history- kinda my version
Change is the only constant in life! - Heraclitus, On Nature (-500)
M = million years
Physics (of fields/forces/interactions) -> Chemistry (of charges/ions/elements) -> Biology (of cells/beings)
Philosophy (of knowledge/reality/existence)
Philosophy (of knowledge/reality/existence)
Mathematics (of patterns/symmetry/symbols)
Order from earliest to newest: Lower > Middle > Upper
Order from earliest to newest: Eo- > Paleo- > Meso- > Neo-
Order from earliest to newest: Eon (aka Eonothem) > Era (Eranthem) > Period (aka System) > Epoch (aka Series) > Age (aka Stage)
Region + Time + Situation = Everything. Every thing or being is a product of it's region (space), time and it's situation(s).
light is both, a wave and a particle - string theory
dense huge clouds of hot gases getting crushed by immense gravitational forces
hydrogen - di-atomic (covalent bond)
big bang -> hot plasma -> hydrogen -> stellar nucleosynthesis lead to helium -> 3 atoms of helium fused together to form carbon -> dust appeared? -> carbon and helium made oxygen -> highly inflammable hydrogen and combustion-supporting oxygen reacted on a spark causing an abrupt explosion releasing lot of energy and water -> in extremely corners of the space, water got froze into ice or mixed with cosmic dust to form meteors, comets, asteroids and others.
spdfghi: 1s2 - 2s2 - 2p6 - 3s2
strong nuclear forces led to hydrogen atoms to bound together as di-atomic hydrogen (covalent bond), the slightest spark gave the energy to H2 atoms to share it's 2 electrons of with electron-deficient oxygen atom. Hydrogen provided electrons and oxygen sucked them.
The (longest) half-life of an isotope is over 160 trillion times greater than the age of the universe (which is 4.35×10^17 seconds). The isotope is tellurium-128.
-13832M: upper range of age of universe. (13,832)
-13772M (±60M): age of universe. 9M years later, our solar system started to form at Local Interstellar Cloud, Local Bubble, Orion–Cygnus Arm, in Milky Way. (13,772; 13,772,000,000)
-13712M: lower range of age of universe. (13,712)
cosmic ray spallation
low mass stars
explosion of massive stars
explosion of white dwarfs
explosion of neutron stars
nuclear decay
human made
hot dense fog; hot plasma of (mostly protons, neutrons, and electrons) and photons (light). In particular, for roughly the first 380000 years, the photons were constantly interacting with free electrons, meaning that they could not travel long distances. That means that the early Universe was opaque, like being in fog.
-13771M: After about 380,000 years, the universe had cooled to around 3000 Kelvin (approximately 2700ºC) and at this point, electrons were able to combine with protons to form hydrogen atoms, and the temperature was too low to separate them again. In the absence of free electrons, the photons were able to move unhindered through the Universe: it became transparent.
hydrogen - first atom condensed out of the fog, and since then they have been passed from stars to planets, planet to animals and from prey to predator. vast tendrils of hydrogen crisscross the cosmos. most of the deuterium (hydrogen atom having 1 electron, 1 proton and 1 neutron) formed during this period, that later carried by space rocks to planets and forming the heavy water. (first di-atomic element or homonuclear molecule)
[The 7 diatomic elements are hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), and iodine (I)]
dust and gas
and as they would draw together due to gravity, the first was born, the moment light came out causing hi temp and pressures spots, causing hydrogen atoms to fuse together to form helium and the chain reaction of heavier elements started. 2 atoms of hydrogen fused together to form helium, the process is called as Big-bang nucleosynthesis. (first single atom highly stable element - monatomic)
[at sufficiently high temperature or very low pressure, all chemical elements become gas (and likely monatomic). The thermodynamic behavior of a monatomic gas is much simpler when compared to polyatomic gases because it is free of any rotational or vibrational energy.]
This started a chain reaction of formation of elements, initially lighter elements formed and as the universe expanded stars formed and hence lead to formation of heavier elements thru stellar nucleosynthesis.
3 atoms of helium fused together to form carbon, the element on which all life is based.
carbon and helium made oxygen and nitrogen, the air we breathe and the elements plants need for their growth [helium fusion also causes neon formation]
oxygen atoms combined with helium, made phosphorus; helium, carbon and oxygen nuclei fused together to form silicon.
helium and silicone fused together to form calcium.
formation of iron, unlike other reaction, causes the heat to be consumed rather produced and with no heat source to hold the star up, it starts to ran out of their nuclear fuel, and then followed by a cataclysmic explosion called a supernova, which distributes these elements across the interstellar space as dust, which then becomes part of the raw materials for the formation of new stars, planets and even life. magnetite (present thru special cells in green sea turtles, tiger sharks and other animals) allowing them to navigate using planet's magnetic field and the magnetic footprint in their brain.
non-metals: hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and phosphorus
noble gas: helium
metalloid: silicon
alkaline: calcium
noble gas: helium
metalloid: silicon
alkaline: calcium
Jupiter's composition is mainly hydrogen and helium, with a dense gaseous-liquid surface (instead hard crust), beyond 20,000km it has liquid metallic hydrogen at a pressure of 3 million bars. Iron-nickel alloy, rock, etc., at a temperature estimated to exceed 20000*C comprising the planet’s core. the ice-planetesimals brought neon into Jupiter from the outer solar system.
Saturn is mainly composed of lo-density hydrogen and helium. The atmosphere comprises, in descending order of altitude, a layer of ammonia, a layer of ammonium hydrogen sulfide, and a layer of ice. The planet's core is estimated to be composed of rock and ice.
Uranus is gaseous in composition, mainly comprising hydrogen and helium. The planet atmosphere is mostly hydrogen but also includes helium and methane. The planet core is estimated to be rock and ice encompassed by an outer layer of ice comprised of water, ammonium, and methane.
The atmosphere of Neptune consists of mainly hydrogen, methane and helium. Below it is a liquid hydrogen layer including helium and methane. The lower layer is made up of the liquid hydrogen compounds oxygen and nitrogen. It is believed that the planet core comprises rock and ice. (2006)
our solar system formed from nebula, the dusty remains of an exploded star, as the stardust collided and collapsed due to immense gravity it formed our sun. the gravity of young sun made rest of the dust spin around it in a flat plate-like cloud (proto-planetary disk) . the hot and intense solar and magnetic winds blasted light gases away from the sun, leaving mostly heavy elements like iron and silica. oxygen binds so readily to silica and iron that it made most common element on earth.
Sun is a boiling, shifting sea of barely restrained plasma. inspite of the intense gravitational force holding it all together, the nuclear reactions taking place in it's core are as hot as 15 million*C in it's center that plasma bubbles and bursts on its surface, erupting into solar flares that blaze in all directions.
Sun-spots are the dark patches of the Sun's surface that are filled with intense magnetic fields and can be between 1600 to 160000 km across, they form, drift and vanish.
Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) explodes out of sun's corona (the atmospheric zone above the Sun that is strangely 200 times hotter than it's surface) The activity waxes (solar maximum) and wanes (solar minimum) each 11 years due and leads to swapping of magnetic poles. You are 50 times more likely to see a solar flare during solar max and large CMEs from happening once every few days to multiple times in a single day. The Schwabe cycle. The Hale cycle is one half of the Schwabe cycle
Jupiter's moon Europa is a quarter of the Earth's size but has twice as much water as Earth do, due the fact that it is distant from the hot Sun. Mercury and Venus were too close to the Sun, while the water on Mars got vapored away due to intense solar winds.
-8460M:[Space][Research] Many ancient cultures such as Babylonian astronomers and Indian astronomy studied the pattern of the Seven Sacred Luminaires/Classical Planets against the background of stars, with their interest being to relate celestial movement to human events (astrology), and the goal being to predict events by recording events against a time measure and then look for recurrent patterns. The debate between the universe having either a beginning or eternal cycles can be traced to ancient Babylonia. Hindu cosmology posits that time is infinite with a cyclic universe, where the current universe was preceded and will be followed by an infinite number of universes. Time scales mentioned in Hindu cosmology correspond to those of modern scientific cosmology. Its cycles run from our ordinary day and night to a day and night of Brahma, 8.64 billion years long.
-4900M:[India] Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope, India detected the signal from a "star-forming galaxy" titled SDSSJ0826+5630, which was emitted when the 13.8 billion-year-old Milky Way – the galaxy where Earth resides – was just 4.9 billion years old. The signal was detected by a unique wavelength known as a "21-centimeter line" or the "hydrogen line," which is reportedly emitted by neutral hydrogen atoms.
-4600M: The Hadean (the cosmic period, the period of exploding old and massive stars, supernovas; forming large cloud of gas and dust; meteorites, asteroids, and comets; generation of heavier elements within stars due to nuclear fusion of H) . Hadean time is not a geological period as such. No rocks on the Earth are this old - except for meteorites. During Hadean time, the Solar System was forming, probably within a large cloud of gas and dust around the sun, called an accretion disc. Temp up to 2000*C.
-4600M: Earth's atmosphere in the early Hadean was full of CO2 and was as thick as 215 bars of pressure (i.e. 215 times of now). Earth's surface was 230*C, but due to hi-pressure water didn't boil.
-4567.46M: Hadean eon started.
-4500M: The oldest meteorites and lunar rocks are about 4.5 billion years old, but the oldest Earth rocks currently known are 3.8 billion years old. When proton-rich solar winds hit's the Earth's atmosphere they steal some electrons from the dust and hence leading to the creation of lighter hydrogen (1 electron and 1 proton) which made up the fresh water on Earth. Slam this H2 into a rock with some O2 in it and you've the light water. A water that came from meteorites and sun-burnt dust.
During the Hadean, we accumulated light water and stored it in the rocks that became Earth's mantle
-4500M: Young Jupiter was slowly getting pulled-in towards the Sun by the forces of inner turbulent solar system, a flight path that brought it into a collision course with the asteroid belt. As it thundered thru the asteroid it's massive gravitational force flung rocks in every direction and yet from all this chaos and destruction, came the ultimate cosmic gift. Icy water rich rocks were hurled towards the Earth bringing the promise of life one step closer.
-4500M: Water in the Solar System as the young Jupiter collided with the asteroid belt.
-4567M: Earth forms as Solar System began to form.
-4533M: Moon Forms. (Giant Impact Hypothesis/Big Splash/Theia Impact in the Hadean eon), that give earth it's spin and hence seasons on Earth. Young Earth had faster spin.
-4540M: Earliest Earth.
-4400M: Earliest water, As the Earth's spin slowed with time, the days became longer, allowing the sunlight to penetrate the ocean.
-4567M: Earth forms as Solar System began to form.
-4533M: Moon Forms. (Giant Impact Hypothesis/Big Splash/Theia Impact in the Hadean eon), that give earth it's spin and hence seasons on Earth. Young Earth had faster spin.
-4540M: Earliest Earth.
-4400M: Earliest water, As the Earth's spin slowed with time, the days became longer, allowing the sunlight to penetrate the ocean.
-4375M: Earth cooled enough to put a cap on the magma. The oldest traces of rocks found on Earth's surface indicating the cooling of hot magma on Earth's surface leading to the formation solid rocky-lid on the surface. Cathodoluminescence image of a 400-μm Jack Hills zircon. (Image credit: John Valley, University of Wisconsin). By zapping single atoms of lead in a tiny zircon crystal from Australia, researchers have confirmed the crystal is the oldest rock fragment ever found on Earth — 4.375 billion years old, plus or minus 6 million years.
Hadean rocks are very rare, largely consisting of granular zircons from one locality (Jack Hills) in Western Australia. Backscatter electron micrograph of detrital zircons from the Hadean (4.404 ± 0.008 Ga) metasediments of the Jack Hills, Narryer Gneiss Terrane, Western Australia.
It appears that plate tectonics and the growth of continents may have started in the Hadean.
Earth in the early Hadean had a very thick carbon dioxide- and methane-rich atmosphere, but eventually oceans made of liquid water formed.
-4100M: Earliest life. Zircon (Oldest known mineral) grains in Western Australia may have a biogenic origin.
In biology, abiogenesis (from a- 'not' + Greek bios 'life' + genesis 'origin') or the origin of life is the natural process by which life has arisen from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds. The prevailing scientific hypothesis is that the transition from non-living to living entities on Earth was not a single event, but a process of increasing complexity involving the formation of a habitable planet, the prebiotic synthesis of organic molecules, molecular self-replication, self-assembly, autocatalysis, and the emergence of cell membranes.
Later, the hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen will form sugar (carbohydrates),
the oxygen and phosphorus will form phosphates, and
the oxygen and phosphorus will form phosphates, and
the hydrogen and nitrogen will form ammonia (and amines). amines will react with sugar to form glycosylamine (example nucleosides such as adenosine). amines when reached with phosphates form nucleotides which further form polymeric macromolecules, called Nucleic acids (e.g RNA, DNA).
The origins of viruses in the evolutionary history of life are unclear: some may have evolved from plasmids—pieces of DNA that can move between cells—while others may have evolved from bacteria. A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea.
Archean eon starts
-4000M: The Archean Eon (also spelled Archaean or Archæan), in older sources sometimes called the Archaeozoic, is the second of the four geologic eons of Earth's history, preceded by the Hadean eon and followed by the Proterozoic. The Archean represents the time period from 4,000 to 2,500 Ma (millions of years ago). The Late Heavy Bombardment is hypothesized to overlap with the beginning of the Archean. The Huronian glaciation occurred at the end of the eon.
A virus is not a living organism and can only grow and reproduce in the cells of a host. Viruses are tinier: the largest of them are smaller than the smallest bacteria. They aren't even a full cell (lacks cell wall). They are simply genetic material (DNA or RNA) packaged inside of a protein coating.
--------------------------------------------------- Life @ Earth -------------------------------------------------------
-3900M: Single-celled life or Unicellular life or Single-celled organisms, such as bacterium (plural: bacteria or Eubacteria) and archaea (Archaebacteria). Studies on, among others, single-cell organisms indicate that the combined chemical sense of taste and smell is possibly the oldest of the senses and the most universally employed (Hoover, 2010; Kovács, 2004). Humans and other animals rely strongly on olfaction to locate and identify food sources. The sense of taste – or let's say taste and smell, the two big components of flavor – is impossibly ancient, dating back more than a billion years to the earliest cells, which needed to sense chemicals in the seawater around them – stuff to avoid, or stuff that was beneficial. So over time natural selection crafted receptor proteins. These are coiled molecules in cell walls that respond to specific kinds of chemical signatures (and also to light, vibration and other stimuli).
-3800M: LHB meteorites. The Late Heavy Bombardment ends. About 4 to 3.8 billion years ago a period of intense comet and asteroid bombardment is thought to have peppered all the planets including the Earth. Many of the numerous craters found on the Moon and other bodies in the Solar System record this event.
-3700M: Sometime during the first 800 million or so years of the Hadean history, the surface of the Earth changed from liquid to solid. Once solid rock formed on the Earth, its geological history began. This most likely happened prior to 3.8 billion years, but hard evidence for this is lacking. Erosion and plate tectonics has probably destroyed all of the solid rocks that were older than 3.8 billion years. The beginning of the rock record that is currently present on the Earth is the inception of a time known as the Archaean.
-3700M: Earlier possible evidence of life include graphite, which may have a biogenic origin, in a metasedimentary rocks discovered in southwestern Greenland. Minions
-3500M:[Space][Mars] The same forces that delivered water to Earth also gave it to Mars. With an atmosphere in place, clouds formed, rain fell, rivers flowed, And an ocean surged across its surface. It was a world of possibilities, it had a potential for life, but it didn't last due to raging nuclear inferno, Sun. Sun unleashes torrents of hi-energy particles so powerful and deadly, this solar wind streaming thru space at 400 km/s and ripped thru the Martian atmosphere tearing water molecules apart. Over millions of years Martian atmosphere was stripped away by solar winds. Mars' water was lost to space.
-3700M: Earlier possible evidence of life include graphite, which may have a biogenic origin, in a metasedimentary rocks discovered in southwestern Greenland. Minions
-3500M:[Space][Mars] The same forces that delivered water to Earth also gave it to Mars. With an atmosphere in place, clouds formed, rain fell, rivers flowed, And an ocean surged across its surface. It was a world of possibilities, it had a potential for life, but it didn't last due to raging nuclear inferno, Sun. Sun unleashes torrents of hi-energy particles so powerful and deadly, this solar wind streaming thru space at 400 km/s and ripped thru the Martian atmosphere tearing water molecules apart. Over millions of years Martian atmosphere was stripped away by solar winds. Mars' water was lost to space.
-3500M: Prokaryotic cells, a single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotes appear. Bacteria and archaeobacteria split. The last universal ancestor lives during this time. Prokaryotic (Pro=before; karyote=nute,kernel).
-3500M: Barberton Mountains Located in South Africa – 3.5 billion years Old. The Barberton Mountains, also known as Makhonjwa Mountains are widely acknowledged as the oldest mountain range on Earth, with an estimated age of 3.5 billion years.
-3420M: Archaea (sg: archaeon) is a domain of single-celled organisms. These microorganisms lack cell nuclei and are therefore prokaryotes are mostly anaerobic and cannot be cultivated. They live in extreme environments such as thermophilic, hyperacidophilic, hyperhalophilic (hypersaline) or metal-resistant; or also in the temperate environment of marine and lake sediments. They are rarely found on the ground or in the open ocean.
-3000M: Earliest oxygen. cyanobacteria performing photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria evolve the ability to photosynthesize and start producing oxygen, releasing it into the atmosphere.
Proterozoic Eon (2500 to 542 million years ago)
-2500M: Atmospheric oxygen. The Great Oxygenation Event occurs, which leads to the mass extinction of organisms that can't handle high levels of oxygen. The cyanobacteria have done their job well.
Photosynthesis.
Proterozoic Eon (2500 to 542 million years ago)
-2500M: Atmospheric oxygen. The Great Oxygenation Event occurs, which leads to the mass extinction of organisms that can't handle high levels of oxygen. The cyanobacteria have done their job well.
Photosynthesis.
-2460M: The Great Oxidation Event (GOE) started, also called the Great Oxygenation Event, the Oxygen Catastrophe, the Oxygen Revolution, the Oxygen Crisis, or the Oxygen Holocaust,[2] was a time interval during the Early Earth's Paleoproterozoic era when the Earth's atmosphere and the shallow ocean first experienced a rise in the concentration of oxygen.[3] This began approximately 2.460–2.426 Ga (billion years) ago, during the Siderian period, and ended approximately 2.060 Ga, during the Rhyacian. Geological, isotopic, and chemical evidence suggests that biologically-produced molecular oxygen (dioxygen or O2) started to accumulate in Earth's atmosphere and changed it from a weakly reducing atmosphere practically absent of oxygen into an oxidizing one containing abundant free oxygen, with oxygen levels being as high as 10% of their present atmospheric level by the end of the GOE.
-2426M: The Great Oxidation Event ended.
Proterozoic eon starts.
-2500M: The Proterozoic is the third of the four geologic eons of Earth's history, spanning the time interval from 2500MYA to 538.8MYA, the longest eon of the Earth's geologic time scale. It is preceded by the Archean and followed by the Phanerozoic, and is the most recent part of the Precambrian "supereon".
-2500M: [Brazil] Rocks as old as 2.5 billion years are found on the eastern side of the Brazil continent. Because of continual geological activity in the Andes, on the western side, rocks there are much younger.
-1850M: Eukaryotes, organisms with complex cells containing a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. While the exact timing of the emergence of eukaryotes is still a subject of scientific research and debate, it is generally thought to have occurred around 2 to 2.5 billion years ago.
Oxygen Crisis.-1200M: The ancestors of land plants evolved in water. An algal scum formed on the land 1,200 million years ago, but it was not until the Ordovician, around 450 million years ago, that the first land plants appeared, with a level of organization like that of bryophytes. However, evidence from carbon isotope ratios in Precambrian rocks suggests that complex plants developed over 1000 mya.
-1250M: Earliest sexual reproduction. Meiosis and sexual reproduction appear.
-1250M: Earliest sexual reproduction. Meiosis and sexual reproduction appear.
-1000M:
-1000M: Trace fossils such as tracks and burrows found in the Tonian period (from 1 gya or -1000MYA to -720MYA) may indicate the presence of triploblastic worm-like animals, roughly as large (about 5 mm wide) and complex as earthworms. However, similar tracks are produced by the giant single-celled protist Gromia sphaerica, so the Tonian trace fossils may not indicate early animal evolution. Gromia sphaerica is a large spherical testate amoeba, a single-celled eukaryotic organism and the largest of its genus, Gromia. The genus itself contains about 13 known species, 3 of which were discovered as late as 2005.
1 billion years ago (BYO).
"Triploblastic animals more than 1 billion years ago: trace fossil evidence from india". Seilacher, Adolf; Bose, Pradip K.; Pfluger, Friedrich (2 October 1998).
Triploblastic = having a body derived from three embryonic cell layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm), as in all multicellular animals except sponges and coelenterates.
Some palaeontologists have suggested that animals appeared much earlier than the Cambrian explosion, possibly as early as 1 billion years ago.
-800M: Multi-cellular life.
The really interesting thing is, as more complex life evolves – that is, multicellular life with mouths, brains, and internal organs – taste and smell play a central role. They are linchpins of survival, of winning the game of natural selection. They allow an animal to sense prey is nearby, and to derive some satisfaction from devouring it. The more acute they are, the better. And the more acute they become, the more brainpower is needed to process them. So the emergence of more sophisticated brains and behavior are, in evolutionary history, very often tied to sharpening senses of smell and taste. You can see this in anatomy: our systems for taste and smell are tied into the oldest, most “primitive” parts of the brain.
Neuroscience:
The emergence of multicellular organisms, especially invertebrates and vertebrates, marked a significant step in the development of endocrine systems. Invertebrates like insects and mollusks have simple endocrine systems, while vertebrates, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, have more complex endocrine systems.
Predecessors of neurons were the Peptidergic secretory cells. They eventually gained new gene modules which enabled cells to create post-synaptic scaffolds and ion channels that generate fast electrical signals. Peptidergic secretory cells, often referred to as peptide-secreting cells (endocrine cells), are specialized cells that play a crucial role in various physiological processes by producing and releasing peptides, which are short chains of amino acids. These peptides act as signaling molecules and are involved in numerous functions within the body, including neurotransmission, hormone regulation, and immune responses.
The diffuse nervous system is the most primitive nervous system. In diffuse systems nerve cells are distributed throughout the organism, usually beneath the outer epidermal layer.
Simple nerve nets seen in acoels (basal bilaterians) and cnidarians are thought to be the ancestral condition for the Planulozoa (bilaterians plus cnidarians and, perhaps, placozoans).
The flatworms were the first invertebrates to exhibit bilateral symmetry and also the first to develop a central nervous system with a brain.
-810M: According to a new study, the first mushrooms were already present on Earth between 715 and 810 million years ago, 300 million years earlier than the scientific community had believed until now.
-850M: A global glaciation period may have occurred.
-750M: Protozoans. (Proto=first; zoa=animal) "primitive, or original animals". are a polyphyletic group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, that feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic debris.
-850M: A global glaciation period may have occurred.
-750M: Protozoans. (Proto=first; zoa=animal) "primitive, or original animals". are a polyphyletic group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, that feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic debris.
-700M: The vast majority of existing animals are bilaterians, meaning animals with left and right sides that are approximate mirror images of each other. All bilateria are thought to have descended from a common wormlike ancestor that appeared in the Cryogenian period, 700–650 million years ago. The fundamental bilaterian body form is a tube with a hollow gut cavity running from mouth to anus, and a nerve cord with an especially large ganglion at the front, called the "brain".
-665M: Early fossils that might represent animals appear for example in the 665-million-year-old rocks of the Trezona Formation of South Australia. These fossils are interpreted as most probably being early sponges.
-635M: The earliest evidence of invertebrate life dates back to the Ediacaran Period, which occurred approximately 635 to 541 million years ago. Invertebrates are animals that lack a vertebral column (backbone) and are characterized by their absence of a spinal cord protected by bone. They include a vast array of organisms, such as insects, mollusks, arachnids, crustaceans, worms, and more. During this time, multicellular organisms, including some that are believed to be early invertebrates, left fossilized impressions on sedimentary rocks. One of the most famous Ediacaran fossil sites is the Ediacara Hills in South Australia, where a variety of soft-bodied organisms are preserved. Many of these early organisms lacked hard shells or skeletons, so their fossils are typically impressions or imprints left on sedimentary surfaces. The exact classification of these Ediacaran organisms, whether they are truly invertebrates or represent a separate branch of life, remains a subject of scientific study and debate. Some of the notable Ediacaran fossils that may represent early invertebrates include forms like Dickinsonia and Spriggina.
-600M: More-primitive metazoans without skeletons—the Ediacara fauna—appeared earlier (more than 600 million years ago), after the end of the Varanger-Marinoan ice age at 580 million years ago and before the onset of the Cambrian Period at 541 million years ago. Metazoa (meta = later; zoa = animal)
-580M: The Ediacaran biota herald the start of the Cambrian explosion. The appearance of most modern phyla of animals begin to appear in the fossil record.
-570M: Sight, or at least the ability to detect light, was another bacterial invention, but true image-forming eyes didn't evolve until multicellular animals appeared.
-560M:The earliest fungi appear
-550M: First evidence of Ctenophora (comb jellies), Porifera (sponges), Anthozoa (corals and sea anemones) appear in the fossil record.
-550M: First evidence of Ctenophora (comb jellies), Porifera (sponges), Anthozoa (corals and sea anemones) appear in the fossil record.
--Billion years ago (BYO)--
--------------------------- Precambrian eon ends. Begins Phanerozoic Eon -------------------------------------
Phanerozoic Eon (our current eon, began 542 million years ago to present)- Paleozoic Era, Mesozoic Era and Cenozoic Era-542M: Paleozoic Era begins till -251M
-541M: Cambrian Period starts till -485M.
-538.8M
Proterozoic eon ends.
Phanerozoic eon starts and continuing till date.
-535M: major diversification of living things in the ocean
-530M: Land Life. first footprints on land.
-540M: Early life forms began to flourish during the Cambrian Explosion.
-510M: first cephalopods (nautiloids and chiton).
-510M: first cephalopods (nautiloids and chiton).
-500M: Scientists date the origins of the Kata Tjuta rock formations in Australia to at least 500 MYO. The name translates to ‘many heads,’ a description given to the 36 rock domes by the region’s native people, the Anangu—one of the oldest human societies on Earth. The towering rocks are mostly basalt, sandstone, and granite, and the distinctive rust hue is thanks to a coat of iron oxide. The colour matches that of a close neighbour, the iconic Uluru, which rises from arid Outback plains 25 kilometres east of here. Both otherworldly rock formations are part of Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park in Australia’s Northern Territory. The lands in the park are sacred to the Anangu people, and both Uluru and Kata Tjuta are important religious and cultural sites.
-485M: first vertebrates with true bones.
-485.4M: Cambrian Period ends. Ordovician Period begins till -443.8M.
-450M: conodonts and echinoids.
-485.4M: Cambrian Period ends. Ordovician Period begins till -443.8M.
-450M: conodonts and echinoids.
-443.8M:[History] The Silurian (/sɪˈljʊəriːən, saɪ-/ sih-LURE-ee-ən, sy-) is a geologic period and system spanning 24.6 million years from the end of the Ordovician Period, at 443.8 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Devonian Period, 419.2 Mya.
-440M: agnathan fishes.
-440M: agnathan fishes.
-450M:[History] Journey of the Asian blocks from Gondwana to Laurasia, Late Ordovician to Early Jurassic (Significant shifts starting 450MYA, to 350MYA, 300MYA, and 200 MYA). View centred on 0°S,105°E.
-440M: Ordovician-silurian Extinction, the first-ever extinction on Earth. Small marine organisms died out.
-443.8M: Ordovician Period ends. Silurian Period begins till -419.2M.
-443.8M: Ordovician Period ends. Silurian Period begins till -419.2M.
-420M: Throughout history, plants developed time and time again the tree form. The first "tree" appears during the Devonian period, between 350 and 420 million years ago. This Progymnosperm is called Archaeopteris. Its wood resembles that of conifers, its trunk is thick, and it can reach up to 50 m.
-400M: Spiders probably evolved about 400 million years ago from thick-waisted arachnid ancestors that were not long emerged from life in water. The first definite spiders, thin-waisted arachnids with abdominal segmentation and silk producing spinnerets, are known from fossils like Attercopus fimbriungus.
-385: The oldest confirmed insect fossil is that of a wingless, silverfish-like creature that lived about 385 million years ago. It's not until about 60 million years later, during a period of the Earth's history known as the Pennsylvanian, that insect fossils become abundant. (23-Jan-2018)
-365M: Devonian Extinction, the second extinction on Earth. Many tropical marine species went extinct.
-330M: Scientists have found the oldest known ancestor of octopuses – an approximately 330 million-year-old fossil unearthed in Montana. The researchers concluded the ancient creature lived millions of years earlier than previously believed, meaning that octopuses originated before the era of dinosaurs.
-318M: True spiders have been found in Carboniferous rocks from 318 to 299 million years ago, and are very similar to the most primitive surviving suborder, the Mesothelae. The main groups of modern spiders, Mygalomorphae and Araneomorphae, first appeared in the Triassic period, before 200 million years ago.
-300M: There have been four super radiations of insects: beetles (evolved around 300 million years ago), flies (evolved around 250 million years ago), moths and wasps (evolved around 150 million years ago). These four groups account for the majority of described species. The housefly (Musca domestica) is a fly of the suborder Cyclorrhapha. It possibly originated in the Middle East, and spread around the world as a commensal of humans.
-260M: The oldest known soft-shelled turtles and sea turtles appeared during the Early Cretaceous. Tortoises originated in Asia during the Eocene. A late surviving group of stem-turtles, the Meiolaniidae, survived in Australasia into the Pleistocene and Holocene. Eunotosaurus africanus, the earliest known turtle, lived 260 million years ago. Eunotosaurus was toothed, and its midsection contained nine elongated trunk vertebrae, nine pairs of broad T-shaped dorsal ribs, and five pairs of gastralia (ventrally located abdominal ribs).
-250M: Permian-triassic Extinction, the third and the largest extinction on Earth, when perhaps 95 percent of all species went extinct.
-240M: The 240-million-year-old fossil, Megachirella wachtleri, is the most ancient ancestor of all modern lizards and snakes, known as squamates.
-225M: first Dinosaurs
-210M: Triassic-jurassic Extinction, the fourth extinction on Earth. The extinction of other vertebrate species on land allowed dinosaurs to flourish.
-202:
-201.3M: Jurassic, the middle period of the Mesozoic Era started and marked the end of 50M year-long Triassic period (-251.9 to -201.36)
Mammals
Mammals
-180M: Gondwana started to split-up. It was a supercontinent that formed during the late Neoproterozoic (-550M) and began to break up during the Jurassic (-180M).
-180M: Fossilized Belemnite from the Toarcian, Lozère (France)
-150M: Chinese researchers have discovered over 4,300 dinosaur footprints in the northern Chinese province of Zhangjiakou in Hebei. This discovery is touted to be a historic find in the field of paleoethology. The 9,000 square meter-sized imprints were created between the Jurassic and Cretaceous eras, or roughly 150 million years ago. (Apr 2020; Jul 2022)
-150M:[History] The first ocean floor formed between Madagascar and Africa c. 150 MYA and between India and Madagascar 70 MYA.
-145M (to -65M): Recent geological studies suggest that for millions of years the Amazon River used to flow in the opposite direction - from east to west. Eventually the Andes Mountains formed, blocking its flow to the Pacific Ocean, and causing it to switch directions to its current mouth in the Atlantic Ocean.
-142M: The Australian crater.
-130M:Studies of the similarity of the DNA in wasps and bees suggest that the first bees appeared about 130 million years ago, 50 million years before the first known fossil bee, and probably very shortly after the first flowers evolved in the Cretaceous.
-128M:The original snake ancestor was a nocturnal, stealth-hunting predator that had tiny hind limbs with ankles and toes, researchers said. WASHINGTON: The world's first snakes evolved on land, and not in the sea, about 128 million years ago and had tiny hind limbs, ankles and toes, a new study has found. Consequently, snakes (and some other cold-blooded animals) go to sleep for a few weeks up to 4 months. This is very similar to hibernation but is called brumation which is how cold-blooded animals survive the weather. Remember that only warm-blooded animals hibernate. Snakes brumate in their dens or hibernaculum. It depends on health, nutrition, genetics, and some other things. If a snake has good health and gets nutrition then there are chances that it may live for 100 years. The wild snakes die soon. The lifespan of a captivated snake is more than a wild snake.
-126M: At c. 126 MYA the Falkland Plateau began to slide past southern Africa and the Paraná-Etendeka LIP had opened the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. At c. 83 MYA the South Atlantic was fully opened and the Romanche Fracture Zone was forming near the Equator.
-120M: The first ocean floor formed between India and Antarctica c. 120 Ma. The Kerguelen LIP began to form the Ninety East ridge c. 80 MYA. The Indian and Australian plates merged c. 40 MYA.
-113M: Previously submerged dinosaur footprints have been uncovered in US' Texas after a river dried up due to a drought. A representative of the Dinosaur Valley State Park said that the footprints belonged to an Acrocanthosaurus, a relative of the Tyrannosaurus Rex that stood 15 feet high. (Aug 24, 2022).
-110M: All modern sea turtles arose from a common ancestor about 110 million years ago. For a long time, the oldest known fossil sea turtle was Santanachelys gaffneyi. The fossil was found and described in 1988 in eastern Brazil and dates back to the Early Cretaceous Period.
-100M: The Earliest Ants. Ants evidently arose during the Cretaceous period at somewhat more than 100 million years ago. Their earliest known fossils fall into two groups. The first is the very primitive Mesozoic subfamily Sphecomyrminae.17-May-2005
-100M: Over 100 Million Years Ago, Olympus Mons Had a Massive Landslide. While the surface of Mars looks relatively unchanging now, it wasn’t always so. The tallest mountain in the Solar System is Olympus Mons, a giant shield volcano on Mars that reaches 21.9 km (13.6 miles) high, 2.5 times higher than Mount Everest here on Earth. Ancient lava flows surround the volcanic caldera, evidence of an active time. (ESA, August 24, 2023 by Nancy Atkinson)
-70M: Oviraptor's egg nest. 31 eggs laid in spiral formation.
----------------------------------------------------- The K-Pg extinction --------------------------------------------
66MYO
-66M: Purgatorius is the genus of the four extinct species believed to be the earliest example of a primate or a proto-primate, a primatomorph precursor to the Plesiadapiformes, dating to as old as 66 million years ago.
-66M: On one fine springtime of the year, the fifth mass extinction occurred, when asteroid Chicxulub (named after present-day town of Chicxulub in Mexico) wiped off the dinosaurs from the face of the Earth. The Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction event, also known as the Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) extinction, was a mass extinction of some three-quarters of the plant and animal species on Earth that occurred over a geologically short period of time.
Flowers
Earliest humans
Earliest humans
-60M: What ultimately formed Mt. Everest, about 60 million years ago, was the rapid movement of India northward toward the continent of EuroAsia. That altitude at which water turns to gas only at 68*C on 8,848.86 amsl, as the pressure is 1/3rd of that at amsl.
-56M: Eocene starts to last till 33.9MYO.
-56M: The Red Sea was formed by the Arabian peninsula being split from the Horn of Africa by movement of the Red Sea Rift. This split started in the Eocene and accelerated during the Oligocene. The sea is still widening (in 2005, following a three-week period of tectonic activity it had grown by 8m), and it is considered that it will become an ocean in time (as proposed in the model of John Tuzo Wilson). In 1949, a deep water survey reported anomalously hot brines in the central portion of the Red Sea. Later work in the 1960s confirmed the presence of hot, 60 °C (140 °F), saline brines and associated metalliferous muds.
-55M: Primates first appeared in the fossil record nearly 55 million years ago, and may have originated as far back as the Cretaceous Period.
-55M: The 55-million-year-old fossil animal, named Gomphos elkema is the oldest complete skeleton by about 20 million years and shows that some early lagomorphs, the group of animals that includes rabbits and hares, had a surprisingly modern, rabbit-like way of moving around. The original rabbits came from the southern European mainland. They evolved millions of years ago in the Iberian peninsula. Phoenician merchants used to refer to this part of the world as “I-sephan-im” which means Land of the Rabbits. The word was translated as “Hispana”, or Espana - i.e., Spain.
-50M: Our lineage split from that of cephalopods—the spineless class that includes octopuses, squids and cuttlefish—half a billion years ago. Octopus brains lack any of the major anatomical features of vertebrate brains, and most of the animals' neurons are distributed across their arms rather than in their head. Cecaelia – Half-human, half-octopus. The term was coined by fans in the late 2000s to describe characters such as Ursula from The Little Mermaid.
-40M: Their initial evolution began about 40 million years ago, from small carnivorous mammals. However, it was only about 20 million years ago that the first identifiable bear, Ursavus elmensis, also known as the dawn bear roamed the earth.
-35M: New World monkeys and catarrhine monkeys emerged within the simians roughly 35 million years ago. Old World monkeys and apes emerged within the catarrhine monkeys about 25 million years ago.
-33.9M: Oligocene starts to last till 23MYO.
-24.6M: Late Silurian Cooksonia, the first land plant, and a Late Devonian Archaeopteris, the first large tree.
-23M: The Miocene epoch is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about 23.03 to 5.333 million years ago (Ma).
-20M: Proconsul is the most primitive ape that is well-known from a fossil skeleton. It lived in Africa about 20 million years ago. Like modern apes, it lacked a tail, but it would have been monkeylike in behavior, moving around in the trees on all four limbs. It weighed between 37 and 110 pounds.-11.3M: The Amazon River originated as a transcontinental river in the Miocene epoch between 11.8 million and 11.3 million years ago and took its present shape approximately 2.4 million years ago in the Early Pleistocene.
-85L: The cheetah is considered one of the earliest divergences in felid evolution, about 8.5 million years ago, compared to the large cats of the Panthera group, which still shared a common ancestor about 6 million years ago.
-70L: Sahelanthropus tchadensis (nicknamed Toumaï, "hope of life", in the local Daza language of Chad in central Africa), represent a common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees, though no consensus has been reached yet by the scientific community.-61L: Orrorin tugenensis (Orrorin (plural Orroriek) means "original man" in Tugen, Kenya), a chimp-like species that was one of the first apes to walk on two legs. They are also referred to as our ancestors.
-56L: Ardipithecus, a primate group, first appeared in Africa. (according to the Smithsonian Institution). Ardipithecus Ramidus is the scientific name of the first hominid bones found on earth.
-40L: Australopithecus (or Southern ape)- the parent species of the entire Homo genus evolved in eastern Africa. Evolution started for the 5 fundamental sensations viz. sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing?
-40L: The first fossil records of cheetah (Acinonyx) date from approximately 4 million years ago and evidence of related species was retrieved in America, Europe, Asia, and Africa
-33L:[History] Paleolithic Greece, starting c. 3.3 million years ago and ending in -20000 BC. Significant geomorphological and climatic changes occurred in the modern Greek area which were definitive for the development of fauna and flora and the survival of Homo sapiens in the region.
-26L (or -2.6M): The Pleistocene epoch (often referred to as the Ice Age) is the geological epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change finally confirmed in 2009 by the International Union of Geological Sciences, the cutoff of the Pleistocene and the preceding Pliocene was regarded as being 1.806 million years Before Present (BP).
-26L: India's newest mountain range is the Shivalik Range, which is also known as the "outer Himalayas". This mountain range was formed relatively recently, in the Tertiary period (around 66 million to 2.6 million years ago), and is still geologically active.3 Apr 2023
--Million years ago (MYO)--
-19L: The modern cheetah appeared in Africa around 1.9 mya; its fossil record is restricted to Africa.
-17L: Humans first start to wear clothing.
-13L: Non-Africans split from African hunter gatherers.
-13L: Non-Africans split from African hunter gatherers.
-10.48L: Limit of excel records (1048576)
-7.8L: Polar shift on Earth due to turbulence in Earth's liquid outer core (molten Iron and Nickel). It change polarity at the rate of 15km/year to 55km/year. This polarity helps in navigation.
-2L: Humans start losing their fur.
Upper Paleolithic Culture or Late Stone Age starts from -50,000 to -10,000
-70xxx:[History][Culture] In the 2013 book First Footprints: The Epic Story of the First Australians, Scott Cane writes that the first wave may have been prompted by the eruption of Toba, and if they arrived around 70,000 years ago, they could have crossed the water from Timor, when the sea level was low – but if they came later, around 50,000 years ago, a more likely route would be through the Moluccas to New Guinea. Given that the likely landfall regions have been under around 50 metres of water for the last 15,000 years, it is unlikely that the timing will ever be established with certainty.
-65xxx:[History][Culture] The earliest evidence of humans in Australia has been variously estimated, with most agreement as of 2018 that it dates from between 50,000 and 65,000 years BP (Before Present). The history of Indigenous Australians began at least 65,000 years ago when humans first populated the Australian continental landmasses. Some history is covered of Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander peoples, two broadly defined groups which each include other sub-groups defined by language and culture. The origin of the first humans to populate the southern continent and the pieces of land which became islands as ice receded and sea levels rose remains a matter of conjecture and debate. Some anthropologists believe they could have arrived as a result of the earliest human migrations out of Africa. Although they likely migrated to the territory later named Australia through Southeast Asia, Aboriginal Australians are not demonstrably related to any known Asian or Melanesian population, although Torres Strait Islander people do have a genetic link to some Melanesian populations. There is evidence of genetic and linguistic interchange between Australians in the far north and the Austronesian peoples of modern-day New Guinea and the islands, but this may be the result of recent trade and intermarriage
Upper Paleolithic Culture or Late Stone Age starts from -50,000 to -10,000
-70xxx:[History][Culture] In the 2013 book First Footprints: The Epic Story of the First Australians, Scott Cane writes that the first wave may have been prompted by the eruption of Toba, and if they arrived around 70,000 years ago, they could have crossed the water from Timor, when the sea level was low – but if they came later, around 50,000 years ago, a more likely route would be through the Moluccas to New Guinea. Given that the likely landfall regions have been under around 50 metres of water for the last 15,000 years, it is unlikely that the timing will ever be established with certainty.
-65xxx:[History][Culture] The earliest evidence of humans in Australia has been variously estimated, with most agreement as of 2018 that it dates from between 50,000 and 65,000 years BP (Before Present). The history of Indigenous Australians began at least 65,000 years ago when humans first populated the Australian continental landmasses. Some history is covered of Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander peoples, two broadly defined groups which each include other sub-groups defined by language and culture. The origin of the first humans to populate the southern continent and the pieces of land which became islands as ice receded and sea levels rose remains a matter of conjecture and debate. Some anthropologists believe they could have arrived as a result of the earliest human migrations out of Africa. Although they likely migrated to the territory later named Australia through Southeast Asia, Aboriginal Australians are not demonstrably related to any known Asian or Melanesian population, although Torres Strait Islander people do have a genetic link to some Melanesian populations. There is evidence of genetic and linguistic interchange between Australians in the far north and the Austronesian peoples of modern-day New Guinea and the islands, but this may be the result of recent trade and intermarriage
-60xxx: Asians came to the Americas during the last ice age.
-55xxx: Music may have been in existence since now, and the first music may have been invented in Africa and then evolved to become a fundamental constituent of human life.
-50xxx: Ramayana, originally written by Valmiki, consists of 24,000 shlokas and 7 cantos (kaṇḍas) including Uttara Kanda. Ramayana is composed of about 480, 002 words, being a quarter of the length of the full text of Mahabharata or about four times the length of Iliad.
Valmiki is also quoted to be the contemporary of Rama. Rama met Valmiki during his period of exile and interacted with him. Valmiki gave shelter to Sita in his hermitage when Rama banished her. Kusha and Lava, the twin sons of Rama were born to Sita in this hermitage.
-55xxx: Music may have been in existence since now, and the first music may have been invented in Africa and then evolved to become a fundamental constituent of human life.
-50xxx: Ramayana, originally written by Valmiki, consists of 24,000 shlokas and 7 cantos (kaṇḍas) including Uttara Kanda. Ramayana is composed of about 480, 002 words, being a quarter of the length of the full text of Mahabharata or about four times the length of Iliad.
Valmiki is also quoted to be the contemporary of Rama. Rama met Valmiki during his period of exile and interacted with him. Valmiki gave shelter to Sita in his hermitage when Rama banished her. Kusha and Lava, the twin sons of Rama were born to Sita in this hermitage.
-53xxx:[Music] A number of flutes dating to about 53,000 to 45,000 years ago have been found in the Swabian Jura region of present-day Germany, indicating a developed musical tradition from the earliest period of modern human presence in Europe.
-50000:[History] The Shinano River (信濃川, Shinano-gawa or the Chikuma River (千曲川, Chikuma-gawa) has a long history in Honshu, and along with other rivers in the region, has a significant effect on the geography and ecology of the area. Originally the Shinano River would have drained straight into an estuary-like Fukushima lagoon before making its way into the Sea of Japan after flowing down from the Japanese Alps. Over centuries of sediments being brought downstream, a marshy plain formed in the lagoon into what is currently the Echigo Plain. Early Japanese history is traditionally divided into five major eras: the Paleolithic (c. 50,000 BC – c. 12,000BC), Jomon (c. 11,000 BC to 300 BC), Yayoi (9,000 BC – 250 AD), Kofun (300 AD – 552 AD) and Yamato Periods (552-710 AD).
-50000: first evidence of counting.
-50000: the USA crater.
-50000:[History][Culture] The indigenous peoples of Australia, perhaps the oldest civilization.
-38xxx: Modern humans reach Europe.
-38000: Neanderthals, a species or subspecies of archaic human, in the genus Homo, became extinct. They were closely related to modern humans, sharing 99.7% of DNA.
-28xxx: Tally Marks
-24500: The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) was the last period in the Earth's climate history during the last glacial period when ice sheets were at their greatest extension. Growth of the ice sheets reached their maximum positions.
-21xxx: the most recent ice age peaked and ended after 9500 years.
-38xxx: Modern humans reach Europe.
-38000: Neanderthals, a species or subspecies of archaic human, in the genus Homo, became extinct. They were closely related to modern humans, sharing 99.7% of DNA.
-28xxx: Tally Marks
-24500: The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) was the last period in the Earth's climate history during the last glacial period when ice sheets were at their greatest extension. Growth of the ice sheets reached their maximum positions.
-21xxx: the most recent ice age peaked and ended after 9500 years.
-21000: the Mauritania crater
-18xxx: Deglaciation commenced in the Northern Hemisphere gradually between approximately 18,000 to 17,000 BCE and in Antarctica approximately 12,500 BCE, which is consistent with evidence that it was the primary source for an abrupt rise in the sea level in about 12,500 BCE.
-18xxx: Deglaciation commenced in the Northern Hemisphere gradually between approximately 18,000 to 17,000 BCE and in Antarctica approximately 12,500 BCE, which is consistent with evidence that it was the primary source for an abrupt rise in the sea level in about 12,500 BCE.
-15000: Agriculture assumed to begin around this year, or -12000.
-15000: It has been suggested that the 17,000-year-old cave paintings in Lascaux, southern France, depict star constellations such as Taurus, Orion's Belt, and the Pleiades. However, this view is not generally accepted among scientists. (1997, 2011)
-14000: Jomon period at Japan, first period after Paleolithic era at Japan.
-12500: Deglaciation in Antarctica became the primary source for an abrupt rise in the sea level.
-14000: Jomon period at Japan, first period after Paleolithic era at Japan.
-12500: Deglaciation in Antarctica became the primary source for an abrupt rise in the sea level.
-12000:[Agri][Food] Almond trees are widely believed to be among the world's first domesticated trees. Archaeological evidence of cultivated almonds dates back to 3,000 B.C. But some geneticists think that humans probably started cultivating sweet mutated almonds much earlier than that, around 12,000 years ago. How Almonds Went From Deadly To Delicious : The Salt - NPR
-11xxx: [Brazil] Some of the earliest human remains found in the Americas, Luzia Woman, were found in the area of Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais and provide evidence of human habitation going back at least 11,000 years.
-11500: the last ice age. warm interglacial age begins.
-10000: The 10th millennium BC spanned the years 10,000 BC to 9001 BC. It marks the beginning of the transition from the Palaeolithic to the Neolithic via the interim Mesolithic and Epipaleolithic periods, which together form the first part of the Holocene epoch that is generally believed to have begun c. 9700 BC and is the current geological epoch. It is impossible to precisely date events that happened around the time of this millennium and all dates mentioned here are estimates mostly based on geological and anthropological analysis.
-10000: There is evidence of petroglyphs along the Nile terraces and in desert oases. In the 10th millennium BC, a culture of hunter-gatherers and fishermen was replaced by a grain-grinding culture. Climate changes and/or overgrazing around 6000 BC began to desiccate the pastoral lands of Egypt, forming the Sahara. Early tribal peoples migrated to the Nile River, where they developed a settled agricultural. The Nile is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa. It originates from Blue Nile River (at Lake Tana in Ethiopia), White Nile (at Lake No, South Sudan), and Atbarah flows into the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile is the longest river in Africa and has historically been considered the longest river in the world, though this has been contested by research suggesting that the Amazon River is slightly longer.
The Blue Nile is a river originating at Lake Tana in Ethiopia. It travels for approximately 1,450 km through Ethiopia and Sudan. Along with the White Nile, it is one of the two major tributaries of the Nile and supplies about 85.6% of the water to the Nile during the rainy season.
The White Nile is a river in Africa, one of the two main tributaries of the Nile, the other being the Blue Nile. The name comes from the clay sediment carried in the water that changes the water to a pale color.
The Atbarah River, also referred to as the Red Nile and / or Black Nile, is a river in northeast Africa. It rises in northwest Ethiopia, approximately 50 km north of Lake Tana and 30 km west of Gondar. It then flows about 805 km to the Nile in north-central Sudan, joining it at the city of Atbarah.
-10xxx: Tigris-Euphrates river system. Mesopotamia in considered to be emerging on the banks of two rivers Euphrates and Tigris during this time and hence regarded as as the oldest civilization. The river Tigris flows south from the mountains of the Armenian Highlands through the Syrian and Arabian Deserts, and empties into the Persian Gulf. The Euphrates is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia. Together with the Tigris, it is one of the two defining rivers of Mesopotamia. Originating in Turkey, the Euphrates flows through Syria and Iraq to join the Tigris in the Shatt al-Arab, which empties into the Persian Gulf.
-10xxx: marks the beginning of the Mesolithic and Epipaleolithic periods, which is the first part of the Holocene epoch; Bottle Gourd is domesticated and used as a carrying vessel; Cave sites near the Caspian Sea are inhabited by humans; Persian domesticated the goat.
-10xxx: [First garden] The enclosure of outdoor space began in 10,000 BC. Though specific details of the first garden remain unknown, historians imagine the first enclosure was a type of barrier used for excluding animals and marauders.
--x Thousands years ago (TYO)--
Mesolithic or Epipaleolithic culture starts from -10,000 to -5000. (Greek: μεσος, mesos "middle"; λιθος, lithos "stone")
The Neolithic Age, Era, or Period, or New Stone Age sratted from -10,200 BC till -4500 and -2000. It was a period in the development of human technology (according to the ASPRO).
-9xxx: Settling on Mediterranean isles started.
-9xxx: Early neolithic culture at Mehrgarh. [Crop cultivation-Animal husbandry-Settled life]. No written records are available.
-9xxx: Mid Easterns discovered earliest use of Copper near Anatolia. Copper was probably the first metal mined and crafted by humans. It was originally obtained as a native metal and later from the smelting of ores. Earliest estimates of the discovery of copper suggest around 9000 BCE in the Middle East. It was one of the most important materials to humans throughout the Chalcolithic and Bronze Ages. Copper beads dating from 6000 BCE have been found in Çatal Höyük, Anatolia.
-9550: This 16-foot tall Norway Spruce, situated in the scrubby Fulufjället Mountains of Sweden, is an incredible 9,550 years old! This is the world's oldest single-stemmed clonal tree. The actual tree trunk itself is only a few hundred years old – it is the root system that has stayed alive for nearly 10,000 years.
-8xxx: Indian Civilization. the Archaic period starts in North America till -2000; Agriculture became widely practised in the deltas of Nile, Euphrates and Tigris. Pottery and Animal husbandry (pastoralism) spread to Africa and Eurasia.World population was approximately 50 lakh.
-8xxx:[History][India] Subhash Kak, a main proponent of the "indigenist position", underwrites the Vedic-Puranic chronology, and uses it to recalculate the dates of the Vedas and the Vedic people. According to Kak, "the Indian civilization must be viewed as an unbroken tradition that goes back to the earliest period of the Sindhu-Sarasvati (or Indus) tradition (7000 or 8000 BC)." According to Sudhir Bhargava, the Vedas were composed 10,000 years ago, when Manu supposedly lived, in ashrams at the banks of the Sarasvati river in Brahmavarta, the ancient home-base of the Aryans. According to Sudhir Bhargava, people from Brahmavarta moved out from Brahmavarta into and outside India after 4500 BCE, when seismic activities had changed the course of the Sarasvati and other rivers.
-8xxx:[Food][Physics][Research] The Inca Indians in Peru were the first to cultivate potatoes around 8,000 BC to 5,000 B.C. Potato History: The ancient civilizations of the Incas used the time it took to cook a potato as a measurement of time.
-8xxx:[Food] The earliest archaeological evidence (coriander seeds found in caves in Israel) dates back 8,000 years.
-85xx:[Food] There is evidence that beer was produced at Göbekli Tepe during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic (around 8500 BC to 5500 BC). The earliest clear chemical evidence of beer produced from barley dates to about 3500–3100 BC, from the site of Godin Tepe in the Zagros Mountains of western Iran. The first solid proof of beer production comes from the period of the Sumerians around 4,000 BCE. During an archeological excavation in Mesopotamia, a tablet was discovered that showed villagers drinking a beverage from a bowl with straws. Archeologists also found an ode to Ninkasi, the patron goddess of brewing.
-7xxx: It is believed that lead smelting began at least 9,000 years ago, and the oldest known artifact of lead is a statuette found at the temple of Osiris on the site of Abydos dated circa 3800 BCE.
