature and diversity in this gorgeous part of the world. The beach village of Ölüdeniz here on Türkiye's Turquoise Coast is noted for its Blue Lagoon, separated from the ocean by a long sandbar. Much of the area is protected inside a national park, and it's renowned as one of the best paragliding spots in the world. Whether suspended in midair or perched on the summit of Mount Babadağ, just a few miles from the seaside, you can enjoy spectacular views of the lagoon, beach, sea, and countless scenic hills and valleys.
1980s:[Med][Delhi] GIPMER expanded its laboratory wings, integrating Biochemistry, Microbiology, and advanced surgical workflows, achieving a prominent regional monopoly in super-specialty care.
1980 (Jan 14): Indira Gandhi becomes PM of India for 4 years.
1980 (Feb 25): Yes Minister is a British political satire sitcom written by Antony Jay and Jonathan Lynn. Comprising three seven-episode series, it was first transmitted on BBC2 from 1980 to 1984. A sequel, Yes, Prime Minister, ran for 16 episodes from 1986 to 1988.
1980 (Apr 11):[Mars] Viking 2 lander retired, second one to retire of the 4 Viking probes sent to Mars.
1980 (Apr 11):[Mars] Viking 2 lander retired, second one to retire of the 4 Viking probes sent to Mars.
1980 (Apr 15): Sartre died aged 74. Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic. He was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism and phenomenology, and one of the leading figures in 20th-century French philosophy and Marxism. His work has also influenced sociology, critical theory, post-colonial theory, and literary studies, and continues to influence these disciplines.
1980 (Aug 17):[Mars] Viking 1 orbiter retired, third one to retire of the 4 Viking probes sent to Mars.
1980 (Sep 22): Iraq invaded Iran leading to Iran–Iraq War for 8 years till Aug 1988.
1980 (Nov 12):[Space] Voyager 1 flyby of Saturn's largest moon, Titan to study atmosphere. NASA had a choice of either doing a Pluto or Titan flyby; exploration of the moon took priority because it was known to have a substantial atmosphere. It studied the weather, magnetic fields, and rings of the two gas giants and was the first probe to provide detailed images of their moons.
1980 (Nov 14): ITPO-IITF. The India International Trade Fair, ever since its inception in 1980, has evolved as a major event for the business community. It is a premier event organized by the India Trade Promotion Organization (ITPO), the nodal trade promotion agency of the Government of India.. IITF Delhi is largest consumer goods fair in the Indian subcontinent. The event is held between 14–27 November every year at Pragati Maidan, New Delhi, India. The 14 days fair has first 5 days for Business Visitors for a fee of Rs. 400/- per day and rest 9 days for General visitors. Fair timings are 9:30 AM to 7:30 PM. Fair Venue is Pragati Maidan, New Delhi. Fair Entry on a fee of Rs.50 per adult and Rs.30 per child during week days from 19th November onward. During weekends and holidays the entry fee will be Rs.80 per adult and Rs.50 per child.
1980:[GeoPolitics][UK] I-day of Zimbabwe: April 18, 1980
1980 (May 4):[Geopolitics][Who] Causes of Yugoslav Wars: Rising nationalism, unresolved ethnic and religious tensions, and the power vacuum following the 1980 death of long-time leader Josip Broz Tito (b: 7 May 1892, Kumrovec-Croatia; d: 4 May 1980 Ljubljana, Slovenia), statesperson and former President of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
1980:[Business][GeoPolitics]People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) is an American animal rights nonprofit organization based in Norfolk, Virginia, and led by Ingrid Newkirk, its international president.
1980:[Computing][[Quantum] The idea of a quantum computer was first proposed by Paul Benioff in 1980, who described a quantum mechanical model of a Turing machine.
1980: The FBI investigates a breach of security at National CSS. The New York Times, reporting on the incident in 1981, describes hackers as
technical experts; skilled, often young, computer programmers, who almost whimsically probe the defenses of a computer system, searching out the limits and the possibilities of the machine. Despite their seemingly subversive role, hackers are a recognized asset in the computer industry, often highly prized.
1980: The number of millionaires in the U.S. soared from 4,400 in 1980 to more than 63,000 in 1990, a 14-fold increase.
technical experts; skilled, often young, computer programmers, who almost whimsically probe the defenses of a computer system, searching out the limits and the possibilities of the machine. Despite their seemingly subversive role, hackers are a recognized asset in the computer industry, often highly prized.
1980: The number of millionaires in the U.S. soared from 4,400 in 1980 to more than 63,000 in 1990, a 14-fold increase.
1980: Hyperinflation started in Brazil and lasted for 14 years of 3-to-4-digit annual inflation rates from 1980 until 1994; averaged 323.67 percent from 1980 until 2021, reaching an all time high of 6821.31 percent in April of 1990 and a record low of 1.65 percent in December of 1998.
1980: When did we stop testing nuclear weapons on the ground? Over time the number and size (or yield) of these blasts increased, especially in the late 1950s and early 1960s. After the Limited Test Ban Treaty of 1963 was signed by the United States, the Soviet Union and Great Britain, most above-ground blasts ceased. Some above-ground weapons testing by other countries continued until 1980.
1980:[Computer] The C++ programming language has a history going back to 1979, when Bjarne Stroustrup was doing work on a language called Simula for his Ph.D. thesis. In 1983, the name of the language was changed from C with Classes to C++. The ++ operator in the C language is an operator for incrementing a variable, which gives some insight into how Stroustrup regarded the language.
1980:[Cinema][US] The true story of Herb Brooks, the player-turned-coach who led the 1980 U.S. Olympic hockey team to victory over the seemingly invincible Soviet squad. - Miracle (2004)
1980:[Cinema] In 1980 Miami, a determined Cuban immigrant takes over a drug cartel and succumbs to greed. - Scarface (1983)
1980:[Cinema] Just Imagine(1930)
1980:[Cinema] The Phantom Planet(1961)
1980:[Crime] Karim Lala unsuccessfully tried to mediate peace between his nephew, Samad Khan and his rivals, Shabir Ibrahim Kaskar and Dawood Ibrahim Kaskar. Lala also held a weekly "durbar" where people from different walks of life narrated their grievances to Lala and he helped them financially or to get justice using his gang's muscle power. He died on 19 February 2002 at the age of 90. His younger brother (Ali Mohammed) was living in Kabul Afghanistan at that time and could never meet his brother.
1980:[Space][Interstellar] the Voyager team fired the spacecraft's trajectory correction maneuver (TCM) thrusters.
[Generation] Millennial generation (1981–1996) starts and exists for next 15 years.
1981–1990:[US][GeoPolitics] support for the Contras in Nicaragua. (US's involvement in regime change)
1981:[GeoPolitics][UK] I-day of Belize: September 21, 1981
1981:[Business][Politics][Economics] Reaganomics - The neoliberal, free market economic ideas and policies of the American president Ronald Reagan (1911–2004) and his two administrations (1981–1989), with a focus on reduced government spending, taxation, and regulations (supply-side economics) and granting potential benefits and encouragement to wealthy people and businesses in particular to drive the rest of the economy (trickle-down hypothesis).
1981:[MBA] The Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO) It was proposed by Barry Boehm in 1981 and is based on the study of 63 projects, which makes it one of the best-documented models. It is a Software Cost Estimation Model that helps predict the effort, cost, and schedule required for a software development project.
1981:[UK] Diana Frances Spencer marries Charles, Prince of Wales - Diana, Princess of Wales (born Diana Frances Spencer; 1 July 1961 – 31 August 1997), was a member of the British royal family. She was the first wife of Charles III (then Prince of Wales) and mother of Princes William and Harry. Her activism and glamour made her an international icon and earned her enduring popularity.
1981:[Computing][[Quantum] Richard Feynman suggested that quantum computers could simulate quantum systems more efficiently than classical computers.
1981: Mario debuted as "Jumpman" in the arcade game Donkey Kong on July 9, 1981.1981: AIDS was first clinically observed in the United States.
1981: Chaos Computer Club forms in Germany.
1981: [Business][Finance][Corporate][India] Mukesh Ambani pulls out of MBA at Stanford to work on RIL's expansion into polyester and petrochemicals.
1981: Ian Murphy aka Captain Zap, was the first cracker to be tried and convicted as a felon. Murphy broke into AT&T's computers in 1981 and changed the internal clocks that metered billing rates. People were getting late-night discount rates when they called at midday. Of course, the bargain-seekers who waited until midnight to call long distance were hit with high bills.
1981: MTV
1981: Ian Murphy aka Captain Zap, was the first cracker to be tried and convicted as a felon. Murphy broke into AT&T's computers in 1981 and changed the internal clocks that metered billing rates. People were getting late-night discount rates when they called at midday. Of course, the bargain-seekers who waited until midnight to call long distance were hit with high bills.
1981: MTV
1981: Since 1981 the rate of population growth is gradually decreasing because of family planning programme. This program was designed to increase the awareness about the benefits of smaller family size. As people got more and more educated birth rates declined rapidly.
1981 (Feb 12):[Crime] The turning point of gangland killings was killing of Sabir, elder brother of Dawood at the petrol pump near Siddhi Vinayak temple in Prabhadevi. The inter-gang rivalry grew to such an extent that Manya Surve, his gang, along with Amirzada and Alamzeb plotted to kill Shabir and Dawood. On 12 February 1981, they gunned down Shabir at a petrol pump in Prabhadevi. Dawood takes-up charge of D-Company.
1981 (Aug 26): Voyager 2 successfully fulfilled its primary mission of visiting the Saturnian system.
1981:[Gaming][Polity] The American Amusement Machine Association (AAMA) is a trade association established. It represents the American coin-operated amusement machine industry, including 120 arcade game distributors and manufacturers.
1981:[India][Who] Meeran Chadha Borwankar graduated from India’s National Police Academy as the sole woman of its 1981 batch. Meeran’s steadfast efforts saw her become Maharashtra’s first female district police chief as well as its first woman police commissioner. She also held senior roles at the Central Bureau of Investigation and Mumbai’s crime branch, eventually retiring as Director General of the Bureau of Police Research and Development and the National Crime Records Bureau.
1981:[PSU] MoM's National Aluminium Company Limited (NALCO) is an Indian public sector company having integrated and diversified operations in mining, metal and power. Presently, the Government of India holds a 51.28% equity stake in NALCO, while the Ministry of Mines has administrative control over the company.
1981:[Def][Aviation] The effectiveness of this defence was proved in 1981 when Kelly Johnson, one of the designers of the Blackbird, announced that over 1,000 missiles had been launched towards the SR-71, but none of them had hit. Out of the 32 SR-71s that were built, 12 were lost due to accidents, never because of enemy fire. While talking about weapons and countermeasures, it is needed to say that the SR-71 was never fitted with any weapons. Of course, this was due to many reasons but one was that it was simply not built to shoot. It was built to surveil and take pictures and since it could not (in practical) be shot down it had no need to be fitted with weapons. The Blackbird was only capable to fly for approximately 5,400km which may seem like a lot, but compared to the Lockheed U-2, another reconnassaince aircraft, with a range of over 10,000km, it is (very) inferior.
1982:[extreme] After 22 years of work, Dashrath Manjhi shortened travel between the Atri and Wazirganj blocks of Gaya district from 70 km (43 mi) to 1 km (0.62 mi). He travelled to New Delhi to get recognition of his work and was rewarded by then Chief Minister of Bihar, Nitish Kumar. In 2016, Indian Post issued a postage stamp featuring Manjhi.
1982:[FnB][Botany] Sona Masoori rice was first released in 1982. It is a hybrid variety developed from a cross between Sona and Mahsuri rice. The variety was released through the State Variety Release Committee (SVRC) in Andhra Pradesh. While the name suggests a link to the Sona river in Karnataka and Masoori village in Andhra Pradesh, the rice is widely cultivated in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Karnataka. The name "Sona Masoori" is derived from these two parent varieties. In Telugu, it is also known as Bangaru Theegalu, meaning "golden ivy". It is typically grown during the Kharif season, requiring a hot and humid climate with ample sunshine and water. Sona Masoori is a popular medium-grain rice used in various South Indian dishes, including biryani, idli, and pongal.
1982:[research] The modern era for applying Re-Os isotopes to geological studies began with the work of Allègre and Luck, who established the Os isotopic evolution trend of the mantle. They showed that the mantle has evolved with a near-chondritic Re/Os ratio since Earth's formation, which was a surprising finding considering the known mantle dynamics. Furthermore, Luck and Allègre (1982) demonstrated the potential for obtaining geologically meaningful ages from molybdenite using Re-Os isotopes. Researchers like Ravizza and Turekian also contributed by exploring the application of Re-Os isotopes in organic-rich samples, like sediments, which are important for dating and tracing geological processes. Re-Os and Sr isotopic analyses are geochemical techniques used to date geological materials and understand their origins. Re-Os dating focuses on the decay of rhenium-187 (187Re) to osmium-187 (187Os), while Rb-Sr dating utilizes the decay of rubidium-87 (87Rb) to strontium-87 (87Sr). These isotopic systems are valuable for studying a wide range of geological processes, including mantle evolution, crustal formation, and ore deposit formation.
1982:[Med][Delhi] Sir Ganga Ram Hospital installed Delhi's first computerized tomography (CT) scanning unit. Pioneering Programs: Launched the private sector's first kidney transplant and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) programs in India. Charitable Focus: Maintains 20% of its beds (~200 beds) completely free for poor and needy patients.
1982:[Book] In Search of Excellence, a book written by McKinsey researchers Tom Peters and Robert H. Waterman, Jr. sold 3 million copies in its first four years, and was the most widely held monograph in the United States from 1989 to 2006 (17 years). The book explores the art and science of management used by several companies in the 1980s.
1982 (Jan 11):[Crime] Shootout at Wadala. The gangster Manya Surve was shot dead by Mumbai police officers Raja Tambat and Isaque Bagwan at the junction adjacent to Dr. Ambedkar College, Wadala, Bombay. This is often referred to as the city's first recognised encounter killing. From that period until early 2003, the police killed 1,200 alleged criminals.
1982:[Book] In Search of Excellence, a book written by McKinsey researchers Tom Peters and Robert H. Waterman, Jr. sold 3 million copies in its first four years, and was the most widely held monograph in the United States from 1989 to 2006 (17 years). The book explores the art and science of management used by several companies in the 1980s.
1982 (Jan 11):[Crime] Shootout at Wadala. The gangster Manya Surve was shot dead by Mumbai police officers Raja Tambat and Isaque Bagwan at the junction adjacent to Dr. Ambedkar College, Wadala, Bombay. This is often referred to as the city's first recognised encounter killing. From that period until early 2003, the police killed 1,200 alleged criminals.
1982 (Mar): The US D.o.D. declared TCP/IP as the standard for all military networking. It was proposed by Robert E. Kahn, Vinton Cerf to Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).
1982; SMS (Short Message Service) Adding text messaging functionality to mobile devices began in the early 1980s. The first action plan of the CEPT Group GSM was approved in December 1982, requesting that, "The services and facilities offered in the public switched telephone networks and public data networks ... should be available in the mobile system."[6] This plan included the exchange of text messages either directly between mobile stations, or transmitted via message handling systems in use at that time.
1982: SMTP protocol defined for e-mails.
1982: Compact Discs (VCDs)
1982: The FCC approved operation of an analog cellular mobile telephone system.
1982: Colour TV in India: Colour TV was introduced to India with the live telecast of the Independence Day speech by the Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi, on 15 August 1982. This was followed by the 1982 Asian Games held in Delhi.
1982: Indian Railways set up a central organisation (COFOIS) to computerise freight operations.
1982 (Jan 1): ExIm Bank.
1982; SMS (Short Message Service) Adding text messaging functionality to mobile devices began in the early 1980s. The first action plan of the CEPT Group GSM was approved in December 1982, requesting that, "The services and facilities offered in the public switched telephone networks and public data networks ... should be available in the mobile system."[6] This plan included the exchange of text messages either directly between mobile stations, or transmitted via message handling systems in use at that time.
1982: SMTP protocol defined for e-mails.
1982: Compact Discs (VCDs)
1982: The FCC approved operation of an analog cellular mobile telephone system.
1982: Colour TV in India: Colour TV was introduced to India with the live telecast of the Independence Day speech by the Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi, on 15 August 1982. This was followed by the 1982 Asian Games held in Delhi.
1982: Indian Railways set up a central organisation (COFOIS) to computerise freight operations.
1982 (Jan 1): ExIm Bank.
1982 (Apr 28): Chris McCandless "disappeared" into the wilderness.
1982 (Jul 12): NABARD estd.
1982 (Sep 28): Ranbir Kapoor landed safely in Mumbai to Rishi and Neetu. He went to Bombay Scottish School in Mahim.
1982 (Jul 12): NABARD estd.
1982 (Sep 28): Ranbir Kapoor landed safely in Mumbai to Rishi and Neetu. He went to Bombay Scottish School in Mahim.
1982 (Nov 13):[Mars] Viking 1 lander retired, last one to retire of the 4 Viking probes sent to Mars.
1982: the Russia's first GLONASS satellite was launched.
1982: Dr. Batra's Clinic was founded by Dr. Mukesh. Batra. It started off as a Homeopathic clinic in Mumbai.
1982: the Russia's first GLONASS satellite was launched.
1982: Dr. Batra's Clinic was founded by Dr. Mukesh. Batra. It started off as a Homeopathic clinic in Mumbai.
1982: Michael Jackson's Thriller sold 65M copies and he shore-up as the 'King of Pop'.
1982:[Cinema] Gorath(1962)
1982:[Religion] the Akali Dal and Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale joined hands to launch the Dharam Yudh Morcha in order to implement the resolution. Thousands of people joined the movement, feeling that it represented a real solution to such demands as larger shares of water for irrigation and the return of Chandigarh to Punjab. (Khalistan)
1982:[GoI] The Export-Import Bank of India is a specialized financial institution in India that was established in 1982. The bank's primary function is to finance, facilitate and promote India's international trade. It is owned by the Government of India and operates as a statutory corporation.
1982 (Jul12): [GoI] The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development is an All India Financial Institution and an apex Regulatory Body for overall supervision of Regional Rural Banks, State Cooperative Banks and District Central Cooperative Banks in India.
1982:[Realty] Constructed for the 1982 Asian Games, it has a capacity of about 60,000, making it one of the largest stadiums in India. (Dargans) - Bldr. Anil Mohan Dargan and others won contract to build the stadium near Pragati Maidan in 1980.
1982 (NOv 19-Dec 4): 9th Asian Games - The 1982 Asian Games, officially known as the IX Asiad, were held in New Delhi, India, from November 19 to December 4, 1982. This was the second time Delhi hosted the Asian Games, after the inaugural event in 1951. The games saw 3,411 athletes from 33 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) compete in various sports. China emerged as the top medal winner for the first time, surpassing Japan's previous dominance. India finished fifth in the medal tally with 57 medals, including 13 gold.
1982:[Who] Glenn Herbert Gould was a Canadian classical pianist. He was among the most famous and celebrated pianists of the 20th century, renowned as an interpreter of the keyboard works of Johann Sebastian Bach. Source: Wikipedia Born 25 Sept 1932 Toronto, Canada Died 4 Oct 1982 Toronto General Hospital, Toronto
1982:[silvics] The Institute of Chartered Foresters (ICF) is the professional body for foresters and arboriculturists in the United Kingdom. Its royal charter was granted in 1982. The Institute grants chartered status to individuals following an examination process that includes a period of management or supervisory experience resulting in them being promoted to professional membership. Chartered members are recognised by the designations 'Chartered Arboriculturist' or 'Chartered Forester' and by the postnominals letters MICFor (Member of the Institute of Chartered Foresters). Fellows of the institute bear the postnominals FICFor (Fellow of the Institute of Chartered Foresters) in addition to their designation.
1982:[Malaysia] The first Penang Bridge officially opened to traffic on September 14, 1985, providing the very first land connection between Penang Island and mainland Peninsular Malaysia. Prior to its construction, the state-owned Penang Ferry Service was the only way to travel across the strait. The Timeline: Construction officially began in 1982 under Malaysia's 4th Prime Minister, Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad. It took three years and nine months to complete. Total Length: 13.5 kilometres (8.4 miles), with 8.4 kilometres (5.2 miles) directly spanning over water.Route: Connects Gelugor on Penang Island to Perai on the mainland.Structural Design: Features a distinctive cable-stayed mid-span designed by renowned Malaysian engineer Chin Fung Kee.Construction Cost: Approximately RM 800 million.
1983:[US][GeoPolitics] invasion of Grenada. (US's involvement in regime change)
1983 (Jun 23): And it all began with the approval of IEEE Std 802.3™, the first-ever "Standard for Ethernet."
1983:[Business] High-frequency trading (HFT) wasn't invented in a single year but evolved over time, beginning with the introduction of electronic trading by NASDAQ in 1983, with advanced computer-based systems for rapid order execution developing significantly in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The phenomenon gained significant momentum in the early 2000s, with execution times shrinking from seconds to milliseconds and even nanoseconds by 2012.
1983:[Business] NASDAQ introduced its full-fledged electronic trading system, paving the way for computer-based trading. (HFT)
1983 (Jul): the Sikh political party Akali Dal's President Harcharan Singh Longowal had invited Bhindranwale to take up residence in Golden Temple Complex. Bhindranwale later on made the sacred temple complex an armoury and headquarters. (Khalistan)
1983:[Research][Space] Bogard DD, Johnson P. Martian gases in an Antarctic meteorite?. Science. 1983;221(4611):651–4. doi: 10.1126/science.221.4611.651 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
1983: deployment of TCP/IP.
1983: Jon Brower Minnoch, world's heaviest man weighing 635 kg died. Peak BMI of 185.5 kg/m2
1983 (Nov 10): J Oeting's "Cellular Mobile Radio- An Emerging Technology"
1983: IBM DB2 was first released. IBM Db2 contains database server products developed by IBM. These products all support the relational model, but in recent years some products have been extended to support object-relational features and non-relational structures like JSON and XML.
1983: MILNet separated the Military part of ARPANET from the academics. It onlly carried unclassified info. Still exist today.
1983; DNS defined for IP address-to-name translation, and vice-versa.
1983 (Nov 12): Steve Huffman, co-founder of Reddit was born in Virginia.
1983: In 1983, two separate research groups led by Robert Gallo and Luc Montagnier independently declared that a novel retrovirus may have been infecting AIDS patients, and published their findings in the same issue of the journal Science.