-75xx:[Food][Agri] Capsicum was originated in the American tropics and was used there as food since 7500 BC. It was Columbus who introduced the rest of the world to peppers. Cultivation of capsicum started in Spain in 1493 however it spread to the Mediterranean region and England by 1548. Around the 15th century, Christopher Columbus introduced a variety of New World peppers to Europe. Once the peppers became established in the Old World, European traders brought them to India.
-7570: Bhirrana, a small village located in Fatehabad (Haryana). It is believed to be the oldest IVC site dating back to 7570-6200 BCE. It was excavated by DR. LS Rao in 2005-06. It was part of a hi-conc. of settlements along the mythical Vedic river, Saraswati (now dried, a Ghagghar Ex) in the Thar Desert.
-7xxx: The Huang He (Yellow River) Valley is the birthplace of Chinese Civilization. The Yellow River is the second largest river in China and one of the longest river systems in the world. The archaeological site of Jiahu (7000–5700 BC) in the Yellow River basin of Henan Province, central China, is remarkable for the cultural and artistic remains uncovered there. Jiahu symbols from 6600 BC, Henan, China; stone mask; Beekeeping is first recorded; Domestication of the cow in Middle East; stones were used to grind food and to hunt smaller animals; Deciduous plants make their appearance on Long Island (N. America); plant fibers are twisted, knotted, and looped into baskets, mats (South America); forms of pottery become decoration.
-7xxx: The Huang He (Yellow River) Valley is the birthplace of Chinese Civilization. The Yellow River is the second largest river in China and one of the longest river systems in the world. The archaeological site of Jiahu (7000–5700 BC) in the Yellow River basin of Henan Province, central China, is remarkable for the cultural and artistic remains uncovered there. Jiahu symbols from 6600 BC, Henan, China; stone mask; Beekeeping is first recorded; Domestication of the cow in Middle East; stones were used to grind food and to hunt smaller animals; Deciduous plants make their appearance on Long Island (N. America); plant fibers are twisted, knotted, and looped into baskets, mats (South America); forms of pottery become decoration.
It is hard to say exactly when villages and tribes began arising in the Huang He Valley, but most scholars agree that a major power consolidation occurred from around 2100 to 1600 B.C.E., creating the Xia Dynasty. During that time, tribal leaders came together to try to solve the problem of the Huang He overflowing and wiping out their villages and crops. Da Yu, or Yu the Great, is a mythological figure who created systems to control the floods in the Huang He Valley, and is credited as the first leader of the Xia Dynasty.
-7xxx: The oldest golden treasure in the world, dating from 4,600 BC to 4,200 BC, was discovered at the burial site Varna Necropolis.
-7xxx:[Food] The avocado (Persea americana) originated in south-central Mexico, sometime between 7,000 and 5,000 B.C. But it was several millennia before this wild variety was cultivated.
-7xxx:[Food] The earliest known evidence comes from 7,000 BCE in China, where residue in clay pots has revealed that people were making an alcoholic beverage from fermented rice, millet, grapes, and honey. Chemical analyses recently confirmed that the earliest alcoholic beverage in the world was a mixed fermented drink of rice, honey, and hawthorn fruit and/or grape. The residues of the beverage, dated ca. 7000–6600 BCE, were recovered from early pottery from Jiahu, a Neolithic village in the Yellow River Valley.
-6000:[History] Predynastic Period in Egypt starts, and ends in -3000 with the advent of dyansty
-6xxx: Silver, estimated to have been discovered shortly after copper and gold.
-6xxx: There is evidence that iron was known from before 5000 BCE. The oldest known iron objects used by humans are some beads of meteoric iron, made in Egypt in about 4000 BCE. The discovery of smelting around 3000 BCE led to the start of the iron age around 1200 BCE and the prominent use of iron for tools and weapons.
-6xxx: There is evidence that iron was known from before 5000 BCE. The oldest known iron objects used by humans are some beads of meteoric iron, made in Egypt in about 4000 BCE. The discovery of smelting around 3000 BCE led to the start of the iron age around 1200 BCE and the prominent use of iron for tools and weapons.
-6xxx: The earliest pottery ever found in the Western Hemisphere was excavated in the Amazon basin of Brazil and radiocarbon dated to 8,000 years ago (6000 BC). [record entry on Feb 20, 2022]
-6750:[Food] Archeologists found evidence of pistachios in a dig site at Jerome, near northeastern Iraq, from as early as 6750 BC. The hanging gardens of Babylon were said to have contained pistachio trees during the reign of King Merodach-Baladan about 700 BC. In India, avocado is not a commercial fruit crop. It was introduced from Sri Lanka in the early part of the twentieth century. In a very limited scale and in a scattered way it is grown in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Maharashtra, Karnataka in the south-central India and in the eastern Himalayan state of Sikkim.
-6180:[Space] Evidence of sun's Schwab cycle can be traced back to here. Orbital length of Jupiter is also 11 years. Jupiter represents 2.5 times the combined mass of all the other planets combined in the solar system.
-5984: IIT Kharagpur says IVC is 8000 yrs. old.
-5500:[Music] Prehistoric Times. The first drums made from natural objects such as alligator skin appeared during 5500 BC. They first came about in Neolithic cultures originating from China but later spread to all of Asia. This period also saw the creation of Bronze Dong Son Drums in Vietnam during 3000 BC. The modern drum kit was born in the twentieth century, and its forefathers were American jazz drummers such as Baby Dodds, Dee Dee Chandler, Gene Krupa, and many others.
-5xxx: (5th millennium BC, -5000 BC to -4001 BC) spread of agriculture from Western Asia throughout Southern and Central Europe; Urban cultures in Mesopotamia and Anatolia flourished, Wheel developed. Copper ornaments became more common, marking the beginning of the Chalcolithic. Animal husbandry spread throughout Eurasia, reaching China. World population grew from 50 lakh (4001 BC) to 70 lakh (5000 BC) people.
-5000: the Semite hordes began their migration from the deserts of Arabia. The original alphabet was developed by a Semitic people living in or near Egypt.* They based it on the idea developed by the Egyptians, but used their own specific symbols. It was quickly adopted by their neighbors and relatives to the east and north, the Canaanites, the Hebrews, and the Phoenicians.
A Semite is a member of any of various ancient and modern Semitic-speaking peoples, mostly originating in the Near East, including: Akkadians (Assyrians and Babylonians), Ammonites, Amorites, Arameans, Chaldeans, Canaanites (including Hebrews/Israelites/Jews/Palestinians/Samaritans and Phoenicians/Carthaginians)
In studies of linguistics and ethnology, the term Semitic (from the biblical "Shem", Hebrew: שם) was first used to refer to a family of languages native to West Asia (the Middle East).
-5000: the Semite hordes began their migration from the deserts of Arabia. The original alphabet was developed by a Semitic people living in or near Egypt.* They based it on the idea developed by the Egyptians, but used their own specific symbols. It was quickly adopted by their neighbors and relatives to the east and north, the Canaanites, the Hebrews, and the Phoenicians.
A Semite is a member of any of various ancient and modern Semitic-speaking peoples, mostly originating in the Near East, including: Akkadians (Assyrians and Babylonians), Ammonites, Amorites, Arameans, Chaldeans, Canaanites (including Hebrews/Israelites/Jews/Palestinians/Samaritans and Phoenicians/Carthaginians)
In studies of linguistics and ethnology, the term Semitic (from the biblical "Shem", Hebrew: שם) was first used to refer to a family of languages native to West Asia (the Middle East).
-5000:[India][FnB] Ber (Jujube) and Khajoor (Dates) in Indraprastha, Delhi
-5000:[Physics][Space][Research] Investigation into electromagnetic phenomena began as early as 5,000 years ago. There is evidence that the ancient Chinese, Mayan, and potentially even Egyptian civilizations knew that the naturally magnetic mineral magnetite had attractive properties, and many incorporated it into their art and architecture.
-5000:[Food] Coriander was known as far back as 5000 bc and is mentioned in the Bible in Exodus 16:31. The use of the seeds at burials was recorded in 1550 bc. Its use by the Romans and by Hippocrates and other Greek physicians is documented. The Chinese introduced the herb to South East Asia as a substitute for coriander. In the North East, it's known as Naga dhania or Burma dhania.
-5000:[Food] Smoking's history dates back to as early as 5000–3000 BC, when the agricultural product began to be cultivated in Mesoamerica and South America; consumption later evolved into burning the plant substance either by accident or with intent of exploring other means of consumption.
5th Millennium BC (from -5000 to -4001)
Middle Chalcolithic (from -4500 to -3500)
-4xxx:[Culture] Proto-Semitic likely reached the Arabian Peninsula by the 4th millennium BCE, and its daughter languages spread outward from there, while Old Arabic began to differentiate from Central Semitic by the start of the 1st millennium BCE. Central Semitic is a branch of the Semitic language includes Arabic, Aramaic, Canaanite, Phoenician, Hebrew and others.
-4xxx: (4th millennium BC; -4000 BC to -3001 BC) Beginning of the Bronze Age; Invention of writing; World population in the course of the millennium went from 70 lakh to 1.4 crore people.
-4500: [India] Proto-Indo-European language (common ancestor of the Indo-European language family) is hypothesized to have been spoken as a single language from 4500 BC to 2500 BC during the Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age, though estimates vary by more than a thousand years. According to the prevailing Kurgan hypothesis, the original homeland of the Proto-Indo-Europeans may have been in the Pontic–Caspian steppe of eastern Europe.
-4000: During its history of 4000 years, China's population remained between 10 million and 20 million for the 1st 2000 years. In the Han dynasty, the figure increased to 59 million. At the beginning of 17th century, the population decreased to between 10 million and 20 million because of war and social disorders.
-4000[India] Mahabharata's Indraprastha, painted grey ware and red ware.
-4000: [Space] From 4000 to 1500 BC the equinox was within the constellation Taurus, and therefore, this constellation was attached great importance. The 4500 year old sky tablet of the neolithic Tal-Qadi Temple in Malta is thought to display the Golden Gate of the Ecliptic. The Golden Gate of the Ecliptic is an asterism in the constellation Taurus that has been known for several thousand years. The constellation is built by the two eye-catching open star clusters of the Pleiades and the Hyades that form the two posts of a virtual gate at the two sides of the ecliptic line.
-4000:[Culture] fortune-telling, the forecasting of future events or the delineation of character by methods not ordinarily considered to have a rational basis. Evidence indicates that forms of fortune-telling were practiced in ancient China, Egypt, Chaldea, and Babylonia as long ago as 4000 bce.
4th Millennium BC (from -4000 to -3001)
-3xxx:[Culture] Arabic is a Semitic language that belongs to the Afroasiatic language family. The majority of scholars accept the "Arabian peninsula" has long been accepted as the original Urheimat (linguistic homeland) of the Semitic languages. Or to be from the Levant. The ancient Semitic-speaking peoples lived in the ancient Near East, including the Levant, Mesopotamia, and the Arabian Peninsula from the 3rd millennium BCE to the end of antiquity.
-3900: The 5.9 kiloyear event occured, which was one of the most intense aridification events during the Holocene Epoch. It ended the Neolithic Subpluvial and probably initiating the most recent desiccation of the Sahara. triggered migration to river valleys, such as from central North Africa to the Nile, which eventually led to the emergence of the first complex, highly organized, state-level societies in the 4th millennium BC ( the years 4000 through 3000 BC).
-3750: The earliest known use of charcoal was for the reduction of copper, zinc, and tin ores in the manufacture of bronze, by the Egyptians and Sumerians. Diamonds were probably known as early as 2500 BCE. The first true chemical analyses were made in the 18th century, and in 1789 carbon was listed by Antoine Lavoisier as an element.
-3600: Neolithic Egyptian societies along the Nile had based their culture on the raising of crops and the domestication of animals. And shortly after, began to grow and advance rapidly toward refined civilization. Pottery, extensive use of copper, the Mesopotamian process of sun-dried bricks, became common during this time.
towns of the upper Nile River (Upper Egypt) and Nile Delta (Lower Egypt)
-3500:[Food] In Egypt, onions can be traced back to 3500 B.C. There is evidence that the Sumerians were growing onions as early as 2500 B.C. One Sumerian text dated to about 2500 B.C. tells of someone plowing over the city governor's onion patch.
-3500:[Food] The history of mint dates back more than 3,500 years with its use attributed to its pleasant aroma and pleasing taste. Consistently over time, mint was used to settle general complaints of the gastrointestinal tract such as gastritis, nausea and flatulence and to cover the taste of unpleasant medicines.
-3300: Bronze Age in Near East. Judaism has its roots as a structured religion in the Middle East during the Bronze Age. Judaism is considered one of the oldest monotheistic religions.
-3300:[Space] The oldest Babylonian catalogues of stars and constellations date back to the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age, most notably the Three Stars Each texts and the MUL.APIN, an expanded and revised version based on more accurate observation from around 1000 BC. However, the numerous Sumerian names in these catalogues suggest that they built on older, but otherwise unattested, Sumerian traditions of the Early Bronze Age. (2015, Apr 21)
-3200: Uruk, the world's first city located in southern Mesopotamia (modern day Iraq) was home to 50,000 inhabitants. spreaded in 450 hectare and encircled by a 9.5km city wall.
-3200: Iran founded. Aryan = Iran
-3200: Uruk, the world's first city located in southern Mesopotamia (modern day Iraq) was home to 50,000 inhabitants. spreaded in 450 hectare and encircled by a 9.5km city wall.
-3200: Iran founded. Aryan = Iran
-3102: [Mahabharata] The 18-day Kurukshetra War ended, transition to Kali Yuga. Despite only spanning eighteen days, the war narrative forms more than a quarter of the book, suggesting its relative importance within the entire epic, which spans decades of the warring families. The narrative describes individual battles and deaths of various heroes of both sides, military formations, war diplomacy, meetings and discussions among the characters, and the weapons used.
-3150:[History] Ancient Egypt starts (-3150 to -332)
-3150:[Music] A rattle is a type of percussion instrument which produces a sound when shaken. Rattles are described in the Hornbostel–Sachs system as Shaken Idiophones or Rattles (112.1).
-3180:[Travel] The settlement consists of eight stone houses and was inhabited between roughly 3180 and 2500 B.C., making Skara Brae (aka Scottish Pompeii) one of the oldest agriculture villages in the UK (discovered in 1850). Some believe that the villagers were Picts, a people of unknown origin who settled in eastern and northern Scotland near the end of the British Iron Age. But archaeological findings have shown that the people who lived here could have lived been much earlier than that.
-3150: Narmer, an ancient Egyptian king of Upper Egypt famoused as the Unifier of Egypt or the First Pharaoh, defeated his enemies on the Nile Delta and merged both the Kingdom of Upper and Lower Egypt under his single rule. Hence, the First Dynasty of ancient Egypt (Dynasty I) came into existence which marked the first series of Egyptian kings to rule over a unified Egypt. [Egypt's Prehistory timeline ends, Ancient Egypt timeline starts]
-3100:[History] Early Dynastic Period or Archaic Period in Egypt till -2600.
-3100:[History] Early Dynastic Period or Archaic Period in Egypt till -2600.
30th century BC - started the first day of -3100 and ended the last day of -3001.
3rd Millennium BC (from -3000 to -2001).
-3xxx:
-3000:[Space] Inscribed stones and clay writing tablets from Mesopotamia (in modern Iraq) dating to 3000 BC provide the earliest generally accepted evidence for humankind's identification of constellations. (1998) It seems that the bulk of the Mesopotamian constellations were created within a relatively short interval from around 1300 to 1000 BC. Mesopotamian constellations appeared later in many of the classical Greek constellations. (2006)
-3000:[Physics][Math][Research] The formalization of odds and chance was perhaps earliest done by the Chinese 3,000 years ago. (randomness)
-3000: Sanskrit is the classical language of India, dating back to 3000 BC.
-3000: Harrapan civilization, flourish till 600BC. Europe had the oilseeds of mustard and Rapeseed since the fifteenth century. 'Rai' was introduced into India from China. Rai spread to other Asian countries like Afghanistan from India. Mustard seed ands Rapeseed were grown in the 3000 BC in the Indus valley.
-3000: Sanskrit is the classical language of India, dating back to 3000 BC.
-3000: Harrapan civilization, flourish till 600BC. Europe had the oilseeds of mustard and Rapeseed since the fifteenth century. 'Rai' was introduced into India from China. Rai spread to other Asian countries like Afghanistan from India. Mustard seed ands Rapeseed were grown in the 3000 BC in the Indus valley.
The name Bharat was used for a group of people (tribe) who lived in the North-West around the river Sindhu, and were mentioned in Rigveda. [Bharat-Bharatvanshi-Bharatasantati]
Aryans invaded India through Tochi-Kurram pass- Rigveda, and called Bharat as Aryavarta.
Period before 3000 BC is regarded as Pre-History of India.
Aryans invaded India through Tochi-Kurram pass- Rigveda, and called Bharat as Aryavarta.
Period before 3000 BC is regarded as Pre-History of India.
-3000:[Food] As far back as 3000 BC, olives were grown commercially in Crete; they may have been the source of the wealth of the Minoan civilization. The ancestry of the cultivated olive is unknown. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, the earliest evidence of mustard used as a foodstuff comes from ancient Indian and Sumerian texts that stretch back to 3000 B.C. The plant is also mentioned in writing surviving from the ancient Greek and Roman eras, as well as in the Bible.
30th century BC - started the first day of -3000 and ended the last day of -2901.
-29xx: use of Flag (or 'ध्वज' in Sanskrit) in India was found. Perhaps it could be the first flag.
The Embelem on the flag of the arjuna chariot was Hanuman. The flag was called "Kapi Dhwaj". There is a specific description about this flag in Mahabharatha, since it has a certain importance. Also prior to Mahabharata, in the Great Epic Ramayana, there is a reference to a flag ('Dhwaj' in Sanskrit) for both Lord Rama's Ayodhya Kingdom and Ravana's Lanka Kingdom. If we come to Vedas, in the Atharva Veda it is mentioned that Indra had a Flag of his own called 'Indra Dhwaj'. There is no hard pictorial evidence for these references but the abundant use of the Sanskrit word 'Dhwaj' in almost all the scriptures is nothing but a flag which is attached to either the king's Chariot or at the entrance of his palace.
-2900: Indus Valley Civilization.
The Embelem on the flag of the arjuna chariot was Hanuman. The flag was called "Kapi Dhwaj". There is a specific description about this flag in Mahabharatha, since it has a certain importance. Also prior to Mahabharata, in the Great Epic Ramayana, there is a reference to a flag ('Dhwaj' in Sanskrit) for both Lord Rama's Ayodhya Kingdom and Ravana's Lanka Kingdom. If we come to Vedas, in the Atharva Veda it is mentioned that Indra had a Flag of his own called 'Indra Dhwaj'. There is no hard pictorial evidence for these references but the abundant use of the Sanskrit word 'Dhwaj' in almost all the scriptures is nothing but a flag which is attached to either the king's Chariot or at the entrance of his palace.
-2900: Indus Valley Civilization.
-2900:[India][FnB] IVC - an alcohol named Sura; intro of the curry-based dishes;
29th century BC - started the first day of -2900 and ended the last day of -2801.
-2800: The first evidence of road development in the Indian subcontinent can be traced back to approximately around 2800 BC in the ancient cities of Harrapa and Mohenjodaro of the Indus Valley Civilization. Ruling emperors and monarchs of ancient and medieval India continued to construct roads to connect the cities.
-2800: The Bell Beaker culture (also described as the Bell Beaker complex or Bell Beaker phenomenon) is an archaeological culture named after the inverted-bell beaker drinking vessel used at the very beginning of the European Bronze Age. Arising from around 2800 BC, it lasted in Britain until as late as 1800 BC but in continental Europe only until 2300 BC, when it was succeeded by the Unetice culture.
-2800:[Technology] From ancient times, chemical additives were used to facilitate the mechanical washing of textile fibers with water. The earliest recorded evidence of the production of soap-like materials dates back to around 2800 BC in ancient Babylon.
28th century BC - started the first day of -2800 and ended the last day of -2701.
-2700:[Food] A question that comes to mind now is which one of the two originated first, tea or coffee? Tea was first prepared in China around 2700 BC, making it one of the world's earliest beverages. Evidence shows that tea was consumed for a good thousand years before coffee was cultivated for the very first time.
-26xx:
-2686: The Archaic or Early Dynastic Period of Egypt ended after around 450 years. (464 years to be exact).
27th century BC - started the first day of -2700 and ended the last day of -2601.
26th century BC - started the first day of -2600 and ended the last day of -2501.
-2589: Archaeologists believe Egypt’s great pyramids are the work of the Old Kingdom society that rose to prominence in the Nile Valley after 3000 B.C. Historical analysis tells us that the Egyptians built the Giza Pyramids in a span of 85 years between 2589 and 2504 BC.
-2500: Semitic-speaking peoples had become widely dispersed throughout western Asia. In Phoenicia they became seafarers. In Mesopotamia they blended with the civilization of Sumer. The Hebrews settled with other Semitic-speaking peoples in Palestine.
-2500:[India] Terracotta (Clay-Based Unglazed or Glazed Ceramic) Water Pot of Indus Valley Civilization.
-2500:[Culture] Every year around October and November, Hindus around the world celebrate Diwali, or Deepavali—a festival of lights that stretches back more than 2,500 years.
25th century BC - started the first day of -2500 and ended the last day of -2401.
-2400: The Shahdad Standard is currently the oldest known flag in the world. The squared bronze flag from Shahdad, Iran dates back to this year.
-23xx:
-2300: Babylon, a major city of ancient Mesopotamia (Iraq region) founded in the fertile plain between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The city was built upon the Euphrates and divided in equal parts along its left and right banks, with steep embankments to contain the river's seasonal floods. Babylonians invented Algebra.
24th century BC - started the first day of -2400 and ended the last day of -2301.
-2300: The phrase "Seven Seas"first appeared in a hymn written in around 2300 BC in the city of Sumer, and was later taken up by the Greeks and Romans. In ancient times, seven was sometimes used to indicate "many" or "several". Seven is the biblical representation of completeness. The phrase commonly referred to the following seas: Black Sea, Caspian Sea, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea, (including its marginal seas, notably the Adriatic Sea (which is listed separately among the Seven Seas) and the Aegan Sea.)and Indian Ocean.
-22xx:
-21xx:-2100:[Maths] There is also evidence of games of chance played by ancient Egyptians, Hindus and Chinese. The Chinese used dice before the Europeans, and have a long history of playing games of chance. (randomness)
-2100: Xia Dynasty of China lasted till 1600 BC. Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, 3 Kingdoms, Wei, Shu, and Wu followed the pattern.
23rd century BC - started the first day of -2300 and ended the last day of -2201.
22nd century BC - started the first day of -2200 and ended the last day of -2101.
-2100: Xia Dynasty of China lasted till 1600 BC. Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, 3 Kingdoms, Wei, Shu, and Wu followed the pattern.
-2100:[Space][Research] Xiangfen Astronomical Observatory, Xiangfen County, Linfen, Shanxi Province, China
21st century BC - started the first day of -2100 and ended the last day of -2001.
2nd Millennium BC (from -2000 to -1001)
-2028:[Culture][Business] Receipt for garments sent by boat to Dilmun in the 1st year of Ibbi-Sin's rule, circa 2028 BCE.
-2000 (Jan 1): 2nd millennium BC starts.
-2000:[Food] Raisin grapes were grown as early as 2000 bce in Persia and Egypt, and dried grapes are mentioned in the Bible (Numbers 6:3) during the time of Moses. David (Israel's future king) was presented with “a hundred clusters of raisins” (1 Samuel 25:18), probably sometime during the period 1110–1070 BCE.
-2000:[Research][Chemistry] Optics began with the development of lenses by the ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians. The earliest known lenses, made from polished crystal, often quartz, date from as early as 2000 BC from Crete (Archaeological Museum of Heraclion, Greece). Lenses from Rhodes date around 700 BC, as do Assyrian lenses such as the Nimrud lens. The ancient Romans and Greeks filled glass spheres with water to make lenses. These practical developments were followed by the development of theories of light and vision by ancient Greek and Indian philosophers, and the development of geometrical optics in the Greco-Roman world. The word optics comes from the ancient Greek word ὀπτική (optikē), meaning "appearance, look". Classical optics is divided into two main branches: geometrical (or ray) optics and physical (or wave) optics. In geometrical optics, light is considered to travel in straight lines, while in physical optics, light is considered as an electromagnetic wave.
20th century BC - started the first day of -2000 and ended the last day of -1901.
19th century BC - started the first day of -1900 and ended the last day of -1801.
-1800: Beginning of the Shang dynasty in China.
-1813: Abraham, originally Abram (later Ibrahim) was born. He is the first of the three patriarchs of Judaism. His story features in the holy texts of all the Abrahamic religions and Abraham plays a prominent role as an example of faith in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. He died aged 175 and buried by his sons Issac and Ishmael in the cave of Machpelah near Mamre.
-17xx:-17xx: Magadha was a region and one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas, 'Great Kingdoms' of the Second Urbanization (600–200 BCE) in what is now south Bihar (before expansion) at the eastern Ganges Plain. Dynasties lasted from c. 1700 BCE–750 CE.
-1813: Abraham, originally Abram (later Ibrahim) was born. He is the first of the three patriarchs of Judaism. His story features in the holy texts of all the Abrahamic religions and Abraham plays a prominent role as an example of faith in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. He died aged 175 and buried by his sons Issac and Ishmael in the cave of Machpelah near Mamre.
18th century BC - started the first day of -1800 and ended the last day of -1701.
-175x: Babylonia briefly became the major power in the region after Hammurabi created a short-lived empire, succeeding the earlier Akkadian Empire, Third Dynasty of Ur, and Old Assyrian Empire; However, the Babylonian empire rapidly fell apart after the death of Hammurabi.
-16xx:
-1680: Ahmes
17th century BC - started the first day of -1700 and ended the last day of -1601.
-1638: Death of Abraham (175YO), Reign of Ishmael started. According to the Samaritan book Asaṭīr adds "And after the death of Abraham, Ishmael reigned 27 years; And all the children of Nebaot ruled for one year in the lifetime of Ishmael; And for thirty years after his death from the river of Egypt to the river Euphrates; and they built Mecca." Josephus also lists the sons and states that they "...inhabit the lands which are between Euphrates and the Red Sea, the name of which country is Nabathæa. The Targum Onkelos annotates (Genesis 25:16), describing the extent of their settlements: The Ishmaelites lived from Hindekaia (India) to Chalutsa (possibly in Arabia), by the side of Mizraim (Egypt), and from the area around Arthur (Assyria) up towards the north. This description suggests that the Ishmaelites were a widely dispersed group with a presence across a significant portion of the ancient Near East.
-1611: Reign of Ishmael ended.
-1600: Abraham died at Hebron???
-1600: The earliest written record regarding cancer is found in the Egyptian Edwin Smith Papyrus and describes breast cancer.
-15xx:
-1600: Abraham died at Hebron???
-1600: The earliest written record regarding cancer is found in the Egyptian Edwin Smith Papyrus and describes breast cancer.
16th century BC - started the first day of -1600 and ended the last day of -1501.
-1581:[Culture] The construction of Mecca finished from the banks of river of Egypt to the river Euphrates
-1570: Beginning of the New Kingdom (or Egyptian Empire). It was Egypt’s most prosperous time and marked the peak of its power.
-1500: Aryan (also, Proto-Indo-European or Indo-Iranian) tribes from the northwest infiltrated the Indian subcontinent. Aryans denote a people speaking an Indo-European language who invaded northern India in the 2nd millennium BC, displacing the Dravidian and other aboriginal peoples.
-14xx:
-1500: Aryan (also, Proto-Indo-European or Indo-Iranian) tribes from the northwest infiltrated the Indian subcontinent. Aryans denote a people speaking an Indo-European language who invaded northern India in the 2nd millennium BC, displacing the Dravidian and other aboriginal peoples.
-1500: Vedic Sanskrit was an ancient language of the Indo-Aryan subgroup of the Indo-European language family. It is attested in the Vedas and related literature compiled over the period of the mid-2nd (-1500) to mid-1st millennium BCE (-401).
-1500:[Technology] The earliest household clocks known, from the archaeological finds, are the sundials (1500 BCE) in Ancient Egypt and ancient Babylonian astronomy. Ancient analemmatic sundials of the same era (about 1500 BCE) and their prototype have been discovered on the territory of modern Russia.
15th century BC - started the first day of -1500 and ended the last day of -1401.
-1479: the reign of Thutmose III started in the New Kingdom, lasted for 54 years.
-1445: Joseph: Parents: Jacob (Father) · Rachel (Mother); Birthplace: Haran; Died: 1445 BC · Egypt; Spouse: Asenath. Joseph (/ ˈ dʒ oʊ z ɪ f,-s ɪ f /; Hebrew: יוֹסֵף meaning "Increase", Standard Yosef Tiberian Yôsēp̄; Arabic: يوسف Yūsuf or Yūsif; Ancient Greek: Ἰωσήφ Iōsēph) is an important figure in the Bible's Book of Genesis.. In the biblical narrative, Joseph was sold into slavery by his jealous brothers, and rose to become vizier, the second most powerful man in Egypt next to Pharaoh.
Siblings: Dan (Brother) · Levi (Brother) · Benjamin (Brother) · Reuben (Brother) · Judah (Brother) · Asher (Brother) · Simeon (Brother) · Issachar (Brother) · Zebulun (Brother) · Gad (Brother) · Dinah (Sister) · Naphtali (Brother); Children: Ephraim (Son) · Manasseh (Son)
-1400: Moses: Born: 1400 BC · Ancient Egypt; Death place: Mount Nebo, Jordan; Spouse: Tharbis · Zipporah: Moses, also known as Moshe Rabbenu (later, Moosa), is the most important prophet in Judaism, and an important prophet in Christianity, Islam, the Bahá'í Faith, and a number of other Abrahamic religions. In the biblical narrative he was the leader of the Israelites and lawgiver, to whom the authorship of the first five books of the bible, the Torah, or "acquisition of the Torah from heaven," is attributed.
Siblings: Aaron (Brother) · Miriam (Sister)
Parents: Jochebed (Mother) · Amram (Father)
Children: Gershom (Son) · Eliezer (Son).
14th century BC - started the first day of -1400 and ended the last day of -1301.
-13xx:
-1391: Amenhotep III, one of Egypt's most powerful pharaohs ruled from -1391 to -1353.
-1325:[Food] A well-known archaeological example of almond is the fruits found in Tutankhamun's tomb in Egypt (c. 1325 B.C.E.), probably imported from the Levant.
-1309s: [FnB] Egyptians started using yeast in their breads. Excavations of ancient Egyptian communities have found bakeries and breweries adjacent to each other. There is some thought that the bakers used the barm, the foam skimmed from the top of the fermenting beer, as a source of yeast for the bread. In -500, it was used in China.-1300: Moses died.
13th century BC - started the first day of -1300 and ended the last day of -1201.
-1292: Ramesside period in Egypt. It is named after the eleven pharaohs that took the name of Ramesses I, founder of the Dynasty XIX (19th Dynasty) of Egypt.
-1274: Judaism founded.
-1235: Athens (modern-day capital of Greece) founded.
-1200: Ancient Greek historian Herodotus claimed in the 5th century BC that the Etruscans had come to Italy from Lydia, modern day Anatolia in Turkey and some historians assimilate them to the mysterious "People of the Sea", seafaring raiders that warred with the Egyptians in the 12th century BC. [Where does the information about the Etruscans come from?]
-1235: Athens (modern-day capital of Greece) founded.
-1200: Ancient Greek historian Herodotus claimed in the 5th century BC that the Etruscans had come to Italy from Lydia, modern day Anatolia in Turkey and some historians assimilate them to the mysterious "People of the Sea", seafaring raiders that warred with the Egyptians in the 12th century BC. [Where does the information about the Etruscans come from?]
-1200: The Atharvaveda contains chapters relating to medicine, surgery and magico-religious rites. This Atharvaveda layer of text was likely compiled contemporaneously with Samaveda and Yajurveda, or about 1200 BCE - 1000 BCE.
-1200:[Greece] The period between the end of the Mycenaean civilization (1200 bce) and the death of Alexander the Great (323 bce) that significantly influenced later Western culture in politics, philosophy, and art.
-11xx:
12th century BC - started the first day of -1200 and ended the last day of -1101.
-1184: Fall of Troy. The Trojan War was a great series of battles fought between the Greeks and the Trojans sometime in the Late Bronze Age (1200–c. 500 BC). According to the stories from Homer’s Iliad, it was the greatest war of its time that included a multitude of exemplary warriors and even a few meddling Greek gods.
-1145: The earliest credible clinical evidence of smallpox is found in the smallpox-like disease in medical writings from ancient India.
-1100: The Villanovan culture was the earliest Iron Age culture of central and northern Italy.
-1100: The Villanovan culture was the earliest Iron Age culture of central and northern Italy.
-1150:[Maths] The problems concerned with the tossing of several coins were considered in the I Ching, one of the oldest Chinese mathematical texts, that probably dates to 1150 BC. The two principal elements yin and yang were combined in the I Ching in various forms to produce Heads and Tails permutations of the type HH, TH, HT, etc. and the Chinese seem to have been aware of Pascal's triangle long before the Europeans formalized it in the 17th century. However, Western philosophy focused on the non-mathematical aspects of chance and randomness until the 16th century. (randomness)
-1177:[Culture][Sufi] Lal Shahbaz Qalandar born in year 1177 in Marwand to parents from Baghdad, Iraq. He later settled in Sehwan, Sindh under the reign of the Ghaznavid and Ghurids (today's Punjab, Pakistan) and died aged 97YO in year 1274 in Sehwan (present-day Sindh, Pakistan). He was referred to as Jhulelal (red bridegroom) because he was promised marriage to a daughter of his friend, but the friend died and later his friend's son refused to allow the agreed upon marriage, which caused Lal Shahbaz Qalandar grief.
1st Millennium BC (from -1000 to -1)
11th century BC - started the first day of -1100 and ended the last day of -1001.
-1000s:[Food] In ancient Persia, saffron (Crocus sativus 'Hausknechtii') was cultivated at Derbena and Isfahan in the 10th century BC. There, Persian saffron threads have been found interwoven into ancient Persian royal carpets and funeral shrouds. It likely was first discovered in Bronze Age Greece, yet it now grows throughout Europe and Asia.
-1000s: It has been speculated that Egyptian traders brought smallpox to India during the 1st millennium BC, where it remained as an endemic human disease for at least 2000 years.
-1000: World population begins to rise steadily, reaching some 50 million.
-1000: The Woodland period of North American pre-Columbian cultures was from roughly 1000 BCE to 1000 CE in the eastern part of North America.
-1000: World population begins to rise steadily, reaching some 50 million.
-1000: The Woodland period of North American pre-Columbian cultures was from roughly 1000 BCE to 1000 CE in the eastern part of North America.
-1000: Attempts have been made to assign a historical date to the Kurukshetra War. Scholarly research suggests ca. 1000 BCE, while popular tradition holds that the war marks the transition to Kali Yuga and thus dates it to 3102 BCE.
[Singh, Upinder (2009), History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century, Longman, ISBN 978-8131716779]
-1000 (Dec 31):[Space] Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn were identified by ancient Babylonian astronomers in the 2nd millennium BC. They were correctly identified as orbiting the Sun by Aristarchus of Samos (-310 to -230), and later in Nicolaus Copernicus' heliocentric system (De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, 1543)
--Thousands years ago (TYO)--
10th century BC - started the first day of -1000 and ended the last day of -901.
-9xx: The historicity of the Kurukshetra War is unclear. Many historians estimate the date of the Kurukshetra war to Iron Age India of the 10th century BCE. The setting of the epic has a historical precedent in Iron Age (Vedic) India, where the Kuru kingdom was the center of political power during roughly 1200 to 800 BCE. A dynastic conflict of the period could have been the inspiration for the Jaya, the foundation on which the Mahābhārata corpus was built, with a climactic battle, eventually coming to be viewed as an epochal event. (Mahabharata)
-980: Ethipoia. Formation of the state of D'mt.9th century BC - started the first day of -900 and ended the last day of -801.
-872: Parshvanatha, the 23rd tirthankara [Jainism]
-868: The "Diamond Sutra", the oldest printed book in the world dates back to 868 and is considered an important Buddhist text. The "Diamond Sutra" is the work of Chinese printers.
-853: Listed among the booty captured by the army of the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III in the Battle of Qarqar (853 BCE) are 1000 camels of "Gîndibuʾ the Arbâya" or "[the man] Gindibu belonging to the Arabs" (ar-ba-a-a being an adjectival nisba of the noun ʿArab).
-850: Homer was an author, intellectual and philosopher in ancient Greece, who is credited with writing two of the greatest epics in the history of literature. Homer's epic poems Iliad and Odyssey were written during the era of the Trojan War, owing to their importance in Greek culture.
-800: Sulbasutras- the ancient indic manuals of geometrical constructions; Archaic period starts in Greece lasted till -480.
-800: Greek alphabets. It is believed that this happened sometime in the 8th century BCE. These very early letters were probably brought to the Greeks by the Phoenicians, another ancient people. The Greeks added a new twist by adding vowels and deciding how each letter should be pronounced. The result was the alphabet.
8th century BC started the first day of -800 and ended the last day of -701.
The 8th century BC was a period of great change for several historically significant civilizations. In Egypt, the 23rd and 24th dynasties lead to rule from Nubia in the 25th Dynasty.
[Technology][Military] In ancient China, the Zhou Dynasty Chinese text of the Shi Jing (Book of Odes) records that King Wen of Zhou was the first to create a pontoon bridge in the 11th century BC. However, the historian Joseph Needham has pointed out that in all likely scenarios, the temporary pontoon bridge was invented during the 9th or 8th century BC in China, as this part was perhaps a later addition to the book (considering how the book had been edited up until the Han Dynasty, 202 BC – 220 AD). Although earlier temporary pontoon bridges had been made in China, the first secure and permanent ones (and linked with iron chains) in China came first during the Qin Dynasty (221–207 BC). The later Song Dynasty (960–1279 AD) Chinese statesman Cao Cheng once wrote of early pontoon bridges in China (spelling of Chinese in Wade-Giles format):
period for Classical antiquity started. Classical antiquity, also known as the classical era, classical period, classical age, or simply classical history or antiquity, is the period of cultural history between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome known as the Greco-Roman world. It is the period in which both Greek and Roman societies flourished and wielded huge influence throughout much of Europe, North Africa, and West Asia.
Ancient Greece (-700 to -480)
-7xx: Ancient Greek civilization, also commonly called Ancient Greece, was a large area, mostly along the northeast shore of the Mediterranean Sea, where people spoke the Greek language. The area was much larger than today's country of Greece. The Greek civilization thrived from the archaic period of the 8th to the 6th centuries BC to 146 BC. The period ended with the Roman conquest of Greece at the Battle of Corinth.
-768: Etruscan civilization started in today's Italy. They are considered to written the oldest book in the world, Etruscan script of six pages made of beaten gold.
The Etruscans called themselves Rasenna, which was syncopated to Rasna or Raśna. As distinguished by its unique language, this civilization endured from the time of the earliest Etruscan inscriptions (c. 700 BC) until its assimilation into the Roman Republic in the late 4th century BC.
The Etruscans spoke a unique language, unrelated to those of their neighbours. Their culture was influenced by Greek traders, and by the Greek colonists of southern Italy. The Etruscan alphabet is Greek in its origins. They in turn passed on their alphabet to the Romans.
--------------------------------------------------- Roman Kingdom ---------------------------------------------------
-753: The Roman Kingdom (753 BC–509 BC), also referred to as the Roman monarchy, or the regal period of ancient Rome, was the earliest period of Roman history, when the city and its territory were ruled by kings.
-753: The earliest known form of Latin is Old Latin, which was spoken from the Roman Kingdom to the middle of the Roman Republic period. The Latin alphabet was devised from the Etruscan alphabet. The writing later changed from an initial right-to-left or boustrophedon to a left-to-right script.
-700:[Education][India][Public] Taxila, the world's first university. no. of students: 10,500; subjects taught: >60
-700:[Education][India][Public] Taxila, the world's first university. no. of students: 10,500; subjects taught: >60
-700: early urbanisation at Ujjain, Avanti.
-700: The first-ever bra most likely dates back to ancient Greece, when women wrapped a band of wool or linen across their breasts, pinning or tying them in the back. Corsets didn't show up until around 1500 and quickly became mandatory for middle- and upper-class women in Western society.
7th century BC - started the first day of -700 and ended the last day of -601.
-6xx:
-660: Japan founded.
-660 (Feb 11): The Imperial House of Japan.
-640: Pittacus of Mytilene (c. 640 BC – c. 568 BC) governed Mytilene (Lesbos). He tried to reduce the power of the nobility and was able to govern with the support of the demos, whom he favoured. He is 2nd of the Seven Sages of Greece.
-638: Solon of Athens (c. 638 BC – c. 558 BC) was a famous legislator and reformer from Athens, framing the laws that shaped the Athenian democracy. He is 4th of the Seven Sages of Greece.
-626: Thales of Miletus was born?
-624: Thales, born at Miletus, Turkey. His occupation was of an engineer. He was also the first natural philosopher in the Milesian School. He was influenced by the subjects of Babylonian astronomy, Ancient Egyptian mathematics and Ancient Egyptian religion. He influenced Pythagoras, Anaximander, Anaximenes and Xenophanes
-623: Thales of Miletus was born?
-623: Thales of Miletus was born?
6th century BC - started on the first day of 600 BC
China, Japan, Greece, India, Israel - age of philosophical revolutions.
The five books making up the Torah are Be-reshit, Shemot, Va-yikra, Be-midbar and Devarim, which in the English Bible correspond to Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy.
Inscriptions dating to the 6th century BCE in Yemen include the term 'Arab'
-600: Ujjain emerged as the political, commercial and cultural capital of Mala plateau.
-600: [Book][History] History of India Earliest Time To 600 B.C. by Dr. AK Chaturvedi
-600: [Culture][Mythology] the work of very old geoglyphs, are the famous Nazca lines in Peru, drawings that can only be seen from the sky, at a considerable height. These are supposed messages to the gods made by the Nazca (pre-Columbian) culture, made between 200 and 600 BC.
-5xx: Mathura became the capital of the Surasena mahajanapada.The city was later ruled by the Maurya empire (4th to 2nd centuries BCE) and the Shunga dynasty (2nd century BCE). People in Mathura and nearby areas speak Braj. Braj Bhasha is a Western Hindi language closely related to Hindustani. In fact, it is usually considered to be a dialect of Western Hindi, and along with Awadhi (a variety of Eastern Hindi) was one of the two predominant literary languages of North-Central India before the switch to Hindustani (Khariboli) in the 19th century. Its purest forms are spoken in the cities of Mathura, Agra, Etah, and Aligarh..
-599: Thales of Miletus was the one who began early Greek Geometry.
-575: Archaic period of Etruscan art, started roughly in 575 BC and lasted till -480.
-569: Pythagoras born at Samos, Ionia. Founder of Pythagoreanism.
-600:[Physics][Space] Ancient people were aware of lightning and static electricity, although they had no idea of the mechanisms behind these phenomena. The Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus discovered around 600 B.C.E. that amber could acquire an electric charge when it was rubbed with cloth, which allowed it to pick up light objects such as pieces of straw. Thales also experimented with the ability of magnetic rocks to attract one other, and hypothesized that this phenomena might be connected to the attractive power of amber, foreshadowing the deep connections between electricity and magnetism that would be discovered over 2,000 years later. Despite all this investigation, ancient civilizations had no understanding of the mathematical basis of electromagnetism, and often analyzed its impacts through the lens of religion rather than science (lightning, for instance, was considered to be a creation of the gods in many cultures).
-5xx:[Technology] Acoustics, the science of sound, starts as far back as Pythagoras in the 6th century BC, who wrote on the mathematical properties of stringed instruments.
-5xx: Warli's mural paintings are similar to those done between 500 and 10 000 BC in the Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka , in Madhya Pradesh.-5xx: Mathura became the capital of the Surasena mahajanapada.The city was later ruled by the Maurya empire (4th to 2nd centuries BCE) and the Shunga dynasty (2nd century BCE). People in Mathura and nearby areas speak Braj. Braj Bhasha is a Western Hindi language closely related to Hindustani. In fact, it is usually considered to be a dialect of Western Hindi, and along with Awadhi (a variety of Eastern Hindi) was one of the two predominant literary languages of North-Central India before the switch to Hindustani (Khariboli) in the 19th century. Its purest forms are spoken in the cities of Mathura, Agra, Etah, and Aligarh..
-599: Thales of Miletus was the one who began early Greek Geometry.
-575: Archaic period of Etruscan art, started roughly in 575 BC and lasted till -480.
-569: Pythagoras born at Samos, Ionia. Founder of Pythagoreanism.
-558: Bimbisāra born (in Buddhist tradition) or Shrenika and Seniya in the Jain histories (c. 558 – c. 491 BCE or during the late 5th century BCE) was a King of Magadha (r. 543 – 492 BCE or c. 400 BC) and belonged to the Haryanka dynasty. He was succeeded on the throne by his son Ajatashatru in -492.
-538: Elea founded on the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea. Velia was the Roman name of an ancient city of Magna Graecia on the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea. It was founded by Greeks from Phocaea as Hyele ( Ancient Greek: Ὑέλη) around 538–535 BC. The name later changed to Ele and then Elea ( / ˈɛliə /; Ancient Greek: Ἐλέα) before it became known by its current Latin and Italian name during the Roman era. (present day location, Velia, Province of Salerno, Campania, Italy)
-535: Heraclitus of Ephesus was born in Ephesus, Turkey. He was an Ancient Greek, pre-Socratic, Ionian philosopher and a native of the city of Ephesus, which was then part of the Persian Empire. His thoughts fed into the writings of Aristotle and Plato.
-527: Vardhamāna (popular as Mahavira), the 23rd tirthankara [Jainism] died.
-518: Darius I, the Persian emperor, conquered the area around the river Sindhu and called it the river Indus/Hindu, that's how the word India came.
-518: Darius I, the Persian emperor, conquered the area around the river Sindhu and called it the river Indus/Hindu, that's how the word India came.
-515: Parmenides of Elea was born. He was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher from Elea in Magna Graecia. He is thought to have been in his prime (or "floruit") around 475 BC (-475). The single known work by Parmenides is a poem whose original title is unknown but which is often referred to as On Nature. Only fragments of it survive, but its importance lies in the fact that it contains the first sustained argument in the history of Western philosophy. His Notable students include Zeno of Elea and Socrates.
--------------------------------------------------- Roman Republic ---------------------------------------------------
-509: Roman Republic overthrew Roman Kingdom (Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the last of Rome’s seven kings). This republic dated to 509 BC, and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire. [Kingdom -> Republic -> Empire]. The top magistrates were the two consuls, who had an extensive range of executive, legislative, judicial, military, and religious powers. Even though a small number of powerful families (called gentes) monopolised the main magistracies, the Roman Republic is generally considered one of the earliest examples of representative democracy.
-509: Lucius Junius Brutus (fl. 6th century BC) is the semi-legendary founder of the Roman Republic, and traditionally one of its first consuls in 509 BC. He was reputedly responsible for the expulsion of his uncle the Roman king Tarquinius Superbus after the suicide of Lucretia, which led to the overthrow of the Roman monarchy. He was involved in the abdication of fellow consul Tarquinius Collatinus, and executed two of his sons for plotting the restoration of the Tarquins.
Lucius Tarquinius Ar. f. Ar. n. Collatinus was one of the first two consuls of the Roman Republic in 509 BC, together with Lucius Junius Brutus. The two men had led the revolution which overthrew the Roman monarchy. He was forced to resign his office and go into exile as a result of the hatred he had helped engender in the people against the former ruling house.
Lucius Tarquinius Ar. f. Ar. n. Collatinus was one of the first two consuls of the Roman Republic in 509 BC, together with Lucius Junius Brutus. The two men had led the revolution which overthrew the Roman monarchy. He was forced to resign his office and go into exile as a result of the hatred he had helped engender in the people against the former ruling house.
Ajita Kesakambali was an ancient Indian philosopher in the 6th century BC. He is considered to be the first known proponent of Indian materialism, and forerunner to the Charvaka school. He was probably a contemporary of the Buddha and Mahavira.
6th century BC - ended on the last day of 501 BC.
5th century BC - started on the first day of 500 BC.
-500: Buddha visited the ancient city of Benares (today's Varanasi)
-500: On Nature (Greek: Περὶ Φύσεως; Peri Physeos) is a philosophical treatise written by Heraclitus. According to Diogenes Laërtius, it was divided into three discourses; one on the universe, another on politics (and ethics), and one on theology. Heraclitus also concluded "Change is the only constant in life".
-500 (Jan 1): The 5th century BC started the first day of 500 BC and ended the last day of 401 BC
5th century BC - ended on the last day of 401 BC.
4th century BC - started on the first day of 400 BC.
4th century BC - ended on the last day of 301 BC.
3rd century BC - started on the first day of 300 BC.
3rd century BC - ended on the last day of 201 BC.
2nd century BC - started on the first day of 200 BC.
2nd century BC - ended on the last day of 101 BC.
1st century BC - started on the first day of 100 BC.
1st century BC - ended on the last day of 1 BC.
-4xx:[India][History] The bulk of the Mahābhārata was probably compiled between the 3rd century BCE and the 3rd century CE, with the oldest preserved parts not much older than around 400 BCE.
-4xx:[Culture] Map of the Qedarite Kingdom in the 5th century B.C
-4xx:[Education][India][Public] The University of Nalanda, for example, which was a seat of Buddhist learning in India, was founded.-4xx: Abacus in India.
-495: Zeno of Elea (from -495 to -430) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher of Magna Graecia and a member of the Eleatic School founded by Parmenides. Aristotle called him the inventor of the dialectic. He is best known for his paradoxes, which Bertrand Russell described as "immeasurably subtle and profound". [Jon Elia]
-492: Ajatashatru started to reign, Ajatashattu or Ajatasatru (Sanskrit: Ajātaśatru, Pāli: Ajātasattu; 492 to 460 BCE or early 5th century BCE) was one of the most important kings of the Haryanka dynasty of Magadha in East India. He was the son of King Bimbisara and was a contemporary of both Mahavira and Gautama Buddha. He forcefully took over the kingdom of Magadha from his father and imprisoned him. He fought a war against Vajji, ruled by the Lichchhavis, and conquered the republic of Vaishali (ancient city). The city of Pataliputra was formed by fortification of a village by Ajatashatru.
-484: The name "India" is originally derived from the name of the river Sindhu (Indus River) and has been in use in Greek since Herodotus (from -484 to -425). The term appeared in Old English as early the 9th century and reemerged in Modern English in the 17th century.
-484: Herodotus born. In the opening sentences of Herodotus's history, written in the 5th century BC, he refers to the Phoenicians having come originally from the Erythraean Sea.
-480: Arab soldier of the Achaemenid army, c. 480 BCE. Xerxes I tomb relief.
-469: Socrates born.
-460: Hippocrates (ca. 460 BC – ca. 370 BC) described several kinds of cancer, referring to them with the Greek word καρκίνος karkinos (crab or crayfish). This name comes from the appearance of the cut surface of a solid malignant tumor, with "the veins stretched on all sides as the animal the crab has its feet, whence it derives its name".
-443:[Travel][India][RJ] Nagari is a village situated 18 Km North of Chittorgarh, on the banks of river Berach. In the ancient era, it was known as Majhimika or Madhyamika .According to the inscription found in Barli, near Ajmer; in 443 BC, this town was named as Majhimika.
-443:[Travel][India][RJ] Nagari is a village situated 18 Km North of Chittorgarh, on the banks of river Berach. In the ancient era, it was known as Majhimika or Madhyamika .According to the inscription found in Barli, near Ajmer; in 443 BC, this town was named as Majhimika.
------------------------------------------------- Sparts vs Athens started ------------------------------------------------
-431: The Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC) was an ancient Greek war fought between Athens (Athenian Alliance) and Sparta and their respective allies for the hegemony of the Greek world.
-431: Sparta declared war on Athens. This conflict was called the Peloponnesian War. lasted for over 27 years. Cities and crops were destroyed, and thousands of Greeks died. All of the Greek city-states suffered losses of economic and military power.
-430: Antiphon of ancient Greece used "the most costly outlay is time." Discourse upon Usury (1572) used "They saye tyme is precious." (on Time is Money)
-430: Antiphon of ancient Greece used "the most costly outlay is time." Discourse upon Usury (1572) used "They saye tyme is precious." (on Time is Money)
-429: Plato born.
-423:[Book] The Clouds (Ancient Greek: Νεφέλαι Nephelai) is a Greek comedy play written by the playwright Aristophanes. A lampooning of intellectual fashions in classical Athens, it was originally produced at the City Dionysia in 423 BC and was not as well received as the author had hoped, coming last of the three plays competing at the festival that year. It was revised between 420 and 417 BC and was thereafter circulated in manuscript form.
-413: Shishunaga (IAST: Śiśunāga, or Shusunaga) (c. 413 – 395 BCE) was the founder of the Shishunaga dynasty of the Magadha Empire in the present day northern India. Initially, he was an amatya (official) of the Magadha empire under the Haryanka dynasty. He was placed on the throne by the people who revolted against the Haryanka dynasty rule.
-409: Socrates (aged 60) met Plato (aged 20). This interaction led to the birth of Philosophy by KT'ing the Pluto. Philosohy began with Plato - Kant - Nietzsche - Buddha - Confucius - Averroes.
-405: The first recorded use of a heliograph was in 405 BC, when the Ancient Greeks used polished shields to signal in battle. (Greek: helios, meaning “sun”, and graphein, meaning “write”) is a wireless solar telegraph that signals using Morse code flashes of sunlight reflected by a mirror.
------------------------------------------------- Sparts vs Athens halted -------------------------------------------------
-401:[Book] Anabasis is the most famous work of the Ancient Greek professional soldier and writer Xenophon. It narrates the expedition of a large army of Greek mercenaries hired by Cyrus the Younger to help him seize the throne of Persia from his brother, Artaxerxes II, in 401 BC.