1983: Dashrath Manjhi- The Mountain Man, carved a path 360-feet-long (110 m), 25-feet-deep (7.7 m) in places and 30-feet-wide (9.1 m) to form a road, through the rocks in Gehlour hill in 22 years using hammer & chisel. He quoted that, "When I started hammering the hill, people called me a lunatic but that steeled my resolve."
1983: Haryana State Electronics Development Corporation Limited (Hartron), a Haryana Government Undertaking, after bifurcating from Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (HSIIDC) started working independently with effect from 1st Jan,
1983 (Sep 1): Korean Air Lines (KAL) 007 flying from Anchorage, Alaska to Seoul, South Korea over the Pacific was shot by the Soviet Air Force Sukhoi Su-15.
1983: GPS was made public after the 1983 Air tragedy when a Korean Airlines Flight entered Soviet airspace following a navigation error. and was shot-down killing all the 269 passengers on-board. 40th US Prez. Ronald Reagan to make its GPS (or NAVSTAR) available for civilian use.
1983: The U.S. House of Representatives begins hearings on computer security hacking.
1983: In his Turing Award lecture, Ken Thompson mentions "hacking" and describes a security exploit that he calls a "Trojan horse".
1983: The group KILOBAUD is formed in February, kicking off a series of other hacker groups which form soon after.
1983: the Indian Penal Code,1860(herein after referred to as I.P.C.) was amended and inserted S.498A which deals with ‘Matrimonial Cruelty’ to a woman.
1983: Jon Brower Minnoch, world's heaviest man weighing 635 kg died. Peak BMI of 185.5 kg/m2
1983 (Nov 10): J Oeting's "Cellular Mobile Radio- An Emerging Technology"
1983: IBM DB2 was first released. IBM Db2 contains database server products developed by IBM. These products all support the relational model, but in recent years some products have been extended to support object-relational features and non-relational structures like JSON and XML.
1983: MILNet separated the Military part of ARPANET from the academics. It onlly carried unclassified info. Still exist today.
1983; DNS defined for IP address-to-name translation, and vice-versa.
1983 (Nov 12): Steve Huffman, co-founder of Reddit was born in Virginia.
1983: In 1983, two separate research groups led by Robert Gallo and Luc Montagnier independently declared that a novel retrovirus may have been infecting AIDS patients, and published their findings in the same issue of the journal Science.
1983: Dashrath Manjhi- The Mountain Man, carved a path 360-feet-long (110 m), 25-feet-deep (7.7 m) in places and 30-feet-wide (9.1 m) to form a road, through the rocks in Gehlour hill in 22 years using hammer & chisel. He quoted that, "When I started hammering the hill, people called me a lunatic but that steeled my resolve."
1983: Haryana State Electronics Development Corporation Limited (Hartron), a Haryana Government Undertaking, after bifurcating from Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (HSIIDC) started working independently with effect from 1st Jan,
1983 (Sep 1): Korean Air Lines (KAL) 007 flying from Anchorage, Alaska to Seoul, South Korea over the Pacific was shot by the Soviet Air Force Sukhoi Su-15.
1983: GPS was made public after the 1983 Air tragedy when a Korean Airlines Flight entered Soviet airspace following a navigation error. and was shot-down killing all the 269 passengers on-board. 40th US Prez. Ronald Reagan to make its GPS (or NAVSTAR) available for civilian use.
1983: The U.S. House of Representatives begins hearings on computer security hacking.
1983: In his Turing Award lecture, Ken Thompson mentions "hacking" and describes a security exploit that he calls a "Trojan horse".
1983: The group KILOBAUD is formed in February, kicking off a series of other hacker groups which form soon after.
1983: the Indian Penal Code,1860(herein after referred to as I.P.C.) was amended and inserted S.498A which deals with ‘Matrimonial Cruelty’ to a woman.
1983 (May 16): The moonwalk became popular around the world following Michael Jackson's moonwalk during the broadcast performance of "Billie Jean" on Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever. He would go on to include it during tours and live performances.
1983:[Book] American Christian televangelist Robert Schuller's Tough Times Never Last, but Tough People Do!
1984 (Oct 8): In Custody is a novel set in India by Indian American writer Anita Desai. It was shortlisted for the Booker Prize in the same year.
1984: The Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) was first conducted. It is an examination that primarily tests the comprehensive understanding of various undergraduate subjects in engineering and science.
1983:[Cinema] Westworld(1973)
1983:[Crime][India] Varadarajan was forced to abandon his underworld empire and flee from Mumbai to Tamil Nadu.
1983: [Business][Finance][Corporate][India] RIL's 1 Lac tonne polyester filament yarn/annum plant est in Patlaganga.
1983: Dargans started constructing their 300 sqyd home in Malviya Nagar. Contract of worth 10 lakh, it took around an year to complete a house of 3 BHK with a nice front lawn.
1983:[SpaceX][Meteor] 3200 Phaethon is a small asteroid, discovered in 1983, that has a unique, comet-like activity near the Sun, despite not being a comet. It is the parent body of the Geminid meteor shower, which occurs annually in December. Phaethon is notable for its unusual proximity to the Sun, and it is named after the Greek mythological character Phaethon, who drove the chariot of the sun.
1983:[Def] India's Agni missile program is a family of long-range, nuclear-capable ballistic missiles developed under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP), launched in 1983 by the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) and led by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. The program's first missile, the Agni-I, was successfully tested in 1989, followed by progressively longer-range and more advanced versions like Agni-II, Agni-III, Agni-IV, and the most advanced Agni-V, which features Multiple Independently-Targetable Re-entry Vehicles (MIRVs) for multiple warheads. The Agni series is the backbone of India's nuclear launch capacity, with continuous development and testing to enhance range, accuracy, and strategic capability.
1983:[mntngg] The incident was not publicly acknowledged in full until years later. Meanwhile, the surrounding area, especially the Nanda Devi Sanctuary, became off-limits to many mountaineers and trekkers. Foreign expeditions were restricted; the mountain’s climbing routes were tightly controlled. Finally, in 1983, climbing was officially banned, and the region was declared sensitive both for ecology and security. So one can say that the failed mission, in essence, contributed to the mountain being closed to general mountaineering.
1983:[Biz][Delhi] Hyatt Regency Delhi opened in Bhikaji Cama Place.
The Insurgency in Punjab, India was an armed campaign by the militants of the Khalistan movement from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s.
1984: MatLab, a fourth-generation programming language was developed and released by MathWorks.1984 (Oct 8): In Custody is a novel set in India by Indian American writer Anita Desai. It was shortlisted for the Booker Prize in the same year.
1984: The Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) was first conducted. It is an examination that primarily tests the comprehensive understanding of various undergraduate subjects in engineering and science.
1984:[Delhi] Ghazipur Landfill :Commissioned in 1984, this landfill is the oldest and has accumulated the most waste, around 14 million tonnes. The three main landfill sites in Delhi were commissioned at different times: Ghazipur in 1984 (14 MT), Bhalswa in 1994 (8 MT), and Okhla in 1996 (6 MT). All three sites are now (2025) considered full and have exceeded their designed capacity. All three landfills are currently undergoing remediation efforts, including bio-mining and bio-remediation, to reduce their size and environmental impact. The Okhla landfill was commissioned in 1996. In 2009 it crossed its saturation point after breaching the permissible height of 25 meters.
1984 (May 23):[Mntngg]: In 1983, a remarkable journey began when Ms. Bachendri Pal (clickable link), a budding mountaineer, joined the sports department of Tata Steel. Little did anyone anticipate that this step would set the stage for an extraordinary and transformative endeavor. Ms. Pal’s selection for the National Everest expedition marked a turning point. In pursuit of this monumental challenge, she embarked on a special leave to train rigorously and conquer the formidable Mt. Everest. The date, May 23rd, 1984, etched a historic moment as she became the first Indian woman to summit this towering peak, achieving a feat that reverberated across the nation.
Amidst alluring job offers, Ms. Pal chose loyalty to Tata Steel, a company that believed in her potential from the very beginning. Her incredible accomplishment garnered accolades from far and wide, including a memorable interaction with none other than Sir JRD Tata himself. Recognizing the significance of her achievement, JRD Tata, a bold adventurer in his own right, extended an invitation to Ms. Bachendri Pal in 1984 to establish the Tata Steel Adventure Foundation (TSAF). This marked a pivotal moment as TSAF emerged as a not-for-profit organization with a visionary mission – to nurture leadership, teamwork, personal growth, and a deep sense of responsibility towards the environment through meticulously designed adventure programs.
Under Ms. Pal’s visionary leadership, TSAF laid the groundwork for a distinctive adventure department. This department was a rare venture during that era, and its establishment reverberated through time, shaping TSAF’s trajectory to this day.
1984 (Jun 1-8) - Op Bluestar, Operation Blue Star was an Indian Armed Forces operation between 1 and 10 June 1984 to remove Sikh militant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and other Sikh separatists from the buildings of the Golden Temple, the holiest site of Sikhism. The total number of deaths was 410 in violent incidents and riots while 1,180 people were injured.
1984 (Jul 31): Sunshine State Systems, Inc. (Tempa, FL) merged into First Data Processings (Milwaukee, WI) to form Fiserv. Its first executives were George Dalton with Leslie M. Muma. It was the first national financial service company in the US. It used to process dtata for Banks and Thrifts. It originally incorporated in Delaware, and reincorporated as a Wisconsin corporation in 1992. Its HQs are located at 255 Fiserv Drive, Brookfield, Wisconsin 53045, and their telephone number is (262) 879-5000. It is a leading global technology provider serving the financial services industry, driving innovation in payments, processing services, risk and compliance, customer and channel management, and business insights and optimization. Employees: 264-350. Rev: $21 million, 150 acquisitions.
1984 (Feb 13): Prodigy was founded as Trintex, a joint venture between CBS, computer manufacturer IBM, and retailer Sears, Roebuck and Company. indiaun@prodigy.net, is an email for Permanent Mission of India to the UN, HQ'd at NY 10017.1984: GATE was organised by IISc Bangluru for the first time.
1984: Jyotiraditya Scindia aged 13 participated in his father's Madhavrao Scindia election campaign in Guna, MP.
1984 (Apr 14): The Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) was founded on the birth anniversary of B.R. Ambedkar by Kanshi Ram, who named former schoolteacher Mayawati as his successor in 2001.
1984 (Oct 31):[Polity] Four months after the Operation Bluestar and Woodrose, Indira Gandhi was assassinated in vengeance by her two Sikh bodyguards, Satwant Singh and Beant Singh. Rajiv Gandhi becomes PM of India for 5 years.
1984 (Oct 31):[Crime] Mafia hit man and nephew of Karim Lala, Samad Khan (28YO) shot dead by members of rival Dawood Ibrahim gang.
1984: Development of the SMS service concept and contribution to GSM work by Franco German cooperation.1984: In Sophocles: The Three Theban Plays, Robert Fagles translates Sophocles' Oedipus the King. He was an American professor, poet, and academic, best known for his many translations of ancient Greek and Roman classics, especially his acclaimed translations of the epic poems of Homer.
1984:[Book] Robert B. Cialdini's Influence: Science and Practice
1984:[Music] Bryan Adams performed Summer Of '69, recorded by A&M Records.
1984:[Cinema] 1984(1956)
1984:[Cinema] Class of 1984(1982)
1984:[Cinema] Friday the 13th Part 2(1981)
1984:[Cinema] Friday the 13th Part III(1982)
1984:[Physics][Research] In the first superstring revolution in 1984, many physicists turned to string theory as a unified theory of particle physics and quantum gravity. Unlike supergravity theory, string theory was able to accommodate the chirality of the standard model, and it provided a theory of gravity consistent with quantum effects. Another feature of string theory that many physicists were drawn to in the 1980s and 1990s was its high degree of uniqueness.
1984 (Dec):[Space][Research][India] Maitri also known as Friendship Research Centre, is India's second permanent research station in Antarctica as part of the Indian Antarctic Programme. The name was suggested by then-Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. Work on the station was first started by the Indian Expedition which landed there in the end December 1984, with a team led by Dr. B. B. Bhattacharya. Squadron Leader D. P. Joshi, the surgeon of the team, was the first camp commander of the tentage at camp Maitri. The first huts were started by the IV Antarctica Expedition and completed in 1989, shortly before the first station Dakshin Gangotri was buried in ice and abandoned in 1990–91. Maitri is situated in the rocky mountainous region called Schirmacher Oasis. It is only 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) away from the Russian Novolazarevskaya Station. Commissioning of Space Physics Laboratory at Indian Permanent Research Base "Maitri", Antarctica to study the impact of space weather events on high latitude ionospheric region.
1984:[Research] the Japanese survey vessel Takuyō (拓洋) collected data from the Mariana Trench using a narrow, multi-beam echo sounder; it reported a maximum depth of 10,924 metres (35,840 ft), also reported as 10,920 ± 10 m (35,827 ± 33 ft; 5,971.1 ± 5.5 fathoms).
1984:[GoI][CPSU] MoPaNG's GAIL Limited is an Indian state-owned energy corporation with primary interests in the trade, transmission and production distribution of natural gas. GAIL also has interests in the exploration and production solar and wind power, telecom and telemetry services and electricity generation.
1984:[Research][Psychology] About Unique gifts and abilities; Unique strengths - The specific year for Brian Tracy's "Finding Your Area of Excellence" lecture is not available in the provided search results, but his work on this topic is part of his broader focus on personal and professional development, with his first book published in 1984 and his company Brian Tracy International founded even earlier. The concept of identifying one's area of excellence is a core component of his teachings on achieving success, which often involves goal setting and action-oriented strategies.
1. What are the things that hold your attention? What you like to read about? What you like to talk about? What you like to think about? What you like to study? What you like to learn more about?
2. Interest - What are you interested in? What are you drawn to? What you think will be best for you?
3. Absorption - What could you become totally absorbed in? What is something that makes time a fleeting moment for you? What do you do that makes you lose track of time? What's something you could spend hours on without even noticing?
1984:[India][Fun] Appu Ghar, India's first amusement park opened in 1984 near Pragati Maidan, New Delhi, permanently closed in February 2008 to make way for Supreme Court expansion and Metro development. Famous for its mascot (an elephant named Appu) and attractions like the 'Eerie Tunnel,' it was a landmark for 80s/90s kids.
1984:[Mntngg][Extreme] Saser Kangri II West was first climbed in 1984 by an Indo-Japanese team, who at the time, had believed the peak to be higher than Saser Kangri II East and only subsequently was it determined to be the lower of the two. Saser Kangri II East was first climbed by Mark Richey, Steve Swenson, and Freddie Wilkinson on August 24, 2011.[5] Until then it was the world's second highest unclimbed mountain after Gangkhar Puensum, and they won a 2012 Piolet d'Or for their ascent.[6]
1984:Established in 1984, the Ghazipur landfill in East Delhi spans 70 acres and reached its full capacity in 2002. Despite being past its lifespan, it continued receiving thousands of metric tons of daily waste, growing into a 65-meter-high "garbage mountain" prone to major collapses and regular toxic fires.
1985:[Business][GeoPolitics] The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is the regional intergovernmental organization and geopolitical union of states in South Asia. Its member states are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. SAARC comprises 3% of the world's land area, 21% of the world's population and 5.21% (US$4.47 trillion)[9] of the global economy, as of 2021. Founded: 8 December 1985, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Headquarters: Kathmandu, Nepal; Demonym(s): South Asian; HDI (2023): 0.663; medium; Internet TLD: show 8 ccTLDs:.af.bd.bt.in.lk.mv.np.pk; Largest city: Mumbai, India.
1985:[UN] The 1985 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and its 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer were established to protect the ozone layer and safeguard human health and the environment from overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation due to ozone depletion. Both have achieved universal ratification, with 198 Parties. The Vienna Convention calls on Parties to share scientific research, data, and observations. The Montreal Protocol controls nearly 100 manufactured ozone-depleting substances (ODSs), most of which are also potent greenhouse gases. The Kigali Amendment added 18 hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) to the list of controlled substances. While these do not destroy ozone, they are powerful greenhouse gasses. The Amendment was adopted in 2016 and came into force on 1 January 2019.
1985:[Computing][[Quantum] David Deutsch developed the concept of a universal quantum computer, which could perform any computation that a classical computer can, as well as some that a classical computer cannot.
1985s:[Music][Culture] The emo subculture is a combination from the punk rock and the hardcore tendencies. Emo /ˈiːmoʊ/ is a rock music genre characterized by an emphasis on emotional expression, sometimes through confessional lyrics. It emerged as a style of post-hardcore from the mid-1980s hardcore punk movement in Washington, D.C., where it was known as emotional hardcore or emocore and pioneered by bands such as Rites of Spring and Embrace. In the early–mid 1990s, emo was adopted and reinvented by alternative rock, indie rock and/or punk rock bands.
1985s: The Gamow bag was invented in the mid-1980s by Igor Gamow and patented in 1990:
Design. Gamow, a professor at the University of Colorado, originally designed a pressurized chamber called "The Bubble" to study the effects of high altitude on the performance and stamina of athletes.
1985:[Physics][Computing][Research] David Elieser Deutsch FRS (/dɔɪtʃ/ DOYTCH; born 18 May 1953) is a British physicist at the University of Oxford. He is a visiting professor in the Department of Atomic and Laser Physics at the Centre for Quantum Computation (CQC) in the Clarendon Laboratory of the University of Oxford. He pioneered the field of quantum computation by formulating a description for a quantum Turing machine, as well as specifying an algorithm designed to run on a quantum computer. He has also proposed the use of entangled states and Bell's theorem for quantum key distribution and is a proponent of the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.
1985: FTP protocol defined.1985: first website with '.com. as suufix.
1985: MS-Windows 1.0 released.
1985: Homer's The Iliad translated to English by Emile Victor Rieu CBE, a classicist, publisher, poet, and initiator and editor of the Penguin Classics series of books.
1985: when, following US, Marijuana got enlisted under illegal drugs in India.
1985 (May 21): David M Barnes published "The intro. of cellular radio in the UK"
1985: Super Mario Bros (a platform video game) developed and published by Nintendo as a pseudo-sequel to the 1983 game, Mario Bros. It was originally released in Japan for the Family Computer.
1985: The DeLorean time machine got featured in Back to the Future. It is a fictional automobile-based time travel device featured in the Back to the Future franchise. In the feature film series, Dr. Emmett Brown builds a time machine based on a DeLorean DMC-12 car, to gain insights into history and the future.
1985 (Jan): Railway Service Commissions have been renamed as Railway Recruitment Board (RRB). At present 19 Railway Recruitment Boards are functioning.
1985 (Jan 12): 1st National Youth Day on B'day of Swami Vivekananda.
1985: All tickets were issued manually and Stand-alone Computerized ticketing and reservation was introduced in multiple phases, beginning from New Delhi as pilot project, followed by Bombay, Chennai, Kolkata and Secundrabad.
1985 (Mar 20): IRBI (Industrial ReConstruction Bank of India ) estd.
1985 (Jul 20):[mntngg][extreme] The "Master of the Shining Wall" refers to legendary Polish alpinist Wojciech Kurtyka, celebrated for his bold alpine-style ascent of the 2,500-meter West Face of Gasherbrum IV. On this day, 20 July 1985, 🇵🇱 Wojciech Kurtyka and 🇦🇹 Robert Schauer emerged onto the summit ridge of Gasherbrum IV (7,925 m), completing the first ascent of its formidable 2,500-metre West Face, the legendary Shining Wall. Climbing in pure alpine style, they carried no supplementary oxygen, established no fixed camps and relied on no high-altitude porters. It became one of the greatest mountaineering achievements of the 20th century.
1985: REC, Hamirpur.
1985: the process of internal disintegration within the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) began.
For eleven days, they endured crumbling rock, waist-deep snow, violent winds and avalanches sweeping past their fragile bivouacs. They spent sleepless nights perched on knife-edge spires and later hallucinated music and voices in the wind. By 20 July, after days without food or water, they reached the summit ridge. The true summit stood only a short distance away, but exhaustion had consumed them. Survival demanded retreat.
Kurtyka later called it “the most beautiful and mysterious climb” he had ever completed, yet remained haunted by their failure to touch the summit. They had not reached Gasherbrum IV’s highest point, but their bold line across the Shining Wall redefined commitment, style and survival at extreme altitude. They turned back without the summit—and entered mountaineering history forever.
1985: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, GoI started functioning.1985: REC, Hamirpur.
1985: the process of internal disintegration within the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) began.
1985: [GoI] Named after former Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi, the university was established in 1985 with a budget of ₹ 20 million, after the Parliament of India passed the Indira Gandhi National Open University Act, 1985 (IGNOU Act 1985).
1985 (Nov 20):[Computer] The very first version of MicroSoft Windows OS released as Windows 1.01 (Codenamed as Interface Manager). It's official support lasted for 16 years and ended by 2001, along with other recent versions like Windows 3.1 (Sparta, released 9 years ago on Apr 6, 1992)
1985 (Dec 8): [GeoPolitics] SAARC established. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is the regional intergovernmental organization and geopolitical union of states in South Asia. Its member states are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. SAARC comprises 3% of the world's area, 21% of the world's population and 4.21% (US$3.67 trillion) of the global economy, as of 2019.
1985: DLF expanded from Delhi into then-unknown region of Gurugram, creating living and working spaces for the new Indian global professionals.
1985:[Cinema] First Spaceship on Venus(1960)
1985:[Cinema] Futureworld(1976)
1985?:[Cinema] Mad Max(1979)
1985:[Extreme][Env][Research][India] Mawsynram receives the highest rainfall in India. It is reportedly the wettest place on Earth, with an average annual rainfall of 11,872 millimetres (467.4 in), According to the Guinness Book of World Records, Mawsynram received 26,000 millimetres (1,000 in) of rainfall in 1985. It is a town in the southern Meghalaya.
1985:[AMER][Disaster] The Instituto Goiano de Radioterapia (IGR) relocated to a new building across the town. The move was rushed, the older equipments were left behind, incl an Atomic Energy Canada Ltd. teleoherapy unit. The machine Cesapan F-3000 was mfd in 1970 by an Italian co., Barazetti & Co. It arrived in Brazil 16 years earlier in 1971. 19g of Cesium-137 Chloride, encased in stainless steel and shielded by heavy lead. The capsule measures 3 inches long and 1 inches wide. 50.9 TBq (Terabecquerel)
1985:[Tourism][Colombia] Palm trees are a common sight in much of South America, and while a grove of them may be beautiful, they typically don't appear surreal. Here, high on the slopes of a green hillside, the soaring, skinny palms look more like cocktail picks. Quindío wax palm trees spike the landscape throughout the Cocora Valley—Colombia's national tree grows in one of the country's most scenic regions. These trees can reach a dizzying 200 feet, making them the tallest palm trees on Earth. They're also the reason the Cocora Valley was folded into Los Nevados National Natural Park in 1985: The protection was needed because these spectacular trees were dwindling in number.
1986:[Disaster] The Chernobyl disaster, occurring on April 26, 1986, in the Soviet Union (now Ukraine), was the world's worst nuclear power plant accident. A safety test went wrong, causing a power surge that triggered a steam explosion and fire. The reactor lacked a proper containment structure. A flawed reactor design (RBMK-1000) and operator error during a test caused a massive steam explosion and fire at Reactor No. 4, releasing significant radioactivity across Europe. The incident killed 30 people initially, led to the immediate evacuation of ~115,000 residents, and established a 30km exclusion zone. Twenty years after the disaster, it was revealed that the “liquidators” had averted a far more serious, second explosion, with the destructive force of a 3-5 megaton atomic bomb, which would have left large parts of Eastern Europe uninhabitable for generations. Millions were exposed to the radioactive cloud. Iodine was not distributed immediately. Nature was severely harmed by the explosion and radioactive debris. The pine forest next to power station turned red from radioactivity. “Liquidators” felled, chopped up, and buried the radioactive trees of the “red forest.” Thirty years on, a new pine forest has grown back. The meltdown, explosions and nuclear fire that burned for 10 days injected enormous quantities of radioactivity into the atmosphere and contaminated vast areas of Europe and Eurasia. The International Atomic Energy Agency estimates that Chernobyl released 400 times more radioactivity into the atmosphere than the bomb dropped on Hiroshima in 1945. Radioactive cesium from Chernobyl can still be detected in some food products today. And in parts of central, eastern and northern Europe many animals, plants and mushrooms still contain so much radioactivity that they are unsafe for human consumption. Much like human survivors of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombs, birds and mammals at Chernobyl have cataracts in their eyes and smaller brains, many of the birds have malformed sperm. In the most radioactive areas, up to 40 percent of male birds are completely sterile, with no sperm or just a few dead sperm in their reproductive tracts during the breeding season. Tumors, presumably cancerous, are obvious on some birds in high-radiation areas. So are developmental abnormalities in some plants and insects. This includes birds, butterflies, dragonflies, bees, grasshoppers, spiders and large and small mammals. wolves, wild boar and elk show no effects of radiation on their population density.
1986:[Research][Space] The Great Attractor, discovered in 1986, lies at a distance of between 150 million and 250 million light-years in the direction of the Hydra and Centaurus constellations. In its vicinity there is a preponderance of large old galaxies, many of which are colliding with their neighbours, or radiating large amounts of radio waves.
1986 (Jan 24):[Space] Voyager 2 successfully fulfilled its primary mission of visiting the Uranian system.
1986 (Jan 28):[Space][Disaster] Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.
1986:[GeoPolitics][Business] Eurocities is a network of large cities in Europe, established in 1986 by the mayors of six large cities: Barcelona, Birmingham, Frankfurt, Lyon, Milan, and Rotterdam. Today, Eurocities members include over 200 of Europe's major cities from 38 countries, which between them represent over 130 million people.
1986:[Book] Walter Isaacson & Evan Thomas's The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made; Leonardo da Vinci (2017)
1986: Fiserv went public, trading on NASDAQ, under the symbol FISV, as a $70 million data processor.
1986: NSFNet (Link speed: 56kbps). NSF connects US's six supercomputing centres together. The original NSFNET was composed of six nodes with routers referred to as "fuzzball" (actually a software) routers; these were connected with 56-kb/s links.
1986: Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) founded.1986: Fiserv went public, trading on NASDAQ, under the symbol FISV, as a $70 million data processor.
1986 (Feb 17): Jiddu Krishnamurty died aged 90 in Ojai, California, United States.
1986 (Mar 12):[Polity][India] Shankarrao Chavan becomes CM of MH for < 3 years
1986 (Apr): N Cawthrone's "Cellular Radio- An European Round-up"1986: The EU issued a directive to all member states to clear the frequency band of 890-915 MHz for transmission from UE to BTSand 935-960 MHz for the reverse direction for the operation of 124 radio channels for the future pan-European cellular radio network.
1986 (Nov 8): Aaron Swartz born at Highland Park, Illinois. At age 13, Swartz won an ArsDigita Prize, given to young people who create "useful, educational, and collaborative" noncommercial websites.
1986(Apr 26):[Disaster] The Chernobyl disaster began on 26 April 1986 with the explosion of the No. 4 reactor of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, near the city of Pripyat in the north of the Ukrainian SSR, close to the border with the Byelorussian SSR, in the Soviet Union.
1986: National Institute of Open Schooling (National Open School) was founded in India.
1986: Woodland, a footwear brand, founded at Quebec, Canada.
1986: Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench (LabVIEW) was released by National Instruments.
1986: The Government of India constituted the National Airports Authority (NAA) was constituted to look after domestic airports.
1986: REC, Jalandhar
1986: Woodland, a footwear brand, founded at Quebec, Canada.
1986: Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench (LabVIEW) was released by National Instruments.
1986: The Government of India constituted the National Airports Authority (NAA) was constituted to look after domestic airports.
1986: REC, Jalandhar
1986 (Aug 21):[extreme] a limnic eruption at Lake Nyos in northwestern Cameroon (Central Africa) killed 1,746 people and 3,500 livestock.The eruption triggered the sudden release of about 100,000–300,000 tons of carbon dioxide (CO2). The gas cloud initially rose at nearly 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph; 28 m/s) and then, being heavier than air, descended onto nearby villages, suffocating people and livestock within 25 kilometres (16 mi) of the lake.
1986 (Dec 24): The Lotus Temple, New Delhi, a Bahá'í House of Worship was opened for public.
1986 (Jul): CRIS founded and HQ'd at Chanakyapuri, New Delhi. Centre for Railway Information Systems {रेलवे सूचना प्रणाली केंद्र} designs, develops, implements and maintains most of the important information systems of Indian Railways.
1986: Education and Research Network (ERNET), an autonomous scientific society in India that practically brought the Internet to India and has built up national capabilities in the area of net-working, especially in protocol software engineering.
1986: Shobhana Bhartia became the first woman chief executive of a national newspaper. She has been nominated as a Rajya Sabha MP from Congress Party.
1986: ANDP Inter College, Bachhraun estd.
1986: the waterway from Haldia to Allahabad was declared a National Waterway.
1986: Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) founded with 50,000+ members of Jama'at-ud-Da'wah , who attributed for the attacks of 26/11, Mumbai on November 2008. HQ'd at Muridke, Punjab, Pakistan.
Zaki ur Rehman Lakhvi's Ahl-e-Hadees + Hafiz Saeed & Zafar Iqbal's Jama'at-ud-Da'wah = Markaz al-Dawah Irshad (MDI); LeT (1989) = armed wing of MDI
1986 (Dec 24): The Lotus Temple, New Delhi, a Bahá'í House of Worship was opened for public.
1986 (Jul): CRIS founded and HQ'd at Chanakyapuri, New Delhi. Centre for Railway Information Systems {रेलवे सूचना प्रणाली केंद्र} designs, develops, implements and maintains most of the important information systems of Indian Railways.
1986: Education and Research Network (ERNET), an autonomous scientific society in India that practically brought the Internet to India and has built up national capabilities in the area of net-working, especially in protocol software engineering.
1986: Shobhana Bhartia became the first woman chief executive of a national newspaper. She has been nominated as a Rajya Sabha MP from Congress Party.
1986: ANDP Inter College, Bachhraun estd.
1986: the waterway from Haldia to Allahabad was declared a National Waterway.
1986: Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) founded with 50,000+ members of Jama'at-ud-Da'wah , who attributed for the attacks of 26/11, Mumbai on November 2008. HQ'd at Muridke, Punjab, Pakistan.
Zaki ur Rehman Lakhvi's Ahl-e-Hadees + Hafiz Saeed & Zafar Iqbal's Jama'at-ud-Da'wah = Markaz al-Dawah Irshad (MDI); LeT (1989) = armed wing of MDI
1986: In 1986, India made a contract with Swedish arms manufacturer company Bofors AB for howitzer guns for the army for Rs.1437 crores.
1986 (Dec 12):[Corporate][India] Indian Railway Finance Corporation (IRFC) founded under the ownership of Indian Railways, Ministry of Railways, GoI. It started borrowing from the market in 1987–88. The company announced its initial public offering on 18 January 2021 and got listed on the National Stock Exchange of India / Bombay Stock Exchange on 29 January 2021.
1986 (Sep):[Economics] The Big Mac Index is a price index published by The Economist's Pam Woodall as an informal way of measuring the purchasing power parity (PPP) between two currencies and provides a test of the extent to which market exchange rates result in goods costing the same in different countries. It "seeks to make exchange-rate theory a bit more digestible.". The index also gave rise to the word burgernomics. See also Dosanomics by Rahuram Rajan (2017)
1986:[Cinema] A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy's Revenge(1985)
1986:[Crime] After Shabir was killed by the rival Pathan gang, Dawood became the sole boss of his gang, known as the D-Company. He was then chiefly involved in gold smuggling, real estate, extortion and drug trafficking. He fled from India to Dubai in 1986 after being wanted by the Mumbai Police for the murder of Samad Khan. Arun Gawli still remained in Mumbai. Chhota Rajan to handle the India op of D-Company. Dawoods entry into Dubai was sponsored by members of the royal family of Sharjah. These associations have provided immunity and a secure base to the vast range of criminal operations - including gun running across Asia and Africa, international money laundering, drug running from Afghanistan-Pakistan (before it passed out of the hands of Pakistan's ISI and into the more direct Northern routes through Central Asia and Eastern Europe), and a range of associations with terrorist organisations - including, according to reliable open media sources, with the Al Qaeda. Aftab Bhatki, who controlled the entire fake currency operations in India.
1986:[Crime] Anees Ibrahim was arrested on an Arms Act charge, but he managed to get bail within weeks.
1986:[NSE] Incorporated in 1986, Indian Railway Finance Corporation borrows funds from the financial markets to finance the acquisition / creation of assets which are then leased out to the Indian Railways as finance lease
1986:[PSU] Power Finance Corporation Ltd. is an Indian central public sector undertaking HQ'd at Delhi and owned by the Ministry of Power, Government of India. Established in 1986, it is the financial backbone of Indian power sector. PFC's net worth as on 30 June 2023 is INR 1.184 trillion.
1986:[FnB][Business] In 1986, Sarvoday Sat Isabgol Factory (SSIF) was established as a partnership firm in Gujarat, India. They process psyllium seeds to produce psyllium husk and byproducts like Gola and Lali, selling their products under the "Deepak" brand. The company's processing facility is located in Siddhpur, Gujarat.
1986:[SpaceX] Comet 96P/Machholz or 96P/Machholz 1 is a short-period sungrazing comet discovered on May 12, 1986, by amateur astronomer Donald Machholz on Loma Prieta peak, in central California using 130 millimetres binoculars. On June 6, 1986, 96P/Machholz passed 0.404 AU from the Earth. Wikipedia Orbital period: 1,928 days Discovered: 12 May 1986 Discoverer: Donald Machholz Perihelion: 0.1160 AU; (38% of Mercury's perihelion) Absolute magnitude: 13.6
1986:[SpaceX][Meteor] Halley's Comet last appeared in the inner parts of the Solar System in 1986 and will next appear in mid-2061. Officially designated 1P/Halley, it is also commonly called Comet Halley, or sometimes simply Halley.
1986:[Delhi] Beginning its journey with a small Clinic in Noida, Sector-19 in 1986, Dr. Mahesh Sharma, the Group Founder launched a series of multi-specialty hospitals including Kailash Hospital & Neuro Institute in Sector-71 Noida in 2020. In 2022, the group launched its newest facility, Kailash Deepak Hospital, in East Delhi.
1986:[Mgmt] Scrum's history began with a 1986 Harvard Business Review article by Takeuchi & Nonaka on a "rugby-like" development approach, inspiring Jeff Sutherland, Ken Schwaber, and others in the early 90s to formalize it for software, leading to its public debut in 1995 and later adoption with the 2001 Agile Manifesto, establishing Scrum as a key agile framework. Key milestones include its first implementation at Easel Corp in 1993, the founding of the Scrum Alliance in 2002, and the continuous evolution through the Scrum Guide. (Agile)
1986:[Mntngg][Extreme] Saser Kangri III was first climbed by an Indo-Tibetan Border Police expedition in 1986 using an eastern approach. The summit party consisted of the climbers: Budhiman, Neema Dorjee, Sher Singh, Tajwer Singh, Phurba Sherpa and Chhewang Somanla.
1987:[Research][Space] In 1987, astronomer R. Brent Tully of the University of Hawaii's Institute of Astronomy identified what he called the Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex, a structure one billion light-years long and 150 million light-years across in which, he claimed, the Local Supercluster is embedded.
1987:[art] The "self-sculpting man" refers to the famous "Self-Made Man" bronze sculpture created by American artist Bobbie Carlyle, which depicts a human figure carving its own form out of a raw block of stone. Inception: Bobbie Carlyle began working on the concept in Colorado during the late 1980s, officially starting the piece in 1987. Overcoming Adversity: The creation process mirrored the statue's theme of resilience. Carlyle suffered a severe whiplash injury and a pelvic fracture in an accident during production, forcing her to work through physical rehabilitation. Workspace Challenges: Because her personal studio ceiling was only nine feet high, she had to haul the 10-foot-tall clay and foam sculpture to a friend's studio to complete the monumental version. Completion: After more than two years of intense labor and delays, the original monumental bronze sculpture was finished and weighed over 2,000 pounds when completed in 1997. Design Details: Carlyle intentionally left rough nicks and abrasions in the finished bronze, noting that “man needs to see signs of his own effort and toil.” -- Bobbie Carlyle Sculpture. To model the human anatomy, she combined features from six different male models, using her son's facial structure.
1987 (Sep 18):[AMER][extreme][disaster] The 1987 Goiânia accident was a severe radiological disaster in Brazil where scavengers dismantled an abandoned radiotherapy unit, releasing highly radioactive cesium-137 chloride. The glowing blue powder was distributed, leading to four deaths, hundreds of contaminated individuals, and a major cleanup of 3,500 m³ of radioactive waste. The Action: On September 28, 1987—fifteen days after the cesium-137 capsule was first opened—Maria Gabriela, wife of scrapyard owner Devair Alves Ferreira, took the initiative to transport the radioactive material to the local health surveillance authorities. It all stared on Sep 13 when the ex-IGR facility was breached by two scrap hunters. Devair Alves Ferreira bought the canister-shaped source from Roberto dos Santos Alves and Wagner Mota Pereira, two scavengers, who had found it in an abandoned clinic.
1987: GDBMS was estd. at Ranikhet, Uttarakhand.1987: UUNet. No. of Hosts connected to internet: 28,000.
1987: Daman became the capital of Daman & Diu.
1987: Gavaskar, who had retired from all forms of cricket after the 1987 Cricket World Cup.
1987 (May 29):[Philosophy] Criss Jami (born Christopher James Gilbert) is an American poet, essayist, and existentialist philosopher. He is best known as the author of Healology, Killosophy, Diotima, Battery, Electric Personality, Venus in Arms, and Salomé: In Every Inch In Every Mile. Criss Jami began writing song lyrics at an early age.
1987 (Sep 7): a memorandum-of-understanding was signed in Copenhagen by 13 member states.
1987 (Oct 1): Candidates born since this day (max. aged 25 years, who'll pass XII for the first time in 2011 or 2012) shall be sitting for IIT JEE 2012.
1987 (Nov 8): India/Pakistan 1987. Sunil Gavaskar retired from all forms of cricket after the 1987 Cricket World Cup, lasted from 8 October to 8 November 1987.
1987 (Nov 14): Sachin Tendulkar, aged 14, was selected to represent Bombay in the Ranji Trophy, India's premier domestic First-class cricket tournament, for the 1987–88 season.
1987: Numero Uno Clothing Ltd. began its journey at Gurgaon as one of the the first Indian denim brand. It is a casual wear, inner wear, shoes and accessories.
1987 (Nov 8): India/Pakistan 1987. Sunil Gavaskar retired from all forms of cricket after the 1987 Cricket World Cup, lasted from 8 October to 8 November 1987.
1987 (Nov 14): Sachin Tendulkar, aged 14, was selected to represent Bombay in the Ranji Trophy, India's premier domestic First-class cricket tournament, for the 1987–88 season.
1987: Numero Uno Clothing Ltd. began its journey at Gurgaon as one of the the first Indian denim brand. It is a casual wear, inner wear, shoes and accessories.
1987: Satyam Computer Services Ltd started by two brothers, Rama Raju and Ramalinga. The company was listed on the Bombay stock exchange in 1991. At a time, the Satyam Computer Services Ltd shares oversubscribed by 17 times by the end of 2008, the revenue of the company crossed 2 billion, and the company was established in 20+ countries. Later promoters of Satyam Computers sold their holdings at a very higher price. They took a profit of 1200 crores through the sale. [the biggest accounting and corporate fraud in India]
1987:[Computer] IBM OS/2, in full International Business Machines Operating System/2, an operating system introduced by IBM and the Microsoft Corporation to operate the second-generation line of IBM personal computers, the PS/2 (Personal System/2). IBM Code/400 is a scriptable (using either REXX or Java) PC-based editor (written in C++) that runs on OS/2 and used to be shipped as part of ADTS/CS, and is now included as a part of WDSC.
1987:[Economics] The Sigma Index was introduced in an academic paper by Brenner and Galai, published in Financial Analysts Journal, July/August 1989. Brenner and Galai wrote, "Our volatility index, to be named Sigma Index, would be updated frequently and used as the underlying asset for futures and options. A volatility index would play the same role as the market index play for options and futures on the index." - History of CBOE Volatility Index (VIX), or fear index or fear gauge.
1987:[Cinema] Maximum Overdrive(1986)
1987:[Space][Research] For the graviton as part of the string spectrum, e.g. Green, Schwarz & Witten 1987, sec. 2.3 and 5.3; for the extra dimensions, ibid sec. 4.2. Quantum Gravity.
1987:[Book] First published work of Dash Benhur? The Drawing and other stories. Later the year he received Odisha Sahitya Academy award. and In 1989, NCERT Prize for Children's Literature. Odisha Vigyan Academy Popular Science-writer award in 1999 and finally Sahitya Akademi Bal Puraskar in 2014.
1987:[Technology] LiFePO4 is a natural mineral of the olivine family (triphylite). Arumugam Manthiram and John B. Goodenough first identified the polyanion class of cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. The lithium iron phosphate battery (LiFePO
4 battery) or LFP battery (lithium ferrophosphate) is a type of lithium-ion battery using lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) as the cathode material, and a graphitic carbon electrode with a metallic backing as the anode. Because of their lower cost, high safety, low toxicity, long cycle life and other factors, LFP batteries are finding a number of roles in vehicle use, utility-scale stationary applications, and backup power.
1987:[NSE] Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Limited (IREDA) is an Indian public sector enterprise which provides financial assistance and other services to projects related to renewable sources of energy and energy efficiency/conservation. Formed in 1987, IREDA is a Navratna organisation owned by the Government of India and administratively controlled by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE). In November 2023, IREDA went public with an initial public offering (IPO), listing on NSE and BSE.
1987 (Nov 1) :[PSU] The Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited is an Indian public sector undertaking based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It is wholly owned by the Government of India and is responsible for the generation of electricity from nuclear power. NPCIL is administered by the Department of Atomic Energy.
1987:In 1987, Robert Brent Tully identified the Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex, the galaxy filament in which the Milky Way resides. It is about 1 billion light-years across. That same year, an unusually large region with a much lower than average distribution of galaxies was discovered, the Giant Void, which measures 1.3 billion light-years across.
1987:[Business] Cargill started our India operations in 1987. Today we have businesses in refined oils, food ingredients, industrial specialities, grain and oilseeds, cotton, animal nutrition and trade and capital markets. Cargill, Incorporated is an American multinational food corporation based in Minnetonka, Minnesota, and incorporated in Wilmington, Delaware. Founded in 1865 by William Wallace Cargill, it is the largest privately held company in the United States in terms of revenue.
1987:[silvics][India] Resource Survey & Management: Two of the oldest branches of FRI viz. Forest Economics and Forest Mensuration (both created in the year 1906) were amalgamated in 1987 to form Resource Survey and Management Division. The Resource Survey and Management Division became a discipline and further merged into Silviculture Division during 2017. The discipline has prepared volume tables, yield tables and weight tables and studies growth rates of several important forest species. Resource Survey and Management discipline is working to undertake client based projects particularly in the domain of forest crop measurement, GIS based forest inventorization, working plan formulation, growth assessment, compilation of district based indigenous knowledge on lesser known tree species, marketing of forest produce, etc.
1987:[Music] In 1974, The Guinness Book of Records listed Lata Mangeshkar as the most recorded artist in the history, stating that she had reportedly recorded "not less than 25,000 solo, duet and chorus backed songs in 20 Indian languages" between 1948 and 1974. The later editions of Guinness Book stated that Lata Mangeshkar had sung no fewer than 30,000 songs between 1948 and 1987.
1988:[Business][GeoPolitics] The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations. Its job is to "provide governments at all levels with scientific information that they can use to develop climate policies". Founded: 1988 Founders: United Nations General Assembly, Bert Bolin Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland Chair: Jim Skea Abbreviation: IPCC Parent organization: World Meteorological Organization; United Nations Environment Program Vice-Chair: Diana Ürge-Vorsatz, Ramón Pichs Madruga, Ladislaus Chang'a
1988:While the concept of a seven-day week originates from ancient times, the standardization of Monday as the first day of the week is a more recent development, largely influenced by the ISO 8601 standard introduced in 1988. Although many cultures and older calendars still consider Sunday as the first day, ISO 8601's recommendation for Monday as the start of the week has gained significant traction, particularly in European countries and in contexts involving international business and time/date representation.
1988:[Book] Market Wizards is a book written by Jack D. Schwager in which he interviews a wide range of traders with excellent track records of profitability. 1988:[Book] Stephen Hawking's A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes; On the Shoulders of Giants: The Great Works of Physics and Astronomy (2002); The Theory of Everything (2002); The Grand Design (2010); The Universe in a Nutshell (2001); God Created the Integers: The Mathematical Breakthroughs That Changed History (2005)
1988: Minnesota On-Line, Inc. merged into FISV to form Credit-union solutions division.