-400: Siddhārtha Gautama (popular as Gautam Buddha) died at the age of 80.
-400:[Book] According to tradition, the Dhammapada's verses were spoken by the Buddha on various occasions.[7] "By distilling the complex models, theories, rhetorical style and sheer volume of the Buddha's teachings into concise, crystalline verses, the Dhammapada makes the Buddhist way of life available to anyone...In fact, it is possible that the very source of the Dhammapada in the third century B.C.E. is traceable to the need of the early Buddhist communities in India to laicize the ascetic impetus of the Buddha's original words.
-400:[Book] Plato's Phaedo. The Phaedo was first translated into Latin from Greek by Henry Aristippus in 1160.
-400:[Book] Plato's Phaedo. The Phaedo was first translated into Latin from Greek by Henry Aristippus in 1160.
-400:[Space] By this time, the Greek philosophers Philolaus and Hicetas speculated separately that the Earth was a sphere revolving daily around some mystical "central fire" that regulated the universe. Anaxagoras proposed that the Sun is a star around 450 BCE. In the 3rd century BCE, Aristarchus of Samos extended this idea by proposing that the Earth and other planets moved around a definite central object, which he believed to be the Sun though this was not widely accepted until the 17th century and not proven until the 19th.
-400:[Maths] The Greek philosophers were the earliest Western thinkers to address chance and randomness. Around 400 BC, Democritus presented a view of the world as governed by the unambiguous laws of order and considered randomness as a subjective concept that only originated from the inability of humans to understand the nature of events. He used the example of two men who would send their servants to bring water at the same time to cause them to meet. The servants, unaware of the plan, would view the meeting as random.
-399: Socrates poisoned. Socrates has been convicted of corrupting the youth of Athens and introducing strange gods, and has been sentenced to die by drinking poison hemlock. Socrates uses his death as a final lesson for his pupils rather than fleeing when the opportunity arises, and faces it calmly.
-399:[Book] In Plato’s The Trial and Death of Socrates, written in approximately 399 B.C.E., his beloved teacher and mentor, Socrates, fights for his innocence against alleged charges, all of which pertaining to atheism, in the Court of King Archon. The Apology of Socrates (Latin: Apologia Socratis), written by Plato, is a Socratic dialogue of the speech of legal self-defence which Socrates spoke at his trial for impiety and corruption in 399 BC.
-398:[Philosophy][Military][Pakistan] Kalanos was born in Taxila, also spelled Calanus, was a Gandharan gymnosophist, and philosopher from Taxila who accompanied Alexander the Great to Persis and later self-immolated, after falling ill, entered himself into a pyre, in front of Alexander and his army. Alexander was attracted by the criticism on Greek Philosophy by Kalanos and that’s how he persuaded Kalanos to accompany him to Persis and stay there as a yogi and his guru. He died 73YO in -323 at Susa, an ancient city in the lower Zagros Mountains about 250 km east of the Tigris, between the Karkheh and Dez Rivers in Iran.
-395:[Book] Plato's Euthyphro.
-385:[Book] Plato's Symposium.
-384: Aristotle born.
-387: The first academy of the world founded by Plato in a park and olive-grove situated suburb northwest of Athens called 'Academia' after a mythical attic hero Akademos.
-375:[Book] Plato's The Republic.
-371: Sparta's defeat by Thebes in the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BC ended Sparta's prominent role in Greece.
-371 (or later):[Book] Xenophon's Memorabilia
-367: Plato (aged 62) met Aristotle (aged 17).
-367:[Egypt] Ptolemy I Soter was an Ancient Macedonian general, historian and companion of Alexander the Great of the Kingdom of Macedon in northern Greece who became ruler of Egypt, part of Alexander's former empire. Ptolemy was pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt from 305/304 BC to his death in -282 (or 282BC).
-359: To the north of the Greek city-states, the 23 years old, strong and fearless, King Philip II of Macedon came to power in 359 B.C. He had plans to build an empire that included the lands of Greece and of Persia.
-359: To the north of the Greek city-states, the 23 years old, strong and fearless, King Philip II of Macedon came to power in 359 B.C. He had plans to build an empire that included the lands of Greece and of Persia.
-356 (Jul 21):Alexander the Great of Macedon was born.
-355:[Book] On Horsemanship, one of the two treatises on horsemanship by the Athenian historian and soldier Xenophon (c. 430–354 BC).
-350: De Anima published by Aristotle (384-322 BC). In this work he first numbered the senses. Even if someone had numbered them prior to that, it's certain that the Big Five have been known for thousands of years, are known to all of us, and are what most of us mean when we talk of The Senses.
-350: Euclid of Alexandria published treatise on mathematics "The Elements" and expounded many of the postulates and axioms that are the foundations of the Euclidian geometry.
-350: [History] Megasthenes was born. (/mɪˈɡæsθɪniːz/ mi-GAS-thi-neez; Ancient Greek: Μεγασθένης, c. 350 BCE– c. 290 BCE) was an ancient Greek historian, diplomat and Indian ethnographer and explorer in the Hellenistic period. He described India in his book Indica, which is now lost, but has been partially reconstructed from literary fragments found in later authors that quoted his work. Megasthenes was the first person from the Western world to leave a written description of India.
-345: Mahapadma Nanda, who has been described in the Puranas as "the destroyer of all the Kshatriyas", founded the Nanda Dynasty, capitaled at Patliputra.-343: Aristotle (aged 40) met Alexander III of Macedon (aged 13). In 343 or 342, king Philip II invited Aristotle to his court, where he was employed as a tutor to Philip's son Alexander, 13 years old at the time. Plutarch is the source dwelling on this tutorship the longest, in the section of Parallel Lives, which gives a glorified biography of Alexander. Alexander the Great was tutored by the famed Greek philosopher, Aristotle. Philip II invited Aristotle to teach in the royal academy of Macedon. Aristotle taught Alexander and the group that compromised Cassander, Hephaestion, Lysimachus, and Ptolemy.
-332: Alexander founded Alexandria, Egypt, the most famous of the Hellenistic cities. The city was an important center of learning until the second century A.D. A library there contained major collections of Greek, Persian, Egyptian, Hebrew, and other texts. Scholars from the Mediterranean area and from Asia came to Alexandria to study. Also located in Alexandria was the Temple of the Muses. Muses are goddesses who rule the arts and sciences. Many examples of the arts and sciences were stored there. Today we call such a location a museum. Alexandria also had an enormous lighthouse whose light could be seen 50 kms. away. [Ancient Egypt timeline ends, start of Greek rule]
-331: Alexander got the control over the Persian Empire through Egypt.
-326: Alexander reached the Indus River Valley and India. He urged his armies to continue eastward, but they refused to go any further. They had been fighting for 11 years and had marched thousands of miles from home. Alexander was forced to turn back.
-324: Chandragupta Maurya conquered the Nanda Empire from the king Dhana Nand and founded the Maurya Empire and became the first emperor to unify north and south west of present-day India into one state with the guidance of Chanakya.
-323: Alexander and his armies returned to Babylon. While they paused there, Alexander fell ill with a fever and died within days. He was 32 years old. Although he did not live to an old age, he managed to create a great empire. Because of his achievements, he is remembered as Alexander the Great. Alexander left Greeks behind to rule his lands. His victories led blend the Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian styles and customs that later came to known as Hellenistic culture. (Hellas was the Greek name for Greece.) This culture influenced the lands of the empire for hundreds of years. Learning was especially affected by the mingling of cultures. The combined knowledge of the Greeks, Egyptians, Arabs, and Indians made new discoveries possible in science and medicine.
-323: Euclid of Alexandria to distinguish him from Euclid of Megara, was a Greek mathematician, often referred to as the "Father of Geometry". He was active in Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy from -323 to -283.
-331: Alexander got the control over the Persian Empire through Egypt.
-326: Alexander reached the Indus River Valley and India. He urged his armies to continue eastward, but they refused to go any further. They had been fighting for 11 years and had marched thousands of miles from home. Alexander was forced to turn back.
-324: Chandragupta Maurya conquered the Nanda Empire from the king Dhana Nand and founded the Maurya Empire and became the first emperor to unify north and south west of present-day India into one state with the guidance of Chanakya.
-323: Alexander and his armies returned to Babylon. While they paused there, Alexander fell ill with a fever and died within days. He was 32 years old. Although he did not live to an old age, he managed to create a great empire. Because of his achievements, he is remembered as Alexander the Great. Alexander left Greeks behind to rule his lands. His victories led blend the Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian styles and customs that later came to known as Hellenistic culture. (Hellas was the Greek name for Greece.) This culture influenced the lands of the empire for hundreds of years. Learning was especially affected by the mingling of cultures. The combined knowledge of the Greeks, Egyptians, Arabs, and Indians made new discoveries possible in science and medicine.
-323: Euclid of Alexandria to distinguish him from Euclid of Megara, was a Greek mathematician, often referred to as the "Father of Geometry". He was active in Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy from -323 to -283.
-322: Aristotle died.
-322:[Book] Politics is a work of political philosophy by Aristotle, a 4th-century BC Greek philosopher.
Aristotle's Poetics (Greek: Περὶ ποιητικῆς Peri poietikês; Latin: De Poetica;[1] c. 335 BC[2]) is the earliest surviving work of dramatic theory and first extant philosophical treatise to focus on literary theory.
-322: Mauryan Empire started to flourish from the kingdom of Magadh, capitaled at Patliputra (Now, Patna) spread across the regions of today's Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iran, Nepal, Pakistan, Myanmar, China, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.
-322: [India][FnB] Phulki (modern day Gol Gappe) during Mauryan Empire.
-322: Grand Trunk Road is one of the of South Asia's oldest and longest major roads. The road, often called as the "Gernaili Sadak" (the Generals' Road) and Sadak-e-Azam ('The Grand Road') covers a distance of 2,700 km (1,700 mi) running s through parts of Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. [Oldest road in India]
-310:[Space][Who] Aristarchus of Samos was born. He later authored On the Sizes and Distances (of the Sun and Moon). He was an ancient Greek astronomer and mathematician who presented the first known heliocentric model that placed the Sun at the center of the known universe, with the Earth revolving around the Sun once a year and rotating about its axis once a day.
-300:[Maths][Computing] In mathematics, the Euclidean algorithm, or Euclid's algorithm, is an efficient method for computing the greatest common divisor (GCD) of two integers (numbers), the largest number that divides them both without a remainder. It is named after the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid, who first described it in his Elements (c. 300 BC). It is an example of an algorithm, a step-by-step procedure for performing a calculation according to well-defined rules, and is one of the oldest algorithms in common use. It can be used to reduce fractions to their simplest form, and is a part of many other number-theoretic and cryptographic calculations.
-300: Chinese civil services.
-300: [History] Berossus was a Hellenistic-era Babylonian writer, a priest of Bel Marduk and astronomer who wrote in the Koine Greek language, and who was active at the beginning of the 3rd century BC. Versions of two excerpts of his writings survive, at several removes from the original. [Book] Ancient fragments, containing what remains of the writings of Sanchoniatho, Berossus, Abydenus, Megasthenes, and Manetho: also the Hermetic Creed, the ... of Zoroaster, and the Periplus of Hanno.
-300: Stoicism is an ancient Greek philosophy (developed by Zeno of Citium around 300 B.C. as a refinement of Cynicism) which teaches the development of self-control and fortitude as a means of overcoming destructive emotions.
-300: Stoicism is an ancient Greek philosophy (developed by Zeno of Citium around 300 B.C. as a refinement of Cynicism) which teaches the development of self-control and fortitude as a means of overcoming destructive emotions.
-300: Yayoi period at Japan lasted till 250AD. Kofun, Asuka, Nara, Heian, Kamakura, Muromachi, Azuchi–Momoyama, Edo, Meiji, Taisho, Showa, and Heisi periods followed.
-287: Archimedes of Syracuse (Greek: Ἀρχιμήδης) in the seaport city of Syracuse, Sicily, at that time a self-governing colony in Magna Graecia, located along the coast of Southern Italy. His father was an Astronomer.
-287: Archimedes used Method of exhaustion (brute-force) to prove that the area of a circle is equal to the area of a triangle whose base is equal to radius of the circle and height is equal to the circumference of the circle.
-268: Ashoka reigned for 36 years.
-265: Vastest expansion of Mauryan Dynasty.
-287: Archimedes of Syracuse (Greek: Ἀρχιμήδης) in the seaport city of Syracuse, Sicily, at that time a self-governing colony in Magna Graecia, located along the coast of Southern Italy. His father was an Astronomer.
-287: Archimedes used Method of exhaustion (brute-force) to prove that the area of a circle is equal to the area of a triangle whose base is equal to radius of the circle and height is equal to the circumference of the circle.
-268: Ashoka reigned for 36 years.
-265: Vastest expansion of Mauryan Dynasty.
-264: The First Punic War started. It was the first of three wars fought between Ancient Carthage and the Roman Republic. Roman–Etruscan Wars. Roman conquest of Volsinii. Hydraulic Semaphore was used during the First Punic War to send messages between Sicily and Carthage.
-258: University of Nanjing, in China. It was only formally termed a “university” in 1888, but it has offered education to Chinese without the issuance of formal degrees for centuries.
-232: [India][Polity] Mauryan Empire began to decline after the death of Ashoka in 232 BC. The last king was Brihadratha was assassinated in 185 BC-183 BC by his general Pushyamitra Shunga who was a Brahmin. The decline of the Maurya Dynasty was rather rapid after the death of Ashoka/Asoka.
-258: University of Nanjing, in China. It was only formally termed a “university” in 1888, but it has offered education to Chinese without the issuance of formal degrees for centuries.
-232: [India][Polity] Mauryan Empire began to decline after the death of Ashoka in 232 BC. The last king was Brihadratha was assassinated in 185 BC-183 BC by his general Pushyamitra Shunga who was a Brahmin. The decline of the Maurya Dynasty was rather rapid after the death of Ashoka/Asoka.
-230:[Space][Who] Aristarchus of Samos (Greek: Ἀρίσταρχος) died aged 80 in Alexandria, Ptolemaic Kingdom.
He was an ancient Greek astronomer and mathematician who presented the first known model that placed the Sun at the center of the known universe with the Earth revolving around it (see Solar system). He was influenced by Philolaus of Croton, but he identified the "central fire" with the Sun, and put the other planets in their correct order of distance around the Sun. Like Anaxagoras before him, he suspected that the stars were just other bodies like the Sun. His astronomical ideas were often rejected in favor of the incorrect geocentric theories of Aristotle and Ptolemy.
-230:[Space][Books] The book On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon was published by now. which is ascribed to Aristarchus (310–230 BCE), says the distance to the Sun is 18 to 20 times the distance to the Moon, whereas the true ratio is about 389.174. The latter estimate was based on the angle between the half-moon and the Sun, which he estimated as 87° (the true value being close to 89.853°). Depending on the distance that van Helden assumes Aristarchus used for the distance to the Moon, his calculated distance to the Sun would fall between 380 and 1,520 Earth radii. The book was presumably preserved by students of Pappus of Alexandria's course in mathematics, although there is no evidence of this.
He was an ancient Greek astronomer and mathematician who presented the first known model that placed the Sun at the center of the known universe with the Earth revolving around it (see Solar system). He was influenced by Philolaus of Croton, but he identified the "central fire" with the Sun, and put the other planets in their correct order of distance around the Sun. Like Anaxagoras before him, he suspected that the stars were just other bodies like the Sun. His astronomical ideas were often rejected in favor of the incorrect geocentric theories of Aristotle and Ptolemy.
-230:[Space][Books] The book On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon was published by now. which is ascribed to Aristarchus (310–230 BCE), says the distance to the Sun is 18 to 20 times the distance to the Moon, whereas the true ratio is about 389.174. The latter estimate was based on the angle between the half-moon and the Sun, which he estimated as 87° (the true value being close to 89.853°). Depending on the distance that van Helden assumes Aristarchus used for the distance to the Moon, his calculated distance to the Sun would fall between 380 and 1,520 Earth radii. The book was presumably preserved by students of Pappus of Alexandria's course in mathematics, although there is no evidence of this.
-225: Gallic War of 225 BC.
-221: Qin Dynasty, the first imperial dynasty of China florished for 15 years till 206 BC.
-212: Archimedes was killed during the Second Punic War. He lived for 75 years. He contributed to Mathematics, Physics, Engineering, Astronomy, and Invention through his explored principle, Archimedes' screw, hydrostatics, levers, infinitesimals, and Neuseis constructions.
When Roman forces under General Marcus Claudius Marcellus captured the city of Syracuse after a two-year-long siege. According to the popular account given by Plutarch, Archimedes was contemplating a mathematical diagram when the city was captured. A Roman soldier commanded him to come and meet General Marcellus but he declined, saying that he had to finish working on the problem. The soldier was enraged by this, and killed Archimedes with his sword.
-210: the Great wall of China began construction.
-209: Xiongnu Empire formed in Mongolia.
-206: Han Dynasty preceded by the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD).
-221: Qin Dynasty, the first imperial dynasty of China florished for 15 years till 206 BC.
-212: Archimedes was killed during the Second Punic War. He lived for 75 years. He contributed to Mathematics, Physics, Engineering, Astronomy, and Invention through his explored principle, Archimedes' screw, hydrostatics, levers, infinitesimals, and Neuseis constructions.
When Roman forces under General Marcus Claudius Marcellus captured the city of Syracuse after a two-year-long siege. According to the popular account given by Plutarch, Archimedes was contemplating a mathematical diagram when the city was captured. A Roman soldier commanded him to come and meet General Marcellus but he declined, saying that he had to finish working on the problem. The soldier was enraged by this, and killed Archimedes with his sword.
-210: the Great wall of China began construction.
-209: Xiongnu Empire formed in Mongolia.
-206: Han Dynasty preceded by the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD).
-200: The author of the Mahābhāṣya, an ancient treatise on Sanskrit grammar and linguistics, based on the Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini. This Patañjali's (Patanjali) life is dated to mid 2nd century BCE by both Western and Indian scholars.
2nd century BCE started on the first day of -200.
-1xx: The compass was invented in China during the Han dynasty between the 2nd century BC and 1st century AD where it was called the "south-governor"(sīnán 司南) or "South Pointing Fish" (指南魚).[3] The magnetic compass was not, at first, used for navigation, but for geomancy and fortune-telling by the Chinese. The earliest Chinese magnetic compasses were possibly used to order and harmonize buildings by the geomantic principles of feng shui. These early compasses were made with lodestone, a form of the mineral magnetite that is a naturally occurring magnet and aligns itself with the Earth's magnetic field.
-1xx: Tobacco is derived from the leaves of the genus Nicotiana, a plant from the night-shade family, indigenous to North and South America. Archeological studies suggest the use of tobacco in around first century BC, when Maya people of Central America used tobacco leaves for smoking, in sacred and religious ceremonies.
-180: circle was defined as 360 degrees or 360°.
-185: [India] Fall of Mauryan Empire??? Mauryan Empire (ca. 323–185 B.C.); Mauryan dynasty (ca. 321–185 B.C.)
-185: [Book][History] History of India 600 B.C. to 185 B.C. by Dr. AK Chaturvedi.
-187:
-175: Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, (died 152 BC), Roman statesman who held the highest offices of the republic.
-165: Titus Manlius Torquatus became Counsel in Roman Republic. Titus Manlius Torquatus was a politician of the Roman Republic, who became consul in 165 BC. Born into a prominent family, he sought to emulate the legendary severity of his ancestors, notably by forcing his son to commit suicide after he had been accused of corruption. Titus had a long career and was a respected jurist. He was also active in diplomatic affairs; he notably served as ambassador to Egypt in 162 BC in a mission to support the claims of Ptolemy VIII Physcon over Cyprus.
-150:[Art] Alexandros of Antioch's Venus de Milo, an ancient Greek 6'8" sculpture from the Hellenistic period, depicting a Greek goddess. It is one of the most famous works of ancient Greek sculpture, discovered on 8 April 1820 by a peasant.
-140: first trigonometry was discovered.
-117:[Book] Polybius' Histories begin in the year 264 BC and end in 146 BC (Polybius was born around 200 BC and died around 117 BC). He is primarily concerned with the 53 years in which Ancient Rome became a dominant world power. This period, from 220–167 BC, saw Rome subjugate Carthage and gain control over Hellenistic Greece.
-114: Silk Road. A path traversed by caravans laden with silk, spices and much more besides, the old Silk Road influenced trade, religions, cultures and economies across Europe, Asia and far beyond.
-108: Ancient Korea flourished.
-100: Charak Samhita revised by Charaka, (a Kashmiri by origin) and the manuscripts that survive into the modern era are based on one completed by Dṛḍhabala
2nd century BCE ended on the last day of -101.
-50:[Research][Space][Computing] Antikythera wreck around -50 to -60, the boat had a device (a machine) of incredible complexity designed to map the motion of the moon, the sun and the planets to simulate the universe.
-44:[Book] De Officiis (On Duties or On Obligations) is a 44 BC treatise by Marcus Tullius Cicero divided into three books, in which Cicero expounds his conception of the best way to live, behave, and observe moral obligations. The work discusses what is honorable (Book I), what is to one's advantage (Book II), and what to do when the honorable and private gain apparently conflict (Book III). For the first two books Cicero was dependent on the Stoic philosopher Panaetius, but wrote more independently for the third book.
-43: Ovid was born in 43 BC in central Italy. He was sent to Rome where he realised that his talent lay with poetry rather than with politics. His first published work was 'Amores', a collection of short love poems. He was expelled in A.D. 8 by Emperor Augustus for an unknown reason and went to Tomis on the Black Sea, where he died in AD 17.
--------------------------------------------------- Roman Empire -----------------------------------------------------
-27: Roman Republic ends with the establishment of the Roman Empire. While there were elections each year, the Republic was not a democracy, but an oligarchy. Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (/əˈɡrɪpə/; 63 BC – 12 BC) was a Roman general, statesman, architect and the last counsel of Roman Republic who was a close friend, son-in-law, and lieutenant to the Roman emperor Augustus. He was responsible for the construction of some of the most notable buildings in history, including the original Pantheon, and is well known for his important military victories, notably the Battle of Actium in 31 BC against the forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra.
another last counsel: Caesar Augustus (23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian, was the first Roman emperor, reigning from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. His status as the founder of the Roman Principate (the first phase of the Roman Empire) has consolidated a legacy as one of the most effective leaders in human history. The reign of Augustus initiated an era of relative peace known as the Pax Romana. The Roman world was largely free from large-scale conflict for more than two centuries, despite continuous wars of imperial expansion on the Empire's frontiers and the year-long civil war known as the "Year of the Four Emperors" over the imperial succession.
-27:[Book] Ab Urbe Condita Libri (written between -27 and -9) by Livy, a Roman historian.
-19:[Book] Virgil's Aeneid (written between -29 and -19) tells the legendary story of Aeneas, a Trojan who fled the fall of Troy and travelled to Italy, where he became the ancestor of the Romans. It comprises 9,896 lines in dactylic hexameter. The first six of the poem's twelve books tell the story of Aeneas' wanderings from Troy to Italy, and the poem's second half tells of the Trojans' ultimately victorious war upon the Latins, under whose name Aeneas and his Trojan followers are destined to be subsumed.
-6: Jesus was born. Jesus (c. 4 BC – c. AD 30 / 33), also referred to as Jesus of Nazareth or Jesus Christ, was a first-century Jewish preacher and religious leader (earlier, Eesa, Moosa, Moses). He is the central figure of Christianity. Most Christians believe he is the incarnation of God the Son and the awaited Messiah (the Christ) prophesied in the Old Testament. Virtually all modern scholars of antiquity agree that Jesus existed historically, although the quest for the historical Jesus has yielded major uncertainty on the historical reliability of the Gospelsand on how close…
We can estimate when Jesus was born by counting backward from his death on Passover, Nisan 14 in the spring of the year 33 C.E. (John 19:14-16) Jesus was about 30 years old when he began his three-and-a-half-year ministry, so he was born in the early fall of 2 B.C.E.— Luke 3:23.
10: Heron was born. He later derived the formulas for various geometricies such as squares, rectangles, triangles, trapezoids, quadrilaterals, polygons, circles, cylindrical surfaces, cones, spheres etc. He is famous for his area of triangle, Heron's Formula.
16: The Romans used pigeon messengers to aid their military.
30: Crucifixion of Jesus. According to the canonical gospels, Jesus, the Christ, was arrested, tried, and sentenced by Pontius Pilate to be scourged, and finally crucified by the Romans. Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews died some six hours later after cruxification.
43: Romans invaded Britain and ruled for around 350 years (43AD - 410AD) just like British were present in India for around 350 years (1600-1947).
10: Heron was born. He later derived the formulas for various geometricies such as squares, rectangles, triangles, trapezoids, quadrilaterals, polygons, circles, cylindrical surfaces, cones, spheres etc. He is famous for his area of triangle, Heron's Formula.
16: The Romans used pigeon messengers to aid their military.
30: Crucifixion of Jesus. According to the canonical gospels, Jesus, the Christ, was arrested, tried, and sentenced by Pontius Pilate to be scourged, and finally crucified by the Romans. Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews died some six hours later after cruxification.
43: Romans invaded Britain and ruled for around 350 years (43AD - 410AD) just like British were present in India for around 350 years (1600-1947).
68:[Book] The Annals was Tacitus' final work and provides a key source for modern understanding of the history of the Roman Empire from the beginning of the reign of Tiberius in AD 14 to the end of the reign of Nero, in AD 68.
78: The Hindu Saka calander began with the Saka Era.
78: The Hindu Saka calander began with the Saka Era.
86: [History] Arrian was born. Arrian of Nicomedia (/ˈæriən/; Greek: Ἀρριανός Arrianos; Latin: Lucius Flavius Arrianus; c. 86/89 – c. after 146/160 AD) was a Greek historian, public servant, military commander and philosopher of the Roman period.
1xx: Plutarch's Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans, commonly called Parallel Lives (Greek: Βίοι Παράλληλοι, Bíoi Parállēloi) or Plutarch's Lives, is a series of biographies of famous men, arranged in tandem to illuminate their common moral virtues or failings, probably written at the beginning of the second century AD.
The Anabasis of Alexander by Arrian is considered the best source on the campaigns of Alexander the Great.
1xx: Plutarch's Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans, commonly called Parallel Lives (Greek: Βίοι Παράλληλοι, Bíoi Parállēloi) or Plutarch's Lives, is a series of biographies of famous men, arranged in tandem to illuminate their common moral virtues or failings, probably written at the beginning of the second century AD.
1xx:[Book] Plutarch's Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans, commonly called Parallel Lives or Plutarch's Lives, is a series of 48 biographies of famous men, arranged in pairs to illuminate their common moral virtues or failings, probably written at the beginning of the second century AD. Re-published in 1517.
1xx:[Economics] The phrase "black swan" derives from a Latin expression; its oldest known occurrence is from the 2nd-century Roman poet Juvenal's characterization in his Satire VI of something being "rara avis in terris nigroque simillima cygno" ("a rare bird in the lands and very much like a black swan"). When the phrase was coined, the black swan was presumed not to exist.
100: Irish Dark Age. Ireland had hit population levels and standards of living. The population was entirely rural and dispersed, with small ringforts the largest centres of human occupation. Some 40,000 of these are known, while there may have been as many as 50,000.
100: Etruscan had been replaced by Latin. The Etruscan language is also believed to be the source of certain important cultural words of Western Europe such as 'military' and 'person', which do not have obvious Indo-European roots.
100: Irish Dark Age. Ireland had hit population levels and standards of living. The population was entirely rural and dispersed, with small ringforts the largest centres of human occupation. Some 40,000 of these are known, while there may have been as many as 50,000.
100: Etruscan had been replaced by Latin. The Etruscan language is also believed to be the source of certain important cultural words of Western Europe such as 'military' and 'person', which do not have obvious Indo-European roots.
100: Ptolemy born in Egypt, Roman Empire. He lived for 70Y and died in Alexandria, Egypt. Ptolemy, the famous 2nd centaury geographer, marked Agra, later an Indian heritage city on the world map.
2nd century CE started on 1st Jan 101 AD
1xx: Vātsyāyana was an ancient Indian philosopher, known for authoring the Kama Sutra. He lived in India during the second or third century CE, probably in Pataliputra. He is not to be confused with Pakṣilasvāmin Vātsyāyana, the author of Nyāya Sutra Bhāshya, the first preserved commentary on Gotama's Nyāya Sutras.
1xx:[Space] Ursa Major (Ursa Major/Big dipper/Great Bear) has been reconstructed as an Indo-European constellation. It was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century AD astronomer Ptolemy in his Almagest, who called it Arktos Megale. It is mentioned by such poets as Homer, Spenser, Shakespeare, Tennyson and also by Federico Garcia Lorca, in "Song for the Moon". Ancient Finnish poetry also refers to the constellation, and it features in the painting Starry Night Over the Rhône by Vincent van Gogh. It may be mentioned in the biblical book of Job, dated between the 7th and 4th centuries BC, although this is often disputed.
1xx: Arabia Petraea or simply Arabia existed from the 2nd century onwards. Including regions in Jordan, Palestine, the Sinai Peninsula, and the northwestern Arabian Peninsula.
1xx: The Asaṭīr (Arabic: الاساطير, al-Asāṭīr), also known as the Samaritan Book of the Secrets of Moses, is a collection of Samaritan Biblical legends, parallel to the Jewish Midrash, and which draws heavily upon oral traditions known among Jews in the 2nd and 3rd centuries CE. Moses Gaster places its compilation about the middle or end of the third century BCE, and rendered a translation of the work in 1927 with the Royal Asiatic Society in London.
170: Claudius Ptolemy (/ˈtɒləmi/; Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Ptolemaios; Latin: Claudius Ptolemaeus; c. 100 – c. 170 AD) was a mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and music theorist, who wrote about a dozen scientific treatises, three of which were of importance to later Byzantine, Islamic, and Western European science. Where was the Stone Tower that the great geographer Claudius Ptolemy had written about? This highly significant but now-lost landmark represented the midpoint and thumping heart of the Silk Road, as merchant caravans plied their wares between the Occident and the Orient. the Stone Tower's probable location somewhere by the so-called Roof of the World.
175: Ammonius Saccas was a Greek philosopher from Alexandria who was often referred to as one of the founders of Neoplatonism. He is mainly known as the teacher of Plotinus, whom he taught for eleven years from 232 to 243. Died at the age of 65 in Alexandria, Egypt.
180: much before 180, Etruscan language extinct.
2xx: Peter became the first bishop of Rome and founded the episcopal.
200: The treatise To the Emperors on Fate and Responsibility by Alexander of Aphrodisias (c. 200 AD) is perhaps the most comprehensive discussion of this complex issue surviving from antiquity.
200:[FnB] The potato is native to the Peruvian-Bolivian Andes. It was cultivated in South America by the Incas as early as 1,800 years ago. The Spaniards who colonized South America introduced potatoes into Europe during the second half of the 16th century.
175: Ammonius Saccas was a Greek philosopher from Alexandria who was often referred to as one of the founders of Neoplatonism. He is mainly known as the teacher of Plotinus, whom he taught for eleven years from 232 to 243. Died at the age of 65 in Alexandria, Egypt.
180: much before 180, Etruscan language extinct.
2xx: Peter became the first bishop of Rome and founded the episcopal.
200: The treatise To the Emperors on Fate and Responsibility by Alexander of Aphrodisias (c. 200 AD) is perhaps the most comprehensive discussion of this complex issue surviving from antiquity.
200:[FnB] The potato is native to the Peruvian-Bolivian Andes. It was cultivated in South America by the Incas as early as 1,800 years ago. The Spaniards who colonized South America introduced potatoes into Europe during the second half of the 16th century.
200: Map of the kingdoms of Osroene, Hatra, and Adiabene in Mesopotamia in 200 CE . The Kingdom of Emesa [Arab]
2nd century CE ended on 31st Dec 200 AD.
3rd century CE started on 1st Jan 201 AD.
204: Plotinus born. He was a major Greek-speaking philosopher of the ancient world. In his philosophy there are three principles: the One, the Intellect, and the Soul. His teacher was Ammonius Saccas and he is of the Platonic tradition. Schools of thought: Neoplatonism.
220: The Three Kingdoms War in China. The Three Kingdoms of Cao Wei, Shu Han, and Eastern Wu dominated China from 220 to 280 AD following the end of the Han dynasty. The war lasted for 60 years, killed 40,000,000 people in China (they lost about 70% of their population.)
233: Porphyry of Tyre Born. He was a Neoplatonic philosopher who was born in Tyre (Lebanon), in the Roman Empire. He edited and published the Enneads, the only collection of the work of his teacher Plotinus.
240: Śri Gupta (a Vaiṣṇavite), the founder of Gupta dynasty in northern India reigned for 40 years.
240: Śri Gupta (a Vaiṣṇavite), the founder of Gupta dynasty in northern India reigned for 40 years.
250:[Culture][Civilization] Golden age for Mayans empire. The Mayans are Mesoamerican civilizations developed by its people called the Maya. It is known for its advanced and beautiful writing system, culture, arts, math, calendar, and astronomical system. The Mayans are the people, which had a well developed written language in ancient American period. They are known for the advancement in art, architecture and other scientific fields. The concept of absolute zero is developed by Mayans, initially. Moreover, they are also called as founders of telepathy. Human sacrifice was another ritual in Maya civilization.
270:[Culture] Sinterklaas is based on the historical figure of Saint Nicholas (270–343), a Greek bishop of Myra in present-day Turkey. He is depicted as an elderly, stately and serious man with white hair and a long, full beard. This led to evolution of Santa Claus.
280: Ghatotkacha, the progenitor of the Gupta dynasty reigned for around 40 years.
3xx: Roman glassmakers built colorful glass windows for cathedrals using metal nanoparticles.
280: Ghatotkacha, the progenitor of the Gupta dynasty reigned for around 40 years.
3xx: Roman glassmakers built colorful glass windows for cathedrals using metal nanoparticles.
3xx - 4xx:[Art][Drama][Philosophy][India] Kālidāsa (fl. 1th century BCE) was a Classical Sanskrit author who is often considered ancient India's greatest poet and playwright. His plays and poetry are primarily based on the Vedas, the Rāmāyaṇa, the Mahābhārata and the Purāṇas.[1] His surviving works consist of three plays, two epic poems and two shorter poems. He is also known as the Indian Shakespeare.
3xx: The construction of the Tirupati temple goes back to around 300 AD during the reign of King Thondaiman of Tondaimandalam kingdom. Later various kings and queens expanded the temple construction and administered the happenings inside the temple complex. Pallava Queen Samavati had donated her precious jewels and 23 acres of land to the temple.
35x:[Polity][Military] A bronze statue of Dhamar Ali Yahbur II, a Himyarite king who reigned in late 3rd or early 4th century CE. Displayed in the Sana'a National Museum.
3rd century CE ended on 31st Dec 300 AD.
4th century CE started on 1st Jan 301 AD.
323: Judaism. Jewish history is the history of the Jews, and their nation, religion and culture, as it developed and interacted with other peoples, religions and cultures.Although Judaism as a religion first appears in Greek records during the Hellenistic period (323 BCE – 31 BCE) and the earliest mention of Israel is inscribed on the Merneptah Stele dated 1213–1203 BCE, religious literature tells the story of Israelites going back at least as far as c. 1500 BCE.
328:[Culture] The oldest surviving indication of an Arab national identity is an inscription made in an archaic form of Arabic in 328 CE using the Nabataean alphabet, which refers to Imru' al-Qays ibn 'Amr as 'King of all the Arabs'. Herodotus refers to the Arabs in the Sinai, southern Palestine, and the frankincense region (Southern Arabia). Other Ancient-Greek historians like Agatharchides, Diodorus Siculus and Strabo mention Arabs living in Mesopotamia (along the Euphrates), in Egypt (the Sinai and the Red Sea), southern Jordan (the Nabataeans), the Syrian steppe and in eastern Arabia (the people of Gerrha).
335: Samudragupta's 45 years' reign marked the beginning of what is popularly referred to as the golden age of Indian history, a period where the arts and architecture flourished under the patronage of the Guptas.
--------------------------- The romans conversion to Christianity from Israel --------------------------------------
337 (May 22): Constantine died. Constantine was the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity. Although he lived much of his life as a pagan, and later as a catechumen, he joined the Christian religion on his deathbed, being baptised by Eusebius of Nicomedia. As Jews began to establish an autonomous way of life and put down deep roots in Babylon — a place at the far end of the Roman Empire and insulated from a Rome in steep decline — a Roman general by the name of Constantine rose in the ranks. His conversion to Christianity would literally shake up the entire world.
337: [Travel][India] Faxian was born, also referred to as Fa-Hien, Fa-hsien and Sehi, was a Chinese Buddhist monk and translator who traveled by foot from China to India to acquire Buddhist texts.
344: [Travel] Kumārajīva was a Buddhist monk, scholar, missionary and translator from the Kingdom of Kucha. Kumārajīva is seen as one of the greatest translators of Chinese Buddhism. According to Lu Cheng, Kumarajiva's translations are "unparalleled either in terms of translation technique or degree of fidelity".
350s: [Travel] Vasubandhu was an influential Indian Buddhist monk and scholar from Gandhara. He was a philosopher who wrote commentary on the Abhidharma, from the perspectives of the Sarvastivada and Sautrāntika schools.
350: Hypatia of Alexandria (or Hypatia) (born c. 350–370; died 415 AD) was a neoplatonist philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician, who lived in Alexandria, Egypt, then part of the Eastern Roman Empire. She was a prominent thinker in Alexandria where she taught philosophy and astronomy. Although preceded by Pandrosion, another Alexandrine female mathematician, she is the first female mathematician whose life is reasonably well recorded. "All formal dogmatic religions are fallacious and must never be accepted by self-respecting persons as final." - Hypatia
350: Hypatia of Alexandria (or Hypatia) (born c. 350–370; died 415 AD) was a neoplatonist philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician, who lived in Alexandria, Egypt, then part of the Eastern Roman Empire. She was a prominent thinker in Alexandria where she taught philosophy and astronomy. Although preceded by Pandrosion, another Alexandrine female mathematician, she is the first female mathematician whose life is reasonably well recorded. "All formal dogmatic religions are fallacious and must never be accepted by self-respecting persons as final." - Hypatia
380: reign of Chandragupta Vikramaditya of Gupta empire at Saurashtra with Ujjain as his capital.
381: Bulgaria founded.
381: Bulgaria founded.
391: Quintus Aurelius Memmius Eusebius Symmachus, (born c. 345—died 402, Ravenna [Italy]), Roman statesman, Roman consul (391-391), a brilliant orator and writer who was a leading opponent of Christianity.
4xx: Introduction of Christianity and Latin literacy in Ireland.
4xx: The English language was first written in the Anglo-Saxon futhorc runic alphabet, in use from the 5th century. This alphabet was brought to what is now England, along with the proto-form of the language itself, by Anglo-Saxon settlers.
4xx: Introduction of Christianity and Latin literacy in Ireland.
4xx: The English language was first written in the Anglo-Saxon futhorc runic alphabet, in use from the 5th century. This alphabet was brought to what is now England, along with the proto-form of the language itself, by Anglo-Saxon settlers.
5th century CE started on 1st Jan 401 AD.
4xx:period for Classical antiquity ended around the Mediterranean sea.
4xx:[Maths] Pre-Christian people (4xx-8xx aka Anglo-Saxons) along the Mediterranean threw dice to determine fate, and this later evolved into games of chance. (randomness)
401 (Jan 1):[History] Middle Ages start. Western history defines the period stretching from the 5th to the 15th century as the Middle Ages and many cities from this era can still be seen in Europe. - 18 Apr 2022
402: Iron pillar of Delhi was built at Udayagiri by Chandragupta Vikramaditya (also known as Chandragupta II).
476: the Western Roman Empire fell. the Germanic people adopted Latin as a language more suitable for legal and other formal uses.
486: the oldest country in Europe, as a nation, with a continual reign is France starting with Clovis (1st Christian King in our Era) in 486, founder of the Merovingians lineage (and his grandpa Merové).
500: With the end of ancient era, Early era of Music starts. Medieval period of Music.
402: Iron pillar of Delhi was built at Udayagiri by Chandragupta Vikramaditya (also known as Chandragupta II).
476: the Western Roman Empire fell. the Germanic people adopted Latin as a language more suitable for legal and other formal uses.
486: the oldest country in Europe, as a nation, with a continual reign is France starting with Clovis (1st Christian King in our Era) in 486, founder of the Merovingians lineage (and his grandpa Merové).
500: With the end of ancient era, Early era of Music starts. Medieval period of Music.
6th century CE started on 1st Jan 501 AD.
525: Dionysius Exiguus was known to use nulla (or Null, in lieu of zero)alongside Roman numerals in 525.
530: The Order of St Benedict
578: The Kongo Gumi Company, Ltd.
530: The Order of St Benedict
578: The Kongo Gumi Company, Ltd.
597:[Christian][Books][Space] The Gesta Pontificum Anglorum covers the period from the arrival of St Augustine in AD 597 until the time it was written.
600: Gupta empire reached its peak and started downfalling.
7th century CE started on 1st Jan 601 AD.
602 (Apr 6): [Travel] Xuanzang, born Chen Hui / Chen Yi, also known as Hiuen Tsang, was a 7th-century Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveller, and translator.
618: Tang Dynasty of China preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.
618: Tang Dynasty of China preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.
622:[Military] The rise of Islam began when Muhammad and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina in an event known as the Hijra. Muhammad spent the last ten years of his life engaged in a series of battles to establish and expand the Muslim community. From 622 to 632, he led the Muslims in a state of war against the Meccans.
629: Chinese travellor Huen Tsang, visited India during the reign of Harshvardhana mentioned about Kumbh Mela in his literary works.
629: Chinese travellor Huen Tsang, visited India during the reign of Harshvardhana mentioned about Kumbh Mela in his literary works.
630:[Military] The Early Muslim Conquests started by Muhammad (present-day Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, UAE, Qatar and Bahrain) in 630s from to 820s. Reached to Sindh (present-day Pakistan) around 705-714. Tunisia, Libya and the northern Niger were last to acceded into Arab conquests around 717 to 720.
632: Bulgaria founded.
632: Bulgaria founded.
635: [Travel][India] Yijing, formerly romanized as I-ching or I-tsing, was a Tang-era Chinese Buddhist monk famed as a traveller and translator. His account of his travels is an important source for the history of the medieval kingdoms along the sea route between China and India, especially Srivijaya in Indonesia. He lived for 78 years and died on 713 (Feb 16).
647: Harshavardhana died. Harsha was an Indian emperor who ruled North India from 606 to 648 from his capital Kannauj. He belonged to Pushyabhuti dynasty.
647: Harshavardhana died. Harsha was an Indian emperor who ruled North India from 606 to 648 from his capital Kannauj. He belonged to Pushyabhuti dynasty.
647: [Book][History] History of India 600 B.C. to 185 B.C. by Dr. AK Chaturvedi
661:[Culture] Sufism emerged early on in Islamic history, partly as a reaction against the worldliness of the early Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) and mainly under the tutelage of Hasan Al-Basri.
661:[Culture] Sufism emerged early on in Islamic history, partly as a reaction against the worldliness of the early Umayyad Caliphate (661–750) and mainly under the tutelage of Hasan Al-Basri.
664 (Feb 5): [Travel] 62YO Hiuen Tsang died at Yintai District, Tongchuan, China
676: The author of Tarikh-i-Amroha states that Amroha was ruled by Bhardwaj Tagas between 676 and 1141.
676: Korean monarch establishes kingdom over north Korean peninsula and southern Manchuria.
7xx: Jerusalem, developed into the religious and administrative center of the Kingdom of Judah. Today, It is considered a holy city in the three major Abrahamic religions of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
7xx: Parsis began to settle in Surat in the 8th century.
7xx: The Golden Age of Arab Civilization known as the "Islamic Golden Age", traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century. The period is traditionally said to have ended with the collapse of the Abbasid caliphate due to Siege of Baghdad in 1258. During this time, Arab scholars made significant contributions to fields such as mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and philosophy. These advancements had a profound impact on European scholars during the Renaissance
676: Korean monarch establishes kingdom over north Korean peninsula and southern Manchuria.
7xx: Jerusalem, developed into the religious and administrative center of the Kingdom of Judah. Today, It is considered a holy city in the three major Abrahamic religions of Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
7xx: Parsis began to settle in Surat in the 8th century.
7xx: The Golden Age of Arab Civilization known as the "Islamic Golden Age", traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century. The period is traditionally said to have ended with the collapse of the Abbasid caliphate due to Siege of Baghdad in 1258. During this time, Arab scholars made significant contributions to fields such as mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and philosophy. These advancements had a profound impact on European scholars during the Renaissance
8th century CE started on 1st Jan 701 AD.
718: Spain founded.
735: In Japan, the epidemic of 735–737 is believed to have killed as much as one-third of the population. At least seven religious deities have been specifically dedicated to smallpox, such as the god Sopona in the Yoruba religion. In India, the Hindu goddess of smallpox, Sitala Mata, was worshiped in temples throughout the country
768: Serbia founded.
780: Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi was born. Algorithm
789 (Feb 5): Morocco founded.
790s: The Vikings explored the northern islands and coasts of the North Atlantic, ventured south to North Africa and east to Russia, Constantinople, and the Middle East. They raided and pillaged, but also engaged in trade, settled wide-ranging colonies, and acted as mercenaries. Vikings under Leif Ericson, heir to Erik the Red, reached North America and set up short-lived settlements in present-day L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, and Labrador, Canada.
795: The first recorded Viking raid in Irish history occurred. The early Vikings were a group of people who originated in modern-day Denmark and Norway. In the 700s, pressure on land in Scandinavia had forced many nobles and warriors to seek land elsewhere. Some of these were younger sons, who stood to inherit nothing of their father's estate. Noblemen with little .
798: Viking's raid on the coast of Brega.
735: In Japan, the epidemic of 735–737 is believed to have killed as much as one-third of the population. At least seven religious deities have been specifically dedicated to smallpox, such as the god Sopona in the Yoruba religion. In India, the Hindu goddess of smallpox, Sitala Mata, was worshiped in temples throughout the country
768: Serbia founded.
780: Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi was born. Algorithm
789 (Feb 5): Morocco founded.
790s: The Vikings explored the northern islands and coasts of the North Atlantic, ventured south to North Africa and east to Russia, Constantinople, and the Middle East. They raided and pillaged, but also engaged in trade, settled wide-ranging colonies, and acted as mercenaries. Vikings under Leif Ericson, heir to Erik the Red, reached North America and set up short-lived settlements in present-day L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, and Labrador, Canada.
795: The first recorded Viking raid in Irish history occurred. The early Vikings were a group of people who originated in modern-day Denmark and Norway. In the 700s, pressure on land in Scandinavia had forced many nobles and warriors to seek land elsewhere. Some of these were younger sons, who stood to inherit nothing of their father's estate. Noblemen with little .
798: Viking's raid on the coast of Brega.
8xx: Use of zero as a number by Indians.
800: Vikings age starts. Ireland became homogeneously Gaelic in terms of society, culture and language. People lived in rural communities, and the only larger settlements were monastic towns of varying sizes. The monasteries played an important part in society, not just with regards to religious and cultural life, but also to economy and politics. The island was almost entirely Christian.800:[Food] Ethiopia is widely considered to be the epicentre of where coffee came from. If you've ever googled “coffee history”, you will have come across the famous story of how coffee was founded in Ethiopia by Kaldi, an Ethiopian goat herder, around 800 AD. He wandered over to his goats to see them acting very strangely.
9th century CE started on 1st Jan 801 AD.
801: The term 'India' appeared in Old English as early the 9th century and reemerged in Modern English in the 17th century.
801: The Cyrillic alphabet owes its name to the 9th century Byzantine missionary St. Cyril, who, along with his brother, Methodius, created the first Slavic alphabet—the Glagolitic—in order to translate Greek religious text to Slavic. Cyrillic is not official, but is in common use as a legacy script. Among others, Cyrillic is the standard script for writing the following languages: Slavic languages: Belarusian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Rusyn, Serbo-Croatian (for Standard Serbian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin), Ukrainian. In Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, and Serbian, the Cyrillic script is also known as azbuka, derived from the old names of the first two letters of most Cyrillic alphabets (just as the term alphabet came from the first two Greek letters alpha and beta).
807: Viking's raids on the coast of Connacht.
825: On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals (originally, Hidab al-jabr wal-muqubala) written by Al-Khwarizmi of Persia, was principally responsible for spreading the Hindu–Arabic numeral system throughout the Middle East and Europe. It was translated into Latin as Algoritmi de numero Indorum. Al-Khwārizmī, rendered as (Latin) Algoritmi, led to the term "algorithm".
830: discovery of algebra by al-Khwarizmi.
843: England founded.
850: Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi died.
850: Bodonchar Munkhag (c. 850 – 900 CE) was a renowned Mongol warlord and a direct ancestor of Genghis Khan as well as of the Barlas Mongols, the tribe of the Central Asian warlord Timur.
854: Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyyā al-Rāzī born at Ray, Iran. He was a Persian polymath, physician, alchemist, philosopher, and important figure in the history of medicine. Philosophical era: Middle Ages.
857: Kandalur salai, a Military Academy is believed to have been established by Karunandadakkan (857-885 AD)
859: University of Al-Karaouine (or Al-Quaraouiyine): Located in Fes, Morocco, originally was a mosque founded by Fatima al-Fihri, a woman. Today it has It developed into one of the leading universities for natural sciences.
801: The Cyrillic alphabet owes its name to the 9th century Byzantine missionary St. Cyril, who, along with his brother, Methodius, created the first Slavic alphabet—the Glagolitic—in order to translate Greek religious text to Slavic. Cyrillic is not official, but is in common use as a legacy script. Among others, Cyrillic is the standard script for writing the following languages: Slavic languages: Belarusian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Rusyn, Serbo-Croatian (for Standard Serbian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin), Ukrainian. In Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, and Serbian, the Cyrillic script is also known as azbuka, derived from the old names of the first two letters of most Cyrillic alphabets (just as the term alphabet came from the first two Greek letters alpha and beta).
807: Viking's raids on the coast of Connacht.
825: On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals (originally, Hidab al-jabr wal-muqubala) written by Al-Khwarizmi of Persia, was principally responsible for spreading the Hindu–Arabic numeral system throughout the Middle East and Europe. It was translated into Latin as Algoritmi de numero Indorum. Al-Khwārizmī, rendered as (Latin) Algoritmi, led to the term "algorithm".
830: discovery of algebra by al-Khwarizmi.
843: England founded.
850: Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi died.
850: Bodonchar Munkhag (c. 850 – 900 CE) was a renowned Mongol warlord and a direct ancestor of Genghis Khan as well as of the Barlas Mongols, the tribe of the Central Asian warlord Timur.
854: Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyyā al-Rāzī born at Ray, Iran. He was a Persian polymath, physician, alchemist, philosopher, and important figure in the history of medicine. Philosophical era: Middle Ages.
857: Kandalur salai, a Military Academy is believed to have been established by Karunandadakkan (857-885 AD)
859: University of Al-Karaouine (or Al-Quaraouiyine): Located in Fes, Morocco, originally was a mosque founded by Fatima al-Fihri, a woman. Today it has It developed into one of the leading universities for natural sciences.
859:[Education][Africa][Public] University of Al Quaraouiyine, Morocco founded.
872: Al-Farabi, known in the West as Alpharabius, was a renowned philosopher and jurist who wrote in the fields of political philosophy, metaphysics, ethics and logic. He was also a scientist, cosmologist, mathematician and music scholar.900: Mississippian culture, a culture of Native American mound-builders started from 900 till 1500. The Mississippian way of life began to develop in the Mississippi River Valley.
1500: [Portuguese in Brazil] Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro. In 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system.
10th century CE started on 1st Jan 901 AD.
902: 1st Russian naval expeditions against Crete. Rōs (now, Russia) served in naval expeditions against Crete in 902 and 949, and land campaigns in Syria in 955.
930: Constantine Porphyrogenitus. The first Varangians in Byzantine Service, according to Benedikz and Blondal, were Christianized Russians (Rōs, for both Scandinavians and Slavs), who served with Dalmatians in the Great Company as marines in the time of Constantine Porphyrogenitus (ca. 930-950).
933: [Travel] Built originally in 933, a main tower and shield walls were added to Spiez Castle in the 12th century. Additional renovations expanded the size of the castle throughout the High Middle Ages and up to the 18th century. Experts believe the castle was the site of medieval jousting competitions, based on 13th-century graffiti scribbled into the walls by competing knights. This microcosm of Swiss architectural history is impressive by itself, but just as splendid is the setting: Spiez Castle is built on the shores of Lake Thun, with sweeping views across the water to the Bernese Alps. Surrounding the castle in a green embrace are stands of trees, manicured gardens, and rambling vineyards.
930: Constantine Porphyrogenitus. The first Varangians in Byzantine Service, according to Benedikz and Blondal, were Christianized Russians (Rōs, for both Scandinavians and Slavs), who served with Dalmatians in the Great Company as marines in the time of Constantine Porphyrogenitus (ca. 930-950).
933: [Travel] Built originally in 933, a main tower and shield walls were added to Spiez Castle in the 12th century. Additional renovations expanded the size of the castle throughout the High Middle Ages and up to the 18th century. Experts believe the castle was the site of medieval jousting competitions, based on 13th-century graffiti scribbled into the walls by competing knights. This microcosm of Swiss architectural history is impressive by itself, but just as splendid is the setting: Spiez Castle is built on the shores of Lake Thun, with sweeping views across the water to the Bernese Alps. Surrounding the castle in a green embrace are stands of trees, manicured gardens, and rambling vineyards.
949: 2nd Russian naval expeditions against Crete.
955: Russian land campaigns in Syria.
960: Song Dynasty of China till 1279.
955: Russian land campaigns in Syria.
960: Song Dynasty of China till 1279.
964: This 'nebulous smear'—as the Persian astronomer Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi described the Andromeda galaxy around the year 964—is the most distant object most people can see from Earth with the naked eye.
973 (Sep 5): Abū Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Al-Bīrūnī, known as Al-Biruni in English born at Khwarezm, was a Khwarezmian Iranian Muslim scholar and polymath.