1988: Internet Relay Chat (IRC) developed.
1988: NSFNet (Link speed: 448 kbps) using IBM Network Security Services.
1988: NSFNet (Link speed: 1.5 Mbps), popularized as T1.
1988: The first online café (Cyber café) in South Korea called Electronic Café opened in front of Hongik University in March 1988 by Ahn Sang-Su and Keum Nuri in Seoul. It had two 16bit computers connected to Online service networks through telephone lines.
1988: TCP congestion control proposed by Van Jacobson, Michael J. Karels. as 'Congestion Avoidance and Control'.
1988: The Society of the Plastics Industry introduced the Resin Identification Code (RIC) system in 1988 as a growing number of communities were implementing recycling programs. Types of resins/plastics were PET, HDPE, PVC, LDPE, PP, PS and etc.
1988:[Polity][Military] Iran-Iraq war halted.
1988: ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) was first defined in the CCITT red book. It is a circuit-switched telephone network system, which also provides access to packet switched networks, designed to allow digital transmission of voice and data over ordinary telephone copper wires, resulting in potentially better voice quality than an analog phone can provide. It offers circuit-switched connections (for either voice or data), and packet-switched connections (for data), in increments of 64 kilobit/s.
1988: OSI Reference Model.1988: Minnesota On-Line, Inc. merged into FISV to form Credit-union solutions division.
1988: Internet Relay Chat (IRC) developed.
1988: NSFNet (Link speed: 448 kbps) using IBM Network Security Services.
1988: NSFNet (Link speed: 1.5 Mbps), popularized as T1.
1988: The first online café (Cyber café) in South Korea called Electronic Café opened in front of Hongik University in March 1988 by Ahn Sang-Su and Keum Nuri in Seoul. It had two 16bit computers connected to Online service networks through telephone lines.
1988: TCP congestion control proposed by Van Jacobson, Michael J. Karels. as 'Congestion Avoidance and Control'.
1988: The Society of the Plastics Industry introduced the Resin Identification Code (RIC) system in 1988 as a growing number of communities were implementing recycling programs. Types of resins/plastics were PET, HDPE, PVC, LDPE, PP, PS and etc.
1988:[Polity][Military] Iran-Iraq war halted.
1988:[Military][Crime] Al-Qaeda (“the Base”) is a militant Sunni Islamist multi-national organization founded by Osama bin Laden, Abdullah Azzam, and several other Arab volunteers who fought against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in the 1980s.
1988: National Centre for Software Technology (NCST), now known as C-DAC founded. The Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) is a research and development organization under the Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Govt of India. The National Centre for Software Technology (NCST), ER&DCI and CEDTI were merged into C-DAC in 2003.
1988: A driving licence is required in India by any person driving a vehicle on any highway or other road defined in the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988.
1988 (Nov): The Uttar Pradesh Subordinate Services Selection Commission (UPSSSC) came into existence as UPSSS Board with its headquarters at Lucknow. In 1990 it was converted into Commission.
1988: The Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) is created by DARPA to address network security.
1988: IBM OS/400 was released for the new released IBM AS/400.
1988: National Centre for Software Technology (NCST), now known as C-DAC founded. The Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) is a research and development organization under the Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Govt of India. The National Centre for Software Technology (NCST), ER&DCI and CEDTI were merged into C-DAC in 2003.
1988: A driving licence is required in India by any person driving a vehicle on any highway or other road defined in the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988.
1988 (Nov): The Uttar Pradesh Subordinate Services Selection Commission (UPSSSC) came into existence as UPSSS Board with its headquarters at Lucknow. In 1990 it was converted into Commission.
1988: The Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) is created by DARPA to address network security.
1988: IBM OS/400 was released for the new released IBM AS/400.
1988 (Dec 21): World's largest (cargo) plane by length, Antonov An-225 Mriya developed in Ukraine by Ukroboronprom took-off its maiden flight. It was damaged during Russo-Ukraine attack on Hostomel airport, near Kyiv airfield. ANtonov meaning The Dream had a wingspan of 88 metres (289ft) and a length of 84 metres (276ft) , making it the longest aircraft in existence.
1988:[Book] Moonwalk is a 1988 autobiography written by American recording artist Michael Jackson. The book was first published by Doubleday on February 1, 1988, five months after the release of Jackson's 1987 Bad album, and named after Jackson's signature dance move, the moonwalk.
1988:[Cinema] The War in Space(1977)
1988:[Travel][India][RJ] The Lakshmi-Narayan Temple, or the Birla Temple, as it is more popularly known as, is located at the base of Moti Dungari. Built on an elevated platform, this comparatively modern temple is built entirely of white marble and dominates the skyline of south Jaipur. The temple was commissioned and built by renowned Indian industrialists, the Birlas, in 1988.
1988:[Space][Research] GPM J1839-10. Pulsars are magnetized neutron stars that emit beams of particles and radiation from their magnetic poles; their rapid spin sweeps these beams through space. When a beam swings by our direction, we see a brief pulse of radio waves. But if neutron stars are rotating too slowly, they’re not expected to generate such lighthouse-like beams. Very strongly magnetized neutron stars known as magnetars have slower spin periods and can sometimes produce long-period radio pulses for a while following energetic outbursts.
1988:[Crime] Chota Shakeel joins-in D-Company.
1988:[Crime] For a short period, Dawood Ibrahim, Rajan and Arun Gawli worked together. Then, Gawli's elder brother Papa Gawli was assassinated over a drug deal and a rift formed.
1988 (Apr):[Chemistry][GeoPolitics][US] Nisin has been approved as a natural food preservative by more than 60 other countries. In April 1988, it was recognized as the Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Federal Register. Nisin is a common bio-preservative used in Coconut Water (Raw Pressery). In India it is knows by code INS 234. (safe preservative)
1988 (Mar 8 13:40):[Crime] In Mehsampur (Jalandhar), Motorcycle-mounted assailants armed with AK47s killed Punjab musicians Amarjot and Amar Singh Chamkila (27YO), called as Elvis of Punjab and a Tumbi player. To this day, their killers remain unidentified, and the case remains unsolved. However, there are several theories about why they were killed. Chamkila and his (second) wife Amarjot (married on May 23, 1983) would booked thruout the year and together charge Rs 4,000 per performance, which as per today's value would be close to a million rupees.
1988:[NSE][PSU] SJVN, formerly known as Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam, is an Indian public sector undertaking involved in hydroelectric power generation and transmission. It was incorporated in 1988 as Nathpa Jhakri Power Corporation, a joint venture between the Government of India and the Government of Himachal Pradesh.
1988:[NSE][PSU] Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited (MRPL), is a division of ONGC which is under the ownership of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas of the Government of India. Established in 1988, the refinery is located at Katipalla, north from the centre of Mangalore.
1988:[Mntngg][Books] Anker, Conrad (1988). "Gumbies on Gurney". American Alpine Journal. 30 (62). NYC, NY, USA: American Alpine Club: 69–75. ISBN 0-930410-33-5; Anker, Conrad (1990). "Hunter's Northwest Face". American Alpine Journal. 42 (64). American Alpine Club: 36–38. ISBN 0-930410-43-2; Anker, Conrad (1998). "With You in Spirit". American Alpine Journal. 40 (72). American Alpine Club: 140–145. ISBN 0-930410-78-5; Anker, Conrad; David Roberts (2001) [1999]. The Lost Explorer: Finding Mallory on Mt. Everest. New York, NY, USA: Simon and Schuster / Touchstone. ISBN 0-684-87151-3.
1988:[Mntngg][Extreme][Books] Simon Yates (born 1963) is an English mountaineer. In 1985, he and Joe Simpson made the first ascent of the west face of Siula Grande in the Huayhuash mountain range in the Peruvian Andes. After Simpson fell and badly broke his leg on the descent, Yates lowered him gradually down the mountain with ropes, but in extreme weather conditions, Simpson fell over a cliff edge. Yates was forced to cut the rope attaching him to Simpson to avoid being pulled over as well. Simpson survived, and recounted the story in the book Touching the Void, which was later adapted into a film. (see also Ama Dablam - Beyond The Void (2009))
1988:[Mntngg][Extreme] Complete northeast ridge with Three Pinnacles; Japanese route to the top. Climbed before by Russell Brice and Harry Taylor in 1988, but only the purple-marked part of the ridge, without going to the summit; descent via standard route. (Everest)
1988:[Aviation][Extreme][Who] The maneuver was executed at the Farnborough Airshow in 1988, where Kvochur piloted a MiG-29, proving that modern fighters could perform a "tailslide" or "bell" maneuver, which was previously thought to be impossible for such aircraft.
1988:[Business][Polity][mgmt] National Association of Software and Service Companies is an Indian non-governmental trade association and advocacy group that primarily serves the Indian technology industry. Founded in 1988, NASSCOM operates as a nonprofit organization and serves as a key entity within the Indian technology sector.
1988:[Anthro] Khabib: Born in 1988; alive today. He belongs to the Homo sapiens species and holds a distinct timeline within modern athletic history rather than evolutionary history.
1989:[US][GeoPolitics] invasion of Panama. (US's involvement in regime change)
1989:[Aviation][Extreme] The Pugachev's Cobra maneuver was first publicly demonstrated by Soviet test pilot Viktor Pugachev in 1989 at the Paris Air Show, flying a Sukhoi Su-27 Flanker. While named after Pugachev, variations of the maneuver were reportedly developed earlier, with some sources indicating similar techniques were explored in the 1960s by Swedish pilots. A high angle-of-attack maneuver (90–120°) used to rapidly reduce speed, potentially for defensive combat or airshow demonstration. While popularized in 1989, similar "super stall" recovery techniques were developed by Swedish pilots in the early 1960s.
1989:[Research][Space] Prior to 1989, it was commonly assumed that virialized galaxy clusters were the largest structures in existence, and that they were distributed more or less uniformly throughout the universe in every direction. However, since the early 1980s, more and more structures have been discovered. In 1983, Adrian Webster identified the Webster LQG, a large quasar group consisting of 5 quasars. The discovery was the first identification of a large-scale structure, and has expanded the information about the known grouping of matter in the universe.
1989:[Research][Space] Based on redshift survey data, in 1989 Margaret Geller and John Huchra discovered the "Great Wall", a sheet of galaxies more than 500 million light-years long and 200 million light-years wide, but only 15 million light-years thick. The existence of this structure escaped notice for so long because it requires locating the position of galaxies in three dimensions, which involves combining location information about the galaxies with distance information from redshifts.
1989:[Business][GeoPolitics] Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is an inter-governmental forum for 21 member economies in the Pacific Rim that promotes free trade throughout the Asia-Pacific region. Founders: South Korea, United States, Japan, Australia, Singapore etc; Headquarters: Singapore; Founded: November 1989, Canberra, Australia
1989:[Business][GeoPolitics] The Financial Action Task Force (FATF), also known by its French name, Groupe d'action financière, is an intergovernmental organisation founded in 1989 on the initiative of the G7 to develop policies to combat money laundering and to maintain certain interest. In 2001, its mandate was expanded to include terrorism financing. Headquarters: Paris, France Founded: July 1989 Founder: Group of Seven Abbreviation: FATF President: Elisa de Anda Madrazo Official language: English, French Purpose: Combat money laundering and terrorism financing
1989 (Jan 1):[Book] Peter Lynch & John Rothchild's One Up On Wall Street: How To Use What You Already Know To Make Money In The Market
1989: The Fall of the Berlin Wall (1989) the fall of the Berlin Wall Key Context: Division of East and West Germany during the Cold War Significance: The Berlin Wall, erected in 1961, symbolized the division between the capitalist West and the communist East during the Cold War. East Germany, under Soviet influence, restricted emigration, making the wall a physical and ideological barrier. Its fall on November 9, 1989, marked the collapse of communist regimes across Eastern Europe. Why It Fell: Growing dissatisfaction and protests within East Germany. Economic stagnation in Eastern Bloc countries. Gorbachev’s policies of Glasnost (openness) and Perestroika (restructuring) reduced Soviet intervention. Why It’s Famous: The fall of the Berlin Wall was a powerful moment of liberation and reunification, symbolizing the end of Cold War tensions and the triumph of democratic ideals. Images of Germans tearing down the wall resonated worldwide. Major Consequences: German reunification in
1989:[Business][Politics][Economics] Bushonomics - The economic policies associated with the presidency of George Herbert Walker Bush, 1989–1993. (US politics) The economic policies associated with the presidency of George W. Bush, 2001–2009.
1989 (Nov 9): Fall of the Berlin Wall. For decades, the Berlin wall had stood as a symbol of the ‘Iron Curtain’ splitting West and Eastern Europe. On the one side Communist authoritarian states, on the other side liberal democracies. The wall had been built to prevent East Germans escaping into West Germany, and indeed many had been shot trying to escape. But, more than anything else its presence was symbolic. The fall of the Berlin wall was an iconic moment when the Soviet Union gave up its grip on Eastern Europe. In the 50s and 60s, the Soviet Union had sent tanks to quell independence movements in Hungary and then Czechoslovakia. But, this time, Mikhail Gorbachev, the proponent of Perestroika and Glasnost approved the request for freedom.
1989: first of the 24 GPS constellation was launched by US.
1989: AOL founded.
1989: AOL founded.
1989 (Aug 25):[Space] Voyager 2 successfully fulfilled its primary mission of visiting the Neptunian system.
1989 (Nov 20): UN adopted the Convention on the Rights of the child.
1989: No. of hosts (or nodes) on internet > 1,00,000.
1989 (Dec 2): Vishwanath Pratap Singh becomes PM of India for 1 year.
1989: Canada, Egypt, Mali, Mexico, Pakistan and Sweden formed first proposal for UN to bring attention and promote commitment to goals and strategies for ensuring the survival, protection, and development of children as key elements in the socio-economic dev of all countries and human society. Brian Mulroney-Md. Hosni Mubarak-Moussa Traore-Carlos Salinas de Gotari-Benazir Bbhutto-Ingvar Carlsson.
1989: WWW was born. Berners-Lee first proposed the "WorldWideWeb" project. The first version of the protocol had only one method, namely GET, which would request a page from a server. The response from the server was always an HTML page. work on HTTP started.
1989: British Council's IELTS started.
1989: Hizb-ul-Mujahideen (meaning "Party of Holy Warriors" or "Party of Mujahideen"), founded by Muhammad Ahsan Dar in September 1989, is a Kashmiri separatist group HQ'd at Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir.
1989: VLCC Health Care Limited founded. It is an Indian multinational, headquartered in Gurgaon, Haryana, specializing in scientific weight management solutions, skin and haircare treatments, beauty services and personal care.
1989: Indian Railway standardized the train numbers to four digits Universal numbering.
1989: First Edition of S.Chand's Quantitative Aptitude 9Fully Solved) by Dr. R.S. Aggarwal
1989: The MD2 Message-Digest Algorithm is a cryptographic hash function developed by Ronald Rivest. The algorithm is optimized for 8-bit computers. The MD2 hash function receives its acronym MD from its structure using Merkle–Damgård construction. The 128-bit (16-byte) MD2 hashes (also termed message digests) are typically represented as 32-digit hexadecimal numbers. The following demonstrates a 43-byte ASCII input and the corresponding MD2 hash:
MD2("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog") = 03d8 5a0d 629d 2c44 2e98 7525 319f c471
1989:[Book] Stephen Covey's The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People Personal Workbook
1989 (Nov 20): UN adopted the Convention on the Rights of the child.
1989: No. of hosts (or nodes) on internet > 1,00,000.
1989 (Dec 2): Vishwanath Pratap Singh becomes PM of India for 1 year.
1989: Canada, Egypt, Mali, Mexico, Pakistan and Sweden formed first proposal for UN to bring attention and promote commitment to goals and strategies for ensuring the survival, protection, and development of children as key elements in the socio-economic dev of all countries and human society. Brian Mulroney-Md. Hosni Mubarak-Moussa Traore-Carlos Salinas de Gotari-Benazir Bbhutto-Ingvar Carlsson.
1989: WWW was born. Berners-Lee first proposed the "WorldWideWeb" project. The first version of the protocol had only one method, namely GET, which would request a page from a server. The response from the server was always an HTML page. work on HTTP started.
1989: British Council's IELTS started.
1989: Hizb-ul-Mujahideen (meaning "Party of Holy Warriors" or "Party of Mujahideen"), founded by Muhammad Ahsan Dar in September 1989, is a Kashmiri separatist group HQ'd at Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir.
1989: VLCC Health Care Limited founded. It is an Indian multinational, headquartered in Gurgaon, Haryana, specializing in scientific weight management solutions, skin and haircare treatments, beauty services and personal care.
1989: Indian Railway standardized the train numbers to four digits Universal numbering.
1989: First Edition of S.Chand's Quantitative Aptitude 9Fully Solved) by Dr. R.S. Aggarwal
1989: The MD2 Message-Digest Algorithm is a cryptographic hash function developed by Ronald Rivest. The algorithm is optimized for 8-bit computers. The MD2 hash function receives its acronym MD from its structure using Merkle–Damgård construction. The 128-bit (16-byte) MD2 hashes (also termed message digests) are typically represented as 32-digit hexadecimal numbers. The following demonstrates a 43-byte ASCII input and the corresponding MD2 hash:
MD2("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog") = 03d8 5a0d 629d 2c44 2e98 7525 319f c471
1989:[Book] Stephen Covey's The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People Personal Workbook
1989 (Jan 1):[Env] The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion. It was agreed on 16 September 1987, and entered into force on 1 January 1989. Since then, it has undergone nine revisions, in 1990 (London), 1991 (Nairobi), 1992 (Copenhagen), 1993 (Bangkok), 1995 (Vienna), 1997 (Montreal), 1998 (Australia), 1999 (Beijing) and 2016 (Kigali) As a result of the international agreement, the ozone hole in Antarctica is slowly recovering. Climate projections indicate that the ozone layer will return to 1980 levels between 2050 and 2070.
1990: Since 1990, IEEE 802.11 working group participants have developed standards that help enable applications that allow us to communicate with one another in real time from anywhere in the world. Today’s computers, smart phones, and tablets are often equipped with an IEEE 802.11 radio, more commonly known as “Wi-Fi®.”
1990: Archie- the first search engine.
1990: GTE EFT Services Money Networks and GTE ATM Networks, California merged into FISV to form FISV's EFT division.
1989:[Cinema] Friday the 13th: A New Beginning(1985)
1989:[Cinema] Kamikaze 1989(1982)
1989:[Cinema] Way...Way Out(1966)
May 1989: [Management][Business][Psychology][Research] Ambiguity Aversion: Schmeidler, David. "Subjective Probability and Expected Utility without Additivity". Econometrica
1989:[Computing][Web] HTTP was originally proposed in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee, who was a coauthor of the 1.0 specification. HTTP/1.0 (released in 1996) was “stateless”: each new request from a client established a new connection instead of handling all similar requests through the same connection between a specific client and server.
1989:[Space] The first space mission specifically designed to study the cosmic microwave background (CMB) was the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), launched by NASA in 1989. Among its key discoveries were that averaged across the whole sky, the CMB shows a spectrum that conforms extremely precisely to a so-called ‘black body’ (i.e. pure thermal radiation) at a temperature of 2.73 Kelvin, but that it also shows very small temperature fluctuations on the order of 1 part in 100,000 across the sky. These findings were rewarded with the award of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics to John Mather and George Smoot.
1989:[Space] Hipparcos was a scientific satellite of the European Space Agency (ESA), launched in 1989 and operated until 1993. It was the first space experiment devoted to precision astrometry, the accurate measurement of the positions of celestial objects on the sky. The word "Hipparcos" is an acronym for HIgh Precision PARallax COllecting Satellite and also a reference to the ancient Greek astronomer Hipparchus of Nicaea, who is noted for applications of trigonometry to astronomy and his discovery of the precession of the equinoxes.
1989:[Crime] During the Arun Gawli - Chhota Rajan escaped to Dubai and eventually rose to be the right hand of Dawood Ibrahim. Chhota Rajan attend the wedding of Noora, Ibrahim's brother.
1989:[NSE][PSU] Power Grid Corporation of India Limited is a Maharatna CPSU and India’s largest electric power transmission company. GoI holds a 51.34% stake in the company as on March 31, 2021. PGCIL was incorporated in 1989 to set up extra-high voltage alternating current and high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission lines.
1989:[China][Teen][Socialism] Student-led demonstrations held in Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China, lasting from 15 April to 4 June 1989. Organized by the Union on 27 April, some 50,000–100,000 students from all Beijing universities marched through the streets of the capital to Tiananmen Square, breaking through lines set up by police, and receiving widespread public support along the way, particularly from factory workers. The demonstration became a forum to protest corruption and inflation, and call for broader political and economic reforms to build on the reforms that had already transformed China considerably in the post-Mao era. The Chinese leadership was divided on how to handle the demonstrations.
1990s:[US][GeoPolitics] Iraq, failed coup d'état. (US's involvement in regime change)
1990s:[edu] EEE Curricula closely mirrored commercial needs, prioritizing heavy electrical power engineering before World War I. Rise of Communications: Post-WWI advances in radio, broadcasting, and telephony forced schools to introduce specialized communication and electronics tracks.
1990s:[MBA] 1990s: Cost-effectiveness analyses (CEA) in health and other sectors expanded, using metrics like QALYs (Quality-Adjusted Life Years). Sector-Specific Tools: Specialized, standardized models have been created for industries, such as the SEMI E35 standard for cost of ownership (COO) in the semiconductor industry, which evolved from SEMATECH initiatives in the 1990s.
1990s:[China] The Pudong Development Era (1990s)Policy shift: On April 18, 1990, Premier Li Peng announced the official development and opening of Pudong, designating Lujiazui as the core financial district.Early milestones: Construction of the Oriental Pearl TV Tower began, opening in 1994 and establishing the initial visual marker for the new skyline.First skyscraper: The Jin Mao Tower was completed in 1999 at 420.5 meters, blending traditional pagoda outlines with modern engineering.
1990s:Lujiazui’s history transformed from an agricultural and dock area into a global financial center, driven by the 1990 Pudong development policy, featuring iconic supertall skyscrapers.
1990:[Business][GeoPolitics] The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network is a bureau within the United States Department of the Treasury that collects and analyzes information about financial transactions to combat domestic and international money laundering, terrorist financing, and other financial crimes.
1990:[India][Maharashtra] Mumbai Suburban district was created on 1 October 1990 when Mumbai district was bifurcated into Mumbai City and Mumbai Suburban districts.
1990:[Business][China][Marketing] Pizza Hut launched in China in 1990, opening its first restaurant in Beijing and becoming the country's first Western-style casual dining restaurant brand. The company's long history in China is marked by success, with Pizza Hut consistently adapting its menu to include local tastes and expanding its digital presence over the past 30 years, according to the Yum China website and other sources. Pizza Hut's one-plate fruit and salad buffet in China was not a permanent menu item but a strategy from the 1990s to brand itself as a healthy, high-quality restaurant after launching in the country in 1990. This strategy failed when customers became "salad engineers," stacking large towers of fruit and vegetables to maximize their money, a phenomenon that lasted until the 2000s, leading Pizza Hut to remove the buffets entirely.
1990. The collapse of the Soviet Union by 1991. The spread of democracy and capitalism throughout former Eastern Bloc nations.
1990 (Jan 31): thousands of Russians lined up before dawn to try hamburgers many for the first time at the first McDonald's in Moscow. By the end of the day, 30,000 meals had been rung up on 27 cash registers, an opening-day record for the company.
1990: ARPANET got decommissioned, all of its users migrated to NSFNet. Advanced Networks & Services founded, merged MERIT, MCI and IBM took over internet from US Gov at 45 Mbps.
1990; IMDb service started.1990: Since 1990, IEEE 802.11 working group participants have developed standards that help enable applications that allow us to communicate with one another in real time from anywhere in the world. Today’s computers, smart phones, and tablets are often equipped with an IEEE 802.11 radio, more commonly known as “Wi-Fi®.”
1990: Archie- the first search engine.
1990: GTE EFT Services Money Networks and GTE ATM Networks, California merged into FISV to form FISV's EFT division.
1990 (Jan 19): 58YO Osho died at the ashram in Pune. The epitaph reads, "Never Born – Never Died Only visited this planet Earth between December 11, 1931 and January 19, 1990".
1990 (Feb 14):[Research] Pale Blue Dot photograph. Pale Blue Dot is a photograph of planet Earth taken on February 14, 1990, by the Voyager 1 space probe from a record distance of about 6 billion kilometers ( 3.7 billion miles, 40.5 AU ), as part of that day's Family Portrait series of images of the Solar System.
1990 (Aug 2): Invasion of Kuwait by Saddam Hussein's Iraq; 1990 airlift of Indians from Kuwait. The Emirate of Kuwait was annexed, and Saddam Hussein announced a few days later that it was the 19th province of Iraq. More than 171,000 Indians were stranded on Kuwaiti soil.
1990: Gulf War 1: Kuwait, United States, United Kingdom, France v/s. Iraq (Operation Desert Shield)
1990 (Sep 29-30): UN's World Summit for Children at NYC on health, education, nutrition and human rights.
1990 (Nov 10): Chandra Shekhar becomes PM of India for 1 year.
1990: First Self-Printing Ticket Machine (SPTM) was introduced by Indian Railway, at New Delhi.
1990: CONCERT (Country-wide Network for Computerized Enhanced Reservation & Ticketing) developed by CRIS is a total networking solution to Indian Railways Passenger Reservation System.
1990: There were 75 lakhs foreign-born persons (immigrants and refugees) living in India.
1990: Indian population has surged since the 1990s to become the second-largest immigrant group in the USA after Mexicans.
1990: The Immigration Act of 1990 (USA)
1990: SIDBI estd. at Lucknow
1990: first launch of France's Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite.
1990: Wireless Communication- Principles and Practice was first published for Theodore S. Rappaport by Prentice Hall.
1990: Gulf War 1: Kuwait, United States, United Kingdom, France v/s. Iraq (Operation Desert Shield)
1990 (Sep 29-30): UN's World Summit for Children at NYC on health, education, nutrition and human rights.
1990 (Nov 10): Chandra Shekhar becomes PM of India for 1 year.
1990: First Self-Printing Ticket Machine (SPTM) was introduced by Indian Railway, at New Delhi.
1990: CONCERT (Country-wide Network for Computerized Enhanced Reservation & Ticketing) developed by CRIS is a total networking solution to Indian Railways Passenger Reservation System.
1990: There were 75 lakhs foreign-born persons (immigrants and refugees) living in India.
1990: Indian population has surged since the 1990s to become the second-largest immigrant group in the USA after Mexicans.
1990: The Immigration Act of 1990 (USA)
1990: SIDBI estd. at Lucknow
1990: first launch of France's Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite.
1990: Wireless Communication- Principles and Practice was first published for Theodore S. Rappaport by Prentice Hall.
1990: Ending of apartheid in South Africa. Freedom of Nelson Mandela from jail in South Africa. (1990)
1990: Population of USA was 252M (252,120,308). The highest point of Immigration in America's history occured in 2 consecutive decades, 1990s and 2000s, around 10 million new immigrants came to the United States. The previous record was from 1900 to 1910, when around 8 million immigrants arrived. In 2000, the foreign-born population of the United States was 28.4 million people. Most populous state: California 29M (29,760,021), Least populous state: Wyoming 0.45M (453,588)
1990: The Soviet Union conducted 715 nuclear tests (by the official count) between 1949 and 1990, including 219 atmospheric, underwater, and space tests.
1990:[Book][Polity] Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action
1990:[Cinema] 1990: The Bronx Warriors(1982)
1990:[Cinema] Escape from the Bronx(1983)
1990:[Cinema] Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives(1986)
1990:[Cinema] Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood(1988)
1990:[Cinema] Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan(1989)
1990:[Cinema] Godzilla vs. Biollante(1989)
1990:[Cinema] Mad Max 2: The Road Warrior(1981)
1990:[Law][India] the National Commission for Women Bill 1990 was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 22nd May 1990. The NCW was set up in 1992 under the National Commission for Women Act, 1990. This body was established to review the constitutional and legal safeguards for women.
1990:[GoI] Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) is the apex regulatory body for overall licensing and regulation of micro, small and medium enterprise finance companies in India.
1990:[research][government] The Human Genome Project (HGP) was a 13-year international scientific research project that aimed to map and sequence the entire human genome. Launched in 1990 and completed in 2003, the HGP was a monumental effort to identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 human genes and determine the sequence of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA. The Human Genome Project was an international effort to sequence the entire human genome. Completed in 2003, the Human Genome Project (HGP) was a 13-year project coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the National Institutes of Health. During the early years of the HGP, the Wellcome Trust (U.K.) became a major partner; additional contributions came from Japan, France, Germany, China, and others.
1990:[SpaceX] Stephenson 2-18 (St2-18, also known as Stephenson 2 DFK 1 and RSGC2-18)[3] is a red supergiant (RSG) or red hypergiant (RHG) star. It is close to, and a possible member of, the open cluster Stephenson 2. It is about 6,000 parsecs (20,000 ly) away from Earth in the constellation of Scutum and is one of the largest known stars.
1990:[space][tech] Block IIA and IIR GPS satellites were launched between 1990 and 2004 to strengthen the constellation. Nineteen Block IIA satellites were launched from November 26, 1990, to November 6, 1997.
1990s:[silvics] Modern Expansion (1990s-Present): The original handbook was updated and expanded into the two-volume "Silvics of North America" in 1990 (conifers and hardwoods), which serves as a major reference. Modern silvics now heavily incorporates genetics, climate change resilience, and complex structural diversity.
1991:[Military][Geopolitics] The Yugoslav Wars were a series of brutal ethnic conflicts and wars of independence fought from 1991 to 2001 that led to the breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
1991:[Military][Geopolitics] Slovenia fought a brief 10-day war after declaring independence on June 25, 1991, quickly forcing the federal army to withdraw. (Yugoslav Wars)
1991:[Military][Geopolitics] Croatia (1991–1995) Began shortly after Croatia's independence declaration, marked by violent clashes with the Serb minority and the Yugoslav army before a Croatian offensive reclaimed most territories. (Yugoslav Wars)
1991:[Military][GeoPolitics] The countries that made up the Soviet Union (USSR) were the 15 constituent Soviet Socialist Republics (SSRs) that gained independence after its collapse in 1991. These republics are now independent countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus/Byelorussia, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan/Kirgiziya, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova/Moldavia, Russia (officially the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic), Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan.
1991:[Research][Space] Astronomers Roger G. Clowes and Luis E. Campusano discovered the Clowes–Campusano LQG, a large quasar group measuring two billion light-years at its widest point, which was the largest known structure in the universe at the time of its announcement.
1991:[Business][GeoPolitics]The Southern Common Market[a] (commonly known by abbreviation Mercosur in Spanish and Mercosul in Portuguese) is a South American trade bloc established by the Treaty of Asunción in 1991 and Protocol of Ouro Preto in 1994. Its full members are Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Venezuela is a full member but has been suspended since 1 December 2016. Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Panama, Peru, and Suriname are associate countries.[6]
1991:[Technology] LiPo cells follow the history of lithium-ion and lithium-metal cells which underwent extensive research during the 1980s, reaching a significant milestone with Sony's first commercial cylindrical Li-ion cell in 1991. After that, other packaging forms evolved, including the flat pouch format.
1991:[Gaming] Road Rash is a motorcycle racing video game series by Electronic Arts in which the player participates in violent, illegal street races. The series started on the Sega Genesis/Mega Drive and was released on various other systems over the years. The game's title is based on the slang term for the severe friction burns that can occur in a motorcycle fall where skin comes into contact with the ground at high speed.
1991: GOPHER Commerce Internet Exchange (CIX); WWW- the world wide web.
1991: The Ig Nobel Prize is a parody of the Nobel Prize, which is awarded every autumn to celebrate ten unusual or trivial achievements in scientific research. Since 1991, the Ig Nobel Prizes have been awarded to “honor achievements that first make people laugh, and then make them think.” The name of the award, the “Ig Nobel Prize” (/ˌɪɡnoʊˈbɛl/ IG-noh-BEL) is a pun on the word ignoble, an achievement “characterized by baseness, lowness, or meanness”, and is satirical social criticism that identifies absurd-sounding, yet useful research and knowledge.
1991: Starting of LPG (Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization) era in Indian market was opened across the globe.economy started rising then after.
1991 (Feb 19):[Maths][Computing][Quantum][Security][US] Schnorr's algorithm got patented in US. Method for identifying subscribers and for generating and verifying electronic signatures in a data exchange system by Claus P. Schnorr
1991: The Ig Nobel Prize is a parody of the Nobel Prize, which is awarded every autumn to celebrate ten unusual or trivial achievements in scientific research. Since 1991, the Ig Nobel Prizes have been awarded to “honor achievements that first make people laugh, and then make them think.” The name of the award, the “Ig Nobel Prize” (/ˌɪɡnoʊˈbɛl/ IG-noh-BEL) is a pun on the word ignoble, an achievement “characterized by baseness, lowness, or meanness”, and is satirical social criticism that identifies absurd-sounding, yet useful research and knowledge.
1991: Starting of LPG (Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization) era in Indian market was opened across the globe.economy started rising then after.
1991 (Feb 19):[Maths][Computing][Quantum][Security][US] Schnorr's algorithm got patented in US. Method for identifying subscribers and for generating and verifying electronic signatures in a data exchange system by Claus P. Schnorr
1991 (Feb 28): Persian Gulf War, First Gulf War, Gulf War I, Kuwait War, First Iraq War, or Iraq War ended. Operation Desert Storm officially ended on 30 November 1995.
1991 (Jun 21):[Polity] PV Narasimha Rao becomes PM of India.
1991 (Jun 21):[Polity] PV Narasimha Rao becomes PM of India.
1991 (Jun 25):[Polity] Sudhakarrao Rajusing Naik (21 August 1934 – 10 May 2001) was sworn in as Chief Minister of Maharashtra on resignation of his predecessor Sharad Pawar. He was an Indian politician from Indian National Congress party who served as Chief Minister of Maharashtra from 25 June 1991 until 22 February 1993 following the communal riots.
1991 (Jul): ETSI's GSM first deployed in Finland. GSM describe the protocols for second-generation (2G) digital cellular networks used by mobile phones.
1991 (Aug 19): [Russia] The 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, also known as the August Coup, was a failed attempt made by communist hard-liners of the Soviet Union to take control of the country from Mikhail Gorbachev, who was Soviet President and General Secretary of the party. The coup leaders consisted of top military and civilian officials who formed the State Committee on the State of Emergency (GKChP).
1991: Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) is a society established in 1991 by the Indian Ministry of Communications and Information Technology with the objective of encouraging, promoting and boosting the export of software from India.
1991: Bansal Classes Pvt Ltd founded by Vinod Kr. Bansal at Kota (Rajsthan) to provide coacing to the students preparing for IITs.
1991: Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) is a society established in 1991 by the Indian Ministry of Communications and Information Technology with the objective of encouraging, promoting and boosting the export of software from India.
1991: Bansal Classes Pvt Ltd founded by Vinod Kr. Bansal at Kota (Rajsthan) to provide coacing to the students preparing for IITs.
1991: Hawala Scam. [Rs. 65 Crore] Two Kashmiri militants arrested named Shahbuddin Ghauri and Ashfaq Hussain Lone, had, in turn, led the CBI to high-profile hawala operators Shambhu Dayal Sharma and Moolchand Shah. The hawala operators’ testimony led to the unfolding of the case, which led to the Jain brothers’ immediate arrest. In their 1995 confession, released several politician’s names.
The Cold War halts between US and USSR
1991 (Dec 26): Cold war between Weater and Easter blocs assumed to be halted.
1991:[Book] Tony Robbins & Anthony Robbins' Awaken the Giant Within - How to Take Immediate Control of Your Mental, Emotional, Physical and Financial. Wake up and take control of your life! From the bestselling author of Inner Strength, Unlimited Power, and MONEY Master the Game, Anthony Robbins, the nation's leader in the science of peak performance, shows you his most effective strategies and techniques for mastering your emotions, your body, your relationships, your finances, and your life.
1991:[Gaming] PlayStation was the brainchild of Ken Kutaragi, a Sony executive who managed one of the company's hardware engineering divisions and was later dubbed "The Father of the PlayStation".
1991: The “Heal The World” short film furthered Michael Jackson’s goal of making art and music that would inspire worldwide peace, love and tolerance, by showcasing a diverse group of children united in their abilities to love unconditionally and their wishes for a brighter future.
1991:[Cinema] Alien Nation(1988)
1991:[Cinema] Conquest of the Planet of the Apes(1972)
1991:[Computing][Web] HTTP in 1991, HTML in 1993, URL in 1994, Netscape developed the original SSL protocols (with this came HTTPS and digital certificate/Public key certificate/identity certificate), and Taher Elgamal, chief scientist at Netscape Communications from 1995 to 1998, has been described as the "father of SSL". TLS in Jan 1999. The URI generic syntax is a superset of the syntax of all URI schemes. It was first defined in RFC 2396, published in August 1998, and finalized in RFC 3986, published in January 2005.
1991:[Delhi] Greater NOIDA was estd on 28-Jan-1991 as extended metropolitan area of NOIDA.
1991:[FnB] About us. In 1991, Madhusudan, one of India's leading dairy brands established its first milk plant (SMC Foods Limited) at Nanauta village in the Saharanpur district.
1991:[Who][Research][Computing][Tech][Culture] PDF was invented by Dr. John Warnock, co-founder of Adobe Systems, in the early 1990s. He launched "The Camelot Project" in 1991 to create a universal file format that allowed documents to be viewed and printed on any machine without losing formatting. The first version was released in 1993.
1991:[silvics][India] Forestry research was reorganized after the formation of ICFRE in 1991 and the Division of Silviculture emerged from this reorganization.
1991:[Music] The 'most recorded artist in the history' entry was discontinued by Guinness editions in 1991 without explanation, while several sources continued to claim that she recorded thousands of songs, with estimates ranging up to figures as large as 50,000. However, even the earliest Guinness claim of 25,000 songs (between 1948–1974) was disputed and claimed to have been exaggerated by several others, stating that the number of songs sung by Lata Mangeshkar in Hindi films till 1991 was found to be 5025.
1992:[Business][GeoPolitics] The Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO, Russian: Организация Договора о коллективной безопасности (ОДКБ), romanized: Organizatsiya dogovora o kollektivnoy bezopasnosti (ODKB)) is an intergovernmental military alliance in Eurasia consisting of six post-Soviet states: Armenia,[note 1] Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Tajikistan.[4] The Collective Security Treaty has its origins in the Soviet Armed Forces, which was replaced in 1992 by the United Armed Forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States, and was then itself replaced by the successor armed forces of the respective independent states. Former members of the CSTO military alliance were Azerbaijan, Georgia and Uzbekistan. Founded: 15 May 1992; Founders: Russia, Kazakhstan, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan
1992:[Business][GeoPolitics]The program was founded by Klaus Schwab of the World Economic Forum in 1992 under the name “Global Leaders for Tomorrow” and was renamed to Young Global Leaders in 2003.[1] Schwab created the group with $1 million won from the Dan David Prize,[2] and the inaugural 2005 class comprised 237 young leaders. Since then, a total of some 1400 individuals have been inducted into the YGL community.
1992:[Military][Geopolitics] Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992–1995): The deadliest conflict of the breakup, characterized by a complex civil war among Serbs, Bosniaks (Bosnian Muslims), and Croats, featuring severe ethnic cleansing and the Siege of Sarajevo. (Yugoslav Wars)
1992 (Apr 6):[Military][Geopolitics] The Bosnian War was a deadly ethnic and territorial conflict fought in Bosnia and Herzegovina from April 6, 1992, to November 21, 1995.
1992:[Extreme] "Point Nemo" first identified in 1992 by Croatian-Canadian engineer Hrvoje Lukatela using specialized computer software to find the point furthest from land. Point Nemo is the oceanic pole of inaccessibility, located in the South Pacific Ocean, approximately 2,688 kilometers (1,670 miles) from the nearest landmasses. Named after Captain Nemo from Jules Verne's novel, it is notable as a remote "spacecraft cemetery" where decommissioned satellites are deliberately crashed, a biological desert with minimal marine life, and the place where astronauts on the International Space Station are often the closest humans.
1992 (Feb 18):[Culture][Disaster] The tragic Mahamaham festival crush in Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu on February 18, 1992, resulting in about 50 deaths.
1992 (Feb 25): Roscosmos founded. The State Space Corporation "Roscosmos", commonly known simply as Roscosmos, is a state corporation of the Russian Federation responsible for space flights, cosmonautics programs, and aerospace research.
1992 (Apr 13):[Culture] The 1992 Kumbh Mela refers to the Ujjain Simhastha held from April 13 to May 14, 1992, alongside a separate Simhastha in Nashik (July 16 – August 16). The Ujjain gathering drew roughly 10 million pilgrims and saw political campaigns tied to the Ram Janmabhoomi movement. The Ujjain Mela preceded the Babri Masjid demolition and hosted prominent Hindu nationalist and Sangh Parivar conferences. Reports note a stampede-related casualty count of around 50 during the 1992 Ujjain events.
1992 (May 15): The Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) grew out of the framework of the Commonwealth of Independent States, and first began as the CIS Collective Security Treaty (CST) which was signed on 15 May 1992, by Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russian Federation, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, in the city of Tashkent. Azerbaijan signed the treaty on 24 September 1993, Georgia on 9 December and Belarus on 31 December. The treaty came into effect on 20 April 1994.
1992 (Jul 16):[Culture] Simhastha Kumbh in Nashik (July 16 – August 16).
1992 (Aug): Chris McCandless found dead, weighing 30kg, aged 24.
1992 (Sep 1): Eiger Dreams: Ventures Among Men and Mountains is a non-fiction collection of articles and essays by Jon Krakauer on mountaineering and rock climbing.
1992 (Sep 12):[Crime] Squad of 24 sharpshooters from the Dawood Ibrahim gang, led by Subhashsingh Thakur, had ambushed ward no. 18 of JJ Hospital to avenge the murder of Dawood's brother-in-law Ismail Parker, killing Shailesh Haldankar, while he was recuperating in the hospital.
1992(Dec 6): a large crowd of Hindu Kar Sevaks (activists) demolished the 16th-century Babri Mosque in the city of Ayodhya, in Uttar Pradesh. The demolition occurred after a political rally at the site turned violent and it changed India and its political discourse forever. Cities like Mumbai, Surat, Ahmedabad, Kanpur, Delhi, Bhopal and several others bore the brunt of Babri demolition.
1992:[Crime] Meeting of Dawood, Anees and Tiger Memon in Dubai, UAE with ISI thru Pakistani smugglers Yusuf Godrawala and Taufiq Jallianwala??
1992 (Dec 7):[Crime] The communal riots spread and continued in two phases Dec 7-27, 1992, followed by a brief lull, and then again Jan 7-25, 1993. Post riots, ISI was looking for someone who can do their “dirty work” of blood shedding and the exordium came through Pakistani smugglers Yusuf Godrawala and Taufiq Jallianwala. Dawood, even though he was very much in grief first tried to dodge the same but his brothers Anees and Tiger Memon were in no mood to let this chance go, up for a lex talionis.
1992: Data Holdings, Inc. of Indianapolis merged into FISV to form Card Services.
1992: .wav file
1992: At NMI, Uttarkashi, Search & Rescue Course has been introduced as regular course to be conducted once in a year since December 1992.
1992: .wav file
1992: At NMI, Uttarkashi, Search & Rescue Course has been introduced as regular course to be conducted once in a year since December 1992.
1992: The 1992 Indian stock market scam was a market manipulation carried out by Harshad Shantilal Mehta with other bankers and politicians on the Bombay Stock Exchange. The scam caused significant disruption to the stock market of India, defrauding investors of over ten million USD.
1992 (Dec 21): [GeoPolitics] The Central European Free Trade Agreement is an international trade agreement between countries mostly located in Southeastern Europe. Founded by representatives of Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia, CEFTA expanded to Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia and the UNMIK.
1992: Congress' (INC) viability has been systematically going down over the last 30 years in states. INC has strongest support in Chattisgarh and Rajasthan, followed by Jharkhand, Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra.
1993: AC 3-tier coaches & Sleeper class are introduced apart from second class.
1993: GoI's District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) was launched, with an aim of achieving the objective of universal primary education. This programmed laid the foundations for सर्व शिक्षा अभियान(Education for All Movement) aimed at the universalisation of elementary education making free and compulsory education to children between the ages of 6 to 14.
1993:[Crime][India] Chhota Rajan split with Dawood and formed an independent gang that frequently clashed with Dawood's D-Company.