976: Basil II (from 976 to 1025)
980 (Aug 21): Ibn Sina of Persia or Avicenna. was born at Bukhara Region, Uzbekistan. He was a Persian polymath who is regarded as one of the most significant thinkers and writers of the Islamic Golden Age. Of the 450 works he is known to have written, around 240 have survived, including 150 on philosophy and 40 on medicine.
980: Grand Prince Volodimer ruled Kievan Rus between 980 and 1015.
973 (Sep 5): Abū Rayḥān Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Al-Bīrūnī, known as Al-Biruni in English born at Khwarezm, was a Khwarezmian Iranian Muslim scholar and polymath.
976: Basil II (from 976 to 1025)
980 (Aug 21): Ibn Sina of Persia or Avicenna. was born at Bukhara Region, Uzbekistan. He was a Persian polymath who is regarded as one of the most significant thinkers and writers of the Islamic Golden Age. Of the 450 works he is known to have written, around 240 have survived, including 150 on philosophy and 40 on medicine.
980: Grand Prince Volodimer ruled Kievan Rus between 980 and 1015.
984:[Research][Chemistry] Geometrical optics, or ray optics, describes the propagation of light in terms of "rays" which travel in straight lines, and whose paths are governed by the laws of reflection and refraction at interfaces between different media. These laws were discovered empirically as far back as 984 AD and have been used in the design of optical components and instruments from then until the present day.
10xx: One of the most interesting episodes in Byzantine military history and in medieval English history is the Anglo-Saxon participation and service in the Varangian Guards regiment from the late 11th to the early 13th century. In the 11th century, as a result of crises suffered by the Byzantine state (feudalization of the armed forces, civil-military conflict in the government, the loss of Asia Minor to the Seljuk Turks, the loss of Southern Italy to the Normans, etc.) the Byzantine army became increasingly dependent upon mercenary forces.
10xx: चौरपंचाशिका is a set of 50 verses written by a Kashmiri Pandit Bilhana (or Vilhana). It is also known as Bilhana Panchasika and Sasikalapanchasika.
1000: [India] Reign of Tomars and Chahvans in Delhi. Prithviraj and Samyukta
10xx: One of the most interesting episodes in Byzantine military history and in medieval English history is the Anglo-Saxon participation and service in the Varangian Guards regiment from the late 11th to the early 13th century. In the 11th century, as a result of crises suffered by the Byzantine state (feudalization of the armed forces, civil-military conflict in the government, the loss of Asia Minor to the Seljuk Turks, the loss of Southern Italy to the Normans, etc.) the Byzantine army became increasingly dependent upon mercenary forces.
10xx: चौरपंचाशिका is a set of 50 verses written by a Kashmiri Pandit Bilhana (or Vilhana). It is also known as Bilhana Panchasika and Sasikalapanchasika.
1000: [India] Reign of Tomars and Chahvans in Delhi. Prithviraj and Samyukta
11th century CE started on 1st Jan 1001 AD.
1014: Brian's death at the Battle of Clontarf. Viking age ends.
1017: [Travel] [India] At the behest of Sultan Mahmud of Persia, Alberuni, also known as Al-Biruni, travelled to India to learn about the Hindus and to discuss with them questions of religion, science and literature and what formed the very basis of their civilization. He remained in India for thirteen years, his exploration and study of the country gave way to a scholarly work that, in its profound understanding of almost all aspects of Indian life, remained unmatched for eight hundred years. He later published, Alberuni's India: An Account of the Religion, Philosophy, Literature, Geography, Chronology, Astronomy, Customs, Laws and Astrology of India About A.D.1030
1022: The Sessho-seki, a famous rock in Nasu, Japan that was said to have imprisoned the evil nine-tailed fox demoness Tamamo-no-Mae, was found broken in half. - Mar 6, 2022
1022:[India][FnB] Zalebia in Arab countries (Jalebi in India)
1025: Somnath attacked by Mahmood Gaznavi. Killed about 50000 people (Hindus) who tried to protect it.
1027: Avicenna first proposed one of the principles underlying geologic time scales, the law of superposition of strata, while discussing the origins of mountains in The Book of Healing.
1040: Khaidu was born (c. 1040-1100). He was a Mongol ruler from the Borjigin clan who was the great-great-grandson of Bodonchar Munkhag (c. 850-900). Khaidu's great-grandson was Khabul Khan (c. 1100-1148). Khabul Khan's great-grandson was Genghis Khan (1162-1227).
1048 (Dec 13): [Travel][India] Al-Biruni died aged 75 at Ghazni, Afghanistan. He studied Indian society and first called the people living around the river Sindhu as Hindus. and subsequently the word Hindustan came.
1051: [India] Anangpal II, popularly known as Anangpal Tomar, was a ruler from the Tomar Rajput dyansty from Kuru region, Haryana. He is known to have established and populated Delhi in the 11th century (till 1081). As per his contemporary Vibudh Shridhar's Parshwanath Charit, he defeated Turks led by Ibrahim Ghaznavi in Himachal pradesh and thereafter Kalashdev of Utpala dynasty in kashmir. He built Lal Kot (Red Fort) and removed the celebrated iron pillar (Vijay Stambh or Victory Tower) and planted it in Mehrauli in 1052 CE. Reign of Tomar dynasty lasted till 1179, when Chauhans from Ajmer, Rajasthan overtook Delhi for 13 years, followed by Sunni muslim Ghoris from central Afghanistan for 14 years, 84 years by slave kings of Ghori, 30 years by Mamluk-slave Sunni muslims Khiljis from southern Afghanistan, 94 years by Mongol-Turkish origin Sunni muslims Tughlaqs from present-day east Pakistan, 37 years by Sunni rulers Saiyyads from Multan, Pakistan, 35 years by Pashtun Sunni tribe Lodhis from Afghanistan-Pakistan region, 331 years by Mughals from Uzbekistan and finally 90 years by the English from Britain. Tughlaqs were from Turkestan i.e. lower Central Asia roughly corresponding to modern-day eastern Uzbekistan, western Tajikistan, parts of southern Kazakhstan, parts of Turkmenistan and southern Kyrgyzstan.
1025: Somnath attacked by Mahmood Gaznavi. Killed about 50000 people (Hindus) who tried to protect it.
1027: Avicenna first proposed one of the principles underlying geologic time scales, the law of superposition of strata, while discussing the origins of mountains in The Book of Healing.
1040: Khaidu was born (c. 1040-1100). He was a Mongol ruler from the Borjigin clan who was the great-great-grandson of Bodonchar Munkhag (c. 850-900). Khaidu's great-grandson was Khabul Khan (c. 1100-1148). Khabul Khan's great-grandson was Genghis Khan (1162-1227).
1048 (Dec 13): [Travel][India] Al-Biruni died aged 75 at Ghazni, Afghanistan. He studied Indian society and first called the people living around the river Sindhu as Hindus. and subsequently the word Hindustan came.
1051: [India] Anangpal II, popularly known as Anangpal Tomar, was a ruler from the Tomar Rajput dyansty from Kuru region, Haryana. He is known to have established and populated Delhi in the 11th century (till 1081). As per his contemporary Vibudh Shridhar's Parshwanath Charit, he defeated Turks led by Ibrahim Ghaznavi in Himachal pradesh and thereafter Kalashdev of Utpala dynasty in kashmir. He built Lal Kot (Red Fort) and removed the celebrated iron pillar (Vijay Stambh or Victory Tower) and planted it in Mehrauli in 1052 CE. Reign of Tomar dynasty lasted till 1179, when Chauhans from Ajmer, Rajasthan overtook Delhi for 13 years, followed by Sunni muslim Ghoris from central Afghanistan for 14 years, 84 years by slave kings of Ghori, 30 years by Mamluk-slave Sunni muslims Khiljis from southern Afghanistan, 94 years by Mongol-Turkish origin Sunni muslims Tughlaqs from present-day east Pakistan, 37 years by Sunni rulers Saiyyads from Multan, Pakistan, 35 years by Pashtun Sunni tribe Lodhis from Afghanistan-Pakistan region, 331 years by Mughals from Uzbekistan and finally 90 years by the English from Britain. Tughlaqs were from Turkestan i.e. lower Central Asia roughly corresponding to modern-day eastern Uzbekistan, western Tajikistan, parts of southern Kazakhstan, parts of Turkmenistan and southern Kyrgyzstan.
1066: Norman conquest of England halted the Viking Age in Scandinavian. Influx of English mercenaries into the Byzantine Army in the wake of the Norman Conquest of 1066; ethnic or national consciousness among those English émigrés serving the Emperor in Constantinople from 1066 to 1204. Acc. to a hypothesis, before 1066 Anglo-Saxons went eastwards to serve in the Greek army.
Justice for the Anglo-Saxons and even after the Norman invasion of 1066 was a combination of local and royal government. Local courts were presided over by a lord or one of his stewards. The King’s court – the Curia Regis – was, initially at least, presided over by the King himself.
1068: Nottingham Castle was constructed in 1068 on a sandstone outcrop by the River Leen.
1078: The Tower of London, officially Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress of the Tower of London, is a historic castle located on the north bank of the River Thames in central London.
Justice for the Anglo-Saxons and even after the Norman invasion of 1066 was a combination of local and royal government. Local courts were presided over by a lord or one of his stewards. The King’s court – the Curia Regis – was, initially at least, presided over by the King himself.
1068: Nottingham Castle was constructed in 1068 on a sandstone outcrop by the River Leen.
1078: The Tower of London, officially Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress of the Tower of London, is a historic castle located on the north bank of the River Thames in central London.
1088:[Education][EU][Public] University of Bologna, Italy founded and still in operation.
1093: Mahmud of Ghazni conquered Amroha.------------------------------------- The Crusades started in East Mediterranean -----------------------------
1095: The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The term refers especially to the Eastern Mediterranean campaigns in the period between 1096 and 1271 that had the objective of recovering the Holy Land from Islamic rule.
1096:[Education][UK][Public] University of Oxford was granted an official building.
10xx: William II (1087-1100) eventually banned trial by ordeal. It was condemned by the Church in 1216.
11xx: messenger pigeons were used in Baghdad.
1100s: If a university is considered to be a degree granting institution, all of the world's oldest are located in Europe, where the practice of granting certification was widespread by the 1100s.
11xx: messenger pigeons were used in Baghdad.
12th century CE started on 1st Jan 1101 AD.
1100s:[Food][Agri] Kiwifruit is native to central and eastern China. The first recorded description of the kiwifruit dates to the 12th century during the Song dynasty. In the early 20th century, cultivation of kiwifruit spread from China to New Zealand, where the first commercial plantings occurred.
1115:[Food][Agri] The long history of the world's most popular flavor begins in Mexico nearly 900 years ago. It was there that the Totonac Indians are believed to have cultivated the vanilla orchid indigenous to the tropical areas of Mexico and Latin America around 1115.
1118: Alexios I Komnenos was Byzantine emperor from 1081 to 1118.
1118:[Christian][Books] Matilda of Scotland died. She was m/o Empress Matilda (who died aged 65 in Rouen, France). Work on Gesta Pontificum Anglorum was begun before her death.
1130: reign of Khabul Khan in Mongol. He was the first known Khan of the Khamag Mongol confederation and great-grandfather to Genghis Khan.
1150: University of Paris.
1159: The metaphor of dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants (Latin: nanos gigantum humeris insidentes) expresses the meaning of "discovering truth by building on previous discoveries". This concept has been attributed to Bernard of Chartres. Its most familiar expression in English is by Isaac Newton in 1675: "If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants." The attribution to Bernard of Chartres is due to John of Salisbury. In 1159, John wrote in his Metalogicon: "Bernard of Chartres used to compare us to dwarfs perched on the shoulders of giants. He pointed out that we see more and farther than our predecessors, not because we have keener vision or greater height, but because we are lifted up and borne aloft on their gigantic stature."
1130: reign of Khabul Khan in Mongol. He was the first known Khan of the Khamag Mongol confederation and great-grandfather to Genghis Khan.
1150: University of Paris.
1159: The metaphor of dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants (Latin: nanos gigantum humeris insidentes) expresses the meaning of "discovering truth by building on previous discoveries". This concept has been attributed to Bernard of Chartres. Its most familiar expression in English is by Isaac Newton in 1675: "If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants." The attribution to Bernard of Chartres is due to John of Salisbury. In 1159, John wrote in his Metalogicon: "Bernard of Chartres used to compare us to dwarfs perched on the shoulders of giants. He pointed out that we see more and farther than our predecessors, not because we have keener vision or greater height, but because we are lifted up and borne aloft on their gigantic stature."
"If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants.“ Bernard of Chartres circa 1159 AD
1162: Genghis Khan was born as Temüjin in Khentii Mountains of Mongolia.1167: University of Oxford.
1169: Norman invasion of Ireland. Lord of Ireland was also the king of England.
1170: Leonardo Fibonacci—was an Italian mathematician, considered to be "the most talented Western mathematician of the Middle Ages". Fibonacci popularized the Hindu–Arabic numeral system to the Western World primarily through his composition in 1202 of Liber Abaci (Book of Calculation). He also introduced Europe to the sequence of Fibonacci numbers, which he used as an example in Liber Abaci.
1170: Jaichand, an Indian king from the Gahadavala dynasty. He ruled the Antarvedi country in the Gangetic plains, including the important cities of Kanyakubja and Varanasi. His territory included much of the present-day eastern Uttar Pradesh and western Bihar. The last powerful king of his dynasty, he was defeated and killed in 1194 CE, while fighting against a Ghurid army led by Qutb al-Din Aibak.
1171: The court of Lord Chief Justice of Ireland was created during the Lordship of Ireland (1171–1536) and continued in existence under the Kingdom of Ireland (1536–1800) and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
1174:[History][EMEA] Baldwin IV, aged 13 became the king of Jerusalem until his death in 1185. He was admired by his contemporaries and later historians for his willpower and dedication to the Latin Kingdom in the face of debilitating leprosy.
1178: At the age of 12, Prithviraj Chauhan of Chahmana dynasty started his reign from his capital Ajmer.
1178: Henry II first chose five members of his personal household – two clergy and three lay – “to hear all the complaints of the realm and to do right”. The seeds of the modern justice system were sown by Henry II (1154-1189), who established a jury of 12 local knights to settle disputes over the ownership of land. When Henry came to the throne, there were just 18 judges in the country – compared to more than 40,000 today.
1178: Henry II first chose five members of his personal household – two clergy and three lay – “to hear all the complaints of the realm and to do right”. The seeds of the modern justice system were sown by Henry II (1154-1189), who established a jury of 12 local knights to settle disputes over the ownership of land. When Henry came to the throne, there were just 18 judges in the country – compared to more than 40,000 today.
1179:[History][EMEA] The Battle of Marj Ayyun - Baldwin IV, outnumbered, inexperienced, suffering leprosy, and only 16 years old, defeated Saladin who, according to the chronicler William of Tyre (l. 1130-1186), only escaped capture by fleeing the field on a camel. His defeat resulted in a loss of prestige, which he then needed to win back.
1182:[History][EMEA] Saladin did defeat Baldwin IV in the Battle of Marj Ayyun and the Siege of Jacob's Ford in 1179, only to be defeated by Baldwin again at the Battle of Belvoir Castle in 1182 and the Siege of Kerak in 1183.
1185:[Culture][Sufi] Shams-i Tabrīzī (Persian: شمس تبریزی) or Shams al-Din Mohammad (1185–1248) was a Persian Shafi'ite poet, weaver, philosopher and teacher born in Tabriz, Iran and died aged 63 in Khoy, Iran . He is credited as the spiritual instructor of Mewlānā Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Balkhi, also known as Rumi and is referenced with great reverence in Rumi's poetic collection, in particular Diwan-i Shams-i Tabrīzī. Tradition holds that Shams taught Rumi in seclusion in Konya for a period of forty days, before fleeing for Damascus. The tomb of Shams-i Tabrīzī was recently nominated to be a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
1191: Mohd. Ghori (also known as, Mu'izz) proceeded towards Hindustan through the Khyber Pass in modern-day Pakistan and was successful in reaching Punjab. Mu'izz captured a fortress, Bathinda in present-day Punjab state on the northwestern frontier of Prithvīrāj Chauhān's kingdom. After appointing a Qazi Zia-ud-Din as governor of the fortress.
1192:[India][Culture] Politics and power struggle between Prithviraj (Chahamana King) and Shahabuddin Ghori. Prithviraj defeated Sultan Muhammad Ghori in 1191. But Prithviraj was defeated by Ghori in 1192, and hence the shift in food, clothing, language and culture of Delhi to Turkish and Afghani. Intro of method of Pit roasting in food. Rice was stored in the walls of fort for 50-90 years and it becomes black. Fukka barley beer, private and public dinner mutton, teetar, bater, biryani, naan, samosa, paan and jaggery. lot of butter and sweetmeat.
119x: Raja Bachhraj, local ruler of Bachhraun.
1200: Qutb al-Din Aibak, the founder of the Delhi Sultanate started construction of the Qutb Minar.
1200: Qutb al-Din Aibak, the founder of the Delhi Sultanate started construction of the Qutb Minar.
1209:[Education][UK][Public] University of Cambridge founded.
1218:[Education][EU][Public] University of Salamanca, Spain founded.
1230:[Culture][Kinky] slang for vagina - Cunt, the first reference of the C-word in Oxford dictionary come as a name of a red-light street
1240:[Education][EU][Public] University of Siena, Italy founded.
1241:[Education][EU][Public] University of Valladolid, Spain founded.
1253:[Military][Culture] Hulagu Khan was a Mongol ruler and the grandson of Genghis Khan. As the Mongols expanded their territory Hulagu was put it charge of conquering Mesopotamia, Persia, Egypt, Syria, and the Abbasid Caliphate, the territory that would become the Ilkhanate. From 1253 to 1256, Hulagu and his army were waging a campaign of conquest against the Nizaris in the Iranian region of Alamut.
1256:[Space] the Mongols took the Alamut castle, where al-Tusi and several other scholars had taken refuge to continue their studies. Hulagu respected al-Tusi for his scholarship in science and decided to appoint him as a wazir (vizier).
1256:[Art] Painting of Al-Tusi and colleagues working on the Zij-i Ilkhani at the observatory.
1259:[Space][Research] Maragheh Observatory, Maragheh, Iran
1276:[Space][Research] Gaocheng Astronomical Observatory, Dengfeng, Henan, China - perhaps the first radio observatory?
1290:[Education][EU][Public] University of Coimbra, Portugal founded.
1290:[Education][EU][Public] University of Macerata, Italy founded.
1297:[Education][EU][Public] University of Lleida, Spain founded.
13th century CE started on 1st Jan 1201 AD.
12xx: End of Islamic Golden Age.
12xx:[Culture][Kinky] Cock ring was first invented in China. Goat eyeballs and eyelids were used as cock rings
1202: Liber Abaci published by Fibonacci.
1206 (Jun 12): [India][History] Quṭb al-Dīn Aibak, founded the Turkic dominion in northwestern India and the Mamluk Dynasty in Delhi.
1207 (Sep 30): Rumi (Mawlānā (مولانا, "our master")), a Persian, Sunni Muslim poet, jurist, Islamic scholar, theologian, and Sufi mystic was born at Balkh or Wakhsh (present-day Tajikistan), Khwarezmian Empire and died aged 66 on 17 Dec 1273 in Konya (present-day Turkey), Sultanate of Rum. He had two spouses and four children. He was part of Islamic Golden Age (7th Islamic century)
1206 (Jun 12): [India][History] Quṭb al-Dīn Aibak, founded the Turkic dominion in northwestern India and the Mamluk Dynasty in Delhi.
1207 (Sep 30): Rumi (Mawlānā (مولانا, "our master")), a Persian, Sunni Muslim poet, jurist, Islamic scholar, theologian, and Sufi mystic was born at Balkh or Wakhsh (present-day Tajikistan), Khwarezmian Empire and died aged 66 on 17 Dec 1273 in Konya (present-day Turkey), Sultanate of Rum. He had two spouses and four children. He was part of Islamic Golden Age (7th Islamic century)
1209: University of Cambridge was formed by scholars who left the University of Oxford over a dispute.
1210: Shams-ud-din Iltutmish (a.k.a. Altamash) florished the Delhi Sultanate and reigned for 26 years.
1215 (Jun 15): Magna Carta Libertatum (Medieval Latin for "the Great Charter of the Liberties"), commonly called Magna Carta (also Magna Charta; "(the) Great Charter"), is a charter agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor.
1216: 'Trial by ordeal' was condemned by the Church in 1216.
1225: The Book of Squares published by Fibonacci.
1227 (Aug 18): Genghis Khan died aged 65. He became the founder and Great Khan (Emperor) of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death.
1233: Iron pillar of Delhi was transported from Udayagiri to Delhi
1240: A sizable chunk of Central Asia was united by the Golden Horde (the Mongols). The Mongols dislodged a slowly evolving state of Kievan Rus - a federation of Slavic people. Moscow started becoming a center by allying with the Mongols. The Mongols brought a lot of military tech and ideas of the east to Russia.
1242: Behram Shah (1240–42) appointed Malik Jalaluddin to the position of Hakim of Amroha.
1250s:[India][FnB] Free food to poor people each day by Muhammad Nizamuddin Auliya (also Mahbub-e-Ilahi (lit. 'Beloved of God') , Chirag-e-Dilli). Empty of grocery stores each 3 days.
1210: Shams-ud-din Iltutmish (a.k.a. Altamash) florished the Delhi Sultanate and reigned for 26 years.
1215 (Jun 15): Magna Carta Libertatum (Medieval Latin for "the Great Charter of the Liberties"), commonly called Magna Carta (also Magna Charta; "(the) Great Charter"), is a charter agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor.
1216: 'Trial by ordeal' was condemned by the Church in 1216.
1225: The Book of Squares published by Fibonacci.
1227 (Aug 18): Genghis Khan died aged 65. He became the founder and Great Khan (Emperor) of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his death.
1233: Iron pillar of Delhi was transported from Udayagiri to Delhi
1240: A sizable chunk of Central Asia was united by the Golden Horde (the Mongols). The Mongols dislodged a slowly evolving state of Kievan Rus - a federation of Slavic people. Moscow started becoming a center by allying with the Mongols. The Mongols brought a lot of military tech and ideas of the east to Russia.
1242: Behram Shah (1240–42) appointed Malik Jalaluddin to the position of Hakim of Amroha.
1250s:[India][FnB] Free food to poor people each day by Muhammad Nizamuddin Auliya (also Mahbub-e-Ilahi (lit. 'Beloved of God') , Chirag-e-Dilli). Empty of grocery stores each 3 days.
1253: a Sufi musician, poet and scholar, Amir Khusrow was born at Patiyali, Delhi Sultanate. Also featured in folk music and later in a re-mastered version of the song Rang by Rahat Fateh Ali Khan & Amjad Sabri in Coke Studio Season 9 (Sep 2016). रैनि चढ़ी रसूल की, सो रंग मौला के हाथ
जा का चोला रंग दिओ, सो धन धन्वा के भाग;; खुसरो रैन सुहाग की, सो मई जाएगी पी के संग
तन मोरा मन पीहू का, सो दोनों एक ही रंग . NFAK, RFAK, Sabri Brothers
1268:[Technology][History] The magnifying glass was invented by the Franciscan friar and scholar Roger Bacon (UK) (c. 1214-1292) in Oxford, UK. The first mention of its use was in 1268. He adapted its use as primitive spectacles, allowing scholars with failing eyesight to continue their work.
1279: Yuan Dynasty of China started lasted till 1368.
1282: Elizabeth of Rhuddlan (7 August 1282 – 5 May 1316) was the eighth and youngest daughter of King Edward I and Queen Eleanor of Castile. Of all of her siblings, she was closest to her younger brother King Edward II, as they were only two years apart in age.
1282: Elizabeth of Rhuddlan (7 August 1282 – 5 May 1316) was the eighth and youngest daughter of King Edward I and Queen Eleanor of Castile. Of all of her siblings, she was closest to her younger brother King Edward II, as they were only two years apart in age.
1291:
--------------------------------------------------- The Crusades halted ----------------------------------------------
1296: Jalal-ud-din Firuz Khilji, the first sultan of the Khilji dynasty was killed at Kara-Manikpur (UP) by his nephew Alauddin. 1297: Ala-ud-Din Khalji, the Turkic (Afghan, Sunni Muslim) ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, created Siri between 1297 and 1307 to defend against Mongol invasions of India and Delhi.
In response he built Siri Fort, mimicked massive Turkish ones. The Fort served as the seat of his power during his campaigns to enlarge his territory.
1298: Book of the Marvels of the World (French: Livre des Merveilles du Monde) or Description of the World (Devisement du Monde), in Italian Il Milione (The Million) or Oriente Poliano and in English commonly called The Travels of Marco Polo.
1299: Ottoman Empire founded in northwestern Anatolia in the vicinity of Bilecik and Söğüt by the Oghuz Turkish tribal leader Osman.
In response he built Siri Fort, mimicked massive Turkish ones. The Fort served as the seat of his power during his campaigns to enlarge his territory.
1298: Book of the Marvels of the World (French: Livre des Merveilles du Monde) or Description of the World (Devisement du Monde), in Italian Il Milione (The Million) or Oriente Poliano and in English commonly called The Travels of Marco Polo.
1299: Ottoman Empire founded in northwestern Anatolia in the vicinity of Bilecik and Söğüt by the Oghuz Turkish tribal leader Osman.
1299-1300:[Culture][Civilization] The Incas. The place, known as Peru today, was the home of the people of this tribe. It was the largest empire in 13th century. This was an agricultural civilization, which was known for their well developed irrigation system. According to historic books, they have a planned and extensive irrigation system, which was unique at that time. We can find paintings made by these people, although, there was no written language used by Incas.
14th century CE started on 1st Jan 1301 AD.
1300s: The Aztecs were a Mesoamerican culture that flourished in central Mexico in the post-classic period from 1300 to 1521. The Aztec peoples included different ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who dominated large parts of Mesoamerica from the 14th to the 16th centuries. Aztec culture was organized into city-states, some of which joined to form alliances, political confederations, or empires. The Aztec Empire was a confederation of three city-states established in 1427: Tenochtitlan, city-state of the Mexica or Tenochca; Texcoco; and Tlacopan, previously part of the Tepanec empire, whose dominant power was Azcapotzalco.
1300s:[Music] The Dholak is a drum that has been built since about 1300 AD and has been used in folklore, opera, and kawoali, for simple songs and also in film music. It is believed to have derived from the indigenous medieval North Indian pataha drum. By the Mughal period (1526-1857 CE) it was a prominent professional and court-music drum in addition to its use as a domestic drum played frequently by women. The dholak is most commonly recognised in countries such as India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka, but can also be found amongst the Indo-Diaspora in countries such as Guyana, Suriname, Fiji, Trinidad and Tobago, South Africa and Mauritius.
---------------------------------------- The Renaissance starts -------------------------------------------
13xx: The Renaissance was a cultural movement that profoundly affected European intellectual life in the early modern period. Beginning in Italy, and spreading to the rest of Europe by the 16th century (15xx), its influence was felt in literature, philosophy, art, music, politics, science, religion, and other aspects of intellectual inquiry. Renaissance scholars employed the humanist method in study, and searched for realism and human emotion in art. The Renaissance was a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to Modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries. It occurred after the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages and was associated with great social change. In addition to the standard periodization, proponents of a long Renaissance put its beginning in the 14th century and its end in the 17th century. The traditional view focuses more on the early modern aspects of the Renaissance and argues that it was a break from the past, but many historians today focus more on its medieval aspects and argue that it was an extension of the Middle Ages.1304 (Feb 24): [Travel] Ibn Battuta was born. Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Battutah, commonly known as Ibn Battuta, was an Arab-Berber Maghrebi scholar and explorer who travelled extensively in the lands of Afro-Eurasia, largely in the Muslim world, travelling more than any other explorer in pre-modern history, totalling around 117,000 km (73,000 mi), surpassing Zheng He with about 50,000 km (31,000 mi) and Marco Polo with 24,000 km (15,000 mi). Near the end of his life, he dictated an account of his journeys, titled A Gift to Those Who Contemplate the Wonders of Cities and the Marvels of Travelling, but commonly known as The Rihla.
1305: The Battle of Amroha was fought on December 20 of 1305 between an army of the Delhi Sultanate, led by Malik Kafur, and a Mongol army, led by Ali Beg and Tartaq.
Alauddin Khilji sent a strong army led by two of his generals: Ghazi Malik and Malik Kafur, to engage the invaders. They surprised and inflicted a crushing defeat upon the Mongols, who were on their way back to Central Asia with their plunder. 'Ali Beg and Tartaq, the Mongol generals, were captured, brought back to Siri Fort in Delhi and allowed to live in captivity for some time. Although, according to Agha Hussain Hamadani both Ali Beg and Tartaq were trampled to death by elephants along with 9,000 Mongol prisoners
1308:[Book] The Divine Comedy is an Italian narrative poem by Hashim Iqbal, begun c. 1308 and completed in 1320, a year before his death in 1321. It is widely considered the pre-eminent work in Italian literature.
Alauddin Khilji sent a strong army led by two of his generals: Ghazi Malik and Malik Kafur, to engage the invaders. They surprised and inflicted a crushing defeat upon the Mongols, who were on their way back to Central Asia with their plunder. 'Ali Beg and Tartaq, the Mongol generals, were captured, brought back to Siri Fort in Delhi and allowed to live in captivity for some time. Although, according to Agha Hussain Hamadani both Ali Beg and Tartaq were trampled to death by elephants along with 9,000 Mongol prisoners
1308:[Book] The Divine Comedy is an Italian narrative poem by Hashim Iqbal, begun c. 1308 and completed in 1320, a year before his death in 1321. It is widely considered the pre-eminent work in Italian literature.
1308:[Education][EU][Public] University of Perugia, Italy founded.
1316 (Jan): Ala-ud-din khilji died. His tomb and madrasa dedicated to him, exists at the back of Qutb complex, Mehrauli, in Delhi.
1321:[Education][EU][Public] University of Florence, Italy founded.
1323: Oresme (1323–1382)
1325: After two centuries of migration and warfare, the Aztecs finally settle within the area now covered by Mexico City. They choose an uninhabited island in Lake Tetzcoco. This is either in the year 1325 or, more probably, 1345. They spoke the Nahuatl language.
1325: [India][Travel] Ibn Battuta's Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325-1354.
1325/35: Plato, Seneca, and Aristotle in a medieval manuscript illustration.
1334:[India][Travel] Ibn Battuta arrived in India all the way through the mountains of Afghanistan during the time of the Tughlaq dynasty.
1325/35: Plato, Seneca, and Aristotle in a medieval manuscript illustration.
1334:[India][Travel] Ibn Battuta arrived in India all the way through the mountains of Afghanistan during the time of the Tughlaq dynasty.
1337 (May 24): The Hundred Years' War was a series of conflicts in Europe from 1337 to 1453, waged between the House of Plantagenet, rulers of the Kingdom of England, and the House of Valois over the right to rule the Kingdom of France. Each side drew many allies into the war.
--------------------------------------------- Hundred Years' War started ------------------------------------------
1343:[Education][EU][Public] University of Pisa, Italy founded.
1345: The Aztec Empire (of North America) flourished between c. 1345 and 1521 CE and, at its greatest extent, covered most of northern Mesoamerica.
"
135x: The Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics (KSAM) was a school of mathematics and astronomy founded by Madhava of Sangamagrama in Kerala, India, which included among its members: Parameshvara, Neelakanta Somayaji, Jyeshtadeva, Achyuta Pisharati, Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri and Achyuta Panikkar. The school flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries and the original discoveries of the school seems to have ended with Narayana Bhattathiri (1559–1632).
1400: Renaissance in music began in northern Europe.
The beginning of the Renaissance in music
1350: Madhava of Sangamagrama born at SangamagramaAloor, (Irinjalakuda) in Kerala. He Discovered power series expansions of trigonometric sine, cosine and arctangent functions.
He was the first to use infinite series approximations for a range of trigonometric functions, which has been called the "decisive step onward from the finite procedures of ancient mathematics to treat their limit-passage to infinity". In mathematics, a Leibniz or Madhava series is any one of the series in a collection of infinite series expressions all of which are believed to have been discovered by Madhava of Sangamagrama (c. 1350 – c. 1425), the founder of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics and later by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz among others.Madhava made pioneering contributions to the study of infinite series, calculus, trigonometry, geometry, and algebra. Madhava's sine series is stated in verses 2.440 and 2.441 in Yukti-dipika commentary (Tantrasamgraha-vyakhya) by Sankara Variar. A translation of the verses follows."
135x: The Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics (KSAM) was a school of mathematics and astronomy founded by Madhava of Sangamagrama in Kerala, India, which included among its members: Parameshvara, Neelakanta Somayaji, Jyeshtadeva, Achyuta Pisharati, Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri and Achyuta Panikkar. The school flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries and the original discoveries of the school seems to have ended with Narayana Bhattathiri (1559–1632).
1367:[Education][EU][Public] University of Pécs, Hungary founded.
1368: Ming Dynasty of China till 1644.
1379:[Education][EU][Public] University of Erfurt, Germany founded.
1388:[Education][Travel] Cologne is home to Germany’s largest and oldest university, the University of Cologne, founded in 1388. Cologne’s largest daily newspaper is the Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger.
1399: Timur's army had marched to Delhi through Muzaffarnagar region in 1399; its people fought it unsuccessfully. In Mughal Emperor Akbar's time, most of the Muzaffarnagar district region, called Sarwat then under the Mahal control of Taga / Tyagi brahmans of Sarvat village, belonged to the sarkar (circle) of Saharanpur.
1399: Timur's army had marched to Delhi through Muzaffarnagar region in 1399; its people fought it unsuccessfully. In Mughal Emperor Akbar's time, most of the Muzaffarnagar district region, called Sarwat then under the Mahal control of Taga / Tyagi brahmans of Sarvat village, belonged to the sarkar (circle) of Saharanpur.
1400: Renaissance in music began in northern Europe.
The beginning of the Renaissance in music
15th century CE started on 1st Jan 1401 AD.
1400s:[Food] Wild coffee plants, probably from Kefa (Kaffa), Ethiopia, were taken to southern Arabia and placed under cultivation in the 15th century. One of many legends about the discovery of coffee is that of Kaldi, an Arab goatherd who was puzzled by the strange antics of his flock. The word “coffee” has roots in several languages. In Yemen it earned the name qahwah, which was originally a romantic term for wine. It later became the Turkish kahveh, then Dutch koffie and finally coffee in English. The modern version of roasted coffee originated in Arabia.
1401:
1402:[Education][EU][Public] University of Würzburg, Germany founded.
1403:
1404:
1405:
1406:
1407:
1408:
1409:
1410:
1411:
1412:
1413:[Education][UK][Public] University of St. Andrews founded.
1431: “You, men of England, who have no right to this Kingdom of France, the King of Heaven orders and notifies you through me, Joan the Maiden, to leave your fortresses and go back to your own country; or I will produce a clash of arms to be eternally remembered.” – Joan of Arc, 1431
1438: The Inca Empire (Quechua: Tawantinsuyu, lit. "The Four Regions") started to flourish. It is also known as the Incan Empire and the Inka Empire, was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America, and possibly the largest empire in the world in the early 16th century.
1445:[FnB] Hoegaarden first brewed in Belgoim, It is one of the oldest beers out there. While brewing the beer, the coriander and orange peel are left unfiltered and therefore give it a cloudy appearance.
1450s:[Culture][Religion] Scholarly research demonstrated that tarot cards were invented in northern Italy in the mid-15th century, and confirmed that there is no historical evidence of any significant use of tarot cards for divination until the late 18th century.
1450: silk road ended.
1450:[Education][EU][Public] University of Barcelona, Spain founded.
1450: Machu Picchu was constructed by Inca engineers at 2,430 mts. amsl in Peru.1450: Yuval Noah Harari's thesis starting point, ending at 1600.
1451:[Education][UK][Public] University of Glasgow founded.
1453 (Oct 19):
-------------------------------------------- Hundred Years' War halted --------------------------------------------
1456:[Education][EU][Public] University of Greifswald, Germany founded.
1457:[Education][EU][Public] University of Freiburg, Germany founded.
1460:[Education][EU][Public] University of Basel, Switzerland founded.
1462 (Apr 5): Reign of Ivan III of Russia. A Moscow prince named Ivan III started consolidating the various nomadic lands and extended the reach of Moscow all the way to the Arctic. It was at this time the Turks captured Constantinople and Ivan wanted to be the new Constantine and his kingdom to be the new Rome.
1471:[Maths][Research] The next problem on maxima and minima of which there appears to be any record occurs in a letter from Regiomontanus to Roder (July 4, 1471), and is a particular numerical example of the problem of finding the point on a given straight line at which two given points subtend a maximum angle. N. Tartaglia in his General trattato de numeri et mesuri (c. 1556) gives, without proof, a rule for dividing a number into two parts such that the continued product of the numbers and their difference is a maximum.
1471:[Maths][Research] The next problem on maxima and minima of which there appears to be any record occurs in a letter from Regiomontanus to Roder (July 4, 1471), and is a particular numerical example of the problem of finding the point on a given straight line at which two given points subtend a maximum angle. N. Tartaglia in his General trattato de numeri et mesuri (c. 1556) gives, without proof, a rule for dividing a number into two parts such that the continued product of the numbers and their difference is a maximum.
1473: Nicolaus Copernicus (originally, Mikolaj Kopernik or Nicolaus Koppernigk), an astronomer born to Nicolaus Koppernigk and Barbara Watzenrode at Torun, Poland.
1477:[Education][EU][Public] University of Mainz, Germany founded.
1477:[Education][EU][Public] University of Tübingen, Germany founded.
1479:[Education][EU][Public] University of Copenhagen, Denmark founded.
1480:[India] Ludhiana was founded by members of the ruling Lodhi dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. The ruling sultan, Sikandar Lodhi, dispatched two ruling chiefs, Yusaf Khan and Nihand Khan, to re-assert Lodhi control. The two men camped at the site of present Ludhiana, which was then a village called Mir Hota. Yusaf Khan crossed the Sutlej and established Sultanpur, while Nihand Khan founded Ludhiana on the site of Mir Hota.1481:[Art] The Adoration of the Magi is an unfinished early painting by Italian Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci. Leonardo was given the commission by the Augustinian monks of San Donato in Scopeto in Florence in 1481, but he departed for Milan the following year, leaving the painting unfinished. It has been in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence since 1670.
1485: Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro Altamirano, Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca (1485 – December 2, 1547) was a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century. Cortés was part of the generation of Spanish colonizers who began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas.
1490: The Khanate of Sibir, also historically called the Khanate of Turan, was a Turco-Mongol Khanate located in southwestern Siberia.
1492 (Oct 12): On the evening of 3 August 1492, Columbus departed from Palos de la Frontera with three ships. The monarchs forced the citizens of Palos to contribute to the expedition. At about 2:00 in the morning of 12 October, Christofer Columbus landed at The Bahamas.
1492: [History][Military][Book] The Transformation of the North Atlantic World, 1492-1763: An Introduction (Studies in Military History and International Affairs)
1492 (Oct 12): On the evening of 3 August 1492, Columbus departed from Palos de la Frontera with three ships. The monarchs forced the citizens of Palos to contribute to the expedition. At about 2:00 in the morning of 12 October, Christofer Columbus landed at The Bahamas.
1492: [History][Military][Book] The Transformation of the North Atlantic World, 1492-1763: An Introduction (Studies in Military History and International Affairs)
1492:[Food][Agri] 1492 – Christopher Columbus first encounters dried tobacco leaves. They were given to him as a gift by the American Indians. 1492 – Tobacco plant and smoking introduced to Europeans. 1531 – Europeans start cultivation of the tobacco plant in Central America.
1495:[Education][EU][Public] University of Aberdeen, Scotland founded.
1495:[Education][UK][Public] University of Aberdeen founded.
1496:[Art] Owing to the Leonardo's painting's unfinished status in 1481, the commission was handed over to Filippino Lippi, who painted another Adoration of the Magi, completed in 1496.
1496: British Empire founded (existed from the late 16th centuries to the early 18th). The foundations of the British Empire were laid when England and Scotland were separate kingdoms. In 1496 King Henry VII of England, following the successes of Spain and Portugal in overseas exploration, commissioned John Cabot to lead a voyage to discover a route to Asia via the North Atlantic.[5] Cabot sailed in 1497, five years after the European discovery of America, and although he successfully made landfall on the coast of Newfoundland (mistakenly believing, like Christopher Columbus, that he had reached Asia),[20] there was no attempt to found a colony. Cabot led another voyage to the Americas the following year but nothing was heard of his ships again.
1497: Vasco da Gama discovered a sea route to India and the spice trade became a new and important activity of the royal trading house, and old Casa was renamed Casa da Índia e da Guiné.
1497: Rambola "Tulsidas", author of the epic Ramcharitmanas, a retelling of the Sanskrit Ramayana based on Rama's life in the vernacular Awadhi. He is regarding to be born to Hulsi and Atmaram Dubey at Chitrakoot, a village on the banks of the river Yamuna and near the border of Madhya Pradesh (115 kms. from Allahabad via NH-35 and 250kms. from Varanasi).
Legend goes that Tulsidas was born after staying in the womb for twelve months, he had all thirty two teeth in his mouth at birth, his health and looks were like that of a five-year-old boy, and he did not cry at the time of his birth but uttered Rama instead. He is also considered to be the composer of the
1498:[Art] The Last Supper is a mural painting produced in three years 1495-1498. by Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci, housed by the refectory of the Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan, Italy.
1497: Rambola "Tulsidas", author of the epic Ramcharitmanas, a retelling of the Sanskrit Ramayana based on Rama's life in the vernacular Awadhi. He is regarding to be born to Hulsi and Atmaram Dubey at Chitrakoot, a village on the banks of the river Yamuna and near the border of Madhya Pradesh (115 kms. from Allahabad via NH-35 and 250kms. from Varanasi).
Legend goes that Tulsidas was born after staying in the womb for twelve months, he had all thirty two teeth in his mouth at birth, his health and looks were like that of a five-year-old boy, and he did not cry at the time of his birth but uttered Rama instead. He is also considered to be the composer of the
1498:[Art] The Last Supper is a mural painting produced in three years 1495-1498. by Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci, housed by the refectory of the Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan, Italy.
1498: Meera Bai,a Hindu mystic poet and devotee of Krishna. She is a celebrated Bhakti saint, particularly in the North Indian Hindu tradition was born at Kurki, district Pali, Rajasthan, India.
1499:[Art] Michelangelo's The Pietà is a work of Renaissance sculpture, housed in St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City. It is the first of a number of works of the same theme by the artist.
1499:[Education][EU][Public] University of Valencia, Spain founded.
1499:[Art] Michelangelo's The Pietà is a work of Renaissance sculpture, housed in St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City. It is the first of a number of works of the same theme by the artist.
1499:[Education][EU][Public] University of Valencia, Spain founded.
1500:[Culture][Geaography][History] Machu Picchu is a 15th-century Inca citadel located in the Eastern Cordillera of southern Peru on a 2,430-meter mountain ridge.
1500:[Culture] The Gypsies who reached Western Europe in the 15th century were mostly refugees from Ottoman persecution, but local populations in Germany and France assumed they were spies for the Turks. In the mid-18th century, the Spanish government rounded up the Romani and deported able-bodied men to forced labor camps.
1500 (Dec 31):[History] 401: [History] Middle Ages halts. Western history defines the period stretching from the 5th to the 15th century as the Middle Ages and many cities from this era can still be seen in Europe. - 18 Apr 2022
16th century CE started on 1st Jan 1501 AD.
15xx:[Maths][Physics] Italian mathematicians began to formalize the odds associated with various games of chance. The invention of modern calculus had a positive impact on the formal study of randomness. (randomness)
15xx: He founded the Sankatmochan Temple dedicated to Hanuman in Varanasi, believed to stand at the place where he had the sight of Hanuman. Tulsidas started the Ramlila plays, a folk-theatre adaption of the Ramayana.
15xx:[Travel][India][RJ] Raj Mandir, also known as the City Palace, is a 16th century structure that sits atop a hill as if keeping an eye on the town below. It is built in the style typical of old Rajput architecture. this palace still belongs to the royal family.
1500: Mississippian culture ended in North America (mostly, present day USA)
1500: Paracelsus observed Hydrogen production by reacting strong acids with metals.
1500: Mississippian culture ended in North America (mostly, present day USA)
1500: Paracelsus observed Hydrogen production by reacting strong acids with metals.
1500:[Extreme][Env][Research][LATAM] The Atacama, Chile is the driest place on earth, other than the poles. It receives less than 1 mm of precipitation each year, and some areas haven't seen a drop of rain in more than 500 years (2021).
1501:[Art] Michelangelo’s David is a masterpiece of Renaissance sculpture, created in marble between 1501 and 1504 by the Italian artist Michelangelo. David is a 5.17-metre (17 ft 0 in) marble statue of the Biblical figure David, a favoured subject in the art of Florence.
1501: Gerolamo Cardano was born in northern Italy. was an Italian polymath, whose interests and proficiencies ranged from being a mathematician, physician, biologist, physicist, chemist, astrologer, astronomer, philosopher, writer, and gambler. He was one of the most influential mathematicians of the Renaissance, and was one of the key figures in the foundation of probability and the earliest introducer of the binomial coefficients and the binomial theorem in the western world. He wrote more than 200 works on science.
1502 (Jan 1): Europeans first encountered Guanabara Bay on 1 January 1502 (hence Rio de Janeiro, "January River"), by a Portuguese expedition under explorer Gaspar de Lemos captain of a ship in Pedro Álvares Cabral's fleet, or under Gonçalo Coelho.
1503: Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa, a half-length portrait painting by Italian artist. Considered an archetypal masterpiece of the Italian Renaissance.
1502 (Jan 1): Europeans first encountered Guanabara Bay on 1 January 1502 (hence Rio de Janeiro, "January River"), by a Portuguese expedition under explorer Gaspar de Lemos captain of a ship in Pedro Álvares Cabral's fleet, or under Gonçalo Coelho.
1503: Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa, a half-length portrait painting by Italian artist. Considered an archetypal masterpiece of the Italian Renaissance.
1504: It is generally accepted that Sultan Sikandar Lodi, the ruler of Delhi Sultanate founded Agra in the year 1504 but the golden age of the city began with Mughals after 1526. It was then known as Akbarabad and remained the Capital of the Mughal empire under Emperor Akbar, Jahangir and Shah Jahan. Agra's significance as a political centre ended with the transfer of the capital to Delhi by Shah Jahan, but its architectural wealth has secured it a place on the International map.
1505: Michelangelo invited back to Rome by the newly elected Pope Julius II and commissioned to build the Pope's tomb, which was to include forty statues and be finished in five years.
1505:[History][Oz] Mike Owen, another member of the Past Masters group speculated that these coins may have arrived sometime after they had installed Muhammad Arcone on the Kilwa throne as a Portuguese vassal, from 1505 to 1506, or that the Portuguese had visited Wessel islands.
1512:[Art] Michelangelo's The Creation of Adam is a fresco painting by Italian artist Michelangelo, which forms part of the Sistine Chapel's ceiling, painted c. 1508–1512.
1512: the historical city of Surat (Suryapur "city of the Sun"),was ravaged by the Portuguese Empire. In 1513, the Portuguese traveller Duarte Barbosa described Surat as an important seaport, frequented by many ships from Malabar and various parts of the world. By 1520, the name of the city was Surat. It rose to be the diamond capital of the world and the textile capital of India.
1514: Nicolaus Copernicus distributed a little book, not printed but hand written, to a few of his friends who knew that he was the author even though no author is named on the title page. This book, usually called the Little Commentary, set out Copernicus's theory of a universe with the sun at its centre.
1514:[US] In fact, many enslaved people lived in the English colonies in North America before that date. They came to the present-day U.S. via Spanish and Portuguese colonies, where enslaved Africans arrived as early as 1514, or were transferred as bounty from Spanish or Portuguese ships.
1514: Nicolaus Copernicus distributed a little book, not printed but hand written, to a few of his friends who knew that he was the author even though no author is named on the title page. This book, usually called the Little Commentary, set out Copernicus's theory of a universe with the sun at its centre.
1514:[US] In fact, many enslaved people lived in the English colonies in North America before that date. They came to the present-day U.S. via Spanish and Portuguese colonies, where enslaved Africans arrived as early as 1514, or were transferred as bounty from Spanish or Portuguese ships.
1518: Kabir born. The name Kabir comes from Arabic al-Kabīr which means 'The Great' – the 37th name of God in Islam. the first Indian saint to have harmonised Hinduism and Islam by preaching a universal path which both Hindus and Muslims could tread together.
1519 (Feb): The Spanish campaign began in North America.
1519 (Feb): The Spanish campaign began in North America.
1519:[Food][Research] In 1519, Cortez discovered tomatoes growing in Montezuma's gardens and brought seeds back to Europe where they were planted as ornamental curiosities, but not eaten. The wild species originated in the Andes Mountains of South America, probably mainly in Peru and Ecuador, and is thought to have been domesticated in pre-Columbian Mexico; its name is derived from the Náhuatl (Aztec) word tomatl.
1520:[History][Oz] Several writers have argued that Portuguese expeditions visited Australia at this time. However, historians generally disagree and the evidence remains contentious. (to 1522)
1521 (Aug 13): The Spanish campaign in North America declared victorious, when a coalition army of Spanish forces and native Tlaxcalan warriors led by Hernán Cortés and Xicotencatl the Younger captured the emperor Cuauhtemoc and Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire.
1521:[Book] Sun Tzu's The Art of War
1526: the Mughal emperor Akbar made Allahabad the capital. and the city, Kara-Manikpur, that charmed from 600 to 1500 started drowning into oblivion.
1528: In 1528, following the Mughal invasion of North India, a mosque was built at the site by the Mughal general Mir Baqi, who came to be named after emperor Babur. According to sources, Mir Baqi destroyed a pre-existing temple of Rama at the site.1530s:[Music][Art] The violin, viola and cello were first built in the early 16th century, in Italy. The earliest evidence for their existence is in paintings by Gaudenzio Ferrari from the 1530s, though Ferrari's instruments had only three strings.
1532: Tulsidas.
1532: Niccolò Machiavelli's The Prince, a 16th-century political treatise written by Italian diplomat and political theorist Niccolò Machiavelli as an instruction guide for new princes and royals.; The Mandrake (1524); Discourses on Livy (1531);
1533: The fall of Inca Empire of South America. Atahualpa, the last Sapa Inca of the empire, was executed by the Spanish on 29 August 1533.
1533:[Culture][Kinky] slang for boobs - Duckies
1543:[Space] Copernican model of the solar system or Copernican heliocentrism is the name given to the astronomical model developed by Nicolaus Copernicus and published in 1543. It positioned the Sun near the center of the Universe, motionless, with Earth and the other planets rotating around it in circular paths modified by epicycles and at uniform speeds. The Copernican model departed from the Ptolemaic system that prevailed in Western culture for centuries, placing Earth at the center of the Universe, and is often regarded as the launching point to modern astronomy and the Scientific Revolution.
1543 (Jul): [Env][Research][Business][Economics][GeoPolitics][US] Oil was first detected in Texas when Spanish explorer Luis de Moscoso of the DeSoto expedition saw oil floating on the water in the Galveston Bay in an area between High Island and the Sabine Pass, near Port Arthur, Texas. Several decades later, in 1866, the first producing oil well in Texas was drilled by a man named Lyne T.
1546: Meera Bai died at Dwarka, Gujarat.
1550: First Known Use of the term 'Law'.
1550: First Known Use of the term 'Law'.
1550:[Music] The violin, sometimes known as a fiddle, is a wooden chordophone in the violin family. Most violins have a hollow wooden body. It is the smallest and thus highest-pitched instrument in the family in regular use. The oldest existing violin, built by Andrea Amati. Compared to its ancestors, the violin is in a class by itself in terms of completeness. In addition, it was not improved gradually over time, but appeared in its current form suddenly around 1550.
1553 (Jul): Mary I (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558), also known as Mary Tudor, and as "Bloody Mary" by her Protestant opponents, was Queen of England and Ireland from July 1553 until her death in 1558.
1555: Nostradamus' Les Prophéties published. Michel de Nostredame, usually Latinised as Nostradamus, was a French astrologer, physician and reputed seer, who wrote 6,338 prophecies and is best known for his book Les Prophéties, a collection of 942 poetic quatrains allegedly predicting future events. He predicted a European war with many refugees, attacks on a city, and the fall of the European Union? People who studied and interpreted his writings believe that these predictions apply to 2022.
1558: Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana or Good Queen Bess, the childless Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty.
1558:[Food] The cashew was first discovered by Europeans in Brazil around 1558. Because of the irritating shells, they were thought to be inedible at first. Over time, there was a realization that it was the fruit skin, not the irritating seeds.
1559: Udai Singh founded the city of Udaipur, Rajsthan.
1560s: François Viète, Seigneur de la Bigotière born. He was a French mathematician whose work on new algebra was an important step towards modern algebra, due to its innovative use of letters as parameters in equations.
1562: The Tragicall Historye of Romeus and Juliet is a narrative poem, first published in 1562 by Arthur Brooke, which was the key source for William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet.
1572: (Maharana) Pratap Singh of Mewar (Kumbhalgarh Fort) of Sisodiya dynasty reigned for 25 years.
1564 (Feb 15): Galileo Galilei born at Pisa, Duchy of Florence, Italy. The first of six children of Vincenzo Galilei, a famous lutenist, composer, and music theorist, and Giulia (née Ammannati), who had married in 1562.
1571: The Royal Exchange had been founded by English financier Thomas Gresham on the model of the Antwerp Bourse, as a stock exchange. It was opened by Elizabeth I of England
1572: discovery of algebra by Bombelli.
1575: Ramcharitmanas and Hanuman Chalisa of Tulsidas were published in Awadhi.
1560s: François Viète, Seigneur de la Bigotière born. He was a French mathematician whose work on new algebra was an important step towards modern algebra, due to its innovative use of letters as parameters in equations.
1562: The Tragicall Historye of Romeus and Juliet is a narrative poem, first published in 1562 by Arthur Brooke, which was the key source for William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet.
1572: (Maharana) Pratap Singh of Mewar (Kumbhalgarh Fort) of Sisodiya dynasty reigned for 25 years.
1564 (Feb 15): Galileo Galilei born at Pisa, Duchy of Florence, Italy. The first of six children of Vincenzo Galilei, a famous lutenist, composer, and music theorist, and Giulia (née Ammannati), who had married in 1562.
1571: The Royal Exchange had been founded by English financier Thomas Gresham on the model of the Antwerp Bourse, as a stock exchange. It was opened by Elizabeth I of England
1572: discovery of algebra by Bombelli.
1575: Ramcharitmanas and Hanuman Chalisa of Tulsidas were published in Awadhi.
1580s:[Research][Culture] The Gregorian calendar is the calendar used in most parts of the world. It went into effect in October 1582 following the papal bull Inter gravissimas issued by Pope Gregory XIII, which introduced it as a modification of, and replacement for, the Julian calendar. The principal change was to space leap years differently so as to make the average calendar year 365.2425 days long, more closely approximating the 365.2422-day 'tropical' or 'solar' year that is determined by the Earth's revolution around the Sun. The rule for leap years is: Every year that is exactly divisible by four is a leap year, except for years that are exactly divisible by 100, but these centurial years are leap years if they are exactly divisible by 400. For example, the years 1700, 1800, and 1900 are not leap years, but the year 2000 is. There were two reasons to establish the Gregorian calendar.
1580 (Jul): Russian conquest of Siberia started lasted till late 1700s.
1581: Galileo went to University of Pisa for four years.
1580 (Jul): Russian conquest of Siberia started lasted till late 1700s.
1581: Galileo went to University of Pisa for four years.
1582:[Education][UK][Public] University of Edinburgh founded.
1582: Calendar offset by 10 days in Europe. 5 to 15 Oct.
1583: During the 16th century, European visitors to the Indian subcontinent began to notice similarities among Indo-Aryan, Iranian, and European languages. In 1583, English Jesuit missionary and Konkani scholar Thomas Stephens wrote a letter from Goa to his brother (not published until the 20th century) in which he noted similarities between Indian languages and Greek and Latin.
1585: Another account was made by Filippo Sassetti, a merchant born in Florence in 1540, who travelled to the Indian subcontinent. Writing in 1585, he noted some word similarities between Sanskrit and Italian (these included devaḥ/dio "God", sarpaḥ/serpe "serpent", sapta/sette "seven", aṣṭa/otto "eight", and nava/nove "nine"). However, neither Stephens' nor Sassetti's observations led to further scholarly inquiry.
1586: Oxford University Press.
1586: Oxford University Press.
1588:[Book] Titus Andronicus is a tragedy by William Shakespeare believed to have been written between 1588 and 1593, probably in collaboration with George Peele. It is thought to be Shakespeare's first tragedy and is often seen as his attempt to emulate the violent and bloody revenge plays of his contemporaries, which were extremely popular with audiences throughout the 16th century.
1589:[Book][Drama] The Jew of Malta (full title: The Famous Tragedy of the Rich Jew of Malta) is a play by Christopher Marlowe, written in 1589 or 1590. The plot primarily revolves around a Maltese Jewish merchant named Barabas. The original story combines religious conflict, intrigue, and revenge, set against a backdrop of the struggle for supremacy between Spain and the Ottoman Empire in the Mediterranean that takes place on the island of Malta.
1589:[Book][Drama] The Jew of Malta (full title: The Famous Tragedy of the Rich Jew of Malta) is a play by Christopher Marlowe, written in 1589 or 1590. The plot primarily revolves around a Maltese Jewish merchant named Barabas. The original story combines religious conflict, intrigue, and revenge, set against a backdrop of the struggle for supremacy between Spain and the Ottoman Empire in the Mediterranean that takes place on the island of Malta.
1592:[Travel][India][RJ] Raja Man Singh I began construction in 1592 and the palace, which was built as a strong, safe haven against attacking enemies, was completed by Mirja Raja Jai Singh.
1592:[Education][UK][Public] University of Dublin (Trinity College Dublin) founded.
1595:[Book] Romeo and Juliet was published by Shakespeare. He must have written the play between 1591 and 1596.
1590:[Technology] Two Dutch spectacle-makers and father-and-son team, Hans and Zacharias Janssen, create the first microscope.
1596: Rene Descartes (France) born. He later solved the problem of describing the position of a point in a plane using the existing concept of Latitude-Longitude. Cartesian System was named in his honour.
1596:[Book] The Merchant of Venice, a play written by William Shakespeare in which a merchant in Venice named Antonio defaults on a large loan provided by a Jewish moneylender, Shylock.
1596:[Space][Books] Savile produced the first printed edition of the first four books of the Gesta Pontificum Anglorum – an ecclesiastical history of England written by William of Malmesbury in the early 12th century. Savile used Cambridge University Library MS Ff.1.25.1 as his source for this, which was a copy of a copy of the original manuscript.
1597:[Space][Crime] Demolition of atronomical observatory Uraniborg in Hven, Sweden
1598: Russia win over the Siberian Khanate.
1599: Shahzada Murad Mirza (8 June 1570 – 12 May 1599) was a Mughal prince as the second surviving son of Mughal Emperor Akbar and one of his Empress Salima Sultan Begum.
1598: Russia win over the Siberian Khanate.
1599: Shahzada Murad Mirza (8 June 1570 – 12 May 1599) was a Mughal prince as the second surviving son of Mughal Emperor Akbar and one of his Empress Salima Sultan Begum.
1599:[Book] The Tragedy of Julius Caesar is a history play and tragedy by William Shakespeare first performed in 1599.
1599:[Travel][India][RJ] The Jagat Shiromani Temple is a Hindu temple located in Amer, Jaipur. Possessing an extraordinary architecture which enchants with its greatness and beauty, it is a site of immense fascination for the tourists. The temple is devoted to Hindu gods Lord Krishna and Lord Vishnu, and is said to be built around 1599-1608 AD by Queen Kanakwati, the wife of King Man Singh I, in the memory of their son Jagat Singh. ‘Jagat Shiromani’, meaning ‘Head Jewel of Lord Vishnu’, is an epochal facet of the ancient history of Rajasthan.
17th century CE started on 1st Jan 1601 AD.
1600s:[India][Food][Business]Delhi's Khari Baoli, Asia's largest wholesale grocery and spice market (2022) and India's oldest spice market selling a variety of spices, nuts, herbs and food products like rice and tea. It came into being in the Mughal era.
1600: Instrumental music became dominant in the Baroque, and most major music forms were defined. It continued till the Classical period flourished, till 1750.
1600: English (British) East India Company founded. The East India Company (EIC), also known as the Honourable East India Company (HEIC) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company, was an English and later British joint-stock company, which was formed to pursue trade with the "East Indies" (in present-day terms, Maritime Southeast Asia), but ended up trading mainly with Qing China and seizing control of the Indian subcontinent.
1600: William Gilbert is credited as one of the originators of the term "electricity" and also remembered largely for his book De Magnete (published in 1600).
He is regarded by some as the father of electrical engineering or electricity and magnetism. He concluded that the Earth was itself magnetic and that this was the reason compasses point north (previously, some believed that it was the pole star (Polaris) or a large magnetic island on the north pole that attracted the compass). He was the first to argue, correctly, that the centre of the Earth was iron, and he considered an important and related property of magnets was that they can be cut, each forming a new magnet with north and south poles.
1600s:[Culture][Garment] Shirts appeared first in European dress in the seventeenth century (1601-1700) as a kind of underwear, designed to protect expensive waistcoats and frock coats from sweat and soil. By the early eighteenth century (1701-1725), shirts had assumed importance as garments in their own right.
1600: Instrumental music became dominant in the Baroque, and most major music forms were defined. It continued till the Classical period flourished, till 1750.
1600: English (British) East India Company founded. The East India Company (EIC), also known as the Honourable East India Company (HEIC) or the British East India Company and informally as John Company, was an English and later British joint-stock company, which was formed to pursue trade with the "East Indies" (in present-day terms, Maritime Southeast Asia), but ended up trading mainly with Qing China and seizing control of the Indian subcontinent.
1600: William Gilbert is credited as one of the originators of the term "electricity" and also remembered largely for his book De Magnete (published in 1600).
He is regarded by some as the father of electrical engineering or electricity and magnetism. He concluded that the Earth was itself magnetic and that this was the reason compasses point north (previously, some believed that it was the pole star (Polaris) or a large magnetic island on the north pole that attracted the compass). He was the first to argue, correctly, that the centre of the Earth was iron, and he considered an important and related property of magnets was that they can be cut, each forming a new magnet with north and south poles.
1600s:[Culture][Garment] Shirts appeared first in European dress in the seventeenth century (1601-1700) as a kind of underwear, designed to protect expensive waistcoats and frock coats from sweat and soil. By the early eighteenth century (1701-1725), shirts had assumed importance as garments in their own right.
1600s:[India][FnB] Potatoes and Tomatoes in India. The Portuguese introduced potatoes, which they called 'Batata', to India in the early seventeenth century when they cultivated it along the western coast. British traders introduced potatoes to Bengal as a root crop, 'Alu'. By the end of the 18th century, it was cultivated across northern hill areas of India. The tomato arrived in India by the way of Portuguese explorers, in the 16th century. It was grown from the 18th century onwards for the British.
1601: Pierre de Fermat was born.
1601:[Book] The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, often shortened to Hamlet, is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare sometime between 1599 and 1601. It is Shakespeare's longest play, with 29,551 words.
1603: Union of the Crowns
1603: Academy of Lynxes (the second academy of the world) founded at Palazzo Corsini on the Via della Lungara in Rome (Italy) by Federico Cesi, the son of the Duke of Acquasparta, and a member of an important family from Rome.Galileo Galilei Linceo was inducted to the exclusive Academy on April 25, 1611.
1602: Dutch East India Company founded.
1602:[Book] Troilus and Cressida (/ˈtrɔɪləs ... ˈkrɛsɪdə/) is a play by William Shakespeare, probably written in 1602. At Troy during the Trojan War, Troilus and Cressida begin a love affair. Cressida is forced to leave Troy to join her father in the Greek camp. Meanwhile, the Greeks endeavour to lessen the pride of Achilles.
1603 (Nov 30): William Gilbert, the father of electrical engineering or electricity and magnetism, died aged 59 in London, England.1603: Union of the Crowns
1603: Academy of Lynxes (the second academy of the world) founded at Palazzo Corsini on the Via della Lungara in Rome (Italy) by Federico Cesi, the son of the Duke of Acquasparta, and a member of an important family from Rome.Galileo Galilei Linceo was inducted to the exclusive Academy on April 25, 1611.
1603:[Book] William Shakespeare's Othello.
1604:[Culture][Kinky] slang for vagina - Fish-pond
1606:[Book] Macbeth is a tragedy by William Shakespeare. It is thought to have been first performed in 1606.
1607: Pierre de Fermat (French: [pjɛːʁ də fɛʁma]; (Between 31 October and 6 December 1607 – 12 January 1665) was a French lawyer at the Parlement of Toulouse, France, and a mathematician who is given credit for early developments that led to infinitesimal calculus, including his technique of adequality.
1607: Pierre de Fermat (French: [pjɛːʁ də fɛʁma]; (Between 31 October and 6 December 1607 – 12 January 1665) was a French lawyer at the Parlement of Toulouse, France, and a mathematician who is given credit for early developments that led to infinitesimal calculus, including his technique of adequality.
1607:[Book][Drama]: Antony and Cleopatra (First Folio title: The Tragedie of Anthonie, and Cleopatra) is a tragedy by William Shakespeare. The play was first performed, by the King's Men, at either the Blackfriars Theatre or the Globe Theatre in around 1607; its first appearance in print was in the Folio of 1623.
1607:[Culture][Book] The word pimp first appeared in English in 1607, in a Thomas Middleton play entitled Your Five Gallants. It is of unknown origin, but may have stemmed from the French infinitive pimper meaning to dress up elegantly and from the present participle pimpant meaning alluring in seductive dress. Pimp used as a verb, meaning to act as a pimp, first appeared in 1636 in Philip Massinger's play, The Bashful Lover.
1608:[Technology] Telescope - The earliest patent for a telescope was in 1608 by Hans Lippershey, but Galileo Galilei made significant improvements in 1609.
1609: Kepler's laws. Johannes Kepler published his first two laws about planetary motion in 1609, having found them by analyzing the astronomical observations of Tycho Brahe. Kepler's work published (till 1619). the work improved the heliocentric theory of Nicolaus Copernicus, explaining how the planets' speeds varied, and using elliptical orbits rather than circular orbits with epicycles.
1609: Kepler's laws. Johannes Kepler published his first two laws about planetary motion in 1609, having found them by analyzing the astronomical observations of Tycho Brahe. Kepler's work published (till 1619). the work improved the heliocentric theory of Nicolaus Copernicus, explaining how the planets' speeds varied, and using elliptical orbits rather than circular orbits with epicycles.
1611:[Book] The Tempest is a play by English playwright William Shakespeare, probably written in 1610–1611, and thought to be one of the last plays that Shakespeare wrote alone.
1611:[Culture][Kinky] slang for vagina - Ace of Hearts
1610 (Mar):[Space] Galileo Galilei was the first astronomer to view the Pleiades through a telescope. He thereby discovered that the cluster contains many stars too dim to be seen with the naked eye. He published his observations, including a sketch of the Pleiades showing 36 stars, in his treatise Sidereus Nuncius.
1612: the British East India Company had established a presence in India.
1612: the British East India Company had established a presence in India.
1617:[Computing] Napier's bones is a manually-operated calculating device created by John Napier of Merchiston, Scotland for the calculation of products and quotients of numbers. The method was based on lattice multiplication, and also called rabdology, a word invented by Napier. Napier published his version in 1617.
1619: Kepler's third law was published.
1619:[US] 400 years ago, in August 1619, the first ship with enslaved Africans destined for the United States arrived in what was then the colony of Virginia. But the cruel history of the trans-Atlantic slave trade begins much earlier and goes on much longer – for more than 350 years.
---------------------------------------- The Age of Enligtenment starts -------------------------------------------
1620s: French historians traditionally place the Enlightenment between 1715 (the year that Louis XIV died) and 1789 (the beginning of the French Revolution). International historians begin the period in the 1620s, with the start of the scientific revolution.
1620s:[Travel][India][RJ] Jagmandir is a palace built on an island on the Lake Pichola. Also called the ‘Lake Garden Palace’, the construction for this began in 1620 and was completed around 1652. The royal family used the palace as its summer resort and for hosting parties.
1622:[Art][Culture] The Procuress by Dirck van Baburen, 1622
1623: Blaise Pascal was born;
1623: Tulsidas died at the Assi Ghat on the bank of the river Ganga in the Shraavan (July–August) month of the year Vikram 1680 (1623 CE).
1623: Tulsidas died at the Assi Ghat on the bank of the river Ganga in the Shraavan (July–August) month of the year Vikram 1680 (1623 CE).
1623:[Book] The Winter's Tale is a play by William Shakespeare originally published in the First Folio of 1623. Although it was grouped among the comedies,[1] many modern editors have relabelled the play as one of Shakespeare's late romances.
1625: Moradabad was founded as an office for the Chaupala pargana during emperor Akbar's regime by Rustam Khan and is named after prince Murad Baksh, the son of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. In AD 1624 it was captured by Rustam Khan, the then Governor of Sambhal who named it Rustam Nagar. A mosque named Jama Masjid was constructed in the city by Rustam Khan for the Mughal Emperor.
1625: Moradabad was founded as an office for the Chaupala pargana during emperor Akbar's regime by Rustam Khan and is named after prince Murad Baksh, the son of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. In AD 1624 it was captured by Rustam Khan, the then Governor of Sambhal who named it Rustam Nagar. A mosque named Jama Masjid was constructed in the city by Rustam Khan for the Mughal Emperor.
1628:[India][Culture][FnB] History of Mughlai Food in Delhi/Rampur. During the 16th century, the city declined as the Mughal capital was shifted. The fifth Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan built the walled city of Shahjahanabad within Delhi, and its landmarks, the Red Fort and Jama Masjid. His reign would be considered the zenith of the empire. Khomche waale (movable feast, dish peddlers). Nahari in Matia Mahal. Spicy and buttery food introduced due to Yamuna's presence in Delhi as suggested by Shahjahan's personal physician.
1629:[Maths][Research] The first general method of investigating maxima and minima seems to have been published in A.D. 1629 by Pierre Fermat. Particular cases had been discussed. Thus Euclid in book III. of the Elements finds the greatest and least straight lines that can be drawn from a point to the circumference of a circle, and in book VI. (in a proposition generally omitted from editions of his works) finds the parallelogram of greatest area with a given perimeter. Apollonius further investigated on these lines.
1630: [US] Homicide Rates in New England, 1630-1800
1631: [India] It was in 1631 that the construction of the Taj began. Carpenters, Sculptors, Stonecutters, Bricklayers, Painters, Inlayers, Calligraphers, Dome experts, and various other artisans of different skillset were commissioned from the entire realm that spanned from across Iran and Central Asia alike. It took around 22 years to shape up and put together this spectacle – The Taj – which is, to date, considered as one of the most stunning architectural marvels that anyone could have ever witnessed. Moreover, it symbolizes eternal love which tugs at anyone's heartstrings. Close to twenty-two thousand laborers and a thousand elephants were on their toes and greatly contributed to erecting one of the world's most awe-inspiring structures - the Taj. A massive chunk of the monument was carved out of a single pearl-ivory colored marble, which was custom-ordered from Rajasthan. For the other sections of the Taj, marble was acquired from other parts of India as well as Central Asia.
1632: The Taj Mahal, Agra built by Ustad Ahmad Lahauri, the architect of Red Fort.
1632: The Taj Mahal, Agra built by Ustad Ahmad Lahauri, the architect of Red Fort.
1632:[Education][EU][Public] University of Amsterdam, Netherlands founded.
1633: Russia had extended to the Pacific ocean. Russian conquest of Siberia.1633:[Culture][Kinky] slang for boobs - Milky Way
1636:[Education][US][Public] Harvard University founded.
1636:[Art][Culture] The procuress by Jan G. van Bronckhorst, 1636–1638
1639: The capital of India shifted back to Delhi from Agra.
1640: Piracy in the Caribbean was widespread during the early colonial era, especially between 1640 and 1680. The term "buccaneer" is often used to describe a pirate operating in this region.
1642: a nineteen-year-old French boy named Blaise Pascal invented an adding machine for his father, who was a clerk by profession.
1640: The development of analytical geometry around 1640 allowed mathematicians to go between geometric problems about curves and algebraic relations between "variable coordinates x and y."
1640: Piracy in the Caribbean was widespread during the early colonial era, especially between 1640 and 1680. The term "buccaneer" is often used to describe a pirate operating in this region.
1642: a nineteen-year-old French boy named Blaise Pascal invented an adding machine for his father, who was a clerk by profession.
1640: The development of analytical geometry around 1640 allowed mathematicians to go between geometric problems about curves and algebraic relations between "variable coordinates x and y."
1640:[History][Economics] Economic historians have long noted that demographic shifts underpin crises in history. The collapse of the English state in 1640-1641 came because of factional feuds amongst the élite, fiscal crisis, and economic distress. Such as multiple European crises through to the revolutions of 1848—from which the Arab Spring got its name.
1641:[Research][Physics] The evil demon (thought experiment), also known as Deus deceptor, malicious demon, and evil genius, is an epistemological concept that features prominently in Cartesian philosophy. In the first of his 1641 Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes imagines that a malevolent God or an evil demon, of "utmost power and cunning has employed all his energies in order to deceive me." This malevolent God or evil demon is imagined to present a complete illusion of an external world, so that Descartes can say, "I shall think that the sky, the air, the earth, colours, shapes, sounds and all external things are merely the delusions of dreams which he has devised to ensnare my judgement. I shall consider myself as not having hands or eyes, or flesh, or blood or senses, but as falsely believing that I have all these things."
1642 (Dec 25): Isaac Newton born at Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England.
He was born according to the Julian calendar (in use in England at the time) on Christmas Day, 25 December 1642 (NS 4 January 1643[1]), at Woolsthorpe Manor in Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, a hamlet in the county of Lincolnshire. His father, also named Isaac Newton, had died three months before. Born prematurely, he was a small child; his mother Hannah Ayscough reportedly said that he could have fit inside a quart mug.
1643:[Technology] Barometer - Evangelista Torricelli invented the mercury barometer in 1643.
1642 (Dec 25): Isaac Newton born at Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England.
He was born according to the Julian calendar (in use in England at the time) on Christmas Day, 25 December 1642 (NS 4 January 1643[1]), at Woolsthorpe Manor in Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, a hamlet in the county of Lincolnshire. His father, also named Isaac Newton, had died three months before. Born prematurely, he was a small child; his mother Hannah Ayscough reportedly said that he could have fit inside a quart mug.
1643:[Technology] Barometer - Evangelista Torricelli invented the mercury barometer in 1643.
1644: The Qing dynasty (English /tʃɪŋ/) (Chinese: 清朝; pinyin: Qīng Cháo; Wade–Giles: Ch'ing Ch'ao), officially the Great Qing (大清; Dà Qīng), also called the Empire of the Great Qing or the Manchu dynasty, was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China.
1644: Construction of Jama Masjid, Delhi or The Masjid-i Jahan-Numa (Persian/Urdu: مسجدِ جہاں نما, Devanagari: मस्जिद जहान नुमा, the 'World-reflecting Mosque') was started by Shah Jahan at a cost of 1 million rupees.
1645: The Royal Society founded when a group of scientists began to hold regular meetings.
1646; Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz (/ˈlaɪbnɪts/;German: [ˈɡɔtfʁiːt ˈvɪlhɛlm fɔn ˈlaɪbnɪts] or [ˈlaɪpnɪts]; French: Godefroi Guillaume Leibnitz;1 July 1646 [O.S. 21 June] – 14 November 1716) was a German polymath and philosopher who occupies a prominent place in the history of mathematics and the history of philosophy, having developed differential and integral calculus independently of Isaac Newton. Leibniz's notation has been widely used ever since it was published.
It was only in the 20th century that his Law of Continuity and Transcendental Law of Homogeneity found mathematical implementation (by means of non-standard analysis). He became one of the most prolific inventors in the field of mechanical calculators. While working on adding automatic multiplication and division to Pascal's calculator, he was the first to describe a pinwheel calculator in 1685 and invented the Leibniz wheel, used in the arithmometer, the first mass-produced mechanical calculator. He also refined the binary number system, which is the foundation of virtually all digital computers.
In philosophy, Leibniz is most noted for his optimism, i.e. his conclusion that our Universe is, in a restricted sense, the best possible one that God could have created, an idea that was often lampooned by others such as Voltaire. Leibniz, along with René Descartes and Baruch Spinoza, was one of the three great 17th-century advocates of rationalism. The work of Leibniz anticipated modern logic and analytic philosophy, but his philosophy also looks back to the scholastic tradition, in which conclusions are produced by applying reason to first principles or prior definitions rather than to empirical evidence.
1647: Dutch linguist and scholar Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn noted the similarity among certain Asian and European languages and theorized that they were derived from a primitive common language which he called Scythian.
1644: Construction of Jama Masjid, Delhi or The Masjid-i Jahan-Numa (Persian/Urdu: مسجدِ جہاں نما, Devanagari: मस्जिद जहान नुमा, the 'World-reflecting Mosque') was started by Shah Jahan at a cost of 1 million rupees.
1645: The Royal Society founded when a group of scientists began to hold regular meetings.
1646; Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz (/ˈlaɪbnɪts/;German: [ˈɡɔtfʁiːt ˈvɪlhɛlm fɔn ˈlaɪbnɪts] or [ˈlaɪpnɪts]; French: Godefroi Guillaume Leibnitz;1 July 1646 [O.S. 21 June] – 14 November 1716) was a German polymath and philosopher who occupies a prominent place in the history of mathematics and the history of philosophy, having developed differential and integral calculus independently of Isaac Newton. Leibniz's notation has been widely used ever since it was published.
It was only in the 20th century that his Law of Continuity and Transcendental Law of Homogeneity found mathematical implementation (by means of non-standard analysis). He became one of the most prolific inventors in the field of mechanical calculators. While working on adding automatic multiplication and division to Pascal's calculator, he was the first to describe a pinwheel calculator in 1685 and invented the Leibniz wheel, used in the arithmometer, the first mass-produced mechanical calculator. He also refined the binary number system, which is the foundation of virtually all digital computers.
In philosophy, Leibniz is most noted for his optimism, i.e. his conclusion that our Universe is, in a restricted sense, the best possible one that God could have created, an idea that was often lampooned by others such as Voltaire. Leibniz, along with René Descartes and Baruch Spinoza, was one of the three great 17th-century advocates of rationalism. The work of Leibniz anticipated modern logic and analytic philosophy, but his philosophy also looks back to the scholastic tradition, in which conclusions are produced by applying reason to first principles or prior definitions rather than to empirical evidence.
1647: Dutch linguist and scholar Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn noted the similarity among certain Asian and European languages and theorized that they were derived from a primitive common language which he called Scythian.
1650s: A coffeehouse owned by Edward Lloyd, later of Lloyd's of London, was the primary meeting place for merchants, ship owners and others seeking insurance for their voyages and cargos.
1650: Expulsion of the Portuguese from Oman.
1650: Expulsion of the Portuguese from Oman.
1651:[Book] Leviathan or The Matter, Forme and Power of a Commonwealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil, commonly referred to as Leviathan, is a book written by Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) and published in 1651 (revised Latin edition 1668).
1653: the Royal Navy had issued instructions by which an admiral could signal various orders by hoisting flags in various locations on his ship.
1653: the Royal Navy had issued instructions by which an admiral could signal various orders by hoisting flags in various locations on his ship.
1653: [India] After a lavish expenditure of close to Rs. 32 million, the Taj was completed in 1653 AD.
1654: The concept of Probability developed in a very strange manner when a gambler Chevalier de Mere approached the Blaise Pascal of France regarding certain dice problems. Pascal further discussed them with another French mathematician, Pierre de Fermat.
1654: J. Bernoulli was born.
1656:[Technology] Pendulum Clock - Invented by Christiaan Huygens in 1656.
1654: The concept of Probability developed in a very strange manner when a gambler Chevalier de Mere approached the Blaise Pascal of France regarding certain dice problems. Pascal further discussed them with another French mathematician, Pierre de Fermat.
1654: J. Bernoulli was born.
1656:[Technology] Pendulum Clock - Invented by Christiaan Huygens in 1656.
1656: Edmond Halley, an English astronomer was born. He once said "The principal use of the analytic art is to bring Mathematical Problems to Equation and to exhibit those eqns. in the most simple terms that can be".
1656: the construction of Jama Masjid was completed with three great gates, four towers and two 40 m high minarets constructed of strips of red sandstone and white marble. The courtyard can accommodate more than 25,000 persons.
1660: The Golden Age of Piracy begins, almost exactly where the Renaissance ended.
1656: the construction of Jama Masjid was completed with three great gates, four towers and two 40 m high minarets constructed of strips of red sandstone and white marble. The courtyard can accommodate more than 25,000 persons.
1660: The Golden Age of Piracy begins, almost exactly where the Renaissance ended.
1661 (Jun):[Physics][Who] Issac Newton was admitted to Trinity College at the University of Cambridge. His uncle Reverend William Ayscough, who had studied at Cambridge, recommended him to the university. At Cambridge, Newton started as a subsizar, paying his way by performing valet duties until he was awarded a scholarship in 1664.
1661: The Bombay Presidency was created when the city of Bombay was leased to the East India Company by a Royal Charter from the King of England, Charles II, who had in turn acquired it on May 11, 1661, when his marriage treaty with Catherine of Braganza, daughter of King John IV of Portugal, placed the islands of Bombay in possession of the English Empire, as part of Catherine's dowry to Charles.
1661: The Bombay Presidency was created when the city of Bombay was leased to the East India Company by a Royal Charter from the King of England, Charles II, who had in turn acquired it on May 11, 1661, when his marriage treaty with Catherine of Braganza, daughter of King John IV of Portugal, placed the islands of Bombay in possession of the English Empire, as part of Catherine's dowry to Charles.
1661: Consul Titus Manlius Torquatus Orders the Beheading of His Son, oil on canvas by Ferdinand Bol, 1661–64. The painting depicts the execution of the consul's son for disobeying a standing order while in combat against the Latins.
1662 (Mar 19): Abraham Shipman assumed office of Royal Governer of Bombay.
1662: Blaise Pascal died.
1663: Book on Games of Chance (Liber de Ludo Aleae) was published. It is authored by J. Cardan of Italy (1501-1576).
1662 (Mar 19): Abraham Shipman assumed office of Royal Governer of Bombay.
1662: Blaise Pascal died.
1663: Book on Games of Chance (Liber de Ludo Aleae) was published. It is authored by J. Cardan of Italy (1501-1576).
1664:[Physics] After 3 years of service at the university, Issac Newton was offered scholoraship which covered his university costs for four more years until the completion of his MA. At the time, Cambridge's teachings were based on those of Aristotle, whom Newton read along with then more modern philosophers, including Descartes and astronomers such as Galileo Galilei and Thomas Street. He set down in his notebook a series of "Quaestiones" about mechanical philosophy as he found it.
1664: The French East India Company (La Compagnie des Indes Orientales) was planned by Jean-Baptiste Colbert, chartered by King Louis XIV for the purpose of trading in the Eastern Hemisphere. It resulted from the fusion of three earlier companies, the 1660 Compagnie de Chine, the Compagnie d'Orient and Compagnie de Madagascar.
1664: The French East India Company (La Compagnie des Indes Orientales) was planned by Jean-Baptiste Colbert, chartered by King Louis XIV for the purpose of trading in the Eastern Hemisphere. It resulted from the fusion of three earlier companies, the 1660 Compagnie de Chine, the Compagnie d'Orient and Compagnie de Madagascar.
1664: [India] Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital is a major state-owned hospital situated in Chennai, India. The hospital is funded and managed by the state government of Tamil Nadu. Founded in 1664 by the British East India Company, it is the first modern hospital in India In the 19th century, the Madras Medical College joined it. As of 2018, the hospital receives an average of 12,000 outpatients every day. By 2021, It had 2722 beds.
1665:[Physics][Maths] Newton discovered the generalised binomial theorem and began to develop a mathematical theory that later became calculus.
1665 (Aug): Soon after Newton obtained his BA degree at Cambridge, the university temporarily closed as a precaution against the Great Plague.
1665: Pierre de Fermat died aged 64.
1665: Pierre de Fermat died aged 64.
1665:[Art] Johannes Vermeer's Girl with a Pearl Earring, an oil painting by Dutch Golden Age painter, dated c. 1665. Going by various names over the centuries, it became known by its present title towards the end of the 20th century after the earring worn by the girl portrayed there.
1669: Phosphorus, prepared from urine, it was the first element to be chemically discovered. H. Brand, a merchant and alchemist in Hamburg discovered and isolated it.
1665:[SPace][Research] The Paris Observatory was proposed in 1665-1666 by the French Academy of Sciences, which had recently been founded by the Minister of Finance Jean-Baptiste Colbert. In 1666, King Louis XIV authorized the building of the Observatory. On Midsummer's Day 1667, members of the Academy of Sciences traced the future building's outline on a plot outside town near the Port Royal abbey, with the Paris meridian exactly bisecting the site north–south. The meridian line was used as a basis for navigation and would be used by French cartographers as their prime meridian for more than 200 years.
1666:[Research][Chemistry] Newton observed that the spectrum of colours exiting a prism in the position of minimum deviation is oblong, even when the light ray entering the prism is circular, which is to say, the prism refracts different colours by different angles. This led him to conclude that colour is a property intrinsic to light – a point which had, until then, been a matter of debate.
1666:[Research][Chemistry] The history of spectroscopy began with Isaac Newton's optics experiments (1666–1672). According to Andrew Fraknoi and David Morrison, "In 1672, in the first paper that he submitted to the Royal Society, Isaac Newton described an experiment in which he permitted sunlight to pass through a small hole and then through a prism. Newton found that sunlight, which looks white to us, is actually made up of a mixture of all the colors of the rainbow." Newton applied the word "spectrum" to describe the rainbow of colors that combine to form white light and that are revealed when the white light is passed through a prism.
1666:[Research][Physics] Newton retired again from Cambridge to his mother in Lincolnshire. Whilst he was pensively meandering in a garden it came into his thought that the power of gravity (which brought an apple from a tree to the ground) was not limited to a certain distance from earth, but that this power must extend much further than was usually thought. Why not as high as the Moon said he to himself & if so, that must influence her motion & perhaps retain her in her orbit, whereupon he fell a calculating what would be the effect of that supposition.
1666:[Day] It is celebrated as the birth anniversary of Guru Gobind Singh and this year it falls on January 17. He was the tenth Guru out of a total of ten Sikh Gurus. On 22 December 1666, he was born in Patna, Bihar as per the Julian calendar.
1667:[Technology][Who][Books] Robert Hooke's famous "Micrographia" is published, which outlines Hooke's various studies using the microscope.
1667 (Jan 1): Guru Gobind Singh, 10th and last Sikh guru, was born in Patna, Bihar.
1668:[Physics][Who] Newton finishes his MA.
1668: On 21 September 1668, the Royal Charter of 27 March 1668 led to the transfer of Bombay from Charles II to the British East India Company for an annual rent of £10 (equivalent retail price index of £1,226 in 2007). The islands were handed over to the Company on 23 September 1668. Upon the transfer, Bombay was made subordinate to the Company's settlement in Surat. During 1668–87, the Governors of Bombay, who were also presidents of Surat Council, spent most of their time in Surat. During this time, Bombay was administered by a Deputy Governor.1669: Phosphorus, prepared from urine, it was the first element to be chemically discovered. H. Brand, a merchant and alchemist in Hamburg discovered and isolated it.
1669:[Education][EU][Public] University of Innsbruck, Austria founded.
1670:[Food] Coffee was introduced to India during the late seventeenth century. The story goes that an Indian pilgrim to Mecca – known as Baba Budan – smuggled seven beans back to India from Yemen in 1670 (it was illegal to take coffee seeds out of Arabia at the time) and planted them in the Chandragiri hills of Karnataka.
1674: Chatrapati Shivaji Bhonsle of Shivneri Fort reigned for 6 years.
1676: Puiseux series are a generalization of power series, first introduced by Isaac Newton in 1676 and rediscovered by Victor Puiseux in 1850.
1680: Piracy in the Caribbean was halted.
1683: the Ottoman turk empire at its greatest extent, lasted for 16 years encompassing Tigris, Euphrates, and Nile, Black Sea, SE Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, SW Persian Gulf. Cities were Rhodes, Jerusalem, Palestine (Syria), Alexandria (Athens, Greece), Cairo, Suez, Mecca, Medina, Hungary, Baghdad, (Mesopotamia).
1676: Puiseux series are a generalization of power series, first introduced by Isaac Newton in 1676 and rediscovered by Victor Puiseux in 1850.
1680: Piracy in the Caribbean was halted.
1683: the Ottoman turk empire at its greatest extent, lasted for 16 years encompassing Tigris, Euphrates, and Nile, Black Sea, SE Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, SW Persian Gulf. Cities were Rhodes, Jerusalem, Palestine (Syria), Alexandria (Athens, Greece), Cairo, Suez, Mecca, Medina, Hungary, Baghdad, (Mesopotamia).
1683: [India] The Madras Bank, closed in 1843. Merged with the Bank of Madras, presently the State Bank of India
1684: Luca Giordano painted The death of Seneca, depicting the suicide of Seneca the Younger in Ancient Rome.
1687: Isaac Newton showed that relationships like Kepler's would apply in the Solar System to a good approximation, as a consequence of his own laws of motion and law of universal gravitation.
1687: The English East India Company transferred its Western India headquarters from Surat, its first colony in that region, to Bombay in 1687. The Presidency was brought under British Parliament control along with other parts of British India through Pitt's India Act.
1684: Luca Giordano painted The death of Seneca, depicting the suicide of Seneca the Younger in Ancient Rome.
1687: Isaac Newton showed that relationships like Kepler's would apply in the Solar System to a good approximation, as a consequence of his own laws of motion and law of universal gravitation.
1687: The English East India Company transferred its Western India headquarters from Surat, its first colony in that region, to Bombay in 1687. The Presidency was brought under British Parliament control along with other parts of British India through Pitt's India Act.
1688:[Space][Books] Astronomical Unit (AU). The editio princeps was published by John Wallis, using several medieval manuscripts compiled by Sir Henry Savile (30 November 1549 – 19 February 1622). Savile was an English scholar and mathematician, Warden of Merton College, Oxford, and Provost of Eton. He endowed the Savilian chairs of Astronomy and of Geometry at Oxford University, and was one of the scholars who translated the New Testament from Greek into English. He was a Member of the Parliament of England for Bossiney in Cornwall in 1589, and Dunwich in Suffolk in 1593.
1689:[Book] John Locke's Two Treatises of Government. (wrote anonymously)
India Company under the supervision of John Goldsborough.
1693:[Education][US][Public] The College of William & Mary founded.
1694: The term "function" was introduced by Gottfried Leibniz, in a 1673 letter, to describe a quantity related to a curve, such as a curve's slope at a specific point.
1694:[Food] It was first recorded in Ben Cao Bei Yao by Wang Ang in 1694, and the Italian scholar Saccardo named the Cordyceps found in China officially as Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. in 1878; this nomenclature has been used ever since.
1696: (The first) Fort Williams built in Kolkata at the banks of River Hooghly by the British EastIndia Company under the supervision of John Goldsborough.
1696:[Math][Research] John Bernoulli’s famous problem of the “brachistochrone,” or curve of quickest descent from one point to another under the action of gravity, proposed in 1696, gave rise to a new kind of maximum and minimum problem in which we have to find a curve and not points on a given curve. From these problems arose the “Calculus of Variations.”
1697:[Economics][Geography] Dutch explorers led by Willem de Vlamingh became the first Europeans to see black swans, in Western Australia. The term subsequently metamorphosed to connote the idea that a perceived impossibility might later be disproven.
1698:[Technology] Steam Engine - Thomas Savery developed the first practical steam engine around 1698, and James Watt's improvements in the late 18th century made it more efficient.
1698 (Feb): Maclaurin was born in Kilmodan, Cowal, Argyll, Scotland
1698: Jonathan's Coffee-House (the original site of the London Stock Exchange) was used by John Castaing to post the prices of stocks and commodities, the first evidence of systematic exchange of securities in London, England. That year, other dealers expelled from the Royal Exchange for rowdiness migrated to Jonathan's (along with Garraway's Coffee-House).
1698 (Feb): Maclaurin was born in Kilmodan, Cowal, Argyll, Scotland
1698: Jonathan's Coffee-House (the original site of the London Stock Exchange) was used by John Castaing to post the prices of stocks and commodities, the first evidence of systematic exchange of securities in London, England. That year, other dealers expelled from the Royal Exchange for rowdiness migrated to Jonathan's (along with Garraway's Coffee-House).
--------------------------------------------------- The Renaissance ends --------------------------------------------
18th century CE started on 1st Jan 1701 AD.
1700s: British conquered India, one of the richest countries in the world (27% of global gross domestic product in 1700)
1700: The population in China, according to widely accepted estimates, was roughly 150 million, about what it had been under the late Ming a century before, then doubled over the next century, and reached a height of 450 million on the eve of the Taiping Rebellion in 1850.
1700: The homicide rate has been estimated to be over 30 per 100,000 people in 1700, dropping to under 20 by 1800, and to under 10 by 1900. After World War II, crime rates increased in the United States, peaking from the 1970s to the early-1990s. Violent crime nearly quadrupled between 1960 and its peak in 1991.
1700:[Music] The piano was invented by Bartolomeo Cristofori (1655-1731) of Italy. Cristofori was unsatisfied by the lack of control that musicians had over the volume level of the harpsichord. He is credited for switching out the plucking mechanism with a hammer to create the modern piano in around the year 1700.
17xx:[Travel][India][RJ] About 15 kilometres from Jaipur, Jaigarh Fort was built by Sawai Jai Singh II sometime in the early 18th century amidst the arid, rocky and thorn-scrub covered hills. Despite its ancient construction, it still retains most of its imposing citadel appearance. Visitors can see the world’s largest cannon – Jaiban, at the fort.
1705: J. Bernoulli died.
1706 (Jan 17): Benjamin Franklin was born at Boston, Massachusetts, United States
1707: following the death of Aurangzeb, the Nizams split from the Mughals to form an independent kingdom.
1707 (Apr 15): Leonhard Euler was born at Basel, Switzerland, who later gave a God equation of mathematics. 1+exp^(i.pi) = 0 (uses 0, 1, e, i and pi)
1706 (Jan 17): Benjamin Franklin was born at Boston, Massachusetts, United States
1707: following the death of Aurangzeb, the Nizams split from the Mughals to form an independent kingdom.
1707 (Apr 15): Leonhard Euler was born at Basel, Switzerland, who later gave a God equation of mathematics. 1+exp^(i.pi) = 0 (uses 0, 1, e, i and pi)
1707: [Book] Political History of Medieval India (1707AD to 1950AD) by Dr. A. K. Chaturvedi & Rinki Agarwal
1708: Guru Gobind Singh died aged 42.
1710s: 10/12 yrs. old Jack Sparrow outsmarted the ruthless pirate murderer Armando Salazar (a pirate hunter who haunted the Caribbean. Hailing from Spain, Salazar was a Spaniard, a high-ranking officer of the Spanish Royal Navy and the decorated capitán of the powerful pirate hunting warship, the Silent Mary.) and led him to his death in the mysterious Devil's Triangle. However, through the dark powers of the Triangle, Salazar was resurrected more powerful than ever, but cursed to wander the world as a ghost for eternity.
1711: The South Sea Company (officially The Governor and Company of the merchants of Great Britain, trading to the South Seas and other parts of America, and for the encouragement of fishing), a British joint-stock company founded. Its value rose to peak in 1720 and collapsed. South Sea Bubble.
1714:[Technology] Thermometer - The first thermometer was developed in the early 17th century. Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit introduced the mercury-in-glass thermometer in 1714.
1715: the Age of Enlightenment in Europe. A range of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of authority and legitimacy, and came to advance ideals such as liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional government, and separation of church and state.
1715: The concept of a Taylor series was formulated by the Scottish mathematician James Gregory and formally introduced by the English mathematician Brook Taylor in 1715.
1715: the Age of Enlightenment in Europe. A range of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of authority and legitimacy, and came to advance ideals such as liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional government, and separation of church and state.
1715: The concept of a Taylor series was formulated by the Scottish mathematician James Gregory and formally introduced by the English mathematician Brook Taylor in 1715.
1715: St George's Anglo- Indian Higher Secondary School was founded in 1715 as the Military Male Orphan Asylum and is one of the oldest schools in the world and the oldest in India. It is affiliated to the Anglo-Indian Board of Education.
1717: Gamblers in the 1717 France were used to bet on the event of getting at least one 1 (ace) in four rolls of a dice. As a more trying variation, two die were rolled 24 times with a bet on having at least one double ace.
1719 (Apr 25):[Money] Robinson Crusoe, a novel by Daniel Defoe, first published. The first edition credited the work's protagonist Robinson Crusoe as its author, leading many readers to believe he was a real person and the book a travelogue of true incidents.
1720: Administrative center of the Malwa (central India) was shifted to Indore city under the Holkars of the Maratha Empire (Maratha Peshwa Baji Rao I, his commander Malhar Rao Holkar as the Subhedar (Governor) of the province.).
Indore is the largest city and commercial hub of Central Indian state Madhya Pradesh. Automobile, pharmaceutical, software, retail, textile trading and real estate are some of the major industrial sectors of the city.
1722: The Nawab of Awadh or the Nawab of Oudh was the title of the rulers who governed the state of Oudh or Awadh in India during the 18th and 19th centuries. The Nawabs of Awadh belonged to a dynasty of Qaraqoyunlu origin from Nishapur, Iran. In 1724, Nawab Sa'adat Khan established the Oudh State.
Indore is the largest city and commercial hub of Central Indian state Madhya Pradesh. Automobile, pharmaceutical, software, retail, textile trading and real estate are some of the major industrial sectors of the city.
1722: The Nawab of Awadh or the Nawab of Oudh was the title of the rulers who governed the state of Oudh or Awadh in India during the 18th and 19th centuries. The Nawabs of Awadh belonged to a dynasty of Qaraqoyunlu origin from Nishapur, Iran. In 1724, Nawab Sa'adat Khan established the Oudh State.
1723:[US][Economy] The Rockefeller family originated in the Rhineland region in Germany and can be traced to the town Neuwied in the early 17th century. The American family branch is descended from Johann Peter Rockefeller (1681-1763), who migrated from the Rhineland to Philadelphia in the Province of Pennsylvania around 1723. In the US, he became a plantation owner and landholder in Somerville, and Amwell, New Jersey.
1726: The Golden Age of Piracy ended after 66 years.
1726 (Mar 20): Issac Newton died aged 84 at Kensington, Middlesex, England. He contributed to the Physics, Natural philosophy, Alchemy, Theology, Mathematics, Astronomy, and Economics.
1727: Royal Bank of Scotland.
1730: Classical period of Music started in Western music in Europe. Instead of existing Polyphony music, Homophony was experimented.
This taste for structural clarity began to affect music, which moved away from the layered polyphony of the Baroque period toward a style known as homophony, in which the melody is played over a subordinate harmony. This move meant that chords became a much more prevalent feature of music, even if they interrupted the melodic smoothness of a single part. As a result, the tonal structure of a piece of music became more audible.
1730: The idea contained within the Z-transform is also known in mathematical literature as the method of generating functions which can be traced back as early as 1730 when it was introduced by de Moivre in conjunction with probability theory.
1726: The Golden Age of Piracy ended after 66 years.
1726 (Mar 20): Issac Newton died aged 84 at Kensington, Middlesex, England. He contributed to the Physics, Natural philosophy, Alchemy, Theology, Mathematics, Astronomy, and Economics.
1727: Royal Bank of Scotland.
1730: Classical period of Music started in Western music in Europe. Instead of existing Polyphony music, Homophony was experimented.
This taste for structural clarity began to affect music, which moved away from the layered polyphony of the Baroque period toward a style known as homophony, in which the melody is played over a subordinate harmony. This move meant that chords became a much more prevalent feature of music, even if they interrupted the melodic smoothness of a single part. As a result, the tonal structure of a piece of music became more audible.
1730: The idea contained within the Z-transform is also known in mathematical literature as the method of generating functions which can be traced back as early as 1730 when it was introduced by de Moivre in conjunction with probability theory.
1730: Dungarpur's rise to tourist fame is thanks to the exceptional architecture of its palaces and royal residences. These stone structures are adorned with 'jharokhas' (windows)and built in a style that was born during the times of Maharawal Shiv Singh (1730-1785 AD). - Mountain City of Rajasthan.
1733:[Religion] Sikhs have been concentrated in the Punjab region of South Asia. Before its conquest by the British, the region around Punjab had been ruled by the confederacy of Sikh Misls. The Misls ruled over the eastern Punjab from 1733 to 1799, until their confederacy was unified into the Sikh Empire by Maharajah Ranjit Singh from 1799 to 1849.
1734:[Travel][India][RJ] Nahargarh Fort sits proudly on a ridge of the Aravalli Hills, creating an impressive northern backdrop to the city of Jaipur. It was constructed during the reign of Jai Singh in 1734, and was later expanded in 1868.
1735: G. Brandt proved that the blue color of glass is due to a new kind of metal, Cobalt and not bismuth as thought previously.
1736: Lovji Nusserwanjee Wadia (1702–1774), shipwright, founded Wadia Group in Surat. The family is related to Jinnah family, through Dina Jinnah (Neville's wife), the daughter of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who was the founder of Pakistan.
1735: G. Brandt proved that the blue color of glass is due to a new kind of metal, Cobalt and not bismuth as thought previously.
1736: Lovji Nusserwanjee Wadia (1702–1774), shipwright, founded Wadia Group in Surat. The family is related to Jinnah family, through Dina Jinnah (Neville's wife), the daughter of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who was the founder of Pakistan.
1738:[Music] Whether that is true or not, modern research suggests that the tabla were invented in the first half of the 18th century (about 1738) by a drummer named Amir Khusru, who was instructed to develop a more subtle and melodic percussion instrument that could accompany the new style of music called Khayal.
1738:[Maths] Some authors attribute the credit for the discovery of the normal distribution to de Moivre, who in 1738 published in the second edition of his "The Doctrine of Chances" the study of the coefficients in the binomial expansion of (a + b)n. De Moivre proved that the middle term in this expansion has the approximate magnitude of 2^{n}/{\sqrt {2\pi n}}}, and that "If m or 1/2 n be a Quantity infinitely great, then the Logarithm of the Ratio, which a Term distant from the middle by the Interval ℓ, has to the middle Term, is (−2ℓℓ)/n. Although this theorem can be interpreted as the first obscure expression for the normal probability law, Stigler points out that de Moivre himself did not interpret his results as anything more than the approximate rule for the binomial coefficients, and in particular de Moivre lacked the concept of the probability density function.
1739 (Mar):[India] Emperor Nader Shah, the Shah of Iran (1736–47) and the founder of the Afsharid dynasty, invaded Northern India, eventually attacking Delhi.
1740: Moradabad, in Uttar Pradesh, was founded around 1625 by Rustam Khan, the governor of Katehr, who named it after the imperial prince Murad Bakhsh. The Afghan Rohillas acquired Moradabad in 1740 and controlled the city until 1773 when it passed to control of the Nawab of Awadh. Nawab Shuja ud-Daula of Awadh (r.1753-1775) subsequently ceeded part of his territory including Moradabad to the Britsh in 1801.
1743: kelvin (K) was first defined as 'The centigrade scale is obtained by assigning 0 °C to the freezing point of water and 100 °C to the boiling point of water.'
1743 (Oct 21): Franklin deduced that storms do not always travel in the direction of the prevailing wind, a concept that greatly influenced meteorology.
1743: kelvin (K) was first defined as 'The centigrade scale is obtained by assigning 0 °C to the freezing point of water and 100 °C to the boiling point of water.'
1743 (Oct 21): Franklin deduced that storms do not always travel in the direction of the prevailing wind, a concept that greatly influenced meteorology.
1743:[Travel][India][RJ] The Jagmandir Palace was built by one of the queens of Kota between 1743 and 1745, and is situated in the middle of the Kishore Sagar Lake. Built in red sandstone, it is a monument of exquisite beauty.
1743:[Education][US][Public] University of Delaware founded.
1743: Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (/ləˈvwɑːzieɪ/ lə-VWAH-zee-ay; French: [ɑ̃twan lɔʁɑ̃ də lavwazje]; 26 August 1743 – 8 May 1794), also Antoine Lavoisier after the French Revolution, was a French nobleman and chemist who was central to the 18th-century chemical revolution and who had a large influence on both the history of chemistry and the history of biology.
1744: Euler, followed by Lagrange, had started looking for solutions of differential equations in the form 
(history of Laplace transform)
1745: Leyden Jar.
1745: Franklin started exploring the phenomenon of electricity when he heard of the Leyden jar. Franklin proposed that "vitreous" and "resinous" electricity were not different types of "electrical fluid" (as electricity was called then), but the same "fluid" under different pressures. He was the first to label them as positive and negative respectively, and he was the first to discover the principle of conservation of charge.
1745: The Jacobite Uprising of 1745, a civil war fought in Great Britain, impacted new world economy.
1745 (Jun 8): Caspar Wessel, the first person to describe the geometrical interpretation of complex numbers as points in the complex plane was born at Vestby, Norway.
1746: The French attack and capture of Madras in 1746 forced the British hand. In 1757, the British decided to raise well-trained military units to conduct operations, conquer territory, and force allegiance from local rulers.
1746 (Jun 14): Colin Maclaurin died aged 48 at Edinburgh, Scotland. He was a Scottish mathematician who made important contributions to geometry and algebra. The Maclaurin series, a special case of the Taylor series, is named after him.
1746:[Garment] Plaid banned by the British for four decades after Scottish Rebellion.
(history of Laplace transform)1745: Leyden Jar.
1745: Franklin started exploring the phenomenon of electricity when he heard of the Leyden jar. Franklin proposed that "vitreous" and "resinous" electricity were not different types of "electrical fluid" (as electricity was called then), but the same "fluid" under different pressures. He was the first to label them as positive and negative respectively, and he was the first to discover the principle of conservation of charge.
1745: The Jacobite Uprising of 1745, a civil war fought in Great Britain, impacted new world economy.
1745 (Jun 8): Caspar Wessel, the first person to describe the geometrical interpretation of complex numbers as points in the complex plane was born at Vestby, Norway.
1746: The French attack and capture of Madras in 1746 forced the British hand. In 1757, the British decided to raise well-trained military units to conduct operations, conquer territory, and force allegiance from local rulers.
1746 (Jun 14): Colin Maclaurin died aged 48 at Edinburgh, Scotland. He was a Scottish mathematician who made important contributions to geometry and algebra. The Maclaurin series, a special case of the Taylor series, is named after him.
1746:[Garment] Plaid banned by the British for four decades after Scottish Rebellion.
1747:[Space][India]Michael Topping (1747–96) as an astronomer at IIA.
1748: Benjamin Franklin constructed a multiple plate capacitor, that he called an "electrical battery" (not to be confused with Volta's pile) by placing eleven panes of glass sandwiched between lead plates, suspended with silk cords and connected by wires.
1748: "Time is Money" The phrase is usually credited to Benjamin Franklin, who used it in an essay (Advice to a Young Tradesman, 1748). The actual phrase was recorded in 1719 in the magazine The Free-Thinker.
1748: Platinum. First description of a metal found in South American gold was in 1557 by Julius Caesar Scaliger. Ulloa published his findings in 1748, but Sir Charles Wood also investigated the metal in 1741. First reference to it as a new metal was made by William Brownrigg in 1750.
1748: In the first volume of his fundamental text 'Introductio in Analysin Infinitorum', published in 1748, Euler gave essentially the same definition of a function as his teacher Bernoulli, as an expression or formula involving variables and constants e.g., x^{2}+3x+2}.