1992:[Cinema] Parasite(1982)
1992:[Computing][Technology][Research][Cinema] The original JPEG specification published in 1992 implements processes from various earlier research papers and patents cited by the CCITT (now ITU-T) and Joint Photographic Experts Group.
1992:[Space][Research] The Mauritius Radio Telescope (MRT) is a synthesis radio telescope in Mauritius that is used to make images of the sky at a frequency of 151.5 MHz. The MRT was primarily designed to make a survey with a point source sensitivity of 150 mJy. Its resolution is about 4 arc min. The MRT, first commissioned in 1992, is run as a joint project by the University of Mauritius, the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) and the Raman Research Institute. While first initiated by Prof. Ch.V. Sastry of the IIA, the project was run by Prof. N. Uday Shankar of the RRI for nearly 5 years. The Head of MRT in Mauritius rotates between Dr Nalini Issur, Dr Girish Beeharry and Dr Radhakhrishna Somanah.
1992:[FnB] India’s love for these golden fried crispy fritters began in 1992 when Lamb Weston, an American processed food company, initiated its first imports of frozen French Fries to India, targeting upscale restaurants. Four years later, In 1996, Canada’s multinational food company McCain Foods followed suit and became the sole supplier of frozen French Fries to McDonald’s after the US food giant opened its first outlet in the country.
1992:[Env][Mntngg] Observations of discharge, temperature and suspended sediment made at a gauging site established near the snout of the Dokriani glacier in the western Himalayan region are presented. These observations were made during a scientific expedition to this glacier over 21 days (23.8.1992-12.9.1992). Glacier area (10 sqkm), length: 5.5 km; avg gradient: 45%; runoff from snow blocks: 3 - 19 mm/h; mean air temp (0800-1400h): 10-12*C; depth of meltwater: 50-70mm [Dwarika P Dobhal
M.Sc. Ph.D; Researcher at Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology]
1993:[GeoPolitics][Business] TRACECA was established in May 1993 in Brussels, upon the signing of a Multilateral Agreement on International Transport for the development of transport initiatives (including the establishment and development of a road corridor) between EU member states, Eastern European, Caucasus and Central Asian countries. The programme supports the political and economic independence of former Soviet Union republics through enhancing their access to European and global markets through road, rail and sea.
1993:[Business][GeoPolitics] The Forest Stewardship Council GmbH is an international non-profit, multistakeholder organization established in 1993 that promotes responsible management of the world's forests via timber certification. This organization uses a market-based approach to transnational environmental policy.
1993:[Business][Politics][Economics] Clintonomics - (US politics) The economic policies associated with the administration of William Jefferson Clinton, 1993–2001.
1993:[Geopolitics] The town of Srebrenica had been declared a United Nations "safe area" in 1993 and was under the nominal protection of Dutch UN peacekeepers, who were overrun when forces captured the enclave. (Bosnian War)
1993: Ashok Hall Girl's Residential School, Majkhali.
1993: By this year there were around 100 web-servers across the world. (A report published in first issue of The World Wide Web Newsletter, 1993)1993: AC 3-tier coaches & Sleeper class are introduced apart from second class.
1993: GoI's District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) was launched, with an aim of achieving the objective of universal primary education. This programmed laid the foundations for सर्व शिक्षा अभियान(Education for All Movement) aimed at the universalisation of elementary education making free and compulsory education to children between the ages of 6 to 14.
1993:[Crime][India] Chhota Rajan split with Dawood and formed an independent gang that frequently clashed with Dawood's D-Company.
1993 (Jan 7):[Crime] Riots re-started in Mumbai and lasted for 20 days. The ISI, which controlled shipping routes from the Gulf to India's west coast, demanded that the mafia transport weapons and explosives into India in return for the use of Pakistan's waters. Dawood met their ISI handlers in a 5 star hotel of Dubai in Jan or Feb of 1993, then came the RDX through the same porous and unchecked sea route that 26/11 attackers slipped across and wrecked mayhem in Mumbai. The ’93 attacks were finally executed in march that claimed some 300 innocent lives.
1993 (Mar 6):[Polity][India] Sharad Pawar re-elecetd as CM of MH for 2 years.
1993 (Mar 12):[Crime] The 1993 Bombay bombings were a series of 12 terrorist bombings that took place in Bombay. The single-day attacks resulted in 257 fatalities and 1,400 injuries. There was another raid near Manish market where hand grenades were recovered. After another tip off led to discovery of a huge quantity of RDX from Nagla Bunder off Ghodbunder Road in Thane. “In all, 5,000 kilograms of RDX was brought into Mumbai and we recovered 3,300 kilograms of it in all the raids,” says Chaugule. Reduced Shock Sensitivity (RSS) explosives, such as RSS-RDX, which costs about Rs. 1,500-2,000 per kg. Anees continued operation of D-Company which include contract killing, extortion, the circulation of counterfeit currency, and the provision of a range of free-lance services to terrorist groups at the instance of Pakistan's Inter Services Intelligence (ISI). Interpol Red Corner notice for D-Company.
1993 (Nov 1): The European Union (EU) founded. It is an economic and political partnership involving 28 European countries. It began after WW2 to foster economic co-operation, with the idea that countries which trade together are more likely to avoid going to war with each other.
1993 (Nov 3): [GeoPolitics] The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) is a regional economic community in Africa with twenty-one member states stretching from Tunisia to Eswatini. COMESA was formed in December 1994, replacing a Preferential Trade Area which had existed since 1981. Nine of the member states formed a free trade area in 2000 (Djibouti, Egypt, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Sudan, Zambia and Zimbabwe), with Rwanda and Burundi joining the FTA in 2004, the Comoros and Libya in 2006, Seychelles in 2009 and Tunisia and Somalia in 2018.
1993 (Dec 20): OHCHR formed. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), a United Nations agency that works to promote and protect the human rights that are guaranteed under international law and stipulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948.
1993:the 24th and last GLONASS satellite was launched forming the whole navigation constellation similar to that of US's GPS.
1993: SHA-0 (a hash function) was proposed by NIST, Maryland, USA (Founded: 1901). It produces a 160-bit hash value, thus the brute-force collision or near-collision attack requires O(2^80) computation. Within 5 years, it was made collision attacked by Chabaud and Joux with the attack complexity of 2^61.
1993 (Dec 20): OHCHR formed. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), a United Nations agency that works to promote and protect the human rights that are guaranteed under international law and stipulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948.
1993:the 24th and last GLONASS satellite was launched forming the whole navigation constellation similar to that of US's GPS.
1993: SHA-0 (a hash function) was proposed by NIST, Maryland, USA (Founded: 1901). It produces a 160-bit hash value, thus the brute-force collision or near-collision attack requires O(2^80) computation. Within 5 years, it was made collision attacked by Chabaud and Joux with the attack complexity of 2^61.
1993: [Coalgate scam] On 23rd April 2013, the Standing Committee on Coal and Steel tabled in Parliament that all 194 coal blocks distributed between 1993 and 2008 were auctioned in an unauthorized manner and the country lost Rs.1.86 lakh crore.. Former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, along with Kumar Mangalam Birla and P.C. Parakh, were accused and summoned by a special court. [2L Crore]. Comptroller and Auditor General of India took 20 years to ID one of the biggest scams in Indian history.
1993: After President Bill Clinton took office in 1993, however, the U.S. economy embarked on a long and strong expansion, making the 1990s a great decade for America's money, overall.
1993:[Cinema] Godzilla vs. Mothra(1992)
1993:[Space] Hipparcos, a scientific satellite of the European Space Agency (ESA) lasted for 4 years before going out-of-service.
1993:[Space][Research] In 1993, Don Page argued that if a black hole starts in a pure quantum state and evaporates completely by a unitary process, the von Neumann entropy of the Hawking radiation initially increases and then decreases back to zero when the black hole has disappeared. This is called the Page curve.
1993:[Books][History] Green’s Dictionary of Slang is the largest historical dictionary of English slang. Written by Jonathon Green over 17 years from 1993, it reached the printed page in 2010 in a three-volume set containing nearly 100,000 entries supported by over 400,000 citations from c. ad 1000 to the present day. The main focus of the dictionary is the coverage of over 500 years of slang from c. 1500 onwards.
1993:[Env][Disaster] South Asian monsoon floods, 3k deaths
1993:[Geography] The last major shifts in Earth's axis were influenced by climate change: a 31.5-inch shift between 1993 and 2010 was primarily caused by groundwater pumping, and a change in polar drift direction around the 1990s was linked to melting glaciers and ice sheets due to global warming. Earth's axis also shifted by about 6.5 inches in March 2011 after the Japanese earthquake, causing the planet to spin slightly faster.
1993:[Who] In 1993, India came heartbreakingly close to winning its first Miss Universe crown with the stunning and graceful Namrata Shirodkar, who had earlier won the Femina Miss India title. Representing India at the Miss Universe pageant held in Mexico City, Namrata was a strong contender—elegant in her gown, poised in interviews, and a fan favorite. She easily made it to the Top 6, and her chances of winning looked incredibly high. But then came the final question: “If you could be born as any historical figure, who would it be and why?” While other contestants named global icons like Mother Teresa and Princess Diana, Namrata gave an honest, personal answer—she said she would be born as herself or someone close to her, because she believed in living life with truth and individuality. It was a beautiful, grounded answer—but not the kind of grand, idealistic response the judges were expecting. That one moment of truth, many believe, cost her the crown, and India had to wait another year before Sushmita Sen brought the Miss Universe title home in 1994. Still, Namrata’s answer became iconic—not because it won, but because it was real, marking a rare instance where honesty stood taller than diplomacy.
1993:[Aviation][Extreme][Who] The Herbst maneuver was first successfully performed on April 29, 1993, by an X-31 aircraft. Named after Wolfgang Herbst, a developer of post-stall technology for Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm (MBB), this, post-stall maneuver enables a fighter to make a rapid 180° turn within a minimal radius.
1993:[polity][activism] On July 21, 1993, West Bengal Police opened fire on a Youth Congress protest march in Kolkata, killing 13 people. Led by Mamata Banerjee, then a Youth Congress leader, the rally was marching to the Writers' Building to demand mandatory photo voter ID cards. Annual Observance: Trinamool Congress (TMC) and Congress honor the victims every July 21 as Martyrs' Day (Shahid Diwas). Inquiry Findings: The Justice Susanta Chatterjee Commission of 2024 Inquiry Report was made public in the West Bengal Assembly, which stated that the police had no convincing justification to open fire. The July 21 incident was used politically; many people have built their political and personal fortunes on it, said West Bengal Chief Minister Suvendu Adhikari. WBCM announced that families of the victims could lodge fresh FIRs and said the present BJP government would extend all legal assistance.
1994–1995:[US][GeoPolitics] occupation of Haiti. (US's involvement in regime change)
1994:[Business][GeoPolitics] The European Economic Area, abbreviated as EEA, consists of the Member States of the European Union (EU) and three countries of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) (Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway; excluding Switzerland). The Agreement on the EEA entered into force on 1 January 1994.
1994:[Business][GeoPolitics] The European Economic Area (EEA) was established on 1 January 1994. The agreement links the Member States of the European Union (EU) and three EFTA states—Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway—into a single internal market, allowing for the free movement of goods, persons, services, and capital.
1994:[Business][GeoPolitics] NAFTA, the North American Free Trade Agreement, was a 1994 agreement between the United States, Canada, and Mexico to eliminate trade barriers and promote free trade in North America. It facilitated the movement of goods and services and established a large trade bloc. In July 2020, NAFTA was replaced by the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), which modernized and enhanced the treaty for a contemporary economy.
1994:[S.Africa][Socialism] First free elections in South Africa; Nelson Mandela
1994:[Research][space] Carl Sagan conceded that this approach would not work because the atmosphere of Venus is far denser (90 bars) than what was understood in 1961 (a few bars), meaning the carbon would just be oxidized back into CO2.
1994:[Computing][Quantum] Peter Shor discovered an algorithm (Shor's algorithm) that could factor large numbers in polynomial time on a quantum computer, which would break the security of many cryptographic schemes.
1994:[Computing][Quantum] Peter Shor and Don Coppersmith figured out how to take a Quantum Fourier Transform.
1994:The problem with the paper published earlier this month was its reliance on Schnorr's algorithm (not to be confused with Shor’s algorithm), which was developed in 1994. Schnorr’s algorithm is a classical computation based on lattices, which are mathematical structures that have many applications in constructive cryptography and cryptanalysis. The authors who devised Schnorr’s algorithm said it could enhance the use of the heuristic quantum optimization method called QAOA.
1994 (Jan 1): [GeoPolitics] The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States that created a trilateral trade bloc in North America. The agreement came into force on January 1, 1994, and superseded the 1988 Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement between the United States and Canada. The NAFTA trade bloc formed one of the largest trade blocs in the world by gross domestic product.
1994:[Technology][Business][US][Computing] The Dell Latitude series is a line of laptop computers manufactured and sold by American company Dell. It is a business-oriented line, aimed at corporate enterprises, healthcare, government, and education markets; unlike the Inspiron series, which is aimed at individual customers, and the Vostro series, which is aimed at smaller businesses. The Latitude directly competes with the Lenovo ThinkPad and the EliteBook series by HP. Additionally, the "Rugged (Extreme)", "XFR" and "ATG" models compete primarily with Panasonic's Toughbook line of "rugged" laptops.
1994: Sushmita Sen became Miss Universe.
1994: The Annals of Improbable Research is a bi-monthly magazine devoted to scientific humor, in the form of a satirical take on the standard academic journal.
1994: Lindon Leader of Landor Associates, of San Francisco designed wordmarks for FedEx's various Op-unit. FedEx’s public-relations firm wanted to highlight the arrow so it would be obvious. But he fought them on that — he thought it would be overkill. There’s something about making people discover something on their own that’s a lot more powerful than italicizing it to make your point.
1994: Scilab 1.1, the first released version of Scilab, was put on anonymous ftp site.
1994: The concept of a café with full Internet access (and the name Cybercafé) was invented in early by a British technology artist, Ivan Pope.
1994: The Annals of Improbable Research is a bi-monthly magazine devoted to scientific humor, in the form of a satirical take on the standard academic journal.
1994: Lindon Leader of Landor Associates, of San Francisco designed wordmarks for FedEx's various Op-unit. FedEx’s public-relations firm wanted to highlight the arrow so it would be obvious. But he fought them on that — he thought it would be overkill. There’s something about making people discover something on their own that’s a lot more powerful than italicizing it to make your point.
1994: Scilab 1.1, the first released version of Scilab, was put on anonymous ftp site.
1994: The concept of a café with full Internet access (and the name Cybercafé) was invented in early by a British technology artist, Ivan Pope.
1994:[Crime][India] Chhota Rajan lured one of Dawood's favorite "narco-terrorist" Phillu Khan alias Bakhtiyar Ahmed Khan to a hotel room in Bangkok, where he was tortured to death, having been betrayed by his closest aide and sidekick Mangesh "Mangya" Pawar. D-Company's Sharad, used his links with Mumbai-based hotelier Vinod and A. Mishra to track down Rajan in Bangkok. Rajan's hitman Rohit Varma and his wife shot by D-Company.
1994(Jul 16):[Space] From July 16 to 22, 1994, enormous pieces of the comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (SL9), discovered just a year prior, crashed into Jupiter over several days, creating huge, dark scars in the planet's atmosphere and lofting superheated plumes into its stratosphere.
1994 (Oct): ITPO and GoI's NIC jointly set-up the National Centre for Trade Information (NCTI) at Pragati Maidan.
1994 (Oct): ITPO and GoI's NIC jointly set-up the National Centre for Trade Information (NCTI) at Pragati Maidan.
1994 (Nov 1, 15:01 IST):[Space][Sun] The Global Geospace Science 'Wind' satellite is a NASA science spacecraft designed to study radio waves and plasma that occur in the solar wind and in the Earth's magnetosphere.
1994 (Dec 3): Sony's PlayStation (a video game console) was introduced to the world from Minato, Tokyo (Japan).
1994: WXYC- first internet radio station broadcast.
1994: Memory cards were introduced in the consumer electronics market.
1994: WXYC- first internet radio station broadcast.
1994: Memory cards were introduced in the consumer electronics market.
1994 (Aug): ITPO's 1st Delhi Book Fair at Hall 8 to 12 of Pragati Maidan, New Delhi. The timings of fair are from 10.00 am to 8.00 pm (entry to fair will close at 7.30 pm).
1994 (Sep): The CONCERT software has been successfully implemented at all of the five PRS' sites Secunderabad in Sept. 1994, New Delhi on Sept. 1996, Calcutta on 14th June 1998, Mumbai on 11th Jan 1999 and Chennai on 12th April 1999.
1994: the 24th and the last GPS satellite was launched in US.
1994: The word Taliban is Pashto, طالبان ṭālibān, meaning "students", the plural of ṭālib. After the Soviet Union intervened and occupied Afghanistan in 1979, Islamic mujahideen fighters engaged in war with those Soviet forces, which laid the foundation of political movement and military organization named Taliban.
1994 (Sep): The CONCERT software has been successfully implemented at all of the five PRS' sites Secunderabad in Sept. 1994, New Delhi on Sept. 1996, Calcutta on 14th June 1998, Mumbai on 11th Jan 1999 and Chennai on 12th April 1999.
1994: the 24th and the last GPS satellite was launched in US.
1994: The word Taliban is Pashto, طالبان ṭālibān, meaning "students", the plural of ṭālib. After the Soviet Union intervened and occupied Afghanistan in 1979, Islamic mujahideen fighters engaged in war with those Soviet forces, which laid the foundation of political movement and military organization named Taliban.
1994: Abdul Kareem Telgi acquired the license for selling stamp paper and opened an office in Mumbai. After that, he started printing stamp paper in Nashik. With some agents’ help, he starts selling fake stamp paper in bulk to banks, insurance companies, stock brokerage firms, and corporates. In 2003 the Telgi scam was unfolded; the figure in the mind of security and intelligence agencies was up to Rs.20k Crore
1995: ANSET sold to AOL, who now runs it.
1994: [GeoPolitics] International Association of Gendarmeries and Police Forces with Military Status (commonly known as FIEP for France-Italia-España-Portugal, the first four members) is an association of national gendarmeries or military police forces.
1994:[Book] Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space is a 1994 book by the astronomer Carl Sagan. It is the sequel to Sagan's 1980 book Cosmos and was inspired by the famous 1990 Pale Blue Dot photograph, for which Sagan provides a poignant description. In the book, Sagan mixes philosophy about the human place in the universe with a description of the current knowledge about the Solar System. He also details a human vision for the future.
1994:[Cinema] Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla II(1993)
1994:[Cinema] The Apple(1980)
1994:[Cinema] The Atlantis Interceptors(1983)
1994:[Mntngg] In 1994, Mark Whetu summitted Mt Everest with Mike Reinberger. But after a freezing night, Whetu faced a harrowing choice: leave his friend or remain forever. The Fatal Game (1997)
1994:[Tourism] The Adventure Tour Operators Association of India (ATOAI) was founded in 1994. It was established by a group of travel trade adventurers who aimed to create a strong support network for Indian adventure tour operators.
1995 (May 19): [Research][Space] two scientists at Cal Poly showed that bacteria can survive without any metabolism for at least 25 million years; probably they are immortal.
24 November 1995: The New York Times described bacteria that can survive radiation much stronger than any that Earth has ever experienced.
We are calling the union of Lovelock's Gaia with Hoyle and Wickramasinghe's expanded theory of panspermia Cosmic Ancestry. This account of evolution and the origin of life on Earth is profoundly different from the prevailing scientific paradigm. It challenges not merely the answers but the questions that are popular today. Cosmic Ancestry requires that life can only descend from ancestors at least as highly evolved as itself, and that there can be no origin of life from nonbiological matter. Without supernatural intervention, therefore, we conclude that life must have always existed. Although these conclusions cut across the boundaries between science, philosophy, and religion, we believe they are grounded in good evidence. And new data that support many aspects of Cosmic Ancestry are coming in rapidly. In the following pages we will explain how these and other recent developments support Cosmic Ancestry:
1995 (Jul):[Geopolitics] Srebrenica Location, a small mountain town situated in the Republika Srpska entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is municipality in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina best known as the site of the 1995 genocide. In July 1995, during the Bosnian War, units of the Bosnian Serb Army under General Ratko Mladić systematically killed more than 8,000 Bosniak (Bosnian Muslim) men and boys. Known historically for local salt mining and thermal spas. Ratko Mladić was a Bosnian Serb military officer who led the Army of Republika Srpska during the Yugoslav Wars. Referred to as the "Butcher of Bosnia", he was found guilty in 2017 of committing war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia.
1995 (Jan):[Culture] The 1995 Ardh Kumbh Mela took place in January and February 1995 at the Triveni Sangam in Allahabad (now Prayagraj), India. Millions of Hindu pilgrims and holy men gathered at the holy river confluence to take ritual purifying baths, and India Post issued a special commemorative postal cover for the event. Documented extensively by international photographers and media, capturing processions of Naga Sadhus, ash smearing, and devotional bhajans.
1995 (Mar): Dept. of Indian Medicine and Homeopathy founded.
1995 (Mar 24):[Research] Remotely Operated Vehicle KAIKO reached the deepest area of the Mariana Trench and made the deepest diving record of 10,911 m (35,797 ft; 5,966 fathoms)
1995: phone call costing Rs. 16 per min.
1995: phone call costing Rs. 16 per min.
1995:[Gaming] Virtua Cop 2 is a light gun shooter arcade game, released in 1995 and developed internally at Sega by their AM2 studio (Yu Suzuki). It was ported to the Sega Saturn in 1996. It was released on PC in 1997 and Sega Dreamcast in 2000. It was later bundled with Virtua Cop in Virtua Cop: Elite Edition for PlayStation 2 in 2002.
1995 (Apr 1):[Research] Pillars of Creation is a photograph taken by the Hubble Space Telescope of elephant trunks of interstellar gas and dust in the Eagle Nebula, in the Serpens constellation, some 6,500–7,000 light-years (2,000–2,100 pc; 61–66 Em) from Earth.
1995 (Apr 1):[Research] Pillars of Creation is a photograph taken by the Hubble Space Telescope of elephant trunks of interstellar gas and dust in the Eagle Nebula, in the Serpens constellation, some 6,500–7,000 light-years (2,000–2,100 pc; 61–66 Em) from Earth.