1749: The principle of the lightning rod was first detailed by Benjamin Franklin in Pennsylvania.
1749 (Mar 23): Pierre-Simon, marquis de Laplace was born at Beaumont-en-Auge, Normandy, France.
1748: "Time is Money" The phrase is usually credited to Benjamin Franklin, who used it in an essay (Advice to a Young Tradesman, 1748). The actual phrase was recorded in 1719 in the magazine The Free-Thinker.
1748: Platinum. First description of a metal found in South American gold was in 1557 by Julius Caesar Scaliger. Ulloa published his findings in 1748, but Sir Charles Wood also investigated the metal in 1741. First reference to it as a new metal was made by William Brownrigg in 1750.
1748: In the first volume of his fundamental text 'Introductio in Analysin Infinitorum', published in 1748, Euler gave essentially the same definition of a function as his teacher Bernoulli, as an expression or formula involving variables and constants e.g., x^{2}+3x+2}.
1748:[Culture][Kinky] slang for vagina - Cockpit
1749 (Mar 23): Pierre-Simon, marquis de Laplace was born at Beaumont-en-Auge, Normandy, France.
1750s:[Space] Some constellations are no longer recognized by the IAU, but may appear in older star charts and other references. Most notable is Argo Navis, which was one of Ptolemy's original 48 constellations. In the 1750s the French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille divided this into three separate constellations: Carina, Puppis, and Vela. 50 constellations.
1750s: Foundations of Birla family began from Seth Bhudharmal, a member of the Maheshwari Marwari community from Pilani in the westerly state of Rajasthan. His great grandson, Shiv Narain Birla, traded in cotton and laid the foundation of the family's future business success by moving to Bombay in 1863 and establishing Shivnarayan Baldevdas a trading house in Bombay in 1884.
1749:[Travel][India][RJ] Ishwar Lat, is a 60 feet high grand minaret in Jaipur. Also called 'Swarg Suli' or 'heaven piercing minaret', this tower near Tripolia Gate was built by Raja Ishwari Singh in 1749 A.D to commemorate a grand victory. Ishwar Lat offers a breath-taking view of Jaipur.
1749 (Mar 23):[Research][Maths] Pierre-Simon, Marquis de Laplace (/ləˈplɑːs/; French: [pjɛʁ simɔ̃ laplas]; 23 March 1749 – 5 March 1827) was a French scholar and polymath whose work was important to the development of engineering, mathematics, statistics, physics, astronomy, and philosophy. Born 23 March 1749 Beaumont-en-Auge, Normandy, Kingdom of France Died 5 March 1827 (aged 77) Paris, Kingdom of France.
1750s: Patparganj was a flourishing town and an important grain market of Delhi under the Mughal reign of Ahmad Shah, where wholesale grain merchants stayed and large enclosures were built to store grain from the doab region and ferried across Yamuna River into Paharganj market, and the walled city of Shahjahanabad (Old Delhi) markets.
1750: "On Stranger Tides" is placed at this year.
1750: Franklin published a proposal for an experiment to prove that lightning is electricity by flying a kite in a storm that appeared capable of becoming a lightning storm.
175x: Phlogiston, a fire-like element supposed by 18th-century chemists to exist in all combustible bodies, and to be released in combustion. (Oxygen?)
1751: Nickel. Found by attempting to extract copper from the mineral known as fake copper (now known as niccolite)
1751: The most influential publication of the Enlightenment was the Encyclopédie (Encyclopaedia). Published between 1751 and 1772 in thirty-five volumes, it was compiled by Denis Diderot, Jean le Rond d'Alembert (until 1759), and a team of 150 scientists and philosophers and it helped spread the ideas of the Enlightenment across Europe and beyond. The work consisted of 28 volumes, with 71,818 articles and 3,129 illustrations. The first seventeen volumes were published between 1751 and 1765; eleven volumes of plates were finished by 1772. Engraver Robert Bénard provided at least 1,800 plates for the work. The objective of the editors of the Encyclopédie was to gather all the knowledge in the world, Diderot and D'Alembert knew they would need various contributors to help them with their project. Many of the philosophes (intellectuals of the French Enlightenment) contributed to the Encyclopédie, including Diderot himself, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Montesquieu. The most prolific contributor was Louis de Jaucourt, who wrote 17,266 articles between 1759 and 1765, or about eight per day, representing a full 25% of the Encyclopédie. The publication became a place where these contributors could share their ideas and interests.
1752: No more use of Julian Calander, next date to 3 Sep 1752 was 13th Sep (10 day offset) for UK calanders.
1752: Lightning rods were installed on the Academy of Philadelphia (later the University of Pennsylvania) and the Pennsylvania State House (later Independence Hall).
1753: Bismuth. Definitively identified by Claude François Geoffroy in 1753.
1755: Magnesium. Black observed that magnesia alba (MgO) was not quicklime (CaO). Davy isolated the metal electrochemically from magnesia in 1808.
1750: "On Stranger Tides" is placed at this year.
1750: Franklin published a proposal for an experiment to prove that lightning is electricity by flying a kite in a storm that appeared capable of becoming a lightning storm.
175x: Phlogiston, a fire-like element supposed by 18th-century chemists to exist in all combustible bodies, and to be released in combustion. (Oxygen?)
1751: Nickel. Found by attempting to extract copper from the mineral known as fake copper (now known as niccolite)
1751: The most influential publication of the Enlightenment was the Encyclopédie (Encyclopaedia). Published between 1751 and 1772 in thirty-five volumes, it was compiled by Denis Diderot, Jean le Rond d'Alembert (until 1759), and a team of 150 scientists and philosophers and it helped spread the ideas of the Enlightenment across Europe and beyond. The work consisted of 28 volumes, with 71,818 articles and 3,129 illustrations. The first seventeen volumes were published between 1751 and 1765; eleven volumes of plates were finished by 1772. Engraver Robert Bénard provided at least 1,800 plates for the work. The objective of the editors of the Encyclopédie was to gather all the knowledge in the world, Diderot and D'Alembert knew they would need various contributors to help them with their project. Many of the philosophes (intellectuals of the French Enlightenment) contributed to the Encyclopédie, including Diderot himself, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Montesquieu. The most prolific contributor was Louis de Jaucourt, who wrote 17,266 articles between 1759 and 1765, or about eight per day, representing a full 25% of the Encyclopédie. The publication became a place where these contributors could share their ideas and interests.
1752: No more use of Julian Calander, next date to 3 Sep 1752 was 13th Sep (10 day offset) for UK calanders.
1752: Lightning rods were installed on the Academy of Philadelphia (later the University of Pennsylvania) and the Pennsylvania State House (later Independence Hall).
1753: Bismuth. Definitively identified by Claude François Geoffroy in 1753.
1755: Magnesium. Black observed that magnesia alba (MgO) was not quicklime (CaO). Davy isolated the metal electrochemically from magnesia in 1808.
1755:[Space] Lacaille's catalogue contained 42 (space) objects, and so he added some bright, well
1755:[Culture][Kinky] slang for boobs - Cupid's Kettledrums
1756 (Jan 27): Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, baptised as Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart, was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical period. Despite his short life, his rapid pace of composition resulted in more than over 800 works of virtually every genre of his time. Many of these compositions are acknowledged as pinnacles of the symphonic, concertante, chamber, operatic, and choral repertoire. Mozart was among the greatest composers in the history of Western music, and his elder colleague Joseph Haydn wrote: "posterity will not see such a talent again in 100 years". He died age 35 on 1791 (Dec 5)
1756 (May 17): The Seven Years' War was a global conflict that took place between 1756 and 1763, arising largely from issues left unresolved by the 1740 to 1748 War of the Austrian Succession. The first was colonial rivalries between Britain and France, particularly in North America. The other was a struggle for supremacy between Prussia and Austria, which wanted to regain Silesia after it was captured by Prussia in the previous war.
--------------------------------------------- Seven Years' War started ----------------------------------------------
1756: In 1756, the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj Ud Daulah, attacked the first Fort William, temporarily conquered the city, and changed its name to Alinagar. This led the British to build a new fort in the Maidan (now known by Fort Williams ).1757: The Madras Army was established as the Presidency of Madras Army of the Honourable East India Company. It is one of the three presidencies of British India within the British Empire. All the 3 armies belonged to the East India Company until the Government of India Act 1858 (passed in the aftermath of the Indian Rebellion of 1857) transferred all three presidencies to the direct authority of the British Crown.
1757 (Jun 23): Battle of Plassey, Bengal (some 150 kilometers north of Calcutta). The forces of the British East India Company, under Robert Clive, defeated Siraj Ud Daulah, the last independent Nawab of Bengal. It marked the beginning of Britis EIC's firm foothold in eastern India. East India Company started to rule in India.
1757: Joint-stock colony established by the East India Company in India and regulated by the British Parliament. Ruled for 101 years.
1757: Indravati by Nur Muhammad was published in Awadhi.
1758: Franklin conducted experiments for refrigeration on a warm day in Cambridge, England, with a fellow scientist John Hadley. In his letter Cooling by Evaporation, Franklin noted that, "One may see the possibility of freezing a man to death on a warm summer's day." They achieved a temp. of -14°C from 18°C using ether and bellows. A temp. drop of 32°C.
1760s: The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. Steam, Water Supply, and Mechanical Alternatives
1762: [India] Bishop Heber Higher Secondary school, Tiruchirappalli
1763 (Jan 1): Seven Years' War: Result: Anglo-Prussian coalition victory:, Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1762), Treaty of Hamburg (1762), Treaty of Paris (1763), Treaty of Hubertusburg (1763)
Territorial changes: Status quo ante bellum in Europe:, Transfer of colonial possessions between Great Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal., France cedes its possessions east of the Mississippi River, Canada (except Saint-Pierre and Miquelon), the island of Grenada, and the Northern Circars in India to Great Britain., France cedes Louisiana and its territory west of the Mississippi River to Spain., Spain cedes Florida to Great Britain., Four "neutral" Caribbean islands divided between Britain (St. Vincent, Tobago, Dominica) and France (St. Lucia)
1763: [India] St. Johns Vestry Anglo Indian School, Tiruchirappalli
-------------------------------------------- Seven Years' War halted -------------------------------------------------
1764 (Oct 22): Battle of Buxar, Bengal. the East India Company army defeated Mughal emperor Shah Alam II.After his defeat, the emperor granted the Company the right to the "collection of Revenue" in the provinces of Bengal, Bihar, and Odisha, known as "Diwani" to the Company. The Company soon expanded its territories around its bases in Bombay and Madras; later, the Anglo-Mysore Wars (1766–1799) and the Anglo-Maratha Wars (1772–1818) led to control of the vast regions of India.
1765: The American Revolution was an ideological and political revolution which occurred in colonial North America between 1765 and 1783. The American Patriots in the Thirteen Colonies defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War with the assistance of France, winning independence from Great Britain and establishing the United States of America.
1765(Oct):[COE] In October of 1765, delegates from 9 colonies met to issue petitions to the British Government denying Parliament's authority to tax the colonies.
1765:[Technology][Who] Joseph Nicéphore Niépce (French: [nisefɔʁ njɛps]; 7 March 1765 – 5 July 1833) was a French inventor and one of the earliest pioneers of photography.
--------------------------------------------- The American Revolution started -----------------------------------
1766: the Anglo-Mysore Wars started between the Kingdom of Mysore on the one hand, and the British East India Company (represented chiefly by the Madras Presidency), and Maratha Confederacy and the Nizam of Hyderabad on the other.
1766: Hydrogen. Cavendish was the first to distinguish H2 from other gases, although Paracelsus around 1500, Robert Boyle, and Joseph Priestley had observed its production by reacting strong acids with metals. Lavoisier named it in 1793.
1766: The modern postal system was estd. by Robert Clive in India.
1767: Expulsion of Burmese and reunification of Thailand.
1766: Hydrogen. Cavendish was the first to distinguish H2 from other gases, although Paracelsus around 1500, Robert Boyle, and Joseph Priestley had observed its production by reacting strong acids with metals. Lavoisier named it in 1793.
1766: The modern postal system was estd. by Robert Clive in India.
1767: Expulsion of Burmese and reunification of Thailand.
1767:[Space] The Pleiades have long been known to be a physically related group of stars rather than any chance alignment. John Michell calculated in 1767 that the probability of a chance alignment of so many bright stars was only 1 in 500,000, and so surmised that the Pleiades and many other clusters of stars must be physically related. When studies were first made of the stars' proper motions, it was found that they are all moving in the same direction across the sky, at the same rate, further demonstrating that they were related.
1768 (Mar 21): Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier was born at Auxerre, Burgundy, Kingdom of France (now in Yonne, France).
1768: Nepali unification.
1771: Oxygen, W. Scheele obtained it by heating mercuric oxide and nitrates in 1771, but did not publish his findings until 1777. Joseph Priestley also prepared this new air by 1774, but only Lavoisier recognized it as a true element; he named it in 1777.
1768 (Mar 21): Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier was born at Auxerre, Burgundy, Kingdom of France (now in Yonne, France).
1768: Nepali unification.
1771: Oxygen, W. Scheele obtained it by heating mercuric oxide and nitrates in 1771, but did not publish his findings until 1777. Joseph Priestley also prepared this new air by 1774, but only Lavoisier recognized it as a true element; he named it in 1777.
1771:[Space] Charles Messier measured the position of the cluster and included it as M45 in his catalogue of comet-like objects, published in 1771. Along with the Orion Nebula and the Praesepe cluster, Messier's inclusion of the Pleiades has been noted as curious, as most of Messier's objects were much fainter and more easily confused with comets—something that seems scarcely possible for the Pleiades. One possibility is that Messier simply wanted to have a larger catalogue than his scientific rival Lacaille, whose 1755 catalogue contained 42 objects, and so he added some bright, well-known objects to boost his list.
1772: the Anglo-Maratha Wars started.
1772: The East India Company Act 1
1772: The Bengal renaissance started with Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772–1833) and ended with Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941). During this period, Bengal witnessed an intellectual awakening that is in some way similar to the Renaissance in Europe during the 16th century, although Europeans of that age were not confronted with the challenge and influence of alien colonialism. This movement questioned existing orthodoxies, particularly with respect to women, marriage, the dowry system, the caste system, and religion.
1773: There was great corruption in British Bengal because of the political patronage. In 1773, British parliament enacted the 'Regulating Act' in India which established the post of Governor General by dissolving the post of The Governor of Bengal. Warren Hastings was the first such Gov. Gen. to head Presidencies of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras.
1773: Regulating Act of 1773 (evolution of Indian constitution started.)
1772: the Anglo-Maratha Wars started.
1772: The East India Company Act 1
1772: The Bengal renaissance started with Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1772–1833) and ended with Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941). During this period, Bengal witnessed an intellectual awakening that is in some way similar to the Renaissance in Europe during the 16th century, although Europeans of that age were not confronted with the challenge and influence of alien colonialism. This movement questioned existing orthodoxies, particularly with respect to women, marriage, the dowry system, the caste system, and religion.
1773: There was great corruption in British Bengal because of the political patronage. In 1773, British parliament enacted the 'Regulating Act' in India which established the post of Governor General by dissolving the post of The Governor of Bengal. Warren Hastings was the first such Gov. Gen. to head Presidencies of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras.
1773: Regulating Act of 1773 (evolution of Indian constitution started.)
1773:[COE] Boston people in America got angry with Britishers over taxation.
1773:[Env][APAC] [EMEA] [EU] [Culture][Travel][Aviation][Extreme] The Siberian crane was formally described by Peter Simon Pallas in 1773 and given the binomial name Grus leucogeranus. The specific epithet is derived from the classical Greek words leukos for "white" and geranos for a "crane". Ustad Mansur, a 17th-century court artist and singer of Jahangir, had illustrated a Siberian crane about 100 years earlier. The genus Megalornis was used for the cranes by George Robert Gray and this species was included in it, while Richard Bowdler Sharpe suggested a separation from Grus and used the genus Sarcogeranus.
1774: Warren Hastings further developed the postal system in India. Ministry of Communication-GoI, founded.
1774:[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Robert Southey (/ˈsaʊði/ or /ˈsʌði/;[a] 12 August 1774 – 21 March 1843) was an English poet of the Romantic school, and Poet Laureate from 1813 until his death. A poet admired by Brontë.
1774(Oct 7):[India] The Rohilla State of Rampur was established by Pashtun leader, Nawab Faizullah Khan in the presence of British Commander Colonel Champion, and remained a pliant state under British protection thereafter. Pashtuns also known as Pakhtuns or Pathans, are an Iranian ethnic group who are native to the geographic region of Pashtunistan.
1774:[Maths] Although Gauss was the first to suggest the normal distribution law, Laplace made significant contributions. It was Laplace who first posed the problem of aggregating several observations in 1774, although his own solution led to the Laplacian distribution.
1775: Bahadur Shah II (Zafar, meaning Victor18y), the last Mughal emperor was born in Delhi.
1775: [Art][Swiss] Joseph Mallord William Turner RA (23 April 1775 – 19 December 1851), known in his time as William Turner, was an English Romantic painter, printmaker and watercolourist. He is known for his expressive colourisations, imaginative landscapes and turbulent, often violent marine paintings. [Lake Lucerne through Turner's eyes.]
1776:[COE] the ;eaders of the 13 colonies decided they will not be called Britishers anymore, but Americans. This was led by Founding Fathers. George Washington crossing the Delaware river painting. - The declaration of freedom. Idea: the land of liberty. land for everyone.
1776: United States Declaration of Independence.
1776 (Mar 9):[Book] Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations.
1777 (Aug 14): Hans Christian Ørsted born at Rudkøbing, Denmark. He was a Danish physicist and chemist who discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields, which was the first connection found between electricity and magnetism. He is still known today for Oersted's Law.
1777:[India][FnB][UK] Major-general Sir David Ochterlony, 1st Baronet of Pitforthy, 1st Baronet of Ochterlony GCB was a Massachusetts born military officer of the East India Company in British India. He held the powerful post of British Resident to the Mughal court at Delhi. First resident of UK in Delhi.
1777: Corps of Engineers, one of the oldest arms of the Indian Army.
1777: Madame Marie Tussaud of France created her first wax sculpture of Voltaire.1777 (Aug 14): Hans Christian Ørsted born at Rudkøbing, Denmark. He was a Danish physicist and chemist who discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields, which was the first connection found between electricity and magnetism. He is still known today for Oersted's Law.
1777:[India][FnB][UK] Major-general Sir David Ochterlony, 1st Baronet of Pitforthy, 1st Baronet of Ochterlony GCB was a Massachusetts born military officer of the East India Company in British India. He held the powerful post of British Resident to the Mughal court at Delhi. First resident of UK in Delhi.
1779: British seized the French port of Mahé, India.
1779:[COE] topless painting; guillotone - killing machine. King Louis
1779:[Music] Mandolin´s modification made by Gaetano Vinaccia
1780: Luigi Aloisio Galvani, the pioneer of bioelectromagnetics was an Italian physician, physicist, biologist and philosopher, who discovered animal electricity.
1780s: Immanuel Kant (Germany), a philosopher who is considered the central figure of modern philosophy. Kant argued that fundamental concepts of the human mind structure human experience, that reason is the source of morality, that aesthetics arises from a faculty of disinterested judgment, that space and time are forms of our sensibility, and that the world as it is "in-itself" is unknowable.
1780: Second Anglo-Mysore War started between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company. At the time, Mysore was a key French ally in India, and the Franco–British war sparked Anglo–Mysorean hostilities in India.
1780: Mohammedan College of Calcutta, today known by Aliah University, historically known by Madrasah-i-Aliah or Calcutta Madrasah, the first educational institution set up in India by Warren Hastings, the then Governor General of Bengal Presidency.
1780:[Space][Crime] Mohr Observatory (1765) demolished in Jakarta, Indonesia
1780: Luigi Aloisio Galvani, the pioneer of bioelectromagnetics was an Italian physician, physicist, biologist and philosopher, who discovered animal electricity.
1780s: Immanuel Kant (Germany), a philosopher who is considered the central figure of modern philosophy. Kant argued that fundamental concepts of the human mind structure human experience, that reason is the source of morality, that aesthetics arises from a faculty of disinterested judgment, that space and time are forms of our sensibility, and that the world as it is "in-itself" is unknowable.
1780: Second Anglo-Mysore War started between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company. At the time, Mysore was a key French ally in India, and the Franco–British war sparked Anglo–Mysorean hostilities in India.
1780: Mohammedan College of Calcutta, today known by Aliah University, historically known by Madrasah-i-Aliah or Calcutta Madrasah, the first educational institution set up in India by Warren Hastings, the then Governor General of Bengal Presidency.
1780:[Space][Crime] Mohr Observatory (1765) demolished in Jakarta, Indonesia
1781: (The new) Fort William is a fort built in Kolkata on the eastern banks of the River Hooghly during the early years of the Bengal Presidency of British India by Robert Clive using brick and mortar at a cost of approximately two million pounds. It was named after King William III of England and Ireland and II of Scotland.
1781:[Book] The Critique of Pure Reason is a book by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, in which the author seeks to determine the limits and scope of metaphysics.
1781(Apr 3):[Culture][Philosophy][India] Ghanshyam Pande born (Swaminarayan or Nilkanth Varni) - Akshardham Temple
1781:[Space] Uranus was discovered by Sir William Herschel. Herschel was probably the most famous astronomer of the 18th century. In addition to discovering the planet Uranus, he also observed and cataloged over 800 double stars and 2,500 nebulae. He was the first astronomer to correctly describe the spiral structure of our Milky Way Galaxy.
1782: the term “semiconducting” was used for the first time by Alessandro Volta.
1782:[Space] Edme-Sébastien Jeaurat then drew in 1782 a map of 64 stars of the Pleiades from his observations in 1779, which he published in 1786.
1783:
----------------------------------- The American Revolution halted -----------------------------------------------
1784: Second Anglo-Mysore War halted, resulted in the 1784 Treaty of Mangalore, restoring the status quo antebellum under terms company officials such as Warren Hastings found extremely unfavourable.
1784: The India Act, 1784 established the principles of governance in India.
1784: The East India Company Act 2
1784 (Jan 15):
1784 (Aug 13): The East India Company Act 1784, also known as Pitt's India Act, was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain intended to address the shortcomings of the Regulating Act of 1773 by bringing the East India Company's rule in India under the control of the British Government.
1784: Industrial Revolution-1 was at its peak. Steam power for the mass.
1784:[Travel][India][RJ] Gajner Palace. Gajner is an incomparable jewel of the Thar. The Gajner Palace was founded by Maharaja Gaj Singh ji of Bikaner, and then completed by the great Maharaja Ganga Singh of Bikaner on the banks of the lake.
1784: The India Act, 1784 established the principles of governance in India.
1784: The East India Company Act 2
1784 (Jan 15):
1784 (Aug 13): The East India Company Act 1784, also known as Pitt's India Act, was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain intended to address the shortcomings of the Regulating Act of 1773 by bringing the East India Company's rule in India under the control of the British Government.
1784: Industrial Revolution-1 was at its peak. Steam power for the mass.
1784:[Travel][India][RJ] Gajner Palace. Gajner is an incomparable jewel of the Thar. The Gajner Palace was founded by Maharaja Gaj Singh ji of Bikaner, and then completed by the great Maharaja Ganga Singh of Bikaner on the banks of the lake.
1784:[Space][Research] John Michell proposed that gravity can be strong enough in the vicinity of massive compact objects that even light cannot escape. At that time, the Newtonian theory of gravitation and the so-called corpuscular theory of light were dominant. In these theories, if the escape velocity of the gravitational influence of a massive object exceeds the speed of light, then light originating inside or from it can escape temporarily but will return.
1785:[Education][US][Public] University of Georgia founded.
1785: Pierre-Simon, marquis de Laplace took the key forward step in using integrals of this form in order to transform a whole difference equation, rather than simply as a form for the solution, and found that the transformed equation was easier to solve than the original. The basic idea now known as the Z-transform was known to Laplace, and it was re-introduced in 1947 by W. Hurewicz
1785: Times (Newspaper)
1786 : The India Act, 1784 established the principles of governance in India. Lord Cornwallis(1786-93) splitted the bureaucracy into two parts :- political branch responsible for civil governance and commercial branch for commercial activities.
1786: development of Post Offices paced-up in India.
1785: Times (Newspaper)
1786 : The India Act, 1784 established the principles of governance in India. Lord Cornwallis(1786-93) splitted the bureaucracy into two parts :- political branch responsible for civil governance and commercial branch for commercial activities.
1786: development of Post Offices paced-up in India.
1786:[Culture][Kinky] slang for boobs - Cream Jugs or Apple Dumplings
1787: James Madison's (The 4th US Prez.) Contribution to the Constitution
1787: Church Mission Society. The original proposal for the mission came from Charles Grant and George Uday of the East India Company and the Revd David Brown, of Calcutta, who sent a proposal in 1787 to William Wilberforce, then a young member of parliament, and Charles Simeon, a young clergyman at Cambridge University. The Baptist Missionary Society was formed in 1792 and the London Missionary Society was formed in 1795.1787 (Dec): Delaware, Pennsylvania and New Jersey were the first states in USA to join the union on Dec 7, 12 and 18 resp.
1788:[History][Culture] Estimates of the number of people living in Australia at the time that colonisation began in 1788, who belonged to a range of diverse groups, vary from 300,000 to a million, and upper estimates place the total population as high as 1.25 million. A cumulative population of 1.6 billion people has been estimated to have lived in Australia over 65,000 years prior to British colonisation. The regions of heaviest Aboriginal population were the same temperate coastal regions that are currently the most heavily populated, the Murray River valley in particular. The population shrank from those present when colonisation began in New South Wales in 1788, to 50,000 in 1930. This drastic reduction in numbers has been attributed to outbreaks of smallpox and other diseases, but other sources have described the extent of frontier clashes and in some cases, deliberate killings of Aboriginal peoples.
1789: French Revolution, a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799, and was partially carried forward by Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire. It started to overthrow monarchy and est Republic to amend socio-political culture.
After the French Revolution, lawmakers stopped interpretation of law by judges, and the legislature was the only body permitted to interpret the law; this prohibition was later overturned by the Napoleonic Code.
1789: Antoine-laurent de Lavoisier published a list of 33 chemical elements grouped into gases, metals, non-metals and earths.
1789: Baron Augustin-Louis Cauchy FRS FRSE (French: [oɡystɛ̃ lwi koʃi]; 21 August 1789 – 23 May 1857) was a French mathematician and physicist who made pioneering contributions to analysis. He was one of the first to state and prove theorems of calculus rigorously, rejecting the heuristic principle of the generality of algebra of earlier authors. He almost singlehandedly founded complex analysis and the study of permutation groups in abstract algebra. A profound mathematician, Cauchy had a great influence over his contemporaries and successors. His writings range widely in mathematics and mathematical physics.
--------------------------------------------- The French Revolution started ---------------------------------------
1789:[Education][US][Public] University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill founded.
1789: Mohammad Ibrahim Zauq born at Delhi.1789: French Revolution, a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France that lasted from 1789 until 1799, and was partially carried forward by Napoleon during the later expansion of the French Empire. It started to overthrow monarchy and est Republic to amend socio-political culture.
After the French Revolution, lawmakers stopped interpretation of law by judges, and the legislature was the only body permitted to interpret the law; this prohibition was later overturned by the Napoleonic Code.
1789: Antoine-laurent de Lavoisier published a list of 33 chemical elements grouped into gases, metals, non-metals and earths.
1789: Baron Augustin-Louis Cauchy FRS FRSE (French: [oɡystɛ̃ lwi koʃi]; 21 August 1789 – 23 May 1857) was a French mathematician and physicist who made pioneering contributions to analysis. He was one of the first to state and prove theorems of calculus rigorously, rejecting the heuristic principle of the generality of algebra of earlier authors. He almost singlehandedly founded complex analysis and the study of permutation groups in abstract algebra. A profound mathematician, Cauchy had a great influence over his contemporaries and successors. His writings range widely in mathematics and mathematical physics.
1789 (Apr):[History][Culture][Medicine] A major outbreak of smallpox killed large numbers of Indigenous Australians between Hawkesbury River, Broken Bay, and Port Hacking. Based on information recorded in the journals of some members of the First Fleet, it has been surmised that the Aboriginal peoples of the Sydney region had never encountered the disease before and lacked immunity to it. Unable to understand or counter the sickness, they often fled, leaving the sick with some food and water to fend for themselves. As the clans fled, the epidemic spread further along the coast and into the hinterland. This had a disastrous effect on Aboriginal society; with many of the productive hunters and gatherers dead, those who survived the initial outbreak began to starve.
1790s:[Physics][UK] While studying medicine at Göttingen in the 1790s, Young wrote a thesis on the physical and mathematical properties of sound and in 1800, he presented a paper to the Royal Society (written in 1799) where he argued that light was also a wave motion. His idea was greeted with a certain amount of skepticism because it contradicted Newton's corpuscular theory. Nonetheless, he continued to develop his ideas. He believed that a wave model could much better explain many aspects of light propagation than the corpuscular model.
1790: Franklin died on April 17 (aged 84) at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.
1790: Admiral Lord Howe issued a new signal book for a numerary system using numeral flags to signal a number; the number indicated the message, not the mast from which the flags flew.
1790s:[Physics][UK] While studying medicine at Göttingen in the 1790s, Young wrote a thesis on the physical and mathematical properties of sound and in 1800, he presented a paper to the Royal Society (written in 1799) where he argued that light was also a wave motion. His idea was greeted with a certain amount of skepticism because it contradicted Newton's corpuscular theory. Nonetheless, he continued to develop his ideas. He believed that a wave model could much better explain many aspects of light propagation than the corpuscular model.
1790: Franklin died on April 17 (aged 84) at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.
1790: Admiral Lord Howe issued a new signal book for a numerary system using numeral flags to signal a number; the number indicated the message, not the mast from which the flags flew.
1790: Homicide Rates in Plantation Counties in Georgia, 1790-1990
1790:[Space][Research][India] William Petrie (died: 1816), an officer of the East India Company set up private observatory in his residence located in Egmore, Chennai (formerly Madras), India. The main aim of the observatory, according to Petrie, was "to provide navigational assistance to the company ships and help determine the longitudes by observing the eclipses of Moon and satellites of Jupiter". In 1790, this private observatory was taken over by the East India Company, with Michael Topping (1747–96) as an astronomer. In 1792, the observatory was expanded and shifted to a complex in Nungambakkam area of Chennai. This was the first modern observatory outside Europe.
1790:[Space][Research] Spanish National Observatory, perhaps Spain's first space laboratory.
1791: In the United States, Philadelphia carpenters went on strike for the ten-hour day.
1791:[Book][Science] Benjamin Franklin's The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin; Poor Richard's Almanack (1732-1758); A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain (1725); Experiments and Observations on Electricity (1754); The Way to Wealth (1758)
1791:[Book][Science] Benjamin Franklin's The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin; Poor Richard's Almanack (1732-1758); A Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain (1725); Experiments and Observations on Electricity (1754); The Way to Wealth (1758)
1791: Charles Babbage born, died in 1871. Created the ultimate analog computer.
1791: Anne Lister (3 April 1791 – 22 September 1840) was an English diarist, famous for revelations for which she was dubbed "the first modern lesbian". (Brontë)
1792 (Jan 1): First Map of India. James Rennel published a map of principal Indian roads and divisions, titiled 'A general view of the principal roads and divisions of Hindoostan'
1792, Claude Chappe (France) built the first visual telegraphy (or semaphore) system between Lille and Paris. This was followed by a line from Strasbourg to Paris, and eventually spanned all of France.
1793: metre (m) was first defined as '1/10000000 of the meridian through Paris between the North Pole and the Equator'.
1793: kilogram (kg) was first defined as 'The grave was defined as being the weight [mass] of one cubic decimetre of pure water at its freezing point'.
1793: The East India Company Act 3rd or Charter Act of 1793.
1793: development of Post Offices slowed-down in India.
1793: metre (m) was first defined as '1/10000000 of the meridian through Paris between the North Pole and the Equator'.
1793: kilogram (kg) was first defined as 'The grave was defined as being the weight [mass] of one cubic decimetre of pure water at its freezing point'.
1793: The East India Company Act 3rd or Charter Act of 1793.
1793: development of Post Offices slowed-down in India.
1793:[Travel][India][RJ] Built in 1793 AD by Raja Bakhtawar Singh, the City Palace is an amazing mélange of the Rajputana and Islamic styles of architecture. The highlight of this palace are graceful marble pavilions set on lotus flower bases in the central courtyard.
1793: Euronext Dublin is Ireland's main stock exchange, and has been in existence since 1793. The Euronext Dublin lists debt and fund securities and is used as a European gateway exchange for companies seeking to access investors in Europe and beyond.
1794:[Education][US][Public] University of Tennessee, Knoxville founded.
1794:[Technology] Echolocation in bats was discovered by Lazzaro Spallanzani, when he demonstrated that bats hunted and navigated by inaudible sound, not vision. (Ultrasound)
1794, Abraham Edelcrantz, (Sweden) built a quite different system from Stockholm to Drottningholm. using pulleys rotating beams of wood.1795:[Fashion][Culture] Dandyism, although English in origin, dandyism soon found a resonance in post-revolutionary France, where it was adopted by the avant-garde youth subculture, the Incroyables. In Japan, dandyism has become a fashion subculture with historical roots dating back to the Edo period.
1797 (Dec 27): Ghalib born Mirza Asadullah Beg Khan born. He was the preeminent Urdu and Persian-language poet during the last years of the Mughal Empire. He used his pen-names of Ghalib (Urdu: غالب, ġhālib means "dominant") and Asad (Urdu: اسد, Asad means "lion").
1797: It was the mathematical aspect of surveying that led Caspar Wessel to exploring the geometrical significance of complex numbers. His fundamental paper, 'Om directionens analytiske betegning', was presented in 1797 to the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters. Since it was in Danish and published in a journal rarely read outside of Denmark, it went unnoticed for nearly a century. The same results were independently rediscovered by Argand in 1806 and Gauss in 1831.
1797: NYC Homicide rate 1797-2000, peaked around 1995s
1799: Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815) The Napoleonic Wars were a series of conflicts fought between France under the leadership of Napoleon Bonaparte and a number of European nations between 1799 and 1815.
1799: Church Mission Society founded at Watlington Road, Oxford (UK) by Clapham Sect.
1799: JPMorgan Chase
1799: First Anglo-Mysore War halted.
1799: Captain Sir Home Popham published his first list of words and sentences which could be referenced by a number (or "code"); three subsequent editions added letter flags, with the 1801 edition numbering 2994 codes.
1799: While the word placebo had been used since 1772, this is the first real demonstration of the placebo effect. The first scientific demonstration of the placebo effect came in 1799 when a British physician, John Haygarth, set out to test one of the quack remedies on sale at that time: expensive metal rods named Perkins tractors that purported to draw disease from the body.
1799:[Travel][India][RJ] Hawa Mahal, literally the Palace of Winds, was built in 1799 by the poet king Sawai Pratap Singh as a summer retreat for him and his family. It also served as a place where the ladies of the royal household could observe everyday life without being seen themselves.
---------------------------------------- The Age of Enligtenment halts --------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------ The French Revolution halted -------------------------------------------
19th century CE started on 1st Jan 1801 AD.
1800s:[Gaming] the invention of coin-operated vending machines had come about. Game of chance vs Game of skills.
1800s:1800:[Mythology]The term “boogeyman” was coined in the 1800’s, originating from the middle English word “bogge”, which means hobgoblin. It can also be traced back to a “bugbear”, which is the combination of a goblin, bear, and scarecrow. Even with a rough origin of the Boogeyman, there is still discrepancy on how he looks. The Korean bogeyman is called Kotgahm, which is the word for persimmon. The legend is that a mother told her crying child that she would feed him to a tiger if he did not behave. A passing tiger, hearing the threat, waited outside the door for his meal. Instead, the mother gave the child a persimmon, a kotgahm, and the crying stopped. The tiger thought the kotgahm must be a terrifically fierce creature to be more frightening than a tiger. Today, the kotgahm is most often visualized as an old man with a mesh sack who carries naughty children away.
1800s:[History][Oz] For many years, plans of westward expansion from Sydney were thwarted by the Great Dividing Range, a large range of mountains which shadows the east coast from the Queensland-New South Wales border to the south coast. The part of the range near Sydney is called the Blue Mountains. After numerous attempts William Paterson led an expedition northward along the coast to the Hunter Region in 1801 and up the Paterson River (later named in his honour by Governor King) and in 1804 Paterson led an expedition to Port Dalrymple, in what is now Tasmania, exploring the Tamar River and going up the North Esk River farther than any European had previously gone.
1800s:[Physics] Young's work on wave theory.
1800: the term 'Judiciary' started to grow.
1800 (Mar 20): Alessandro Volta describes his new invention, the voltaic pile, the first chemical battery, in a letter to the Royal Society of London.. Alessandro Volta (Italy) invented a galvanic battery inspiring Ørsted to think about the nature of electricity and to conduct his first electrical experiments.1800: Lord Wellesley setup the Fort William College in Calcutta to induct new entrants into CCS (Covenanted Civil Services) and to teach the British rookies understand the Oriental culture, tradition, law and administration to better coordinate in the “governance”.
1800 (Jan 1): Dutch East India Company dissolves.
1800s-1825s:[Culture] A more economically privileged, wealthy, or even aristocratic bohemian circle is sometimes referred to as haute bohème (literally "high Bohemia"). The term Bohemianism emerged in France in the early 19th century when artists and creators began to concentrate in the lower-rent, lower class, Romani neighborhoods (Gypsey).
1800s: This unification, which was observed by Michael Faraday, extended by James Clerk Maxwell, and partially reformulated by Oliver Heaviside and Heinrich Hertz, is one of the key accomplishments of 19th-century mathematical physics.
1800s:[Food] Dragon fruit is indigenous to Mexico and Central America but was introduced to Southeast Asia, first in Vietnam, by the French in the late 19th century.
1800s:[Music] Khusrau Khan, an 18th-century figure of the Mughal Empire has been identified by modern scholarship as the inventor of the sitar. According to most historians, he developed the sitar from the setar, an Iranian instrument of Abbasid or Safavid origin.
1800s: One very popular miraculous story about Tirupathi goes back to 19th Century India. It is said that the ruler of Tirumala region of that time had once imposed the death sentence on twelve criminals for severe crimes. 12 people were hung to death, and their dead bodies were left hanging on the walls of the Tirupathi temple. Many people claim that the deity had made an appearance at that time and the temple was later closed down 12 years.
------------------------------- Advent of Computers and Programming ----------------------------------------
1801:[Education][US][Public] University of South Carolina founded.
1801:[Research][Physics] The French scientist Nicolas Gautherot observed that wires that had been used for electrolysis experiments would themselves provide a small amount of "secondary" current after the main battery had been disconnected. (Battery)
1801:[Physics][UK][Quantum] Young presented a famous paper to the Royal Society entitled "On the Theory of Light and Colours" which describes various interference phenomena. In 1803, he described his famous interference experiment. Unlike the modern double-slit experiment, Young's experiment reflects sunlight (using a steering mirror) through a small hole, and splits the thin beam in half using a paper card. He also mentions the possibility of passing light through two slits in his description of the experiment
1801: Hans Christian Ørsted (Denmark) received a travel scholarship and public grant which enabled him to spend three years travelling across Europe.In Germany he met Johann Wilhelm Ritter (German), a physicist who believed there was a connection between electricity and magnetism. This made sense to Ørsted since he believed in Kantian ideas about the unity of nature and that deep relationships existed between natural phenomena.
1801: Nawab Shuja ud-Daula of Awadh (r.1753-1775) subsequently ceeded part of his territory including Moradabad to the Britsh in 1801.
1801:[Computer] Joseph Marie Jacquard uses punch cards to instruct a loom to weave "hello, world" into a tapestry. Redditers of the time are not impressed due to the lack of tail call recursion, concurrency, or proper capitalization. Stamping Jacquard cards, 1801 through 1890. Jacquard cards were said to be stamped or cut (not punched). The first Jacquard cards were stamped by hand, sometimes using a guide plate. An improvement was to place the card between two perforated metal plates (hinged together), insert punches according to the desired pattern, then pass the assembly through a press to cut the card. These essentially manual processes were replaced by machines; piano machines (the name taken from the keys), operated by keyboards and comparable in function to unit record keypunches, becoming the most common.
1801:[Military][Education][UK] The Royal Military College (RMC), founded in 1801 and established in 1802 at Great Marlow and High Wycombe in Buckinghamshire, England, but moved in October 1812 to Sandhurst, Berkshire, was a British Army military academy for training infantry and cavalry officers of the British and Indian Armies. (IMA, Dehradun)
1802: World population attained the 1 billion or 100 crore milestone.
1802 (Apr 10): Great Trigonometrical Survey of India begins with the measurement of a baseline near Madras.
1802 (Sep 3): William Wordsworth composes the poem "Westminster Bridge" in London.
1802: Marie Tussaud first exhibits her wax sculptures in London, having been commissioned during the Reign of Terror in France to make death masks of the victims.
-------------------- The Napoleonic Wars led by Napoleon I against the United Kingdom ------------------
1803: Battle of Patparganj. Patparganj was the location of the Battle of Delhi, which took place on September 11, 1803 during the Second Anglo-Maratha War, between British troops under General Lake, and Marathas of Scindia's army under General Louis Bourquin
1804:[Education][US][Public] Ohio University founded.
1804: Francisco Salva Campillo (N. Spain), a Catalan polymath and scientist designed an electrochemical telegraph.1804:[Space] 61 Cygni first attracted the attention of astronomers when its large proper motion was first demonstrated by Giuseppe Piazzi in 1804.
1805: The Battle of Trafalgar was fought at Cape Trafalgar, Spain. Flag (the first generation of signaling in the Royal Navy) signals most famously used to spread Nelson’s rallying-cry before the Battle of Trafalgar.
It was a naval engagement fought by the Royal Navy against the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies, during the War of the Third Coalition of the Napoleonic Wars.
1806: Colgate
1806: Argand moved from Geneva to Paris with his family and, when managing a bookshop there, privately published his 'Essai sur une manière de représenter les quantités imaginaires dans les constructions géométriques' (Essay on a method of representing imaginary quantities).
1808:[Physics][UK] John Dalton produced some of the first experimental evidence of atomic elements and compounds. His evidence was correct, but his theory was mostly incorrect. Nevertheless, Dalton’s work led to later serious investigations into atomic structure.
1809: Laplace recognised that Joseph Fourier's method of Fourier series for solving the diffusion equation could only apply to a limited region of space because those solutions were periodic.Laplace applied his transform to find solutions that diffused indefinitely in space.
1809: Samuel Thomas von Sömmering (Germany), a physician, anatomist and inventor enhanced the Campillo's design of electrochemical telegraph.
1809: Henry Louis Vivian Derozio [1809-1831] was an Indian poet and assistant headmaster of Hindu College, Kolkata, a radical thinker and one of the first Indian educators to disseminate Western learning and science among the young men of Bengal.
1805: The Battle of Trafalgar was fought at Cape Trafalgar, Spain. Flag (the first generation of signaling in the Royal Navy) signals most famously used to spread Nelson’s rallying-cry before the Battle of Trafalgar.
It was a naval engagement fought by the Royal Navy against the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies, during the War of the Third Coalition of the Napoleonic Wars.
1806: Colgate
1806: Argand moved from Geneva to Paris with his family and, when managing a bookshop there, privately published his 'Essai sur une manière de représenter les quantités imaginaires dans les constructions géométriques' (Essay on a method of representing imaginary quantities).
1808:[Physics][UK] John Dalton produced some of the first experimental evidence of atomic elements and compounds. His evidence was correct, but his theory was mostly incorrect. Nevertheless, Dalton’s work led to later serious investigations into atomic structure.
1809: Laplace recognised that Joseph Fourier's method of Fourier series for solving the diffusion equation could only apply to a limited region of space because those solutions were periodic.Laplace applied his transform to find solutions that diffused indefinitely in space.
1809: Samuel Thomas von Sömmering (Germany), a physician, anatomist and inventor enhanced the Campillo's design of electrochemical telegraph.
1809: Henry Louis Vivian Derozio [1809-1831] was an Indian poet and assistant headmaster of Hindu College, Kolkata, a radical thinker and one of the first Indian educators to disseminate Western learning and science among the young men of Bengal.
1809:[Culture] In the English and later British colonies of North America, and later in the United States, British and Dutch versions of the gift-giver merged further. For example, in Washington Irving's History of New York (1809), Sinterklaas was Anglicized into "Santa Claus" (a name first used in the U.S. press in 1773) but lost his bishop's apparel, and was at first pictured as a thick-bellied Dutch sailor with a pipe in a green winter coat.
1810: [US] Homicide Rate in England and Wales, 1810-1914
1810:[Book] The Scottish Chiefs by Jane Porter.
1810:[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell (née Stevenson; 29 September 1810 – 12 November 1865), often referred to as Mrs Gaskell, was an English novelist, biographer and short story writer. Her novels offer a detailed portrait of the lives of many strata of Victorian society, including the very poor. Her first novel, Mary Barton, was published in 1848. Gaskell's The Life of Charlotte Brontë, published in 1857, was the first biography of Charlotte Brontë. In this biography, she wrote only of the moral, sophisticated things in Brontë's life; the rest she omitted, deciding certain, more salacious aspects were better kept hidden. Among Gaskell's best known novels are Cranford (1851–1853), North and South (1854–55), and Wives and Daughters (1865), all of which were adapted for television by the BBC. Friend of Brontë.
1811:[Book] Sense and Sensibility is a novel by Jane Austen. It was published anonymously; By A Lady appears on the title page where the author's name might have been. It tells the story of the Dashwood sisters, Elinor (age 19) and Marianne (age 16½) as they come of age. They have an older half-brother, John, and a younger sister, Margaret (age 13).
1812: Phosgene (COCl2) was synthesized by the Cornish chemist John Davy (1790–1868) in 1812 by exposing a mixture of carbon monoxide and chlorine to sunlight. He named it "phosgene" in reference of the use of light to promote the reaction; from Greek, phos (light) and gene (born).[13] It gradually became important in the chemical industry as the 19th century progressed, particularly in dye manufacturing.
1812: Phosgene (COCl2) was synthesized by the Cornish chemist John Davy (1790–1868) in 1812 by exposing a mixture of carbon monoxide and chlorine to sunlight. He named it "phosgene" in reference of the use of light to promote the reaction; from Greek, phos (light) and gene (born).[13] It gradually became important in the chemical industry as the 19th century progressed, particularly in dye manufacturing.
1812:[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Charles John Huffam Dickens (/ˈdɪkɪnz/; 7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870) was an English novelist and social critic who created some of the world's best-known fictional characters, and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era.
1812: Smuggler's Notch got its name because smugglers used the rugged path through the mountains to move supplies to and from Canada during the War of 1812. The boulders provided a good place to hide. A narrow road replaced the path and allows visitors to drive to the top in the warmer months.
1813:[Book] Pride and Prejudice is an 1813 novel of manners written by Jane Austen. The novel follows the character development of Elizabeth Bennet, the dynamic protagonist of the book who learns about the repercussions of hasty judgments and comes to appreciate the difference between superficial goodness and actual goodness.
1813:[India] The Charter Act of 1813 was the first concrete step towards modern education in India. This act set aside an annual sum of Rs.1 lakh to be used in educating the ‘subjects’. Before this, institutes of higher learning (aka learning centres) taught Indian subjects in languages like Sanskrit, Arabic and Persian. Persian was the court language too.
1813: The East India Company Act 4 or Charter Act of 1813
1813: Maharani Gouri Lakshmi Bai(1810-15) of the Travancore Royal family granted 16 acres of land, 500 rupees in cash, and timber from public forests for the construction of college buildings on the banks of the Meenachil River. The construction was also supported financially by the proceeds from a deposit made by Col. Colin Macaulay, the first Resident of Travancore, for the benefit of Syrian Christians in Travancore.
1813: Argand's Essay on a method of representing imaginary quantities was republished in the French journal Annales de Mathématiques. The Essay discussed a method of graphing complex numbers via analytical geometry. It proposed the interpretation of the value i as a rotation of 90 degrees in the Argand plane. In this essay he was also the first to propose the idea of modulus to indicate the magnitude of vectors and complex numbers, as well as the notation for vectors {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {ab}}} \overrightarrow {ab}. The topic of complex numbers was also being studied by other mathematicians, notably Carl Friedrich Gauss and Caspar Wessel. Wessel's 1799 paper on a similar graphing technique did not attract attention.
1814: Lord Moira's camp at Moradabad painting by artist Sita Ram (flourished c.1810-22).
1813: Argand's Essay on a method of representing imaginary quantities was republished in the French journal Annales de Mathématiques. The Essay discussed a method of graphing complex numbers via analytical geometry. It proposed the interpretation of the value i as a rotation of 90 degrees in the Argand plane. In this essay he was also the first to propose the idea of modulus to indicate the magnitude of vectors and complex numbers, as well as the notation for vectors {\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {ab}}} \overrightarrow {ab}. The topic of complex numbers was also being studied by other mathematicians, notably Carl Friedrich Gauss and Caspar Wessel. Wessel's 1799 paper on a similar graphing technique did not attract attention.
1814: Lord Moira's camp at Moradabad painting by artist Sita Ram (flourished c.1810-22).
1814: Nusserwanji Tata born. He became first businessman in a family of Parsi Zoroastrian priests. He broke the tradition to become the first member of the family to try his hand at business. He started an export trading firm in Mumbai.
1814: Argand is also renowned for delivering a proof of the fundamental theorem of algebra in his 1814 work Réflexions sur la nouvelle théorie d'analyse (Reflections on the new theory of analysis). It was the first complete and rigorous proof of the theorem, and was also the first proof to generalize the fundamental theorem of algebra to include polynomials with complex coefficients.
1814: Argand is also renowned for delivering a proof of the fundamental theorem of algebra in his 1814 work Réflexions sur la nouvelle théorie d'analyse (Reflections on the new theory of analysis). It was the first complete and rigorous proof of the theorem, and was also the first proof to generalize the fundamental theorem of algebra to include polynomials with complex coefficients.
1814:[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Brontë's first elder sister Maria was born, died 11YO in 1825
1815:[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Brontë's second elder sister Elizabeth was born, died 11YO in 1825
----------------------------------- The Napoleonic Wars led by Napoleon I halted ------------------------------
1816:[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Brontë was born
1816 (Apr 21):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Charlotte Brontë was born in Market Street, Thornton, west of Bradford in the West Riding of Yorkshire, the third of the six children of Maria (née Branwell) and Patrick Brontë (formerly surnamed Brunty), an Irish Anglican clergyman.
1816: Morse code can be transmitted and received with very simple electrical equipment, such as the electrical telegraph invented in 1816. Morse code represents each letter of the alphabet as a series of "dots and dashes" (short and long bursts of electronically-generated noise).1816:[Technology]Frenchman Joseph Nicéphore Niépce invented the first photographic camera.
1817:[Education][US][Public] University of Michigan founded.
1817: the first general system of signalling for merchant vessels was Captain Frederick Marryat's A Code of Signals for the Merchant Service published.1817: The College Cotym (today's C.M.S College, Kottayam) established when Colonel John Munroe assumed charge as the Dewan of Travancore.
1817 (Mar 8): The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), an American stock exchange, founded at 11 Wall Street, Lower Manhattan, New York City, New York.
1817:[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Ellen Nussey (20 April 1817 – 26 November 1897) was born in Birstall Smithies in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England. She was a lifelong friend, correspondent and potential lover[1] of writer Charlotte Brontë and, through more than 500 letters received from her, was a major influence for Elizabeth Gaskell's 1857 biography The Life of Charlotte Brontë.
1817:[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Mary Taylor (1817 – 1 March 1893) an early advocate for women's rights, was born in Gomersal, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England
1818: the Anglo-Maratha War halted by demolishing the Maratha empire after 144 yrs. of its reign.
1818: Mumbai was made the capital of Maharashtra.
1818: The Holkars were defeated by the British during the Third Anglo-Maratha War, in the Battle of Mahidpur by virtue of which the capital of Malwa was again moved from Maheshwar to Indore.
1818: John Malcolm (a British admin; EIC admin; ) shifted the commercial centre of Malwa from Ujjain to Indore.
1818: An avid and methodical experimenter, Jöns Jakob Berzelius (1779–1848), played a part in the creation of the first periodic table.
1818 (May 5): Karl Marx was born stateless, he later rose to become a German philosopher, economist, political theorist, sociologist, journalist, author of Das Kapital and revolutionary socialist.
1819:[Art] A depiction of Hagar and her son Ishmael in the desert (1819) by François-Joseph Navez
1819:[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Arthur Bell Nicholls (6 January 1819 – 2 December 1906) was the husband of the English novelist Charlotte Brontë. Between 1845 and 1861 Nicholls was one of Patrick Brontë's curates and was married to his eldest surviving child, Charlotte, for the last nine months of her life. He cared for Patrick Brontë after Charlotte Brontë's death and spent the rest of his life in the shadow of her reputation.[1] He returned to his native Ireland, remarried and left the ministry.
1820s:[Space] Started observing the Schwab's cycle of sun, and seen evidence from 8,000 years back.
1820s: Bishop's College, was established by the first Bishop of Calcutta, Thomas Middleton. It was a part of a scheme for a theological college along the lines of that at Cambridge. It contained a chapel, houses, library and lecture rooms. It later became the Calcutta Engineering College.
1820 (Apr 21): during a lecture, Ørsted noticed a compass needle deflected from magnetic north when an electric current from a battery was switched on and off, confirming a direct relationship between electricity and magnetism.
1820: Ørsted discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields.
William Sturgeon (UK) invented the electromagnet in 1824. His first electromagnet was a horseshoe-shaped piece of iron that was wrapped with about 18 turns of bare copper wire (insulated wire didn't exist yet). The iron was varnished to insulate it from the windings.
1820 (Sep): André-Marie Ampère's friend and eventual eulogist François Arago (France) showed the members of the French Academy of Sciences the surprising discovery of Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted that a magnetic needle is deflected by an adjacent electric current.
Ampère began developing a mathematical and physical theory to understand the relationship between electricity and magnetism.