1995 (Apr 1): IAAI and NAA were merged by an Act of Parliament and was named as Airports Authority of India (AAI). This new organisation was to be responsible for creating, upgrading, maintaining and managing civil aviation infrastructure both on the ground and air space in the country.
1995 (Apr 21):[Crime][India] Babloo picked up by the Singapore airport police for travelling on fake passport. He was staying in Dubai.
1995 (Sep 30):[Crime][India] Singapore extradites India's 'most-wanted inter-state criminal' Babloo Srivastava (33YO)
1995 (Nov 30): Operation Desert Storm (First Iraq War)officially ended.
1995 (May 31):[Book][Military] Admiral William H. McRaven's Spec Ops: Case Studies in Special Operations Warfare: Theory and Practice; Sea Stories: My Life in Special Operations (2019, May 1); The Hero Code: Lessons Learned from Lives Well Lived (2021, Apr 13)
1995: Dr. Hande after graduating from IIT Kharagpur conceptualized SELCO India during his PhD on sustainable energy at the University of Massachusetts. During a field visit to the Dominican Republic, he was surprised to see the poor using solar lights.
1995: The Government of India and the Government of Delhi jointly set up a company called the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) on 3 May 1995, with Dr. E. Sreedharan as the managing director.1995: Int'l Gandhi Peace Prize launched.
1995: Sachin R. Tendukar and Anjali Tendulkar wedded together.
1995: .mp3 invented.
1995:[Gaming] While FIFA 95 did not add much other than the ability to play with club teams, FIFA 96 pushed the boundaries. For the first time with real player names by obtaining the FIFPro license, the PlayStation, PC, 32X and Sega Saturn versions used EA's "Virtual Stadium" engine, with 2D sprite players moving around a real-time 3D stadium.
1995 (Jul 18):[Book] Barack Obama's Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance; Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance (2006, Oct 17); Of Thee I Sing: A Letter to My Daughters (2010, Nov 16); A Promised Land (2020, Nov 17)
1995(Jan 1):[Env] The Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) is an international treaty of the World Trade Organization. It was negotiated during the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and entered into force with the establishment of the WTO on January 1, 1995. Blue, Red, Amber and Green Box of subsidies.
1995:[Cinema] Nelson Mandela, in his first term as President of South Africa, initiates a unique venture to unite the Apartheid-torn land: enlist the national rugby team on a mission to win the 1995 Rugby World Cup. - Invictus (2009)
1995:[Cinema] A Clockwork Orange(1971)
1995:[Cinema] Dead End Drive-In(1986)
1995:[Cinema] Godzilla vs. Spacegodzilla(1994)
1995:[Cinema] Heartbeeps(1981)
1995:[Cinema] The Mummy's Curse(1944)
1995 (Dec):[Space] Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SoHO) was launched in December 1995 as a joint mission between the European Space Agency (ESA) and NASA, SoHO was designed to orbit the Sun to learn about the structure of the star’s interior and its outer atmosphere, as well as to investigate the behavior of solar winds. It was expected to complete its mission in 1998. Instead, it is still active today, and is now likely to keep working until 2025, when it will have been in space for 30 years.
1995:[Physics][Space][Research] Prior to 1995, theorists believed that there were five consistent versions of superstring theory (type I, type IIA, type IIB, and two versions of heterotic string theory). This understanding changed in 1995 when Edward Witten suggested that the five theories were just special limiting cases of an eleven-dimensional theory called M-theory. Witten's conjecture was based on the work of a number of other physicists, including Ashoke Sen, Chris Hull, Paul Townsend, and Michael Duff. His announcement led to a flurry of research activity now known as the second superstring revolution.
1995:[Crime][India] Murder of Mumbai-based builder Pradeep Jain by Abu Salem
1995: Fortune Hotels in India is owned by its parent company, ITC Ltd., which established Fortune Hotels in 1995 as a subsidiary to provide mid-market to upscale hospitality services. However, a separate group, Fortune Group of Hotels, based in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and founded by Praveen Shetty, also operates a different set of hotels in that region.
1995:[UK] Camilla is Queen of the United Kingdom and 14 other Commonwealth realms as the wife of King Charles III. Camilla was raised in East Sussex and South Kensington in England and educated in England, Switzerland and France. In 1973, she married British Army officer Andrew Parker Bowles; they divorced in 1995.
1996:[GeoPolitics][Business] Mongolia was granted observer status to TRACECA.
1996 (7 August):[Research][Space] NASA announced fossilized evidence of ancient life in meteorite ALH 84001 from Mars.
1996 (Oct 27):[Research][Space] geneticists showed evidence that many genes are much older than the fossil record would indicate. Subsequent studies have strengthened this finding.
1996:[Business][GeoPolitics] The Shanghai Five group was created on 26 April 1996 when the heads of states of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan signed the Treaty on Deepening Military Trust in Border Regions in Shanghai. On 24 April 1997 the same countries signed the Treaty on Reduction of Military Forces in Border Regions in a meeting in Moscow, Russia. On 20 May 1997 Russian President Boris Yeltsin and Chinese President Jiang Zemin signed a declaration on a "multipolar world".
1996: 1996 Mount Everest Disaster, in which eight people died while on an expedition to scale the infamous summit. One of the climbers who lost his life was Andy Harris, played in Everest by Martin Henderson. Harris was one of the guides for the Adventure Consultants, along with Rob Hall and Mike Groom. In the film, he appears to die while with Hall, falling off a cliff after a hallucination. But Rob Hall never reported this, and since he died shortly thereafter, there is no way to confirm the circumstances surrounding Harris' death.
1996:[Computing][Quantum] Lov Grover devised an algorithm (Grover's algorithm) that could search an unsorted database in square root time on a quantum computer, which would outperform any classical algorithm.
1996:[US] Barack Obama was elected to the Illinois Senate, succeeding Democratic State Senator Alice Palmer from Illinois's 13th District, which, at that time, spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from Hyde Park–Kenwood south to South Shore and west to Chicago Lawn.1996:[UK] Charles III and Diana gets divorced.
1996 (Jan 25):[Book] Peter Lynch & John Rothchild's Learn to Earn: A Beginner's Guide to the Basics of Investing and Business.
1996 (Jan 25):[Book] Peter Lynch & John Rothchild's Learn to Earn: A Beginner's Guide to the Basics of Investing and Business.
1996 (Jan):[Crime][India] Anees Ibrahim arrested in Bahrain, shifted to Dubai allegedly on the intervention of some of Dubai's ruling notables, and was then allowed to slip away to Karachi, Pakistan.
1996: National Aerospace Laboratories, India indigenously built FLOSOLVER, India's first supercomputer. It was replicated and installed at ICAD Moscow in 1991 under Russian collaboration.
1996: India/Pakistan/Sri Lanka 1996.1996:[Computing][www] Mario 64 game ran 100 million calculations per second, 540 million (Half-Life) in 1998, Minecraft (2011) running 100 billion calculations, Cyberpunk 2077 (most realistic video game 2024), you need a graphics card that can perform around 36 trillion calc per second.
1996: Prof Malcolm Heath. Professor of Greek Language and Literature @leeds.ac.uk, translated Aristotle's Poetics.
1996: The 56K modem was invented by Dr. Brent Townshend
1996 (Feb 13): Nepalese Civil War started. The Maoist Rebellion (labelled the People's War by then CPN(Maoist)) was an armed conflict against Government of Nepal (then HMG of Nepal) fought from 1996 to 2006. The rebellion was launched by the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) on 13 February 1996 with the main aim of overthrowing the Nepalese monarchy and establishing a 'People's Republic'. It ended with the Comprehensive Peace Accord signed on 21 November 2006.
1996 (Mar 1): [GeoPolitics] The Asia–Europe Meeting (ASEM) is an Asian–European political dialogue forum to enhance relations and various forms of cooperation between its partners. It was officially established at the 1st ASEM Summit (ASEM1) in Bangkok, Thailand, by the then 15 Member States of the European Union (EU) and the European Commission, the then 7 Member States of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and the individual countries of China, Japan, and South Korea. A series of enlargements saw additional EU Member States join as well as India, Mongolia, Pakistan and the ASEAN Secretariat in 2008, Australia, New Zealand and Russia in 2010, Bangladesh, Norway, and Switzerland in 2012, as well as Croatia, and Kazakhstan in 2014.
1996: Prof Malcolm Heath. Professor of Greek Language and Literature @leeds.ac.uk, translated Aristotle's Poetics.
1996: The 56K modem was invented by Dr. Brent Townshend
1996 (Feb 13): Nepalese Civil War started. The Maoist Rebellion (labelled the People's War by then CPN(Maoist)) was an armed conflict against Government of Nepal (then HMG of Nepal) fought from 1996 to 2006. The rebellion was launched by the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) on 13 February 1996 with the main aim of overthrowing the Nepalese monarchy and establishing a 'People's Republic'. It ended with the Comprehensive Peace Accord signed on 21 November 2006.
1996 (Mar 1): [GeoPolitics] The Asia–Europe Meeting (ASEM) is an Asian–European political dialogue forum to enhance relations and various forms of cooperation between its partners. It was officially established at the 1st ASEM Summit (ASEM1) in Bangkok, Thailand, by the then 15 Member States of the European Union (EU) and the European Commission, the then 7 Member States of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and the individual countries of China, Japan, and South Korea. A series of enlargements saw additional EU Member States join as well as India, Mongolia, Pakistan and the ASEAN Secretariat in 2008, Australia, New Zealand and Russia in 2010, Bangladesh, Norway, and Switzerland in 2012, as well as Croatia, and Kazakhstan in 2014.
1996 (Apr 26): [GeoPolitics] The Shanghai Five group was created on 26 April 1996 with the signing of the Treaty on Deepening Military Trust in Border Regions in Shanghai by the heads of states of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan. Later on Jun 15, 2001 it got renamed as Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) or Shanghai Pact
1996 (May 16): Atal Bihari Vajpayee becomes PM of India for the very first time for 16 days.
1996 (Jun 1): Atal Bihari Vajpayee resigns. HD Deve Gowda becomes PM of India for 1 year.
1996 (Jun 1): Atal Bihari Vajpayee resigns. HD Deve Gowda becomes PM of India for 1 year.
1996 (Aug 14):[research][extreme] Karen Elizabeth Wetterhahn (October 16, 1948 – June 8, 1997), also known as Karen Wetterhahn Jennette, was an American professor of chemistry at Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, who specialized in toxic metal exposure. She died of mercury poisoning at the age of 48 due to accidental exposure to the extremely toxic organic mercury compound dimethylmercury (Hg(CH3)2). Protective gloves in use at the time of the incident provided insufficient protection, and exposure to only a single drop or two of the dimethylmercury absorbed through the gloves proved to be fatal after less than a year. Tests later revealed that dimethylmercury can, in fact, rapidly permeate several kinds of latex gloves and enter the skin within about 15 seconds. Her exposure was later confirmed by hair analysis, which showed a dramatic jump in mercury levels 17 days after the initial accident, peaking at 39 days, followed by a gradual decline. Approximately three months after the initial accident Wetterhahn began experiencing brief episodes of abdominal discomfort and noticed significant weight loss. The more distinctive neurological symptoms of mercury poisoning, including loss of balance and slurred speech, appeared in January 1997, five months after the accident. Her blood and urinary mercury content were measured at 4,000 μg/L and 234 μg/L, respectively—both many times their respective toxic thresholds of 200 μg/L and 50 μg/L (blood and urine reference ranges are 1 to 8 μg/L and 1 to 5 μg/L).
1996 (Dec 4 06:58:07 UTC):[Space][Mars][Earth] Launch of Mars Pathfinder on Delta II 7925 (#D240)
rocket from Cape Canaveral SLC-17. To prove that the development of "faster, better and cheaper" spacecraft was possible (with three years for development and a cost under $150 million for the lander, and $25 million for the rover). To show that it was possible to send a load of scientific instruments to another planet with a simple system and at one-fifteenth the cost of a Viking mission. (For comparison, the Viking missions cost $935 million in 1974 or $3.5 billion in 1997 dollars.). To demonstrate NASA's commitment to low-cost planetary exploration by finishing the mission with a total expenditure of $280 million, including the launch vehicle and mission operations.
1996: a raid on the Animal Husbandry department’s offices in Chaibasa, Bihar unfolded the Rs.950 crore fodder scam, in which the Bihar chief minister Lalu Prasad Yadav catch up in a lifelong tussle with the CBI.
1996:[Book][Adventure] Jon Krakauer's Into the Wild.
1996:[Book][Adventure] Jon Krakauer's Into the Wild.
1996:[Computing] The VideoLAN software originated as a French academic project. VLC used to stand for "VideoLAN Client" when VLC was a client of the VideoLAN project, officially released under GNU GPL on 2001 (Feb 1).
1996:[Meme] Dancing Baby Screensaver
1996:[SpaceX] The entire process for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) from initial concept to launch spanned approximately 25 years, with initial designs beginning in 1996 and the telescope launching in 2021, but a significant portion of this was spent in design, testing, and overcoming major redesigns and delays, not just assembly.
1996 (Feb 28):[Delhi] Indirapuram, Ghaziabad was estd when its foundation stone (Kala Pathar) was inaugurated by Sh Motilal Vora, then Governor of UP. (2021) I'puram Extn to be built on 12 acres only, conceived in 2004.
1996:[Book][Military][Culture][EU][USA] George R.R. Martin is the American author of the epic fantasy book series A Song of Ice and Fire, which began with A Game of Thrones (1996) and served as the basis for HBO's massively popular Game of Thrones TV series. A Song of Ice and Fire is a series of high fantasy novels by the American author George R. R. Martin. Martin began writing the first volume, A Game of Thrones, in 1991, and published it in 1996. Martin, who originally envisioned the series as a trilogy, has released five out of seven planned volumes.
1996:[Who] Baba Vanga (born Vangeliya Pandeva Gushterova) was a famous blind Bulgarian mystic and herbalist who lived from 1911 to 1996. Often called the "Nostradamus of the Balkans," she gained a large following for predictions that believers claim foresaw major world events before her death. Believers credit her with forecasting the 9/11 attacks, the death of Princess Diana, and the Chernobyl disaster.
[Generation] Millennial generation (1981–1996) ends; lasted for 15 years.
----------------------------------------- 50 years of Independent India --------------------------------------------
[Generation] Gen Z (1997–2012) starts; and exists for next 15 years.
1997:[Who][Research][Computing][Tech][Culture] VLC Media Player was originally created by students at the French engineering school École Centrale Paris in 1996. While it started as an academic project (VideoLAN) to stream video over a campus network, its development and modernization were later led by Jean-Baptiste Kempf.
1997:[Research][Space] 29 July 1997: a NASA scientist announced evidence of fossilized microscopic life forms in a meteorite not from any known planet.
1997:[Business][GeoPolitics] The Group of Eight (G8) was an intergovernmental political forum from 1997 to 2014, formed by incorporating Russia into the G7. The G8 became the G7 again after Russia was expelled in 2014 after the Russian annexation of Crimea. Founded: 1997, Denver, Colorado, United States
1997:[Business][GeoPolitics] Founded: 6 June 1997, The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) is an international organization of seven South Asian and Southeast Asian nations, housing 1.73 billion people and having a combined gross domestic product of US$5.2 trillion.
1997:[Computing][Quantum] IBM built the first experimental quantum computer, which could manipulate 7 qubits using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques.
1997 (Jul 4):[Space][Mars] The Mars Pathfinder endured a 30-second communications blackout as it entered Mars' atmosphere. It landed at Ares Vallis, Chryse Planitia, Mars 19°7′48″N 33°13′12″W. Mars Pathfinder (MESUR Pathfinder) is an American robotic spacecraft that landed a base station with a roving probe on Mars in 1997. It consisted of a lander, renamed the Carl Sagan Memorial Station, and a lightweight, 10.6 kg (23 lb) wheeled robotic Mars rover named Sojourner, the first rover to operate outside the Earth–Moon system.
1997:[Book] Mitch Albom's Tuesdays with Morrie.
1997:[Gaming] Grand Theft Auto (GTA) released by DMA Design (later Rockstar North) for PS1, Windows and MS-DOS; Grand Theft Auto: Vice City (2002); Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas (2004); Grand Theft Auto IV (2008); Grand Theft Auto V (2013); Grand Theft Auto: The Trilogy – The Definitive Edition (2021)
1997: Tekken 3 was designed by Katsuhiro Harada (Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan) of Bandai Namco Entertainment headquartered at Ōta, Tokyo.
1997 (Mar 6): [GeoPolitics] The Indian Ocean Rim Association, formerly known as the Indian Ocean Rim Initiative and the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, is an international organisation consisting of 23 states bordering the Indian Ocean. The IORA is a regional forum, tripartite in nature, bringing together representatives of Government, Business and Academia, for promoting co-operation and closer interaction among them. It is based on the principles of Open Regionalism for strengthening Economic Cooperation particularly on Trade Facilitation and Investment, Promotion as well as Social Development of the region. The Coordinating Secretariat of IORA is located at Ebene, Mauritius.
1997 (Apr 21): H.D. Deve Gowda resigns. Inder Kumar Gujral becomes PM of India for 1 year.
1997 (Jun 6): [GeoPolitics] BIMSTEC founded. The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation is an international organisation of seven South Asian and Southeast Asian nations, housing 1.73 billion people and having a combined gross domestic product of $3.8 trillion. The BIMSTEC member states – Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand – are among the countries dependent on the Bay of Bengal.
1997 (Jun 8): Despite aggressive chelation therapy, her condition rapidly deteriorated. Three weeks after the first neurological symptoms appeared, Wetterhahn lapsed into what appeared to be a vegetative state punctuated by periods of extreme agitation. One of her former students said that "Her husband saw tears rolling down her face. I asked if she was in pain. The doctors said it didn't appear that her brain could even register pain." Wetterhahn was removed from life support and pronounced dead on June 8, 1997, ten months after her initial exposure. In response, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration recommended that the use of dimethylmercury be avoided unless absolutely necessary and mandated the use of plastic-laminate gloves (SilverShield) when handling this compound.
1997 (Jun 13):[Jack] Border
1997 (Jun 26):[Book] 32YO J. K. Rowling publishes her first Harry Potter book, The Philosopher's Stone;
The Chamber of Secrets (2 July 1998),
The Chamber of Secrets (2 July 1998),
The Prisoner of Azkaban (8 July 1999),
The Goblet of Fire (8 July 2000),
The Order of the Phoenix (, 27 June 2003),
The Half-Blood Prince (16 July 2005),
The Deathly Hallows (21 July 2007)
1997 (Aug 25):[Space] Advanced Composition Explorer is a NASA Explorer program satellite and space exploration mission to study matter comprising energetic particles from the solar wind, the interplanetary medium, and other sources.
1997 (Sep 13): the introductory episode of Shaktiman was aired on Doordarshan (India's national television network) from 27 September 1997 to 27 March 2005, on Sundays at 12 noon IST. The telecast slot, however was shifted to 9:30 a.m. for the last episodes.
1997 (Sep 27 10:23 UTC):[Space][Mars] Last contact with Mars Pathfinder. Mission duration (Launch to last contact): 9 months, 23 days.
1997 (Oct 31):[Book] Donald Trump's Trump: The Art of the Comeback; The America We Deserve (2000); Trump: Think Like a Billionaire: Everything You Need to Know About Success, Real Estate, and Life (2004); Why We Want You to Be Rich (2006); Trump: The Best Real Estate Advice I Ever Received: 100 Top Experts Share Their Strategies (2006, Nov 1); Think BIG and Kick Ass in Business and Life (2007); Trump Never Give Up: How I Turned My Biggest Challenges into Success (2008); Time to Get Tough: Making America #1 Again (2011); Crippled America: How to Make America Great Again (2015)
1997: Arundhati Roy became the first Indian to win Man Booker Prize for her novel 'The God of Small Things'.1997: IIT-JEE was conducted twice after the Q-Paper was leaked.
1997: NASA estimated there were approx. 2,645 artificial satellite payloads orbitting the earth and 6,216 pieces of space debris as tracked by the GSFC. Over 16,291 previously launched objects have decayed into the Earth's atmosphere.
1997: BHC Financial, Inc. of Pennsylvania merged into FISV to form Secured Transaction Processing Services.
1997: NASA estimated there were approx. 2,645 artificial satellite payloads orbitting the earth and 6,216 pieces of space debris as tracked by the GSFC. Over 16,291 previously launched objects have decayed into the Earth's atmosphere.
1997: BHC Financial, Inc. of Pennsylvania merged into FISV to form Secured Transaction Processing Services.
1997:[Book] The Four Agreements: A Practical Guide to Personal Freedom is a self-help book by bestselling author Don Miguel Ruiz with Janet Mills; The Mastery of Love: A Practical Guide to the Art of Relationship --Toltec Wisdom Book (1999, Mar 30); The Voice of Knowledge: A Practical Guide to Inner Peace (2004, Mar 10); The Fifth Agreement: A Practical Guide to Self-Mastery (2009); The Circle of Fire: Inspiration and Guided Meditations for Living in Love and Happiness (2013, Aug 1); The Mastery of Self: A Toltec Guide to Personal Freedom (2016, May 6)
1997:[Book] Jon Krakauer's Into Thin Air: A Personal Account of the Mt. Everest Disaster; Under the Banner of Heaven (2003 Jul)
1997 (Dec 11):[Env] The Kyoto Protocol was an international treaty which extended the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) that human-made CO2 emissions are driving it.
1997:[India][Education][Culture] Eklavya Model Residential School is a Government of India scheme for model residential school for Indian tribals across India. It is one of the flagship interventions of the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India and was introduced in the year 1997-98 to ensure tribal students get access to quality education in the remote tribal areas. EMRSs are set up in States/UTs with grants under Article 275(1) of the Constitution of India. As per the budget 2018-19, every block with more than 50% ST population and at least 20,000 tribal persons, will have an Eklavya Model Residential School by the year 2022.
1997:[Space] Hipparcos (1989 -1993). It took 4-8 years to organize and publish the 4 years study by this experiment, which permitted the first high-precision measurements of the intrinsic brightnesses (compared to the less precise apparent brightness), proper motions, and parallaxes of stars, enabling better calculations of their distance and tangential velocity. When combined with radial velocity measurements from spectroscopy, astrophysicists were able to finally measure all six quantities needed to determine the motion of stars. The resulting Hipparcos Catalogue, a high-precision catalogue of more than 118,200 stars, was published in 1997. The lower-precision Tycho Catalogue of more than a million stars was published at the same time, while the enhanced Tycho-2 Catalogue of 2.5 million stars was published in 2000. Hipparcos' follow-up mission, Gaia, was launched in 2013.