He devise through experimentation the formula for the angular dependence of the force between two current elements.
1820: Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar (1820 – 1891) born. He was a philosopher, academic, educator, printer, publisher, entrepreneur, reformer, and philanthropist. His efforts to simplify and modernise Bangla prose were significant. He was a Bengali polymath and a key figure of the Bengal Renaissance.
1820: Indian migrants began arriving in the United States as early as 1820. Though few in number at the time, the Indian population has surged since the 1990s to become the second-largest immigrant group in the country after Mexicans, and ahead of those born in China, the Philippines, and Vietnam.
1820 (Apr 21): during a lecture, Ørsted noticed a compass needle deflected from magnetic north when an electric current from a battery was switched on and off, confirming a direct relationship between electricity and magnetism.
1820: Ørsted discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields.
William Sturgeon (UK) invented the electromagnet in 1824. His first electromagnet was a horseshoe-shaped piece of iron that was wrapped with about 18 turns of bare copper wire (insulated wire didn't exist yet). The iron was varnished to insulate it from the windings.
1820 (Sep): André-Marie Ampère's friend and eventual eulogist François Arago (France) showed the members of the French Academy of Sciences the surprising discovery of Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted that a magnetic needle is deflected by an adjacent electric current.
Ampère began developing a mathematical and physical theory to understand the relationship between electricity and magnetism.
He devise through experimentation the formula for the angular dependence of the force between two current elements.
1820: Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar (1820 – 1891) born. He was a philosopher, academic, educator, printer, publisher, entrepreneur, reformer, and philanthropist. His efforts to simplify and modernise Bangla prose were significant. He was a Bengali polymath and a key figure of the Bengal Renaissance.
1820: Indian migrants began arriving in the United States as early as 1820. Though few in number at the time, the Indian population has surged since the 1990s to become the second-largest immigrant group in the country after Mexicans, and ahead of those born in China, the Philippines, and Vietnam.
1820 (Apr):[Physics][EM][Research] Hans Christian Ørsted observed that an electrical current in a wire caused a nearby compass needle to move. At the time of discovery, Ørsted did not suggest any satisfactory explanation of the phenomenon, nor did he try to represent the phenomenon in a mathematical framework. However, three months later he began more intensive investigations. Soon thereafter he published his findings, proving that an electric current produces a magnetic field as it flows through a wire. The CGS unit of magnetic induction (oersted) is named in honor of his contributions to the field of electromagnetism.
1820:[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Brontë's family moved a few miles to the village of Haworth, on the edge of the moors, where her father had been appointed perpetual curate of St Michael and All Angels Church.
1821 (Sep 15):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Charlotte Brontë's mother Maria Branwell died of cancer on leaving five daughters, Maria, Elizabeth, Charlotte, Emily and Anne, and a son, Branwell, to be taken care of by her sister, Elizabeth Branwell.
1822: Fourier Transform invented. Joseph Fourier showed that some functions could be written as an infinite sum of harmonics. the transformation helps in finding solution of differential equations and the analysis of filters.
Dr. Chris Chatfield, around 2000, said that "... the Laplace and the Fourier transforms [of a causal function] are the same, provided that the real part of 's' is zero."
1823: Map of British India, 1823 by Fielding Lucas Jr. (1781-1854).
1823: 'Hindoostan or India' drawn and engraved by J. Russel, published in Barclay's Universal Dictionary, 1823. Copper engraved map with full original hand colouring.
1823: Walker's Atlas published a map of India in London
1823: JIPMER originated on 1 January 1823 as "Ecole de Médicine de Pondichéry," a medical school established by the French imperial government in India to train French citizens in Pondichéry.
1823: Friedrich Max Müller (6 December 1823 – 28 October 1900), generally known as Max Müller, was a German-born philologist and Orientalist, who lived and studied in Britain for most of his life. He was one of the founders of the western academic field of Indian studies and the discipline of comparative religion.
1823:[Research][Books] Gauss published his monograph "Theoria combinationis observationum erroribus minimis obnoxiae" where among other things he introduces several important statistical concepts, such as the method of least squares, the method of maximum likelihood, and the normal distribution.
1824: John Cadbury began to sell tea, coffee and drinking chocolate from his premises in Birmingham.
1824:[Education][UK][Public] University of Manchester founded.
1824: Louis had developed the system that we know today as braille, employing a 6-dot cell and based upon normal spelling.1824: John Cadbury began to sell tea, coffee and drinking chocolate from his premises in Birmingham.
1824 (Aug):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Brontë's father Patrick sent her, Emily, Maria, and Elizabeth to the Clergy Daughters' School at Cowan Bridge in Lancashire.
1825 (Jun):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Brontë maintained that the school's poor conditions permanently affected her health and physical development, and hastened the deaths of Brontë's elder sisters Maria and Elizabeth. They both died of tuberculosis. Their father removed Brontë and her younger sister Maria from the school. Brontë later used the school as the basis for Lowood School in Jane Eyre, which is similarly affected by tuberculosis that is exacerbated by the poor conditions.
1826:[Space] The Sun's cycle of activity was discovered by an amateur astronomer, named Heinrich Schwabe, in Germany. Schwabe conducted observations of the Sun from 1826 to 1843 and determined that the Sun rotates on its axis once in 27 days.
1826:[Technology] Camera - The first practical photograph was taken by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce.
1827: Ohm's Law (Germany)
1827 (Mar 5): Pierre-Simon, marquis de Laplace died aged 77 in Paris, France.
1827: Mahatma Jyotirao Phule born. He was an Indian activist, thinker, social reformer from Maharashtra. He fought for the eradication of untouchability and the caste system, women's emancipation and the reform of Hindu family life. He also formed the Satyashodhak Samaj (Society of Seekers of Truth) to attain equal rights for peasants and people from lower castes. He was influenced from Thomas Paine, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.
1827 (Mar 5): Pierre-Simon, marquis de Laplace died aged 77 in Paris, France.
1827: Mahatma Jyotirao Phule born. He was an Indian activist, thinker, social reformer from Maharashtra. He fought for the eradication of untouchability and the caste system, women's emancipation and the reform of Hindu family life. He also formed the Satyashodhak Samaj (Society of Seekers of Truth) to attain equal rights for peasants and people from lower castes. He was influenced from Thomas Paine, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.
1827:[Books][Drama][UK][Who] At home in Haworth Parsonage, 11YO Brontë acted as "the motherly friend and guardian of her younger sisters". She and her surviving siblings – Branwell, Emily and Anne – created this shared world, and began chronicling the lives and struggles of these times and inhabitants in their imaginary kingdom.
1829: the German chemist Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner published a report of his previous observations that there were groups of three elements (hence "triads") which had similar physical properties. He also noted that some quantifiable properties of elements (e.g. atomic weight and density) in a triad followed a trend whereby the value of the middle element in the triad would be exactly or nearly predicted by taking the arithmetic mean of values for that property of the other two elements. [Döbereiner's Triads; Law of Triads]
1829:[Music] An instrument called accordion was first patented in 1829 by Cyrill Demian, of Armenian origin, in Vienna. Demian's instrument bore little resemblance to modern instruments. It only had a left hand buttonboard, with the right hand simply operating the bellows. MB Prakash who is India's only accordion tuner and composer.
1829:[Books] Thomas Carlyle (4 December 1795 – 5 February 1881) was a British essayist, historian, and philosopher from the Scottish Lowlands. A leading writer of the Victorian era, he exerted a profound influence on 19th-century art, literature, and philosophy. He published early thoughts on the philosophy of history in "Thoughts on History" (1830) and wrote his first pieces of social criticism, "Signs of the Times" (1829) and "Characteristics" (1831).
1829:[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Brontë wrote her first known poem at the age of 13. and was to go on to write more than 200 poems in the course of her life. Many of her poems were "published" in their homemade magazine Branwell's Blackwood's Magazine, and concerned the fictional world of Glass Town.
1830:[Art] Liberty Leading the People, a painting by Eugène Delacroix commemorating the July Revolution of 1830, which toppled King Charles X of France.
1830s: The idea of wireless communication predates the discovery of "radio" with experiments in "wireless telegraphy" via inductive and capacitive induction and transmission through the ground, water, and even train tracks from the 1830s on.
1830 (May 16): Fourier died aged 62 at Paris, Kingdom of France. He was buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, a tomb decorated with an Egyptian motif to reflect his position as secretary of the Cairo Institute, and his collation of Description de l'Égypte. His name is one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower.
1830: Swaminarayan died at Gujrat.
1830:[Book] Carl von Clausewitz's On War.
1830:[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Mary Anna Bell was born, will become second wife to Brontë's widow husband Nicholls.
1831, August 29: first experimental demonstration of electromagnetic induction by Michael Faraday (England). He wrapped two wires around opposite sides of an iron ring (torus).
1831:[Books][Drama][UK][Who] 15YO Brontë continued her education for another 2 years at a boarding school twenty miles away in Mirfield, Roe Head (now part of Hollybank Special School), where she met her lifelong friends and correspondents Ellen Nussey and Mary Taylor.
1831:[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Emily and Anne 'seceded' from the Glass Town Confederacy to create a 'spin-off' called Gondal, which included many of their poems.
1832: The first dynamo based on Faraday's principles was built in 1832 by Hippolyte Pixii, a French instrument maker. It used a permanent magnet which was rotated by a crank. The spinning magnet was positioned so that its north and south poles passed by a piece of iron wrapped with insulated wire.
1832:[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Brontë and Branwell concentrated on an evolution of the Glass Town Confederacy called Angria. Christine Alexander, a Brontë juvenilia historian, wrote "both Brontë and Branwell ensured the consistency of their imaginary world. When Branwell exuberantly kills off important characters in his manuscripts, Brontë comes to the rescue and, in effect, resurrects them for the next stories [...]; and when Branwell becomes bored with his inventions, such as the Glass Town magazine he edits, Brontë takes over his initiative and keeps the publication going for several more years".: 6–7 The sagas the siblings created were episodic and elaborate, and they exist in incomplete manuscripts, some of which have been published as juvenilia. They provided them with an obsessive interest during childhood and early adolescence, which prepared them for literary vocations in adulthood.
1833: The Wheatstone bridge was invented by Samuel Hunter Christie in 1833 and improved and popularized by Sir Charles Wheatstone in 1843.
1833: Government of India Act 1 or Charter Act of 1833.
1833: In 1833 an act of Parliament was passed to constitute a new presidency (province), with its capital at Agra. The provisional establishment of the Governor of Agra happened in 1833 until the Presidency of Agra was renamed as North-Western Provinces in 1836.
1833:[Books] In 1833 Tennyson published his second book of poetry, which notably included the first version of "The Lady of Shalott". The volume met heavy criticism, which so discouraged Tennyson that he did not publish again for ten years, although he did continue to write. That same year, Hallam died suddenly and unexpectedly after suffering a cerebral haemorrhage while on a holiday in Vienna. Hallam's death had a profound effect on Tennyson and inspired several poems, including "In the Valley of Cauteretz" and "In Memoriam A.H.H.", a long poem detailing the "Way of the Soul".
1833:[Books] "Ulysses" is a poem in blank verse by the Victorian poet Alfred, Lord Tennyson (1809–1892), written in 1833 and published in 1842 in his well-received second volume of poetry. An oft-quoted poem, it is a popular example of the dramatic monologue. Facing old age, mythical hero Ulysses describes his discontent and restlessness upon returning to his kingdom, Ithaca, after his far-ranging travels. Despite his reunion with his wife Penelope and his son Telemachus, Ulysses yearns to explore again.
1833:[Books][Drama][UK][Who] 17YO Brontë wrote a novella, The Green Dwarf, using the name Wellesley. Around this time, her stories shifted from tales of the supernatural to more realistic stories.
1834: The word "scientist" was invented by the William Whewell of Cambridge for the English language to describe someone who studies the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment. It was first published in Whewell's anonymous 1834 review of Mary Somerville's On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences published in the Quarterly Review.
1834: Sir C. T. Metcalfe became Governer of Agra from 14 November 1834 till 20 March 1835. W. Blunt and A. Ross followed till 1836.
1834 (Jun):[India] After the Charter Act, there was a split among the British regarding the mode of education to be imparted to Indians. While the orientalists believed that Indians should be educated in their own languages and taught their own scriptures and texts, the other group decided that English education was the best kind to be imparted. It was in the midst of this that Macaulay landed in India in June 1834, as the President of the General Committee of Public Instruction (GCPI).
1834:[Law][India] Law Commission estd.
1835: Indian Railway Reservation System started at Chintadripet, near Madras (Red Hill Railroad).
1835: workers in Philadelphia organised the first general strike in North America, led by Irish coal heavers. Their banners read, From 6 to 6, ten hours work and two hours for meals.
1835: workers in Philadelphia organised the first general strike in North America, led by Irish coal heavers. Their banners read, From 6 to 6, ten hours work and two hours for meals.
1835 (Feb 2):[India] British historian and politician Thomas Babington Macaulay presented his ‘Minute on Indian Education’ that sought to establish the need to impart English education to Indian ‘natives’. Macaulayism refers to the policy of introducing the English education system to British colonies. The term is derived from the name of British politician Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800–1859), who served on the Governor-General's Council and was instrumental in making English the medium of instruction for higher education in India. Macaulay’s proposals were officially sanctioned in March 1835. In 1837, English was made the court language. In 1844, high government posts were open to Indians. Later the Wood’s Despatch in 1854 regularised British efforts for education in India.
1835:[Books][Drama][UK][Who] 19YO Brontë returned to Roe Head as a teacher for 3 years. Unhappy and lonely as a teacher at Roe Head, Brontë took out her sorrows in poetry, writing a series of melancholic poems.
1835 (Dec):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] 19YO Brontë wrote "We wove a Web in Childhood" and drew a sharp contrast between her miserable life as a teacher and the vivid imaginary worlds she and her siblings had created. In another poem "Morning was its freshness still" written at the same time, Brontë wrote "Tis bitter sometimes to recall/Illusions once deemed fair". Many of her poems concerned the imaginary world of Angria, often concerning Byronic heroes.
1836: The first type of transformer to see wide use was the induction coil, invented by Rev. Nicholas Callan of Maynooth College, Ireland. He was one of the first researchers to realize the more turns the secondary winding has in relation to the primary winding, the larger the induced secondary EMF will be.
1836: [Maths][Research][Computer] Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi, alumni of University of Berlin invented Jacobian. Planetary theory and other particular dynamical problems likewise occupied his attention from time to time. While contributing to celestial mechanics, he introduced the Jacobi integral (1836) for a sidereal coordinate system. Jacobians later helped greatly in analytical investigations and disease modelling.
1836 (Dec):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] 20YO Brontë wrote to the Poet Laureate Robert Southey asking him for encouragement of her career as a poet. Southey replied, famously, that "Literature cannot be the business of a woman's life, and it ought not to be. The more she is engaged in her proper duties, the less leisure will she have for it even as an accomplishment and a recreation." This advice she respected but did not heed.
1837: Poisson's Distribution. The distribution was first introduced by Siméon Denis Poisson (1781–1840) and published, together with his probability theory, in 1837 in his work Recherches sur la probabilité des jugements en matière criminelle et en matière civile ("Research on the Probability of Judgments in Criminal and Civil Matters").
1837: Act of 1837 regulated Post Offices throughout the three presidencies in India.
1837: Invention of Telegraph by Morse of America.
1837: The world's first successful e-telecom device by Charles Wheatstone and William Cooke.
1838:[Space] The light-year (ly) unit appeared a few years after the first successful measurement of the distance to a star other than the Sun, by Friedrich Bessel in 1838. The star was 61 Cygni, and he used a 160-millimetre (6.2 in) heliometre designed by Joseph von Fraunhofer. A light-year, alternatively spelled light year, is a unit of length used to express astronomical distances and is equivalent to about 9.46 trillion kilometers (9.46×1012 km), or 5.88 trillion miles (5.88×1012 mi). A light-year is the distance that light travels in a vacuum in one Julian year (365.25 days).
1838:[Space] The first successful published direct measurements of an object at interstellar distances were undertaken by German astronomer Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel in 1838, who used this approach to calculate the 3.5-parsec distance of 61 Cygni. ParSec, unit of space distance.
1838:[Space] In 1838, Friedrich Bessel measured its distance from Earth at about 10.4 light-years, very close to the actual value of about 11.4 light-years; this was the first distance estimate for any star other than the Sun, and first star to have its stellar parallax measured.
1838:[Technology] Louis Daguerre's 1838 photograph of the Boulevard du Temple, Paris. Louis Daguerre's photograph of a Paris street scene shows a man standing along the Boulevard du Temple getting his shoes shined. It is widely believed to be the earliest extant photograph of human figures.
1839:[Education][US][Public] University of Missouri founded.
1839:[Technology]Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre invented the daguerreotype process in France. The invention was announced to the public on August 19, 1839 at a meeting of the French Academy of Sciences in Paris. Photography.
1839:[Technology][Culture] Robert Cornelius, an American photographer, took a daguerreotype of himself in 1839. Taken two years after the invention of the daguerreotype but just months after Daguerre shared his invention with the world, the image is thought to be both the first selfie and one of the first photographs of a person.
1839:[Physics] Alexandre Edmond Becquerel discovered the photovoltaic effect while studying the effect of light on electrolytic cells. Though not equivalent to the photoelectric effect, his work on photovoltaics was instrumental in showing a strong relationship between light and electronic properties of materials. In 1873, Willoughby Smith discovered photoconductivity in selenium while testing the metal for its high resistance properties in conjunction with his work involving submarine telegraph cables.
1839:[Books][Drama][UK][Who] 23YO Brontë took up the first of many positions as governess to families in Yorkshire, a career she pursued fpr 3 years, until she was 26YO. Brontë was of slight build and was less than five feet tall. Brontë did not enjoy her work as a governess, noting her employers treated her almost as a slave, constantly humiliating her.
1840s: The Industrial Revolution paced-down after around 80 years. Lasted for around a century, from the mid 17th to mid 18th. Mechanical Engineering boosted during this period. Textile manufacture, Metallurgy, Steam power, Machine tools, Chemicals, Cement, Gas lighting, Glass making, Paper machine, Agriculture, Mining, Canals, Roads, and Railways were developed.
1840(Aug 9):[Music] The first harmonium was made in 1840 by the French inventor Alexander Debain in France. He later patented his Harmonium in Paris on August 9, 1840. Harmonium with a Swarmandal (a small, harp-like instrument, similar to Zither and Autoharp) was produced by Bhishmadev Vedi. And by the late nineteenth-century, the harmonium was brought to India.
1840:The earliest known or surviving photographic capture within India dates to 1840 and is a lithograph based upon a daguerreotype of the Sans Souci Theatre in Calcutta. By the later 1840s, the first known commercial photographic studio began its operation in Calcutta.
1840 (Sep 22):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Anne Lister died, Brontë was near to her.
1841:[Food][Research][Biology][Agri] In 1841, Edmond Albius, a 12-year-old slave who lived on the French island of Réunion in the Indian Ocean, discovered that the plant could be hand-pollinated.
1842:[GeoPolitics][LATAM]: Carlos Antonio López signed a non-aggression pact with Argentina and officially declared independence of Paraguay.
1842:[Books] "My Last Duchess" is a poem by Robert Browning, frequently anthologised as an example of the dramatic monologue. It first appeared in 1842 in Browning's Dramatic Lyrics. The poem is composed in 28 rhyming couplets of iambic pentameter.
1842:[Books][Drama][UK][Who] 26YO Brontë and 25YO? Emily travelled to Brussels to enrol at the boarding school run by Constantin Héger (1809–1896) and his wife Claire Zoé Parent Héger (1804–1887). During her time in Brussels, Brontë, who favoured the Protestant ideal of an individual in direct contact with God, objected to the stern Catholicism of Madame Héger, which she considered a tyrannical religion that enforced conformity and submission to the Pope. In return for board and tuition Brontë taught English and Emily taught music.
1842 (Oct):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Their time at the school was cut short when their aunt Elizabeth Branwell, who had joined the family in Haworth to look after the children after their mother's death, died of internal obstruction.
1842: Pilsner Urquell is the original Pils lager from which golden beers the world over are derived. It has been brewed in Plzeň, a Czech town south west of Prague, since 1842, and is commonly perceived as the premier Czech beer. Czech drinks most beer worldwide, followed by Austrian and Polish, while Congo, Russia and Norway comes at last.
1843: Sunday officially became an off day since 1843 . It took the British government a decade long on making Sunday an official holiday in India as was the case in Britain. The story behind it is - According to Christianity God created the world in 6 days and on the 7th day he took rest.
1843: The Laurent series was named after and first published by Pierre Alphonse Laurent. Karl Weierstrass may have discovered it first in a paper written in 1841, but it was not published until after his death.
1843: Britain Punch coined the term 'cartoon' to describe its satirical sketches, which soon spread to other newspapers.
1843; Indian Slavery Act, 1843
1843: Prompted by the idea of meeting requirement of trained engineering personnel for the Public Works Department, the then council of Education, Bengal, decided to open Civil Engineering classes and a Professorship in Civil Engineering was created at Hindu College, Calcutta, in the year 1843-44.
1843: The Bombay Presidency, also known as Bombay and Sind from 1843 to 1936 and the Bombay Province, was an administrative subdivision (presidency) of British India.
1843 (Sep): Ada Lovelace credited with the first programming language. She translated and expanded Menabrea's notes on Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine, including an algorithm for calculating a sequence of Bernoulli numbers, regarded as the world's first computer program.
1843: The Laurent series was named after and first published by Pierre Alphonse Laurent. Karl Weierstrass may have discovered it first in a paper written in 1841, but it was not published until after his death.
1843: Britain Punch coined the term 'cartoon' to describe its satirical sketches, which soon spread to other newspapers.
1843; Indian Slavery Act, 1843
1843: Prompted by the idea of meeting requirement of trained engineering personnel for the Public Works Department, the then council of Education, Bengal, decided to open Civil Engineering classes and a Professorship in Civil Engineering was created at Hindu College, Calcutta, in the year 1843-44.
1843: The Bombay Presidency, also known as Bombay and Sind from 1843 to 1936 and the Bombay Province, was an administrative subdivision (presidency) of British India.
1843 (Sep): Ada Lovelace credited with the first programming language. She translated and expanded Menabrea's notes on Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine, including an algorithm for calculating a sequence of Bernoulli numbers, regarded as the world's first computer program.
1843 (Jan):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] 26YO Brontë returned alone to Brussels in to take up a teaching post at the school. Her second stay was not happy: she was homesick and deeply attached to Constantin Héger.
1843 (Mar 21):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Robert Southey died aged 68 in London. Brontë admired him?
1844: The Woolrich Electrical Generator of 1844, now in Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum, is the earliest electrical generator used in an industrial process. It was used by the firm of Elkingtons for commercial electroplating.
1844: Samuel Morse's telegraph system. For three years, the U.S. Post Office ran the pioneering Washington to Baltimore line. By that time other private telegraph companies had developed (the first connected New York and Philadelphia) and were rapidly growing.
"What hath God wrought?", the official first Morse code message transmitted in the USA on May 24, 1844 to officially open the Baltimore-Washington telegraph line.
It is a electromagnetic telegraph that would bridge the communications gap between California and the rest of the country.
1844 (Jan):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] 26YO Brontë returned to Haworth and used the time spent in Brussels as the inspiration for some of the events in The Professor and Villette. Brontë and her sisters made headway with opening their own boarding school in the family home. It was advertised as "The Misses Brontë's Establishment for the Board and Education of a limited number of Young Ladies" and inquiries were made to prospective pupils and sources of funding.
1844 (Oct):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] 27YO Brontë and her two younger sisters abandons the boarding school project, as it didn't attract any funding or potential lady pupil.
1845:[Education][UK][Public] Queen's University Belfast founded.
1845: The East Indian Railway Company, later known as the East Indian Railway (EIR), introduced railways to eastern and northern India, while the Companies such as the Great Indian Peninsular Railway, South Indian Railway, Central India Railway and the North-Western Railway operated in other parts of India. The company was established 1 June 1845 in London by a deed of settlement with a capital of £4,000,000, largely raised in London.1845: the First Anglo-Sikh War broke out. According to The Imperial Gazetteer of India: "Gulab Singh contrived to hold himself aloof till the battle of Sobraon (1846), when he appeared as a useful mediator and the trusted advisor of Sir Henry Lawrence. Two treaties were concluded. By the first the State of Lahore (i.e. West Punjab) handed over to the British, as equivalent for one crore indemnity, the hill countries between the rivers Beas and Indus; by the second the British made over to Gulab Singh for 75 lakhs all the hilly or mountainous country situated to the east of the Indus and the west of the Ravi i.e. the Vale of Kashmir." [Kashmir] [India]
1846: FAX machine came-in the world as Electric Printing Telegraph. Scottish inventor Alexander Bain worked on chemical mechanical fax type devices and in 1846 was able to reproduce graphic signs in laboratory experiments.
1846: Neptune was discovered by John Couch Adams in 1846. Adams was an English astronomer and mathematician who, at the age of 24, was the first person to predict the position of a planetary mass beyond Uranus. Adams did not publish his prediction and it is a miracle that he is given credit by the scientific community for his work (let this be a lesson!). German astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle (along with Heinrich Louis d'Arrest) confirmed the existance of Neptune based on independent, published, calculations done by French mathematician Urbain Jean Joseph Le Verrier. Sometimes you will see Couch and Le Verrier cited together as the "discoverers of Neptune".
1846 (Jun 28):[Music] The saxophone was invented by the Belgian instrument maker Adolphe Sax in the early 1840s and was patented on 28 June 1846. The saxophone is a type of single-reed woodwind instrument with a conical body, usually made of brass. As with all single-reed instruments, sound is produced when a reed on a mouthpiece vibrates to produce a sound wave inside the instrument's body.
1846 (May):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] First published work of Charlotte Brontë. Charlotte, Emily, and Anne self-financed the publication of a joint collection of poems under their assumed names Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell.
1847:[Education][India][Public] University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu founded.
1847 (Oct 12): Werner von Siemens and Johann Georg Halske (Berlin) founded Siemens (then, Telegraphen-Bauanstalt von Siemens & Halske), a company to manufacture a telegraph unique to that of Morse code.1847 (Feb 11): Thomas Alva Edison was born at Milan, Ohio, U.S..
1847: Liberia became Independednt of the United States.
1847 (Aug):[Books][UK][Who] Brontë's first manuscript, 'The Professor', did not secure a publisher, although she was heartened by an encouraging response from Smith, Elder & Co. of Cornhill, who expressed an interest in any longer works Currer Bell might wish to send. Brontë responded by finishing and sending a second manuscript in August 1847. Six weeks later, Jane Eyre was published. It tells the story of a plain governess, Jane, who, after difficulties in her early life, falls in love with her employer, Mr Rochester. They marry, but only after Rochester's insane first wife, of whom Jane initially has no knowledge, dies in a dramatic house fire. The book's style was innovative, combining Romanticism, naturalism with gothic melodrama, and broke new ground in being written from an intensely evoked first-person female perspective. Brontë believed art was most convincing when based on personal experience; in Jane Eyre she transformed the experience into a novel with universal appeal.
1847 (Oct 16):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Jane Eyre; (originally published as Jane Eyre: An Autobiography) is a novel by English writer Charlotte Brontë, published under the pen name "Currer Bell", by Smith, Elder & Co. of London. The first American edition was published the following year by Harper & Brothers of New York. Jane Eyre is a Bildungsroman which follows the experiences of its eponymous heroine, including her growth to adulthood and her love for Mr. Rochester, the brooding master of Thornfield Hall.
1847 (Oct 16):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Jane Eyre; (originally published as Jane Eyre: An Autobiography) is a novel by English writer Charlotte Brontë, published under the pen name "Currer Bell", by Smith, Elder & Co. of London. The first American edition was published the following year by Harper & Brothers of New York. Jane Eyre is a Bildungsroman which follows the experiences of its eponymous heroine, including her growth to adulthood and her love for Mr. Rochester, the brooding master of Thornfield Hall.
1847:[Music] Theobald Boehm (1794-1881) was a German inventor and musician best known for developing the modern flute and improved fingering system, known as the “Boehm system.” Boehm patented his new fingering system in 1847.
1847:[Food][Culture]Cigarettes are sometimes also called a fag in British slang. The first patented cigarette-making machine was invented by Juan Nepomuceno Adorno of Mexico in 1847. In the 1850s, Turkish cigarette leaves had become popular.
1847 (Sep):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] 30YO Brontë's first novel, Jane Eyre gets published. It tells the story of a plain governess, Jane, who, after difficulties in her early life, falls in love with her employer, Mr Rochester. They marry, but only after Rochester's insane first wife, of whom Jane initially has no knowledge, dies in a dramatic house fire. The book's style was innovative, combining Romanticism, naturalism with gothic melodrama, and broke new ground in being written from an intensely evoked first-person female perspective.
1848:[Education][US][Public] University of Wisconsin-Madison founded.
1848: the first long-distance (500kms.) telegraph line from Berlin to Frankfurt am Main.1848: financial crisis of 1848
1848 (Apr 16): Kandukuri Veeresalingam born. (16 April 1848 – 27 May 1919) was a social reformer who first brought about a renaissance in Telugu people and Telugu literature. He was influenced by the ideals of Brahmo Samaj particularly those of Keshub Chunder Sen.
1848:[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Charlotte Brontë began work on the manuscript of her second novel, Shirley. It was only partially completed when the Brontë family suffered the deaths of three of its members within eight months.
1848 (Sep):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] While 31YO Brontë working on the manuscript of her second novel, Shirley, the Brontë family suffered the deaths of three of its members within eight months. Branwell died of chronic bronchitis and marasmus, exacerbated by heavy drinking, although Brontë believed that his death was due to tuberculosis. Branwell may have had a laudanum addiction.
1848 (Dec):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] 31YO Brontë's first younger sister, 30YO? Emily became seriously ill shortly after his brother Branwell's funeral and she died of pulmonary tuberculosis.
1849: Deloitte
1849: A contract was signed between the East India Company and the East Indian Railway Company on 17 August 1849, entitling the latter to construct and operate an "experimental" line between Calcutta and Rajmahal, 161 km (100 miles) long at an estimated cost of £1,000,000, which would be later extended to Delhi via Mirzapur.
1849 (May):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] 32YO Brontë's second younger sister, 30YO? Anne died of the same pulmonary tuberculosis. Brontë was unable to write all thru this time. After Anne's death Brontë resumed writing Shirley as a way of dealing with her grief
1849 (Oct):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] 32YO Brontë's second novel, Shirley, which deals with themes of industrial unrest and the role of women in society, gets published. Unlike Jane Eyre, which is written in the first person, Shirley is written in the third person and lacks the emotional immediacy of her first novel, and reviewers found it less shocking. Brontë, as her late sister's heir, suppressed the republication of Anne's second novel, The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, an action which had a deleterious effect on Anne's popularity as a novelist and has remained controversial among the sisters' biographers ever since.
1850s:[Music] A cajón is a box-shaped percussion instrument originally from Peru, played by slapping the front or rear faces with the hands, fingers, or sometimes implements such as brushes, mallets, or sticks. Cajones are primarily played in Afro-Peruvian music, but have made their way into flamenco as well.
185x:[Philosophy][Culture][Germany] Lebensreform ("life-reform") is the German generic term for various social reform movements, that started since the mid-19th century and originated especially in the German Empire and later in Switzerland. Common features were the criticism of industrialisation, materialism and urbanization combined with striving for the state of nature.
1850 (Sep 9): Bhartendu Harishchandra "Rasa" born at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. He represented the agonies of the people, country's poverty, dependency, inhuman exploitation, the unrest of the middle class and the urge for the progress of the country. He was an influential Hindu "traditionalist", using Vaishnava devotionalism to define a coherent Hindu religion.
1850:[Travel] A terrible storm swept over the Orkney Islands, and a farmer found a secret village (of Picts) near a small bay in Scotland.
1850:[Music] Antonio Torres Jurado created the first Spanish guitar; Torres Jurado based its design on the mandolin´s modification made by Gaetano Vinaccia in 1779. The instrument created by Jurado served as building blocks of the modern guitar as it is known today.
1850:[Music] Antonio Torres Jurado created the first Spanish guitar; Torres Jurado based its design on the mandolin´s modification made by Gaetano Vinaccia in 1779. The instrument created by Jurado served as building blocks of the modern guitar as it is known today.
1850:[Books][Drama][UK][Who][Art] Portrait by George Richmond (chalk on paper).
1850: American Express
1850: University of Sydney, Australia.
1850: aged 16, Dmitri Mendeleev walked almost 1600 kms to Moscow so he could apply for the Univ. of Moscow. Although he was not accepted, he walked to St. Petersberg where he was accepted, and with that education he developed the periodic table of the chemical elements.
1850: University of Sydney, Australia.
1850: aged 16, Dmitri Mendeleev walked almost 1600 kms to Moscow so he could apply for the Univ. of Moscow. Although he was not accepted, he walked to St. Petersberg where he was accepted, and with that education he developed the periodic table of the chemical elements.
1850: Homicide in California, 1850-1900 [US]
1850:[Garment] Woolrich unveils the two-tone plaid Buffalo Check shirt, which is still available today. According to the Pennsylvania-born company’s history books, the pattern designer owned a herd of buffalo.
1851:[Education][US][Public] University of Minnesota founded.
1851: Military Engineer Services (MES), the premier construction agency and one of the pillars of Corps of Engineers of the Indian Army was founded.1851 (Jan 29): the East Indian Railway Company took possession of its first land. Turnbull and other British engineers began detailed surveys of the line. They chose the critical crossing point on the 5,000-foot-wide (1,500 m) Son River (the largest Ganges tributary) on 17 February. The best route to Raniganj was determined in May and June. The plans for Howrah station were submitted on 16 June.
The Chief Engineer responsible for construction of the first railway line between Benares and Calcutta from 1851 to 1863 was George Turnbull who was acclaimed in the Indian Official Gazette of 7 February 1863 paragraph 5 as the "First railway engineer of India".
1851 (Jan 8):[Day] Every year, January 8 is recognized as Earth Rotation Day. Today marks the anniversary of French physicist Leon Foucault's 1851 proof that the Earth revolves on its axis.
1852 (Dec 13):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Nicholls asked Charlotte for her hand in marriage. Charlotte's father vehemently refused to approve the union on the grounds that a poor Irish pastor should never be bold enough to suggest marrying his famous daughter.
1853:[Education][US][Public] University of Florida founded.
1853: Charter Act of 1853
1853: The first railway line between Bombay to Thane (32 km stretch) was opened. It had 14 coaches and was driven by 3 engines The 541 miles (871 kilometres) of line from Howrah to Benares were opened.
1853(Apr 16): A train with 14 railway carriages and 400 guests left Bombay's Bori Bunder for Thane, with a 21-gun salute. It was hauled by three locomotives: Sindh, Sultan, and Sahib. The journey took an hour and fifteen minutes. This is the first commercial passenger train in India.
1853: Thomason College of Civil Engineering established in British India by the then lieutenant governor, Sir James Thomason, Today, it is commonly known as IIT Roorkee, formerly the University of Roorkee (1948-2001).
1853: Jamsedji Nusserwanji Tata joined his father in Mumbai at the age of 14 and enrolled at the Elphinstone College completing his education as a 'Green Scholar' (equivalent of a graduate). He was married to Hirabai Daboo while he was still a student. He graduated from college in 1858 and joined his father's trading firm. JN Tata made many trips abroad, mainly to England, America, Europe, China, and Japan to establish branches for his father's business.
1853: The first railway line between Bombay to Thane (32 km stretch) was opened. It had 14 coaches and was driven by 3 engines The 541 miles (871 kilometres) of line from Howrah to Benares were opened.
1853(Apr 16): A train with 14 railway carriages and 400 guests left Bombay's Bori Bunder for Thane, with a 21-gun salute. It was hauled by three locomotives: Sindh, Sultan, and Sahib. The journey took an hour and fifteen minutes. This is the first commercial passenger train in India.
1853: Thomason College of Civil Engineering established in British India by the then lieutenant governor, Sir James Thomason, Today, it is commonly known as IIT Roorkee, formerly the University of Roorkee (1948-2001).
1853: Jamsedji Nusserwanji Tata joined his father in Mumbai at the age of 14 and enrolled at the Elphinstone College completing his education as a 'Green Scholar' (equivalent of a graduate). He was married to Hirabai Daboo while he was still a student. He graduated from college in 1858 and joined his father's trading firm. JN Tata made many trips abroad, mainly to England, America, Europe, China, and Japan to establish branches for his father's business.
1853:[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Nicholls announced his intention to leave for Australia as a missionary, but he later changed his mind despite collecting references (including one from Patrick Brontë) and a farewell gift from the parishioners. He was re-deployed for several months to another parish, but he had several secret meetings with Charlotte in Haworth.
1854: Macaulay Committee gave India its first modern civil service in 1854 which recommended that the patronage based system of the East India Company should be replaced by permanent civil service based on merit based system through competitive entry examinations. (then known by Indian Civil Service (ICS)).
1854: the Post Office Act of 1854 reformed the entire fabric of the Indian postal system. The first postage stamp, valid throughout India, was issued. It was fixed by weight and not by distance.
1854 (Jan):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Before Brontë's 37th birthday, She accepted long-awaited proposal of marriage from Irishman Arthur Bell Nicholls, her father's curate, who had long been in love with her.
1854 (Feb):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Little by little Charlotte became persuaded by Nicholls, and her father finally gave his permission for the visits.
1854 (Apr):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Brontë's father approved their marriage perhaps as a gift of her 37th b'day.
1854 (Jun 29):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Brontë and Nicholls get married in her father's church at Haworth. 37YO Brontë's father Patrick had intended to give her away, but at the last minute decided he could not, and Brontë had to make her way to the church without him. so Charlotte was led to the altar by Margaret Wooler, her former schoolmistress at Roe Head School. They honeymooned in Wales and Ireland before returning to live with Charlotte's father at Haworth Parsonage.
1854 (Jul):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] The married couple took their honeymoon in Banagher, County Offaly, Ireland. By all accounts, her marriage was a success and Brontë found herself very happy in a way that was new to her. The two servants at the parsonage in Haworth, Tabitha Aykroyd and Martha Brown, believed that Charlotte and Arthur were happy together. During her honeymoon Charlotte wrote to Ellen Nussey: I think those married women who indiscriminatingly urge their acquaintance to marry – much to blame. For my part – I can only say with deeper sincerity and fuller significance – what I have always said in theory – Wait God's will. Indeed – indeed Nell – it is a strange and solemn and perilous thing for a woman to become a wife. Man's lot is far – far different.
1854 (Sep?):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] 38YO Brontë became pregnant soon after her wedding, but her health declined rapidly and, according to Gaskell, she was attacked by "sensations of perpetual nausea and ever-recurring faintness".
1854 (Dec 26):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Charlotte wrote to Ellen Nussey about her husband Arthur "is certainly my dear boy, and he is dearer to me today than he was six months ago".
1855:[Technology]The first rubber condom was produced in 1855, and by the late 1850s several major rubber companies were mass-producing, among other items, rubber condoms. A main advantage of rubber condoms was their reusability, making them a more economical choice in the long term.
1855:[Research]The foundation of all practical color processes, the three-color method was first suggested in an 1855 paper by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell, with the first color photograph produced by Thomas Sutton for a Maxwell lecture in 1861.
1855:[Books] Fra Lippo Lippi is an 1855 dramatic monologue written by the Victorian poet Robert Browning which first appeared in his collection Men and Women. Throughout this poem, Browning depicts a 15th-century real-life painter, Filippo Lippi. The poem asks the question whether art should be true to life or an idealized image of life. The poem is written in blank verse, non-rhyming iambic pentameter.
1855 (Mar 31):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Brontë died, with her unborn child, three weeks before her 39th birthday. Her death certificate gives the cause of death as phthisis, but biographers including Claire Harman and others suggest that she died from dehydration and malnourishment due to vomiting caused by severe morning sickness or hyperemesis gravidarum.
1855 (Dec):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Following Charlotte's sudden death, Nicholls became the copyright holder of her works, making him an occasionally defensive and reluctant curator of her memory until the early twentieth century. Brontë was buried in the family vault in the Church of St Michael and All Angels at Haworth.
1856:[Education][US][Public] Auburn University founded.
1856: the concept of Children's Day was first introduced by the Dr. Charles Leonard, a pastor at Church of the Redeemer, Chelsea, Massachusetts (USA). (The church got destroyed in the great chelsea fire of 1908). 2nd Sunday of June chosen as the date.1856: Western Union founded.
1856 (May 12): The historic success of the 8 hours a day/40 hrs a week campaign (started on 21 April 1856, by a group of stonemasons) celebrated with a grand march from Carlton Gardens to Cremorne Gardens in Richmond, followed by dinner, speeches, games, festivities and fireworks.
1856 (Jul 10): Nikola Tesla was born at Smiljan, Austrian Empire (modern-day Croatia).
1856: A.A. Markov was born.
1856: A College of Engineering was started by the name of Civil Engineering College on 24th November, 1856, in the premises of the Writers Building, Calcutta.
1856: fall of the Nawab of Awadh started.
1857 (Jan 24): establishment of Calcutta University. It is the first institution in S.Asia to be estd. as a multidisciplinary and secular Western style university.
1857 (May 10): Indian Rebellion of 1857 started in Meerut.
1857: Admin. and legislative reforms in Charter Acts.
1857: Phonautograph creating visual images [Analog Music]
1857:[India][FnB] After the Indian Mutiny of 1857, the khansamas (chefs, around 70-80) from erstwhile Mughal imperial courts shifted to Rampur, bringing along with them the Mughal cuisine tradition. Gradually people from other places also found a haven here, adding influences of Awadhi, Hyderabad and Kashmiri cuisine. It is also known for its distinct flavours and dishes with recipes passed on from the royal kitchen, like Rampuri fish, Rampuri Korma, Rampuri mutton kebabs, Doodhiya Biryani and adrak ka halwa. Gold coin tadka and chandi ka warq. Each rice grain carved as lotus flower. Korma, kebab and salan. They had unique spices and marination techniques. Rampuri chefs were sent to France to learn European food. Art, music and food still carries on in Rampur royal family. Mutton Ishtew, Raan kebab, Fish mussalam, Safed maash ki daal, In sweets its Raswal (sugarcane juice) and obviously Sewaiyan. Gulazi (a buttery kheer)
1857:[Books] "The Defence of Lucknow" is a narrative poem by Alfred Lord Tennyson, which was published in 1857. It is a stirring account of the heroic defence of Lucknow during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, in which British forces and civilians held out against a siege by Indian rebels for over four months. The poem is divided into twelve cantos, each of which describes a different aspect of the siege and the bravery of the defenders. Tennyson describes the suffering and sacrifice of the British soldiers and civilians, as well as the cunning tactics and fierce resistance of the Indian rebels.
1857:[Books] "The Defence of Lucknow" is a narrative poem by Alfred Lord Tennyson, which was published in 1857. It is a stirring account of the heroic defence of Lucknow during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, in which British forces and civilians held out against a siege by Indian rebels for over four months. The poem is divided into twelve cantos, each of which describes a different aspect of the siege and the bravery of the defenders. Tennyson describes the suffering and sacrifice of the British soldiers and civilians, as well as the cunning tactics and fierce resistance of the Indian rebels.
1857:[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Elizabeth Gaskell's biography The Life of Charlotte Brontë was published.
1858: Ferdinand de Lesseps, a French diplomat formed the Suez Canal Company for the express purpose of building the canal. Construction of the canal lasted from 1859 to 1869. The canal officially opened on 17 November 1869. Enabling trade of Oil, Coffee, Furniture, Cars and Livestock between Asia and Europe. $10B moves thru Suez canal every day in Mar 2021.
1858 an American-led consortium laid the first cable connecting Britain and the United States, which eventually failed in few months. Practiced for 7 yrs. and failed again in an attempt to lay a cable.
The first transatlantic telegraph cable was laid by businessman Cyrus West Field, it operated for only three weeks.
1858 (Jun 18): Lakshmibai, the Rani of Jhansi died aged 29.
1858 (Aug 2): Government Of India Act 2, 1858.
1858: East India Company cease to exist. The British Raj started. It was the rule of the British Crown in the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947. The rule is also called Crown rule in India, or direct rule in India.
1858: Calcutta was made capital of India.
1858: Victoria became the Queen of UK for 43 yrs; Charles Canning became the Viceroy and Governor-General of India; Edward Stanley became the Secretary of State.
1858: Minto Park, officially Madan Mohan Malaviya Park, is a park in Allahabad, India.
It is located in the southern part of the city along the banks of Yamuna river. The park is a historical site for in 1858 Earl Canning read out the declaration of Queen Victoria's
1858 an American-led consortium laid the first cable connecting Britain and the United States, which eventually failed in few months. Practiced for 7 yrs. and failed again in an attempt to lay a cable.
The first transatlantic telegraph cable was laid by businessman Cyrus West Field, it operated for only three weeks.
1858 (Jun 18): Lakshmibai, the Rani of Jhansi died aged 29.
1858 (Aug 2): Government Of India Act 2, 1858.
1858: East India Company cease to exist. The British Raj started. It was the rule of the British Crown in the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947. The rule is also called Crown rule in India, or direct rule in India.
1858: Calcutta was made capital of India.
1858: Victoria became the Queen of UK for 43 yrs; Charles Canning became the Viceroy and Governor-General of India; Edward Stanley became the Secretary of State.
1858: Minto Park, officially Madan Mohan Malaviya Park, is a park in Allahabad, India.
It is located in the southern part of the city along the banks of Yamuna river. The park is a historical site for in 1858 Earl Canning read out the declaration of Queen Victoria's
Proclamation which resulted in the complete transfer of control over India
from The East India Company to the government of Britain. The park is named after Earl of Minto
who, in 1910, laid a stone memorial with a four-lion symbol on the park.
1858:[Biology][Food] The word "fungus" comes from the Latin word "mushroom." Fungi were found by Heinrich Anton de Bary in 1858. Fungi is a genus of heterotrophic, mostly multicellular eukaryotic creatures (cannot make their food). They could be filamentous or unicellular.
1859:[Technology] The (rechargeable) lead–acid battery is a type of rechargeable battery first invented by French physicist Gaston Planté. It is the first type of rechargeable battery ever created. Compared to modern rechargeable batteries, lead–acid batteries have relatively low energy density. Despite this, they are able to supply high surge currents. These features, along with their low cost, make them attractive for use in motor vehicles to provide the high current required by starter motors. Lead-acid batteries suffer from relatively short cycle lifespan (usually less than 500 deep cycles) and overall lifespan (due to the "double sulfation" in the discharged state), as well as slow or long charging time. It uses The naturally occurring mineral anglesite, PbSO4, which occurs as an oxidation product of primary lead sulfide ore.
1859 (Jul 8): Indian Rebellion of 1857 halted after 2 years. Britishers won over Indian Princes
1859 (Jul 8): Indian Rebellion of 1857 halted after 2 years. Britishers won over Indian Princes
1859:[Economics] 42-gallon Barrel: Soon after America's first commercial oil well of 1859, a small group met in northwestern Pennsylvania and decided a 42-gallon barrel was best for transporting their oil. When filled with oil instead of fish or other commodities, a 42-gallon “tierce” weighed 300 pounds. 42-gallon Barrel is equiv to 191L.
1859:[Book] Adam Bede was the first novel by Mary Ann Evans (George Eliot), and was published in 1859. It was published pseudonymously, even though Evans was a well-published and highly respected scholar of her time. The novel has remained in print ever since and is regularly used in university studies of 19th-century English literature. She described the novel as, “A country story full of the breath of cows and scent of hay”.
1859:[Art] 'Heart of the Andes' by Frederic Edwin Church is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. It's sprawling 5-foot-high and nearly 10-foot-wide canvas having instances of views seen in Church's travels around South America. After several years of public exhibition, it was sold for $10,000, an huge sum at the time and the highest price paid for any work by a living American artist.
1859:[India][UK][Medicine][Military] Young Swiss businessman, Jean Henry Dunant was appalled by the condition of the wounded soldiers he happened to see in the battle field of Solferino , Italy in 1859 during the Franco - Austrian war. He arranged relief services with the help of the local community immediately. He wrote the book 'Memory of Solferino' suggesting that a neutral organization be established to aid the wounded soldiers in times of war. Just a year after the release of this book, an international conference was convened in Geneva to consider the suggestions of Henry Dunant and thus the Red Cross Movement was born. International Red Cross Movement was established by Geneva Convention of 1864. The name and the emblem of the movement are derived from the reversal of the Swiss national flag, to honor the country in which Red Cross was found.
1859:[Chemistry] Propylene glycol (PG) was described by Wurtz in 1859, and it was first considered for use in pharmaceutical preparations in 1932. It was proposed to replace ethylene glycol as a solvent and vehicle for a bismuth product used in the treatment of syphilis. (safe preservative)
1860: Prof. Antonio Pacinotti, an Italian physics professor, solved the problems of early design of Pixxii's dynamo i.e. the electric current it produced consisted of a series of "spikes" or pulses of current separated by none at all, resulting in a low average power output.
1860: Societies Registration Act of 1860 in India.
1860: Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860.
1860:[Travel][India][RJ] Jhalana Safari Park is an expansive and beautiful safari park in Jaipur that’s popular for its leopard sightings. The forest block has an area of 1978 hectare and is situated on south eastern border of Jaipur city. Until 1860, the park was under Feudalistic rule. It was the exclusive property of the erstwhile Jaipur estate and was basically used by the royals to play sports, and to meet the fuel and fodder needs of neighbouring villages. In 1862, Dr Brandis was appointed as the Inspector General of the forest to supervise the administration of the forest under a systematic management.
1860 (Dec 1):[Books] Great Expectations is the thirteenth novel by Charles Dickens and his penultimate completed novel. It depicts the education of an orphan nicknamed Pip (the book is a Bildungsroman, a coming-of-age story). It is Dickens' second novel, after David Copperfield, to be fully narrated in the first person. The novel was first published as a serial in Dickens's weekly periodical All the Year Round, from 1 December 1860 to August 1861.
1861:[Education][US] Commonwealth of Massachusetts incorporated MIT on April 10, 1861 with motto Mens et manus (Mind and Hand). Today it has faculty strength of 2,000 and student strength of 15,000.
1860 (Dec 1):[Books] Great Expectations is the thirteenth novel by Charles Dickens and his penultimate completed novel. It depicts the education of an orphan nicknamed Pip (the book is a Bildungsroman, a coming-of-age story). It is Dickens' second novel, after David Copperfield, to be fully narrated in the first person. The novel was first published as a serial in Dickens's weekly periodical All the Year Round, from 1 December 1860 to August 1861.
1861:[Education][US] Commonwealth of Massachusetts incorporated MIT on April 10, 1861 with motto Mens et manus (Mind and Hand). Today it has faculty strength of 2,000 and student strength of 15,000.
1861: Indian Councils Act, 1861.
1861 (Jun):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Nicholls continued living at Haworth Parsonage as Patrick's assistant until Patrick's death and although he was expected to succeed him as the incumbent minister the church trustees voted against him and he resigned.
1861 (Aug): Last weekly serial (35/36/37th serial) of Great Expectations by Charles Dickens.
1861 (Oct):[Books] Chapman & Hall published the novel, Great Expectations by Charles Dickens in three volumes.
1861 (Oct):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] He put the contents of Haworth Parsonage up for auction, retaining the family's manuscripts and private effects and distributing keepsakes to the family's servants, and moved back to Banagher in County Offaly, to live with his widowed aunt and her daughter, Mary Anna Bell (1830-1915)
1862:[Education][UK][Public] University of Southampton founded.
1862: The first coast-to-coast telegraph line was opened.1862: High courts of India - High Courts set-up in 3 megacities of India, viz. Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai on Jul 2, Aug 14 and Aug 15 resp.
1862:[Books] Goblin Market (composed in April 1859 and published in 1862) is a narrative poem by Christina Rossetti. It tells the story of Laura and Lizzie who are tempted with fruit by goblin merchants. In a letter to her publisher, Rossetti claimed that the poem, which is interpreted frequently as having features of remarkably sexual imagery, was not meant for children. However, in public Rossetti often stated that it was intended for children, and went on to write many children's poems. When it appeared in her first volume of poetry, Goblin Market and Other Poems, it was illustrated by her brother, the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood artist Dante Gabriel Rossetti.
1863 (Jan 12): Swami Vivekananda born into an aristocratic Bengali family of Calcutta. beginning of National Youth Day.
1863: Shiv Narain Birla s/o Seth Shobharam of Pilani moved to Bombay.
1863:[Education][US][Public] Kansas State University founded.
1863 (Jan 9): world's first underground train at London. 5.5kms from Paddington to Farrington.1863 (Jan 12): Swami Vivekananda born into an aristocratic Bengali family of Calcutta. beginning of National Youth Day.
1863: Shiv Narain Birla s/o Seth Shobharam of Pilani moved to Bombay.
1863:[Art] French modernist painter Édouard Manet painted Le déjeuner sur l'herbe, a large oil on canvas painting created in 1862 and 1863. It depicts a female nude and a scantily dressed female bather on a picnic with two fully dressed men in a rural setting. [Most Famous Realism Artists]
1863:[Day] The birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda also called Swami Vivekananda Jayanti is celebrated every year on 12 January. He was born on 12 January 1863. The government had decided to observe it as Rashtriya Yuva Diwas because the philosophy of Swamiji and the ideals for which he lived and worked could be a great source of inspiration for the Indian Youth. He had given a speech at the Parliament of the World's Religions in Chicago and glorified India's name.
1864: Newland made an attempt to classify elements (on the analogy of 7 musical notes. 'Every 8th note is similar to the first one and it is the first note of the next scale') [John Alexander Reina Newlands's Octaves; Law of Octaves]
1864 (Mar 27): Karl Joel (27 March 1864 – 23 July 1934) was a German philosopher and professor. Joel was born in Hirschberg, Silesia, and died in Walenstadt, Switzerland. His father was a rabbi who studied under Schelling. Joel was a professor at the University of Basel from 1902. #SushantSinghRajput #SSR
1864:[Research] William Huggins used spectroscopy to determine that a nebula is made of gas.