1997:[Space][Research] Since the 1997 proposal of the AdS/CFT (Anti-de Sitter/Conformal Field Theory) correspondence, the predominant belief among physicists is that information is indeed preserved in black hole evaporation.
1997:[Space][Research] A widely publicized bet made in 1997 between John Preskill on the one hand with Hawking and Kip Thorne on the other that information was not lost in black holes. The scientific debate on the paradox was described in a popular book published in 2008 by Leonard Susskind called The Black Hole War. (The book carefully notes that the 'war' was purely a scientific one, and that at a personal level, the participants remained friends.) The book states that Hawking was eventually persuaded that black-hole evaporation was unitary by the holographic principle, which was first proposed by 't Hooft, further developed by Susskind and later given a precise string theory interpretation by the AdS/CFT correspondence. In 2004, Hawking also conceded the 1997 bet, paying Preskill with a baseball encyclopedia "from which information can be retrieved at will" although Thorne refused to concede.
1997:[Earth][Physics][Research] there were two large earthquakes off the coast of Chile. The magnitude of the first, in July, was estimated at Mw 6.9, but was barely felt, and only in three places. In October a Mw 7.1 quake in nearly the same location, but twice as deep and on a different kind of fault, was felt over a broad area, injured over 300 people, and destroyed or seriously damaged over 10,000 houses. As can be seen in the table below, this disparity of damage done is not reflected in either the moment magnitude (Mw ) nor the surface-wave magnitude (Ms ). Only when the magnitude is measured on the basis of the body-wave (mb ) or the seismic energy (Me ) is there a difference comparable to the difference in damage. (as researched by Choy, Boatwright & Kirby 2001, p. 13.). Mw 6.9 was actually Me 6.1, an interplate-thrust type of fault, while Mw 7.1 was actually a 7.5 Me intraslab-normal type of fault.
1997:[Research] During surveys carried out between 1997 and 2001, a spot was found along the Mariana Trench that had a depth similar to the Challenger Deep, possibly even deeper. It was discovered while scientists from the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology were completing a survey around Guam; they used a sonar mapping system towed behind the research ship to conduct the survey. This new spot was named the HMRG (Hawaii Mapping Research Group) Deep, after the group of scientists who discovered it.
1997:[SpaceX] A resolved circumstellar disk was first identified in 1997 with the Owens Valley Radio Observatory. The semi-major axis was initially estimated to be 110 AU. HD 163296 and surroundings Credit: ESO/Digitized Sky Survey 2; Acknowledgement: Davide De Martin Observation data Epoch J2000 Equinox J2000 Constellation Sagittarius Right ascension 17h 56m 21.29s Declination −21° 57′ 21.87″ Apparent magnitude (V) 6.85; Characteristics Evolutionary stage Herbig Ae star Spectral type A3VaekA1mA1; Astrometry Radial velocity (Rv) -4.00 ±3.3[3] km/s Proper motion (μ) RA: -7.586 ±0.041 mas/yr; Dec.: -39.458 ±0.029 mas/yr[4] Parallax (π) 9.9043±0.0408 mas[4] Distance 329 ± 1 ly (101.0 ± 0.4 pc) Details; Mass 1.95±0.07 M☉ Radius 1.87±0.05 R☉ Luminosity 20.4+3.6 −3.0 L☉ Surface gravity (log g) 4.10±0.10 cgs Temperature 9000±250 K Age 6.03+0.28 −0.27 Myr Other designations BD-21 4779, CPD-21 6508, EM* MWC 275, HIP 87819, IRAS 17533-2156, 2MASS J17562128-2157218, PDS 473, TYC 6262-2131-1, Database references SIMBAD
1997:[SpaceX] 10199 Chariklo is a ringed asteroid or centaur in the outer Solar System. It is the largest known centaur, with a diameter of about 250 km. It orbits the Sun between Saturn and Uranus with an orbital period of 62.5 years. Wikipedia Orbital period: 63 years Radius: 151 km Discovered: 15 February 1997 Dimensions: (287.6+2.8; −3.0) × (270.4+2.8; −5.6) × (198.2+10.8; −5.4) km: 11 Discoverer: James V. Scotti Spectral type: D-type asteroid Aphelion: 18.420 AU
1997:[SpaceX] The Great Daylight Fireball - The atmospheric pass modified the object's mass and orbit around the Sun. A 1994 study found that it is probably still in an Earth-crossing orbit and predicted that it would pass close to Earth again in August 1997. However, the object has not been observed again and so its post-encounter orbit remains unknown.
1997:Nafisa Joseph was the youngest Miss India winner at age 19, winning the title in 1997. She later became a model and television personality. While other winners like Meenakshi Seshadri were also 17 when they won in 1981, Joseph is often cited for her early win at 19, which was then a younger age than is typically seen in the competition.
1997:[space][tech] The final Block IIA was in Nov 1997, while Block IIRs began replacing them shortly after, lasting until 2004. Block IIR (Replenishment) launches followed from 1997 to 2004, with the first launch in January 1997.
1998:[SpaceX] The primary construction phase of the International Space Station (ISS) took approximately 13 years, from 1998 to 2011, with the first module launching in November 1998 and ISS Assembly Complete declared in May 2011. However, assembly was a continuous, multi-stage process involving more than 30 missions, numerous spacewalks, and robotic assistance to build the station piece by piece in orbit. Even after 2011, the ISS continued to evolve with ongoing additions and upgrades.
1998:[Research][Space] Spring, 1998: a microfossil that was found in a meteorite and photographed in 1966, was recognized by a Russian microbiologist as a magnetotactic bacterium. By Fall, 1998: NASA's public position on life-from-space shifted dramatically.
1998:[China] Zhu Rongji was a Chinese politician and electrical engineer who served as the 5th premier of China from 1998 to 2003. He also served as member of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party from 1992 to 2002, along with CCP general secretary Jiang Zemin.
1998:[Military][Geopolitics] Kosovo (1998–1999): Fought between ethnic Albanian separatists (the Kosovo Liberation Army) and Yugoslav security forces, ending after a 78-day NATO bombing campaign. (Yugoslav Wars)
1998: As a research project at Stanford University, Sergey Brin and Larry Page created a search engine that listed results according to the popularity of the pages, after concluding that the most popular result would often be the most useful. After raising $1 million from family, friends and other investors, the pair launched the company in 1998. Google has since become the world’s most popular search engine, receiving more than 200 million queries each day.
1998 (Nov 20):
1998 (Apr 27): RRB founded as Railway Recruitment Control Board is a government organisation in India. It was set up in 1998 in the Ministry of Railways (Railway Board), New Delhi.In 1945, the Services Commissions were set up at Bombay, Calcutta, Madras and Lucknow. In 1983, to cater to the needs of areas which were being neglected due to locations of the existing commissions, seven more commissions were set up viz, at Ahmedabad, Ajmer, Bhopal, Bhuvneshwar, Chandigarh, Jammu and Srinagar with sitting at Leh and Trivendrum. In 1984 two more service commissions were set up at Malda and Gorakhpur.
1998 (May 19): Atal Bihari Vajpayee becomes PM of India for the second time, now for 6 years till May 22, 2004.
1998 (Apr 27): RRB founded as Railway Recruitment Control Board is a government organisation in India. It was set up in 1998 in the Ministry of Railways (Railway Board), New Delhi.In 1945, the Services Commissions were set up at Bombay, Calcutta, Madras and Lucknow. In 1983, to cater to the needs of areas which were being neglected due to locations of the existing commissions, seven more commissions were set up viz, at Ahmedabad, Ajmer, Bhopal, Bhuvneshwar, Chandigarh, Jammu and Srinagar with sitting at Leh and Trivendrum. In 1984 two more service commissions were set up at Malda and Gorakhpur.
1998 (May 19): Atal Bihari Vajpayee becomes PM of India for the second time, now for 6 years till May 22, 2004.
1998 (May 28 15:15PST): Chagai-I is the code name of five simultaneous underground nuclear tests conducted by Pakistan. The tests were performed at Ras Koh Hills in the Chagai District of Balochistan Province. Chagai-I was Pakistan's first public test of nuclear weapons. Pakistan's fissile material production takes place at Nilore, Kahuta, and Khushab Nuclear Complex, where weapons-grade plutonium is refined.1998: After completing his X standard examinations, Ranbir Kapoor, aged 16, worked as an assistant director to his father on the film Aa Ab Laut Chalen (1999), during which he developed a closer bond with him.
1988: Networked Data Processing Cor, Iowa merged into FISV to form its Insurance division.
1988: Networked Data Processing Cor, Iowa merged into FISV to form its Insurance division.
1998:[Book] Robert Greene's The 48 Laws of Power; The 33 Strategies of War (2006); Mastery (2012, Nov 13); The Laws of Human Nature (2018, Oct 16)
1998:[Space][Research][Extreme] Then came 1998 and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of very distant supernovae that showed that, a long time ago, the universe was actually expanding more slowly than it is today. So the expansion of the universe has not been slowing due to gravity, as everyone thought, it has been accelerating.
1998:[Crime][India] Anees arrested in UAE on charges of having murdered a former associate and then rival, Irfan Goga, in Dubai, but was freed after two days for 'lack of evidence'.
1998:[Computing][Quantum] Researchers at IBM, Oxford, Berkeley, Stanford, and MIT produced a 2-qubit computing system.
1998:[www] Wireshark is a free and open-source packet analyzer. It is used for network troubleshooting, analysis, software and communications protocol development, and education. Originally named Ethereal, the project was renamed Wireshark in May 2006 due to trademark issues.
1998:[US][Economy]David Rockefeller Sr. was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Bill Clinton for his work on International Executive Service Corps.
1998:[Def][Aviation] The Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird flew so high and so fast that the crew needed pressurized space suits when flying it. And it is said that at the maximum altitude of it it was possible to see the curvature of the earth, which refers to this quote by Colonel Alison: “On a clear day you can see forever…”. The service ceiling of 85,000 feet (25,900m) meant that it was an excellent experimental unit for space travels. That, combined with the great speeds of it was two of the reasons why NASA decided to take over the last two Blackbirds after its retirement from the Air Force in 1998. This means that the world’s fastest aircraft was in service from 1966 until NASA retired its two units in 1999, and most of the remaining Blackbirds are today stationed at museums or military bases across the US.
1998:In 1998, Gautam Adani, along with his associate Shantilal Patel, was kidnapped for ransom in Ahmedabad, India. They were abducted at gunpoint after leaving the Karnavati Club in a car. The kidnappers, allegedly gangsters Fazlu Rehman and Bhogilal Darji, reportedly demanded a ransom of $1.5-2 million. Both Adani and Patel were released a day later, but it's unclear if the ransom was paid.
The kidnapping incident happened in the mid-1990s, around the time Adani's business successes started attracting unwanted attention. The kidnapping was allegedly carried out by Fazlu Rehman and Bhogilal Darji, also known as "Mama". They were later acquitted due to lack of evidence.
The abduction is just one of the challenges Adani has faced. He was also caught in the 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks at the Taj Hotel. More recently, he has faced accusations of bribery and securities fraud.
Adani and others were escorted by staff to the kitchen and then the basement. They spent the entire night in a hall waiting for rescue. Adani later told news channels that he saw “death at a distance of just 15 feet.” He was rescued the next morning by security forces.
1998:[Env][Disaster] Eastern India, 1998 Bangladesh flood; 4k deaths
1998:[Who][Research][Computing][Tech][Culture] Internet Download Manager (IDM) was developed by Tonec Inc., an American company that started the project in 1998 and released the software in 2001. Tonec Inc. focuses on network programming and created IDM to speed up downloads by using dynamic file segmentation, accelerating speeds by up to 8 times.
1999:4 January 1999: NASA officially recognized the possibility that life on Earth comes from space.
19 March 1999: NASA scientists announced that two more meteorites hold even stronger fossilized evidence for past life on Mars.
1999:[Business][GeoPolitics] The G20 or Group of 20 is an intergovernmental forum comprising 19 sovereign countries, the European Union, and the African Union. Founded: 26 September 1999; Chairman (Incumbent): Cyril Ramaphosa, President of South Africa
1999: The term Wi-Fi was invented by Interbrand (an american brand consultancy company) as a pun upon the word hi-fi.
Wi-Fi Alliance formed as a trade association to hold the Wi-Fi trademark under which most products are sold.
1999: the term
1999: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, Islamic State, or commonly, ISIS) founded as Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi HQ'd at Al-Raqqah.
Wi-Fi Alliance formed as a trade association to hold the Wi-Fi trademark under which most products are sold.
1999: the term
1999: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, Islamic State, or commonly, ISIS) founded as Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi HQ'd at Al-Raqqah.
1999 (Apr 12):[Music] Backstreet Boys' I Want It That Way.
1999 (Apr 18): CONCERT became operational. It was developed using client-server model for distributed computing is a total solution to the networking of the PRSs. All the five sites have been internet-worked over a 64 kbps line using routers, on leased communication line connections from Department of Telecom (DOT).
1999: Credit cards accepted for booking tickets and reservations in some stations (including Mumbai CST).1999 (May 1):[Book] Robert Kiyosaki & Sharon Lechter's Rich Dad's Cashflow Quadrant: Rich Dad's Guide to Financial Freedom; Rich Dad's Guide to Investing: What the Rich Invest in That the Poor and Middle Class Do Not! (2001, Jan 1); The Real Book of Real Estate: Real Experts. Real Stories. Real Life. (2009, May 12); Rich Kid Smart Kid: Giving Your Child a Financial Head Start (2001, Jan 1);
1999 (May 18):[Music] Millennium is the third studio album (second in the United States) by American boy band Backstreet Boys, released by Jive Records.
-------------------------------------- IV Indo-Pak War started ---------------------------------------
1999 (May 3):[war] The Kargil War, also known as the Kargil conflict, was fought between India and Pakistan from May to July 1999 in the Kargil district of Ladakh, then part of the Indian-administered state of Jammu and Kashmir and along the Line of Control (LoC). In India, the conflict is also referred to as Operation Vijay (lit. 'Victory'), which was the codename of the Indian military operation in the region.[18] The Indian Air Force acted jointly with the Indian Army to flush out the Pakistan Army and paramilitary troops from vacated Indian positions along the LoC,[19] in what was designated as Operation Safed Sagar (lit. 'White Sea').
May 1999: Detection and Mobilization
May 3: Local shepherds spot unusual movements of armed intruders in the Batalik and Kargil-Dras sectors.
May 5: Indian Army patrols are sent to scout the area; five soldiers are captured and brutally killed by infiltrators.
May 9: Heavy artillery shelling begins as Pakistan targets Indian ammunition dumps in Kargil.
May 10: The Indian Army officially launches Operation Vijay to mobilize and evict infiltrators.
May 26: The Indian Air Force launches Operation Safed Sagar to provide air strikes against high-altitude enemy positions.
May 27-28: An IAF MiG-21 and MiG-27 are shot down by surface-to-air missiles, and Flight Lieutenant K. Nachiketa is captured (later released).
June 1999: Fierce Battles and Turning Points
June 1: Pakistani air attacks intensify, and cross-border shelling widens.
June 5: India releases intercepted audio tapes proving direct Pakistani army involvement.
June 9: Indian Army recaptures two vital positions in the Batalik sector.
June 13: Indian forces successfully capture the strategic Tololing peak (Point 4590), marking the first major psychological and tactical turning point of the war. This was the first major structural peak reclaimed by India, turning the tide of the war.
June 20: The bloody battle for Point 5140 is won by the Indian Army under heavy fire. This critical feature atop the Tololing ridge was cleared by the 13 JAK RIF under Captain Vikram Batra.
June 21: Point 5203 recaptured. It took nearly a month of intense fighting by the 1 Bihar regiment and Ladakh Scouts to secure this massive ridge line.
June 29: Indian troops capture two crucial heights near Dras (Three Pimples & Lone Hill) and Pimple Complex.
July 1999: Final Assaults and Withdrawal
July 4: Indian forces recapture Tiger Hill (Point 4660) after an intense 11-hour battle. This highly fortified mountain was retaken after a brutal 11-hour vertical assault by the 18 Grenadiers and Ladakh Scouts.
July 5: Point 4875 is recaptured (Battel of Batyar/Mushkoh Valley). Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif agrees to withdraw Pakistani troops under U.S. diplomatic pressure.
July 6: Point 4812 recaptured. Reclaimed via a multi-directional attack orchestrated by the 70 Infantry Brigade.
July 6: Khalubar Ridge reclaimed. This shattered Pakistan's eastern defensive flank, a battle led heroically by Capt. Manoj Kumar Pandey (1/11 Gorkha Rifles; 90th NDA Course).
July 7: Point 4875 (Batayl Top): Recaptured on July 7, 1999 (cleared entirely by July 9). This peak is famous for the ultimate sacrifices of Capt. Vikram Batra (13 JAKRIF) and Capt. Anuj Nayyar (17 JAT).
July 7: Jubar Top / Jubar Peak reclaimed. Secured by the 1 Bihar regiment after heavy artillery and air support neutralized enemy bunkers.
July 11: Pakistani intruders begin pulling back from remaining strongholds.
July 14: Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee declares Operation Vijay a success.
July 26: The military conflict officially concludes as Indian forces clear all posts along the LoC, celebrated annually as Kargil Vijay Diwas.
1999 (Jul 26): Kargil War Halted. The fighting in the Kargil War came to a complete halt on July 26, 1999, because the Indian military successfully evicted all remaining Pakistani intruders from the Drass subsector and high-altitude peaks, leading India to declare victory in Operation Vijay.
-------------------------------------- IV Indo-Pak War halted ----------------------------------------
1999 (Oct): General Pervez Musharraf became the president of Pakistan by leading a military coup in October 1999 to oust Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. He first ruled as Chief Executive, then declared himself president in June 2001, and later legitimized his rule through a 2002 national referendum.
1999 (Fri, 24 Dec): Indian Airlines Flight 814 commonly known as IC 814 was an Indian Airlines Airbus A300 en route from Tribhuvan International Airport in Kathmandu, Nepal to Indira Gandhi International Airport in Delhi, India was hijacked. Harkat-ul-Mujahideen was accused of the hijacking.
1999: IRCTC
1999 (Aug): BookMyShow
1999 (Aug): BookMyShow
1999 (Sep 14): [GeoPolitics] The Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA) is an inter-governmental forum for enhancing cooperation towards promoting peace, security and stability in Asia. It is a forum based on the recognition that there is close link between peace, security and stability in Asia and in the rest of the world. The key idea of the Conference is based on the priority of the indivisibility of security, joint initiative and mutually beneficial interaction of small and large states.
1999: Noble Education Society's Noble Public School (NPS), Gajraula founded with 2130627 as its CBSE Affiliation no.
1999: first .wma file created
1999: Napster founded.
1999: Noble Education Society's Noble Public School (NPS), Gajraula founded with 2130627 as its CBSE Affiliation no.
1999: first .wma file created
1999: Napster founded.
1999 (Dec 14):[Music] Backstreet Boys' Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely.
1999:[Music] Dr. Dre ft. Snoop Dogg's Still D.R.E.
1999:[Culture] The Cittaslow organization was created by Paolo Saturnini, the former mayor of Greve in Chianti, Italy. Saturnini was inspired by Carlo Petrini and his Slow Food movement, started in the 1980s to protest the first McDonald's chain in Rome. Since then, the Cittaslow movement has grown across four continents, with 262 participating towns as of 2020.
1999:[Management][Business][Psychology][Research] Dunning and Kruger Effect: David Dunning and Justin Kruger published the initial study in 1999 under the title "Unskilled and Unaware of It: How Difficulties in Recognizing One's Own Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-Assessments".
1999:[Research] Research by US National Research Council. Water from underground sources may contain significant amounts of radon depending on the surrounding rock and soil conditions, whereas surface sources generally do not.
1999:[NSE] Incorporated in 1999, IRCTC is a Mini Ratna (Category 1, Central Public Sector Enterprises ) and the only company authorized by the Indian government to provide online railway tickets, catering services, and packaged drinking water at railway stations and trains in India.
1999:[Mntngg][Book] Steve House is a world-renowned climber, mountain guide and Patagonia ambassador, widely regarded for his clean, light-and-fast style. He has published articles in a number of periodicals including: Alpinist, Rock and Ice, Climbing, The American Alpine Journal, Gripped, Canadian Alpine Journal, Climb, Vertical, Montagnes, Risk, Alp+, Campo Base, Desnivel, and Stile Alpin. His essays have been published in several books including; Contact: Mountain Climbing and Environmental Thinking; Soltari, a collection of essays about solo climbing published in Italian; Berg, a German book about climbing in the Himalaya; and an upcoming book about Nanga Parbat edited by Reinhold Messner. He has worked as a Patagonia alpine ambassador since 1999. Published: Training for the New Alpinism: A Manual for the Climber as Athlete Paperback – Illustrated, 3 April 2014
1999:[Mntngg] Conrad Anker (born November 27, 1962) is an American rock climber, mountaineer, and author. He was the team leader of The North Face climbing team for 26 years until 2018.[2] In 1999, he located George Mallory's body on Everest as a member of a search team looking for the remains of the British climber who was last seen in 1924.
1999:The Pipistrel Virus flew for the first time on August 10, 1999. Production began on January 20, 2000. The development of the short wing version started in 2007. The Virus SW production started in 2008. The Virus won the NASA 2007 Personal Air Vehicle (PAV) Challenge and the 2008 General Aviation Technology (GAT) Challenge.
1999:[silvics] Sustainable Practices: Research in the 20th century validated that second-growth stands could be sustainably managed through techniques like the seed tree method. Today, silviculture focuses on complex stand structures, balancing commercial demand with environmental stewardship.
1999:[Crime] In the United States, the 1999 Columbine High School shooting in Littleton, Colorado, resulted in 13 deaths and 24 injuries, transforming school security frameworks and active-shooter response drills globally. In 2007, the Virginia Tech shooting in Blacksburg, Virginia, claimed 32 lives and injured 17, exposing critical vulnerabilities in campus alert systems and background checks. Ideologically motivated far-right political extremism drove the 2011 Utøya Summer Camp attacks in Oslo and Utøya, Norway, which claimed a total of 77 lives. Back in the U.S., the tragic 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary shooting in Newtown, Connecticut, killed 26 people, including 20 children, which ignited intense national debates over assault weapon bans.
2000:
21st century CE started on 1st Jan 2001 AD.
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