1864:[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Nicholls weds Mary Anna Bell, daughter of her aunt.
1865: Harishchandra Bharatendu went to the Jagannath temple in Puri, Orissa with his family, when he was merely 15 years of age. During this trip he was influenced by the Bengal Renaissance and decided to bring the genres of social, historical, and Puranic plays and novels into Hindi.
1865 (Nov 12):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Elizabeth Gaskell died aged 55 as a successful novelist and short-story writer.
1865:[Day] Lala Lajpat Rai was born on 28 January, 1865 in Punjab. He was a prominent nationalist leader who played an important role in India’s struggle for freedom. He also earned the title of 'Punjab Kesari' or 'the Lion of Punjab'. He initiated the foundation of the Punjab National Bank. He died on 17 November 1928, due to serious injuries. The University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences in Hisar, Haryana is named after Lala Lajpat Rai.
1866: Britain got connected to the US through insulated underwater telegraph cables.
1866: Henri Nestlé of Vevey, Vaud, Switzerland founded Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company
1866: High courts of India - Allahabad High Courts set-up in Uttar Pradesh.
1866: The United States are heavily associated with slavery and the capture and forceful relocation of Africans. Between 1514 and 1866, around 300,000 disembarked in the U.S. directly, while many more arrived via the inter-American slave trade from the Caribbean or Latin America. It is estimated that almost 4.5 million enslaved Africans arrived in the Caribbean and another 3.2 million in present-day Brazil. Around 40 percent of Africans uprooted in slavery are believed to have come from Angola in Southern Africa, with another 30 percent who came from the Bay of Benin in West Africa. It is estimated that close to 20 million people were forced to leave the African continent enslaved. By 1800, this had decimated the African population to half the size it would have been had slavery not occurred. - SlaveVoyages.org
1867: The idea of flashing dots and dashes from a lantern was first put in to practice by Captain, later Vice Admiral, Philip Colomb. His original code, which the Navy used for seven years, was not identical with Morse, but Morse code was eventually adopted with the addition of several special signals. Flashing lights were the second generation of signaling in the Royal Navy.
1867:[Education][US][Public] University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign founded.
1867: Henri Nestlé created a nutritious product for infants that could be used by mothers who were unable to breast-feed.1867: The idea of flashing dots and dashes from a lantern was first put in to practice by Captain, later Vice Admiral, Philip Colomb. His original code, which the Navy used for seven years, was not identical with Morse, but Morse code was eventually adopted with the addition of several special signals. Flashing lights were the second generation of signaling in the Royal Navy.
1867:[Book] Karl Marx's Das Kapital, also known as Capital: A Critique of Political Economy or sometimes simply Capital.
1867:[Books] "Dover Beach" is a lyric poem by the English poet Matthew Arnold. It was first published in 1867 in the collection New Poems; however, surviving notes indicate its composition may have begun as early as 1849. The most likely date is 1851. (DU)
1868: after getting influenced from the Bengal Rnaissance, poet Harishchandra at the age of 18, translated the Bengali drama Vidyasundar (a romantic poem of Medieval Bangla literature based on the love between Vidya and Sundar), into Hindi.
1868 (Dec): World's first traffic lights were installed outside the British Houses of Parliament, London. It was gas-lit and operated by pliceman. It exploded a month later during operation, reportedly killing the operator.
1869 (Mar 6): Dmitri Mendeleev presented the first periodic table of chemical elements to the Russian Chemical Society.
1869 (Feb 15) Ghalib died aged 72 at Gali Qasim Jaan, Ballimaran, Chandni Chowk, (now Ghalib ki Haveli, Delhi, India).
1868:[Education][US][Public] University of California, Berkeley founded.
1869:[Research][Medicine] Nucleic acid was first discovered by Friedrich Miescher in 1869 at the University of Tübingen, Germany. He gave its first name as nuclein.[4] In the early 1880s Albrecht Kossel further purified the substance and discovered its highly acidic properties. He later also identified the nucleobases. In 1889 Richard Altmann created the term nucleic acid – at that time DNA and RNA were not differentiated. In 1938 Astbury and Bell published the first X-ray diffraction pattern of DNA.
1868: after working in his father's company until he was 29. JN Tata founded a trading company with ₹21,000 capital (worth ₹21 million in 2015 prices). He bought a bankrupt oil mill at Chinchpokli in 1869 and converted it to a cotton mill, which he renamed Alexandra Mill.1868: after getting influenced from the Bengal Rnaissance, poet Harishchandra at the age of 18, translated the Bengali drama Vidyasundar (a romantic poem of Medieval Bangla literature based on the love between Vidya and Sundar), into Hindi.
1868 (Dec): World's first traffic lights were installed outside the British Houses of Parliament, London. It was gas-lit and operated by pliceman. It exploded a month later during operation, reportedly killing the operator.
1869 (Mar 6): Dmitri Mendeleev presented the first periodic table of chemical elements to the Russian Chemical Society.
1869: Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi born at Porbandar State, Kathiawar Agency, British Indian Empire (now in Gujarat, India)
1869: Sherwood College was founded at Nainital, UK. It was the brain-child of Dr. Condon, H.S. Reid and others and under the patronage of the Rt. Rev. Robert Milman, DD, the seventh Metropolitan of India. The idea took shape as the Nainital Diocesan School, as Sherwood was once called.1869 (Feb 15) Ghalib died aged 72 at Gali Qasim Jaan, Ballimaran, Chandni Chowk, (now Ghalib ki Haveli, Delhi, India).
1869:[Business][Food] Julius Maggi (1846–1912) took over his father's mill business in Kemptthal, Switzerland. Under his leadership, the business developed into one of the pioneers of industrial food production, with the aim of improving the diet of working-class families through better nutrient supply and faster preparation. Maggi (German: [ˈmaɡi] ⓘ, Italian: [ˈmaddʒi]) is an international brand of seasonings, instant soups, and noodles that originated in Switzerland in the late 19th century. The Maggi company was acquired by Nestlé in 1947.
1869 (Jun 5):[Education][India] Sherwood was founded on 5 June 1869. It was the brain-child of Dr. Condon, H.S. Reid and others under the patronage of the Rt. Rev. Robert Milman, DD, the seventh Metropolitan of India. The idea took shape as the Diocesan Boys' High School, Naini Tal, as Sherwood was called until 1937. Sherwood's sister school, formally known as the Diocesan Girls' High School, became All Saints' College, Nainital. Alumni include Field Marshal S.H.F.J. Manekshaw, Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, MC, former Chief of the Army Staff; Amitabh Bachhan, Indian megastar; Jim Corbett, Indo-British hunter, tracker, naturalist and author;
1870s: Second Industrial Revolution is generally dated between 1870 and 1914 up to the start of World War I.
1870s: based on earlier work with harmonic (multi-signal) telegraphs, the electric telephone was invented.
1870: Charleville Hotel was built at Mussoorie, India. King George V and Queen Mary stayed there and planted a sapling (whichis now full-grown). GoI bought it in 1959. Today, it houses LBSNAA.
1870: The Port of Kolkata (Bengali: কলকাতা বন্দর) opened. It is a riverine port in the city of Kolkata, India, located around 203 kilometres (126 mi) from the sea. It is the oldest operating port in India, and was constructed by the British East India Company.
1870: Sir Hari Singh Gour (26 November 1870 – 25 December 1949) was a distinguished lawyer, jurist, educationist, social reformer, poet, and novelist. Gour was the First Vice-Chancellor of the University of Delhi and Nagpur University, founder and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Sagar, Deputy President of the Central Legislative Assembly of British India, an Indian Delegate to the Joint Parliamentary Committee, a Member of the Indian Central Committee associated with the Royal Commission on the Indian Constitution (popularly known as the Simon Commission),[1] and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature.
1870: Industrial Revolution-2 was at its peak. Division of Labor. Hydro-elctricity production for the mass.
1870 (Jun 9):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Charles Dickens died aged 58 in Higham, Kent, England
1872:[Research][Chemistry] PVC was synthesized in 1872 by German chemist Eugen Baumann after extended investigation and experimentation. The polymer appeared as a white solid inside a flask of vinyl chloride that had been left on a shelf sheltered from sunlight for four weeks.
1873: Frederick Guthrie discovered the basic principle of operation of thermionic diodes.[8][9] Guthrie discovered that a positively charged electroscope could be discharged by bringing a grounded piece of white-hot metal close to it (but not actually touching it). The same did not apply to a negatively charged electroscope, indicating that the current flow was only possible in one direction.
1873:[Books][Drama][UK][Who][Art] An idealised posthumous portrait of Charlotte Brontë by Duyckinick, based on a drawing by George Richmond
1873: Willoughby Smith discovered photoconductivity in solids.
1873: Levi Strauss & Co. or Levi's founded. Blue jeans were first invented by Jacob Davis and Levi Strauss.
1873 (Dec 9): Allahabad University. The foundation stone of the Muir Central College, Allahabad was laid by Governor-General of India, Lord Northbrook. The college was named after Sir William Muir, Lt. Governor of United Province, who was instrumental in its foundation. The building was designed by William Emerson, who also designed Victoria Memorial in Kolkata and Crawford Market in Mumbai in a combination of Indo-Saracenic, Egyptian and Gothic styles.
1873:[Physics][EM][Research] In Europe, electricity and magnetism were originally considered to be two separate forces. This view changed with the publication of James Clerk Maxwell's 1873 A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism in which the interactions of positive and negative charges were shown to be mediated by one force.
1874: Marconi performed simple experiments to send signals using EM waves at shorter distances of about 100 metres.
1874: Karl Ferdinand Braun and Arthur Schuster observed semiconducting effects. \
German scientist Karl Ferdinand Braun discovered the "unilateral conduction" of crystals.
1874: JN Tata setup a cotton mill at Nagpur, which he christened Empress Mill when Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India on 1 January 1877.
1874: Shillong was announced as the capital of Assam till 1972.
1874: Marconi performed simple experiments to send signals using EM waves at shorter distances of about 100 metres.
1874: Karl Ferdinand Braun and Arthur Schuster observed semiconducting effects. \
German scientist Karl Ferdinand Braun discovered the "unilateral conduction" of crystals.
1874: JN Tata setup a cotton mill at Nagpur, which he christened Empress Mill when Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India on 1 January 1877.
1874: Shillong was announced as the capital of Assam till 1972.
1874:[Book] Far from the Madding Crowd is Thomas Hardy's fourth novel and his first major literary success. It originally appeared anonymously as a monthly serial in Cornhill Magazine, where it gained a wide readership. Hardy's first novel, The Poor Man and the Lady, finished by 1867, failed to find a publisher.
187x:[Philosophy][Culture] Gymnosophy (from Greek γυμνός gymnós "naked" and σοφία sophía "wisdom") was a movement and a philosophy practiced in Europe and the US from the end of the 19th century to the mid 20th century. The practice involved nudity, asceticism, and meditation. Earliest hippies maybe?
187x:[Philosophy][Culture] Gymnosophy (from Greek γυμνός gymnós "naked" and σοφία sophía "wisdom") was a movement and a philosophy practiced in Europe and the US from the end of the 19th century to the mid 20th century. The practice involved nudity, asceticism, and meditation. Earliest hippies maybe?
1875::[Education][India][Public] Aligarh Muslim University is a public central university in Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India, which was originally established by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan as the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College.
1875: BSE, the first organised stock exchange started in Bombay by Native Share Brokers' Assocoation. BSE is Asia's oldest stock exchange.
1875: Introduction of Railways in Indore. The business flourished till the reign of Maharaja Shivaji Rao Holkar, Maharaja Tukoji Rao Holkar III and Maharaja Yeshwant Rao Holkar.
1875: Introduction of Railways in Indore. The business flourished till the reign of Maharaja Shivaji Rao Holkar, Maharaja Tukoji Rao Holkar III and Maharaja Yeshwant Rao Holkar.
1875: [India] It was in 1875 that the Indian Share Market first started functioning. The first share trading association in India was known as the Native Share and Stock Broker's Association, only to become the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) later on. This trading association started off its operations with around 318 members.
1875:[Extreme][Research] The Mariana trench was first sounded during the Challenger expedition using a weighted rope, which recorded a depth of 4,475 fathoms (8,184 metres; 26,850 feet).
1875:[Technology][Medicine] Richard Caton (1842–1926), a physician practicing in Liverpool, presented his findings about electrical phenomena of the exposed cerebral hemispheres of rabbits and monkeys in the British Medical Journal. (EEG)
1876:[Education][US][Public] University of Colorado Boulder founded.
1876, Mar: Alexander Graham Bell invented Telephone at Scotland.1876: The British India resulting political union was also called the Indian Empire issued passports under the name of Indian Empire. As India, it was a founding member of the League of Nations, a participating nation in the Summer Olympics in 1900, 1920, 1928, 1932, and 1936, and a founding member of the United Nations in San Francisco in 1945.
1876: Birth of PSTN. Commercialization of the telephone began in 1876, with instruments operated in pairs for private use between two locations. Users who wanted to communicate with persons at multiple locations had as many telephones as necessary for the purpose. Alerting another user of the desire to establish a telephone call was accomplished by whistling loudly into the transmitter until the other party heard the alert. Bells were soon added to stations for signaling, so an attendant no longer needed to wait for the whistle.
1876:[Book] Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer. He was lauded as the "greatest humorist the United States has produced," and William Faulkner called him "the father of American literature". His novels include The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), the latter of which has often been called the "Great American Novel".
1876:[Travel][India][RJ] The museum built in the year 1876, lies within the Ram Niwas Garden, Jaipur, and the oldest one in the state of Rajasthan. It was first envisaged as a concert hall, bearing a resemblance to Victorian architecture and Albert Hall Museum, London.
1876:[Space][Research] Meudon Observatory, France is the foremost astronomical observatory of France, and one of the largest astronomical centers in the world.
1876:[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Nicholls broke his silence briefly in protest at some sections of T.W. Reid's biography of Charlotte – written in co-operation with Charlotte's oldest friend Ellen Nussey – which quoted her writings without his permission.
1877: One of the first to propose a telephone exchange was Hungarian Tivadar Puskás in 1877 while he was working for Thomas Edison. The first experimental telephone exchange was based on the ideas of Puskás, and it was built by the Bell Telephone Company in Boston in 1877. The world's first commercial telephone exchange opened on November 12, 1877 in Friedrichsberg close to Berlin.
1877 (Jan 1): Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India.
1877:[Book] Plato's Apology is one of the most famous and admired texts in world literature. It offers what many scholars believe is a fairly reliable account of what the Athenian philosopher Socrates (469 BCE - 399 BCE) said in court on the day that he was tried and condemned to death on charges of impiety and corrupting the youth.
1877:[Extreme][Research] a map was published ft. Mariana Trench, called Tiefenkarte des Grossen Ozeans ("Depth map of the Great Ocean") by Petermann, which showed a Challenger Tief ("Challenger deep") at the location of that sounding.
1878: Edward Weston's Dynamo Electric Generator.
1878: George W. Coy designed and built the first commercial US telephone exchange which opened in New Haven, Connecticut in January, 1878. The switchboard was built from "carriage bolts, handles from teapot lids and bustle wire" and could handle two simultaneous conversations. Charles Glidden is also credited with establishing an exchange in Lowell, MA. with 50 subscribers in 1878.
1878: Hall effect ( @ Johns Hopkins University, USA by Edwin Herbert Hall )
1878-79: The first commercial telephone services were set up on both sides of the Atlantic in the cities of New Haven and London.Telephone exchanges (using many switchboards) appeared about two decades later.
1879: The Bombay Dyeing & Mfg. Co. Ltd. estd. at Bombay, Bombay Presidency, British India. It is the flagship company of the Wadia Group, engaged mainly into the business of Textiles. Bombay Dyeing is one of India's largest producers of textiles.
1879: The Anglo-Zulu War was fought in 1879 between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom at South Africa.
1879 (Jul 24): The first demonstration of an electric light in Calcutta (now Kolkata) was conducted on by P.W. Fleury & Co.
1877:[Extreme][Research] a map was published ft. Mariana Trench, called Tiefenkarte des Grossen Ozeans ("Depth map of the Great Ocean") by Petermann, which showed a Challenger Tief ("Challenger deep") at the location of that sounding.
1878: Edward Weston's Dynamo Electric Generator.
1878: George W. Coy designed and built the first commercial US telephone exchange which opened in New Haven, Connecticut in January, 1878. The switchboard was built from "carriage bolts, handles from teapot lids and bustle wire" and could handle two simultaneous conversations. Charles Glidden is also credited with establishing an exchange in Lowell, MA. with 50 subscribers in 1878.
1878: Hall effect ( @ Johns Hopkins University, USA by Edwin Herbert Hall )
1878-79: The first commercial telephone services were set up on both sides of the Atlantic in the cities of New Haven and London.Telephone exchanges (using many switchboards) appeared about two decades later.
1879: The Bombay Dyeing & Mfg. Co. Ltd. estd. at Bombay, Bombay Presidency, British India. It is the flagship company of the Wadia Group, engaged mainly into the business of Textiles. Bombay Dyeing is one of India's largest producers of textiles.
1879: The Anglo-Zulu War was fought in 1879 between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom at South Africa.
1879 (Jul 24): The first demonstration of an electric light in Calcutta (now Kolkata) was conducted on by P.W. Fleury & Co.
1879:[Music] The most familiar Hawaiian instrument is the 'ukulele, a small type of guitar. The instrument was probably introduced to Hawai'i in 1879 by Portuguese settlers from Madeira who brought with them a small guitar called the braguinha.
1880: Belgium had its first International Bell exchange (in Antwerp) in 1880. In Europe other early telephone exchanges were based in London and Manchester, both of which opened under Bell patents in 1879. For a long distance call, she plugged into a trunk circuit to connect to another operator in another bank of boards or at a remote central office. In 1918, the average time to complete the connection for a long-distance call was 15 minutes.
1880 (Feb 13): Thomas Edison independently rediscovered the principle of operation of thermionic diodes.
1880: Dhanpat Rai Srivastav "Premchand" (also, "Nawab Rai") was born on 31 July in Lamhi, a village located near Varanasi (Banaras), North-Western Provinces, British India in a Kayastha family. His parents named him Dhanpat Rai ("the master of wealth"), while his uncle, Mahabir, a rich landowner, nicknamed him "Nawab" ("Prince"). "Nawab Rai" was the first pen name chosen by Premchand.
1880: Money Order was developed in India by Britishers.
1880 (Jan 31): The first big incident that is usually mentioned is the disappearance of the Atalanta ship. It disappeared with her entire crew after setting sail from the Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda.
1890 (Jul):[Books] "The Critic as Artist" is an essay by Oscar Wilde, containing the most extensive statements of his aesthetic philosophy. A dialogue in two parts, it is by far the longest one included in his collection of essays titled Intentions published in 1 May 1891. "The Critic as Artist" is a significantly revised version of articles that first appeared in the July and September 1890 issues of The Nineteenth Century, originally entitled "The True Function and Value of Criticism." The essay is a conversation between its leading voice Gilbert and Ernest, who suggests ideas for Gilbert to reject.
1880:[Travel][India][RJ] Kanhaiyalal Bagla Haveli is a beautiful structure, which stands on the south of the main bazaar. Constructed in around 1880, the haveli represents the finest lattice work and architectural styles in the entire Shekhawati region.
1880:[Food]The factory process consisted of hand rolling on a table, pasting, and hand packaging. In 1880 James A. Bonsack was granted a U.S. patent for a cigarette machine in which tobacco was fed onto a continuous strip of paper and was automatically formed, pasted, closed, and cut to lengths by a rotary cutting knife.
1881:[Education][UK][Public] University of Liverpool founded.
1881:[Education][UK][Public] University of Nottingham founded.
1881:[Education][India][Public] St. Stephen's College established in Delhi, India1881: The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania was the first business school and the world's first collegiate biz. school.
1881 (Feb 1): St. Stephen's College was founded by the Cambridge Mission to Delhi and Socity for the Propagation of the Gospel.
1881: Oudh Commercial Bank, the first complete commercial bank (i.e. bank of ltd. liability) managed by Indians was founded.
1881: ampere (A) was first defined as 'A tenth of the electromagnetic CGS unit of current. The [CGS] electromagnetic unit of current is that current, flowing in an arc 1 cm long of a circle 1 cm in radius, that creates a field of one oersted at the centre.'
1882 (Oct 14):[Education][India][Public] University of the Punjab, later named changed as Panjab University on October 1, 1947. Panjab University is an Indian collegiate public state university located in Chandigarh. Funded through both State and Union governments, it is considered a state university. It traces its origins to the University of the Punjab in Lahore, which was founded in 1882. After the partition of India, the university was established on 1 October 1947, and called East Punjab University. Initially housed primarily at a cantonment in Solan, it later relocated to a newly built campus in Chandigarh, and was renamed Panjab University. It is accredited by NAAC at five star level, with the highest NAAC A++ accreditation grade. The university has 78 teaching and research departments and 10 centres/chairs for teaching and research at the main campus located at Chandigarh. It has 188 affiliated colleges spread over the eight districts of Punjab state and union-territory of Chandigarh, with Regional Centres at Muktsar, Ludhiana and Hoshiarpur. It is one of the well-ranked universities in India.
1882: The word "dynamo" was coined by Werner von Siemens. The word dynamo (from the Greek word dynamis, meaning power) was originally another name for an electrical generator, and still has some regional usage as a replacement for the word generator. The original "dynamo principle" of W. Siemens meant only the direct current generators which use exclusively the self - excitation (self-induction) principle to generate DC power. The earlier DC generators which used permanent magnets were not considered "dynamo electric machines".1882: Post Office Savings Bank in India. Postal Life Insurance developed in India for imperial interests.
1882: Mumbai saw electric lighting demonstration for the first time at Crawford Market.
1882:[Travel][India][RJ] Moti Doongri was originally built in the year 1882. Till the year 1928, it was the main residence of the royal family of Alwar. After 1928, Maharaja Jai Singh decided to demolish the old palace and later built a more magnificent one in its place.
1882: John Burdon-Sanderson working with frogs, was the first to appreciate that the interval between variations in potential was not electrically quiescent and coined the term "isoelectric interval" for this period. (ECG)
1883:[Education][UK][Public] Cardiff University founded.
1883:[Education][US][Public] University of Texas at Austin founded.
1883: The first working solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts.1833: The UK's Factory Act of 1833 limited the work day for children in factories. Those aged 9–13 could work only eight hours, 14–18 12 hours. Children under 9 were required to attend school.
1883:[Book] Thus Spoke Zarathustra: A Book for All and None, also translated as Thus Spake Zarathustra, is a work of philosophical fiction written by German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche between 1883 and 1885.
1884: after 21 yeras of stay in Bombay, Shiv Narain Birla established Shivnarayan Baldevdas a trading house in Bombay in 1884.
1884: Jamnalal Bajaj born. Gandhi is known to have adopted him as his son. He is known for his efforts of promoting Khadi and village Industries in India. With the intent of eradicating untouchability, he fought the non-admission of Harijans into Hindu temples.
1884: John Thompson Platts authored A Dictionary of Urdū, Classical Hindī, and English, (Volume 1, 1259 pages) publ. by H. Milford, Oxford University, London.
1884: after 21 yeras of stay in Bombay, Shiv Narain Birla established Shivnarayan Baldevdas a trading house in Bombay in 1884.
1884: Jamnalal Bajaj born. Gandhi is known to have adopted him as his son. He is known for his efforts of promoting Khadi and village Industries in India. With the intent of eradicating untouchability, he fought the non-admission of Harijans into Hindu temples.
1884: John Thompson Platts authored A Dictionary of Urdū, Classical Hindī, and English, (Volume 1, 1259 pages) publ. by H. Milford, Oxford University, London.
1884 (Nov 9):[Business][Food] Julius Maggi experimented for two years with different methods of mechanical and chemical processing of legumes and different mixtures. The results were presented to the representatives of the Society on 19 November 1884. They approved the results and signed a contract to exclusively recommend Maggi's legumes for a period of three years. Maggi in turn guaranteed a fixed price and regular product controls for sales in Switzerland. However, the Society was accused of representing the interests of a private company. The Maggi company, on the other hand, had difficulties challenging other suppliers of soup flour on the market, despite the support of society.
Since 1884, Maggi has been offering flour made from protein-rich legumes, which can be cooked quickly by being roasted beforehand. Maggi was the first to bring such legume meals to the market.
1884:[GoI][CPSU] Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Ltd, abbreviated as GRSE, is one of India's leading shipyards, located in Kolkata. It builds and repairs commercial and naval vessels. GRSE also exports the ships that the company builds.
1885: Concept of 3-Phase. Italian Galileo Ferraris realised that two windings set at an angle to each other could produce a rotating magnetic field, something of great help when motion is required, and just two years later the 3-phase alternator appeared.
1885 (Jan 6): Bhartendu Harishchandra died aged 34, He is known as the father of modern Hindi literature as well as Hindi theatre.
1866: High courts of India - Karnataka High Court, 5th HC set-up in Bagalore, Karnataka.
1886:[Art] The Statue of Liberty (officially named Liberty Enlightening the World and sometimes referred to as Lady Liberty) is a monument symbolising the United States.The statue is placed on Ellis Island, near New York City Harbor. The statue commemorates the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence.It was given to the United States by the people of France in 1886, to represent the friendship between the two countries established during the American Revolution.1886: Dr. John Stith Pemberton to rename and rewrite the formula for his popular nerve tonic, stimulant and headache remedy, "Pemberton's French Wine Coca," sold at that time by most, if not all, of the city's druggists.
1886: CCS renamed to Imperial Civil Service and its members were appointed under section XXXII of Government Of India Act, 1858.
1886: NIT Patna (estd. as Bihar college of Engineering, a survey training school)
1886: 11 yr old, Mileva Maric of Kac, Serbia started to explore science in depth. Travelled from Kac, Serbia to Vienna, Austria to get a book on electromagnetic theory.
1886: The origins of the hole punch date back to Germany via Matthias Theel, where two early patents for a device designed to "punch holes in paper" have since been discovered. Friedrich Soennecken filed his patent on November 14, 1886, for his Papierlocher für Sammelmappen.
1886 (May 15):[Writing] Emily Elizabeth Dickinson (December 10, 1830 – May 15, 1886) was an American poet. Little-known during her life, she has since been regarded as one of the most important figures in American poetry. After Dickinson's death, Lavinia Dickinson kept her promise and burned most of the poet's correspondence. Significantly though, Dickinson had left no instructions about the 40 notebooks and loose sheets gathered in a locked chest. Lavinia recognized the poems' worth and became obsessed with seeing them published. She turned first to her brother's wife and then to Mabel Loomis Todd, his lover, for assistance. A feud ensued, with the manuscripts divided between the Todd and Dickinson houses, preventing complete publication of Dickinson's poetry for more than half a century.
1886:[Food] Some of specimens of mushrooms were grown by N.W. Newton and exhibited at the annual show of Agriculture, Horticulture Society of India. 1896-97: Dr. B.C. Roy of the Calcutta Medical College carried out chemical analysis of the local mushrooms prevalent in caves or mines.13-Jun-2012
1887: Puskás introduced the multiplex switchboard.
1887: the Central Water Tribunal was estd. and HQ'd at Kolkata.
1887: Baldeo Das Birla s/o Shivnarain Das Birla moved to Calcutta set up Baldevdas Jugalkishor.
1887 (Feb 23):[Book] "The Canterville Ghost" is a humorous short story by Oscar Wilde. It was the first of Wilde's stories to be published, appearing in two parts in The Court and Society Review, 23 February and 2 March 1887. The Picture of Dorian Gray (1890 Jul)
1887 (Dec 22): Srinivasa Ramanujan was born at Erode, Tamil Nadu.
1887 (Sep 23): The Muir Central College, Allahabad stopped functioning under the University of Calcutta and hence, Allahabad University was estd. It is the fourth oldest University in India. Its origins lie in the Muir Central College, named after Lt. Governor of North-Western Provinces, Sir William Muir in 1876, who suggested the idea of a Central University at Allahabad, which later evolved to the present university. At one point it was called the "Oxford of the East".
1887 (Dec 23): [GoI] IB founded. The Intelligence Bureau is India's domestic internal security and counter-intelligence agency under Ministry of Home Affairs. It was founded in 1887 as Central Special Branch, and is reputed to be the oldest such organization in the world. Until 1968, it handled both domestic and foreign intelligence after which Research and Analysis Wing was formed specifically for foreign intelligence following that IB was primarily assigned the role of domestic intelligence and internal security.
1887: Augustus Waller invented an ECG machine consisting of a Lippmann capillary electrometer fixed to a projector. The trace from the heartbeat was projected onto a photographic plate that was itself fixed to a toy train. This allowed a heartbeat to be recorded in real time.
1888:[Technology] George Eastman introduced the Kodak camera.
1888: first Driver's Licence was issued to Karl Benz, inventor of the modern automobile. He had to receive written permission from the Grand Ducal authorities to operate his car on public roads888 after residents complained about the noise and smell of his Motorwagen.The first mandatory license requirement for driving was introduced in the Motor Car Act 1903 in the United Kingdom. Every car owner had to register his automobile with his local government authority and be able to prove registration of his vehicle on request. The minimum qualifying age was set at 17. The license gave its holder 'freedom of the road' with a maximum 20 mph (32 km/h) speed limit. Compulsory testing was introduced in 1934, with the passing of the Road Traffic Act.
1888: Malyala Manorma estd.
1888: Moradabad Hail was a severe hailstorm that occurred on 30 April 1888 in Moradabad, in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. One of the deadliest, it killed around 230 people and 1600 cattle and sheep. Reportedly, the hailstones were as big as oranges and in some places accumulated to up to 2 feet in height.
1888:[Culture][Kinky] slang for vagina - Alter of Pleasure
1889: Lee, an American denim jeans brand founded at Merriam, Kansas.
1889: Jawaharlal Nehru born.1889: Swami Sahajanand Saraswati born in Ghazipur district, North-Western Provinces in British India, was an ascetic, a nationalist and a peasant leader of India. He authored Ab Kya ho?, Brahman Kaun?, Mera Jeewan Sangharsha, Jhootha Bhay Mithya Abhiman, Karmakalap and many others. Walter Hauser has translated some of his work into English.
1890s: United States has been the biggest kid on the block since I think around 1890 from an economic standpoint. (lexfridman.com/elon-musk #4)
1890 (Apr 6): Jigar Muradabadi (nom de plume of Ali Sikandar), an Urdu Poet and Urdu Ghazal writer born at Moradabad. He received the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1958 for his highly acclaimed poetry collection "Atish-i-Gul". He lost his father at an early age. At school (madrassah) he was taught both Arabic and Persian. His poetry teacher (ustad ) in the early days was Rasa Rampuri. He befriended Asghar Gondvi,[5] who later also emerged as a notable Urdu poet. Gondvi was only six years older than Jigar, who became his protégé. Gondvi's influence over Jigar, and the significant role he played in his life, should not be underestimated. He was his mentor, a father figure, an older brother, a teacher, a friend and a fellow poet, all rolled into one. Jigar even married a sister of Gondvi's wife. He made Gonda his permanent home and Gonda acquired one of the most famous literary figures to have ever lived there.
1890: Sardar Bahadur Sir Sobha Singh OBE [1890-1978] was a civil contractor and a prominent builder of Lutyens' Delhi and real estate owner of Delhi. He is the father of famous Indian writer Khushwant Singh.
1890:[Book] Alfred Thayer Mahan's The Influence of Sea Power upon History (1660-1783).
1890:[Books] Emily Dickinson was born on December 10, 1830, in Amherst, Massachusetts. While she was extremely prolific as a poet and regularly enclosed poems in letters to friends, she was not publicly recognized during her lifetime. She died in Amherst in 1886, and the first volume of her work was published posthumously in 1890. I cannot live with You. and 'I’m wife — I’ve finished that' is also known as “Apocalypse”, the title under which it was published after the poet’s death. It addresses the dilemma of nineteenth century women. This poem spells out the plight of women in a society that denied them independence and respect as thinking human beings. Society deemed that “true” womanhood could only exist in the state of marriage, where a woman was defined as wife and mother. Dickinson contrasts the state of being a “spinster" with being a wife. The lives of women in these categories were vastly different. A spinster was, in effect, a social failure, pitied and patronised. The only “safe” route for a woman was marriage in a patriarchal, controlling society, where she was little more than her husband’s property. Emily Dickinson remained single throughout her life, so the persona in the poem is an invented one.
1890:[Technology][Medicine] Polish physiologist Adolf Beck published an investigation of spontaneous electrical activity of the brain of rabbits and dogs that included rhythmic oscillations altered by light. Beck started experiments on the electrical brain activity of animals. Beck placed electrodes directly on the surface of the brain to test for sensory stimulation. His observation of fluctuating brain activity led to the conclusion of brain waves. (EEG)
1891: Henry Campbell Black founded Black's Law Dictionary, the definitive legal dictionary.
1891: first mechanically automated telephone switch.
1892: Indian Councils Act, 1892.
1892:[Business][Food] Britannia Industries Limited is an Indian multinational FMCG company specialized in fthe ood industry, part of the Wadia Group headed by Nusli Wadia. Founded in 1892 and headquartered in Kolkata, it is one of India's oldest existing companies and best known for its biscuit products. The company sells biscuits, breads and dairy products throughout India and abroad.
1893:[Art] The Scream is the popular name given to a composition created by Norwegian Expressionist artist Edvard Munch.
1893: Bell's Telephone patents expired. They existed for 17 yrs. Around 1893, the country leading the world in telephones per 100 persons (teledensity) was Sweden with 0.55 in the whole country but 4 in Stockholm (10,000 out of a total of 27,658 subscribers). This compares with 0.4 in USA for that year.
Competition between the International Bell Telephone Company (a U.S. multinational), town and village co-operatives, the General Telephone Company of Stockholm (a Swedish private company), and the Swedish Telegraph Department (part of the Swedish government).
In 1893, the U.S. was considerably behind Sweden, New Zealand, Switzerland, and Norway in teledensity. The U.S. rose to world leadership in teledensity with the rise of many independent telephone companies after the Bell patents expired in 1893 and 1894.
1893: The melody of "Happy Birthday to You" comes from the song "Good Morning to All", which has been attributed to American siblings Patty Hill and Mildred J. Hill in 1893.
1893: an accidental meeting between Jamsedji N. Tata and Swami Vivekananda on a ship sailing from Japan to Chicago, which led to the foundations of IISc, Bangluru in 1909.
1893: Gandhi, aged 24, arrived in South Africa to work as a legal representative for the Muslim Indian Traders based in the city of Pretoria. He spent 21 years in South Africa, where he developed his political views, ethics and political leadership skills.
1893: Birjis Qadr, the last nawab of Awadh died.
1893(Mar 1):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Mary Taylor died aged 76 as an early advocate for women's rights.
1893:[Technology] Francis Galton invented the Galton whistle, an adjustable whistle that produced ultrasound, which he used to measure the hearing range of humans and other animals, demonstrating that many animals could hear sounds above the hearing range of humans. (Ultrasound)
1894: Indian scientist Jagadish Chandra Bose was the first to use a crystal for detecting radio waves.
1894: PNB estd. by Lala Lajpat Rai
1894: Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book
1894:[Chemistry] The earliest mention of 2-phenoxyethanol in the chemical literature appeared in 1894, when Ernst Roithner at the University of Vienna published a treatise on ethylene oxide. In the article, Roithner described the synthesis of 2-phenoxyethanol via the reaction of ethylene oxide with phenol in a basic medium. It is an ether used as a fragrance or preservative that's considered practically non-toxic when ingested and non-irritating when diluted. (safe preservative)
1895 (Dec 22):[Technology][Art] 'I have seen my death.' - Words said by Mrs. Rontegen when the first X-Ray photograph of her left hand (wearing wedding ring) was printed. This was followed by the CRT experiments by Wilhelm Rontegen. He covered the tube with black cardboard to shield its fluorescent glow, and, shortly after, noticed beams escaping several feet to a nearby plate made of barium platino-cyanide.
1895: Invention of Radio by Guglielmo Marconi (Italy)
1895: The first generators at the Niagara Falls project, built by Westinghouse in 1895, were 25 Hz, because the turbine speed had already been set before alternating current power transmission had been definitively selected.
1895: The American philosopher and psychologist William James used the term 'multiverse' for the very first time, but in a different context to that of Schrodinger in 1952.
1895: screening of the Lumière moving pictures in London. became a sensation across Europe and by July 1896 the Lumière films had been in show in Bombay. (history of cinema in India)
1895 (May 11): Jiddu Krishnamurti was born in Madanapalle (AP), India
1895:[Physics] Born in the German Empire, Einstein moved to Switzerland in 1895, forsaking his German citizenship (as a subject of the Kingdom of Württemberg) the following year.
1895:[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Eventually Nicholls agreed to give Clement Shorter unlimited access to his Brontë archive. Clement King Shorter (19 July 1857 – 19 November 1926) was a British journalist and literary critic.
1896:[Research][Physics][Space] The Boltzmann brain thought experiment suggests that it might be more likely for a single brain to spontaneously form in a void, complete with a memory of having existed in our universe, rather than for the entire universe to come about in the manner cosmologists think it actually did. Physicists use the Boltzmann brain thought experiment as a reductio ad absurdum argument for evaluating competing scientific theories. The idea is named after the physicist Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906), who, in 1896, published a theory that tried to account for the fact that the universe is not as chaotic as the budding field of thermodynamics seemed to predict. He offered several explanations, one of them being that the universe, even after it had progressed to its most likely spread-out and featureless state of thermal equilibrium, would spontaneously fluctuate to a more ordered (or low-entropy) state such as the universe in which we find ourselves. Boltzmann brains were first proposed as a reductio ad absurdum response to this explanation by Boltzmann for the low-entropy state of our universe.
1897: electron was dicovered by JJ Thomson (Cambridge, UK).
1897 (Jan 7): Commissioning of electric plant in Darjeeling (The first hydroelectric installation in India was installed near a tea estate at Sidrapong for the Darjeeling Municipality). [Power development in India]. Kilburn & Co secured the Calcutta electric lighting licence as agents of the Indian Electric Co, which was registered in London on 15 January 1897. A month later, the company was renamed the Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation.
1897:[Physics] at the age of 17, Einstein enrolled in the mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Swiss Federal polytechnic school in Zürich, graduating in 1900.
1897:[Art] French Impressionist Claude Monet (1840–1926) picked his preference, subject and perspective for Water Lilies and started painting them, he painted a series of approximately 250 oil paintings. The paintings depict his flower garden at his home in Giverny.
1897 (Nov 26):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Ellen Nussey died aged 80 as a lifelong friend, correspondent and potential lover of writer Charlotte Brontë.
1897: Founder Karl Elsener started a cutlery workshop. In 1897, he developed the "Original Swiss Army Knife" & named the co. Victorinox, by combining his mum's name Victoria with Inox - meaning stainless steel.
1897:[Day] Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose was born on 23 January 1897 in Cuttack, Orissa. He was one of the most prominent Indian freedom fighters. His army was known as Indian National Army (INA) or Azad Hind Fauj. He also led an Indian national force from abroad against the Western powers during World War II.
1898:[Education][India][Public] Central Hindu College, founded by Indian Home Rule-leaguer and Theosophist, Annie Besant, which later got incorporated by the Banaras Hindu University, a collegiate, central, and research university located in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, during its foundation in 1916.
1898: The committee setup by Tata presented a draft proposal to Lord Curzon on setting up IISc Banglore. Subsequently, Prof. Sir William Ramsay, a Nobel Laureate, was called on to propose a suitable place for such an institution who suggested Bangalore as the best location.
1898: Indian Post Office Act, 1898.
1898:[Travel][India][RJ] Laxmi Niwas Palace was the residence of the king of Bikaner, Maharaja Ganga Singh. Built between 1898 and 1902 by British architect Sir Samuel Swinton Jacob, this structure displays an Indo-Saracenic architectural style. It is now a luxury hotel.
1898 (Jun 17): M.C. Escher born
1898: The evolving revolutionary movement in the Philippines declares itself independent from the Spanish Empire.1898: The committee setup by Tata presented a draft proposal to Lord Curzon on setting up IISc Banglore. Subsequently, Prof. Sir William Ramsay, a Nobel Laureate, was called on to propose a suitable place for such an institution who suggested Bangalore as the best location.
1898: Indian Post Office Act, 1898.
1898:[Travel][India][RJ] Laxmi Niwas Palace was the residence of the king of Bikaner, Maharaja Ganga Singh. Built between 1898 and 1902 by British architect Sir Samuel Swinton Jacob, this structure displays an Indo-Saracenic architectural style. It is now a luxury hotel.
1899:[Education] Hindu College of Delhi University established.
1899:[Technology] The first Ni–Cd battery was created by Waldemar Jungner of Sweden. At that time, the only direct competitor was the lead–acid battery, which was less physically and chemically robust
1899:[Jack] Shri Ram Chandra of Shahjahanpur, affectionately known as Babuji was born, died in 1983. He was tutored by Lalaji (Ram Chandra of Fatehgarh). He was succeeded by Chariji (Parthasarathi Rajagopalachari) and by Daaji (Shri Kamlesh D. Patel)
1899: Braun patented the crystal rectifier in 1899.
1899: Veblen goods are named after American economist Thorstein Veblen [1857-1929], who first identified conspicuous consumption as a mode of status-seeking in The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899).
1899: Edison cylinder phonograph.
1899:[Jack] Shri Ram Chandra of Shahjahanpur, affectionately known as Babuji was born, died in 1983. He was tutored by Lalaji (Ram Chandra of Fatehgarh). He was succeeded by Chariji (Parthasarathi Rajagopalachari) and by Daaji (Shri Kamlesh D. Patel)
1899: Braun patented the crystal rectifier in 1899.
1899: Veblen goods are named after American economist Thorstein Veblen [1857-1929], who first identified conspicuous consumption as a mode of status-seeking in The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899).
1899: Edison cylinder phonograph.
1899:[Book] The Interpretation of Dreams (German: Die Traumdeutung) is an 1899 book by Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, in which the author introduces his theory of the unconscious with respect to dream interpretation, and discusses what would later become the theory of the Oedipus complex.
1899:[Research][Chemistry][Who] In 1899 Barkla was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, with an 1851 Research Fellowship from the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851, to work in the Cavendish Laboratory under the physicist J. J. Thomson (discoverer of the electron). During his first two years at Cambridge, under the directions of Thomson, Barkla studied the velocity of electromagnetic waves along wires of different widths and materials. The existence of electron shells was first observed experimentally in Charles Barkla's and Henry Moseley's X-ray absorption studies.
1899:[Crime] Al Capone (1899-1947) Earning the nicknames Scarface, Big Al, Big Boy, and Snorky, Alphonse Gabriel Capone was born in New York.
1899:[Extreme][Research] USS Nero, a converted collier, recorded a depth of Mariana trench to be 5,269 fathoms (9,636 metres; 31,614 feet).
20th century CE started on 1st Jan 1901 AD.
1900s:[Maths] The early part of the twentieth century saw a rapid growth in the formal analysis of randomness, and mathematical foundations for probability were introduced.
1900s: Aldis lamp (or Signal lamp), a signaling device in the form of a portable lamp used to flash messages in Morse code named after Arthur C. W. Aldis (1878-1953), its British inventor.1900s: Hindi literature started to flourished in India.
1900s:[Chemistry][GeoPolitics] Sodium benzoate has been used as a preservative since the early 1900's. Sodium benzoate is an odorless white power, created by combining benzoic acid with sodium hydroxide (lye). Sodium benzoate is not naturally occurring and must be created in a lab, although its primary ingredient – benzoic acid – is natural. (safe preservative)
1900:[Education][UK][Public] University of Birmingham founded.
1900:[Space] The discovery of the near-Earth asteroid 433 Eros and its passage near Earth in 1900–1901 allowed a considerable improvement in parallax measurement. Another international project to measure the parallax of 433 Eros was undertaken in 1930–1931.
1900: Einstein finished his 3 year graduation.1900: Pestonji Edulgi Polson (Polly) left school at the age of 13 and set up a coffee grinding business by borrowing Rs 100 from his sister in the early 1900s, named Polson in the foothills of fort Vishalgad, Kolhapur. Primarily as a Coffee manufacturing Company, Polson diversified into other business activities including diary, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, leather chemicals and Real Estate.
1900: Population of USA is 76M (76,212,168), as of Census conducted on 1900 (Jul 1), an increase of 21% from 62M during 1890 census.
1900 (Aug): The Eight-Nation Alliance was a multinational military coalition that invaded northern China in 1900 with the stated aim of relieving the foreign legations in Beijing, then besieged by the popular Boxer militia, who were determined to expunge foreign influence from China. The Allied forces consisted of about 45,000 troops from the eight nations of Germany, Japan, Russia, Britain, France, the United States, Italy, and Austria-Hungary. Neither the Chinese nor the foreign allies issued a formal declaration of war. No treaty or formal agreement bound the Alliance together. Some western historians define the first phase of hostilities, starting in August 1900, as "more or less a civil war",[1] though the Battle of the Taku Forts in June pushed the Qing government to support the Boxers. With the success of the invasion, the later stages developed into a punitive expedition, which pillaged Beijing and North China for more than a year. The fighting ended in 1901 with the signing of the Boxer Protocol.
1900:[Computing][IBM i] Year floor for *CYMD, *CDMY and *CMDY date data types, max year supported is 2899 i.e. a period of 999 years. (almost 10 centuries)
1900:[Physics][Research][Quantum] The constant was first postulated by Max Planck in 1900 as a proportionality constant needed to explain experimental black-body radiation. Planck later referred to the constant as the "quantum of action". In 1905, Albert Einstein associated the "quantum" or minimal element of the energy to the electromagnetic wave itself (photoelectric effect). Max Planck received the 1918 Nobel Prize in Physics "in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta".
1901: first vaccum cleaner by Hubert Cecil Booth.
1901: Edward 7th became the King of the UK for 9 yrs.
1901: [Env][Research][Business][Economics][GeoPolitics][US] The Texas oil boom, sometimes called the gusher age, was a period of dramatic change and economic growth in the U.S. state of Texas during the early 20th century that began with the discovery of a large petroleum reserve near Beaumont, Texas.
1901: Einstein acquired Swiss citizenship, which he kept for the rest of his life.
1901:[Military][Education][India] During the Indian independence movement, Indian leaders recognised the need for a local military institution to meet the needs of an armed force loyal to sovereign India. The Indianisation of the officer cadre of the army began in 1901, but it was only for the elite, and after training they were not allowed into the regular army. The British Raj was reluctant to commission Indian officers or permit local officer training. In 1905, natives could officer only Indian troops and by rank were not equal to commissioned British officers. Up to the outbreak of the First World War, the highest rank to which a native soldier of India could rise was Subedar, a rank lower than the lowermost officer rank of Subaltern.
1902:[Art] Auguste Rodin's The Thinker, A bronze sculpture, usually placed on a stone pedestal. The work shows a nude male figure of heroic size sitting on a rock as he leans over and rests his chin on the back of his right hand, as though deep in thought and contemplation. Rodin originally called this figure, The Poet.
1902: Gibson Guitar Corp. founded at Kalamazoo, Michigan by Orville Gibson.
1902: first AC
1902: Swami Vivekananda died aged 39.
1902: The United Provinces, headquartered in Allahabad was a province of British India that comprised present day Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand. It was established in 1902 to be the headquarters of the English settlements on North India. Under the Government of India Act 1935, a bicameral legislature was set up with a legislative assembly and a legislative council.
1902: Joel was professor at the University of Basel. Karl Joel was a German philosopher and professor. Joel was born in Hirschberg, Silesia, and died in Walenstadt, Switzerland. His father was a rabbi who studied under Schelling. Joel was a professor at the University of Basel from 1902. His father R. Herman Joel, had been a pupil of Schelling and apparently had a great influence on his son's attitude toward philosophy. He was born in Hirschberg, studied in Leipzig, and spent some time in Berlin, where he became a friend of Georg *Simmel. In 1897 he was appointed to the University of Basle, where he taught until his death. Joel called his philosophical system "New Idealism." He defended the completeness of philosophy against the attempts to divide it up into "specialized" branches and compartments, and he emphasized the necessity of a comprehensive outlook. He opposed methodological positivism and metaphysical naturalism and sought to ridicule those who claimed "objectivity" in the study of reality, that is, spiritual activity deprived of all subjective and emotional ingredients.
1902:[Travel][India][RJ] Maharaja Ganga Singh commissioned the construction of this majestic palace. This architectural marvel is made entirely of red sandstone and was built in 1902 to commemorate his father, Maharaja Lal Singh. The design was conceptualised by Sir Swinton.
1902:[Business] Shalimar Paint Color & Varnish Company was established in 1902 by two Britishers. It is the first paint company of India. It was acquired by Ratan Jindal faction of the O.P. Jindal Group and S. S. Jhunjhunwala group in 1989. It manufactures decorative paints and industrial coatings. Some of India’s iconic buildings and structures such as the Howrah Bridge, Rashtrapati Bhawan, etc. were painted with Shalimar paints.
1903:[Space] The name "astronomical unit" appears first to have been used.
1903: Einstein secured a permanent position at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern.
1903: The world's first powered plane flight, completed by the Wright Brothers for the distance of 37 metres (121ft). Wright Brothers. Orville and Wilbur Wright, American inventors and aviation pioneers, achieved the first powered, sustained, and controlled flight of an airplane.
1903: The crystal detector was developed into a practical device for wireless telegraphy by Greenleaf Whittier Pickard, who invented a silicon crystal detector, influenced by JC Bose's experiment.
1903: AN Kolmogorov born.
1903 (Dec 3): JN Tata (founder of Tata Groups) had four goals in life: setting up an iron and steel company, a world-class learning institution, a unique hotel and a hydro-electric plant. Only the hotel became a reality during his lifetime, with the inauguration of the Taj Mahal Hotel at Colaba waterfront in Mumbai on 3 December 1903 at the cost of ₹11 million (worth ₹11 billion in 2015 prices). At that time it was the only hotel in India to have electricity.
1903: Nevil Maskelyne, a mustachioed 39-year-old British music hall magician hacked long-ditance Morse telegraphy.
1903:[Space] The name "astronomical unit" appears first to have been used.
1903: Einstein secured a permanent position at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern.
1903: The world's first powered plane flight, completed by the Wright Brothers for the distance of 37 metres (121ft). Wright Brothers. Orville and Wilbur Wright, American inventors and aviation pioneers, achieved the first powered, sustained, and controlled flight of an airplane.
1903: The crystal detector was developed into a practical device for wireless telegraphy by Greenleaf Whittier Pickard, who invented a silicon crystal detector, influenced by JC Bose's experiment.
1903: AN Kolmogorov born.
1903 (Dec 3): JN Tata (founder of Tata Groups) had four goals in life: setting up an iron and steel company, a world-class learning institution, a unique hotel and a hydro-electric plant. Only the hotel became a reality during his lifetime, with the inauguration of the Taj Mahal Hotel at Colaba waterfront in Mumbai on 3 December 1903 at the cost of ₹11 million (worth ₹11 billion in 2015 prices). At that time it was the only hotel in India to have electricity.
1903: Nevil Maskelyne, a mustachioed 39-year-old British music hall magician hacked long-ditance Morse telegraphy.
1903:[Book] James Allen's As a Man Thinketh
1903 (Dec 28):[Computer] John von Neumann (/vɒn ˈnɔɪmən/; Hungarian: Neumann János Lajos, pronounced [ˈnɒjmɒn ˈjaːnoʃ ˈlɒjoʃ]; December 28, 1903 – February 8, 1957) was a Hungarian-American mathematician, physicist, computer scientist, engineer and polymath. Von Neumann was regarded as perhaps the mathematician with the widest coverage of the subject in his time and was said to have been "the last representative of the great mathematicians who were equally at home in pure and applied mathematics". He integrated pure and applied sciences.
1903:[FnB] Miller High Life was introduced in 1903 by MillerCoors. Also known as the Champagne of Beers, it is a quintessentially classic, American-style lager.
1903:[History][Book][India] M. S. Golwalkar, in his 1939 publication We or Our Nationhood Defined, famously stated that "Undoubtedly [...] we — Hindus — have been in undisputed and undisturbed possession of this land for over eight or even ten thousand years before the land was invaded by any foreign race." Golwalkar was inspired by Tilak's The Arctic Home in the Vedas (1903), who argued that the Aryan homeland was located at the North Pole, basing this idea on Vedic hymns and Zoroastrian texts. Gowalkar took over the idea of 10,000 years, arguing that the North Pole at that time was located in India.
1904: Wrangler, an American jeans mfr. founded at Greensboro, North Carolina (USA).
1904:[Education][UK][Public] University of Leeds founded.
1904 (Nov 16): Vaccum Diode by John A. Fleming. Fleming patented the first true thermionic diode, the Fleming valve, in Britain1904: Wrangler, an American jeans mfr. founded at Greensboro, North Carolina (USA).
1904:[Food] The use of mustard as a hot dog condiment is said to have been first seen in the US at the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair, when the bright-yellow French's mustard ...
1904:[Food][Agri] Seeds were brought to New Zealand in 1904 by Mary Isabel Fraser, the principal of Wanganui Girls' College, who had been visiting mission schools in China. They were planted in 1906 by a Whanganui nurseryman, Alexander Allison, and the vines first fruited in 1910. Chinese gooseberry becomes kiwifruit - NZ History
1905: Kangchenjunga, the location of the second base camp was where, on Crowley's 1905 expedition, Alexis Pache and three porters were laid to rest after they had been killed in an avalanche. The wooden cross and gravestone still stood there. 1955_British_Kangchenjunga_expedition.
1905 (Sep):[Extreme][UK][India][Travel] T. G. Longstaff made the first climbing reconnaissance of Trisul, focusing on the western and southern sides. He returned in 1907 with Charles Granville Bruce, Arnold L. Mumm; the three Alpine guides Moritz Inderbinnen and the brothers Henri and Alexis Brocherel; and a number of Gurkhas, including Karbir Burathoki. They ascended through the Rishiganga valley, to the north of the peak, onto the Trisul Glacier, which lies on the east side. From there they climbed the northeast flank to the north ridge, reaching the summit on 12 June. At the time Trisul was probably the highest mountain to have been climbed. The climb was noted also for the first use of supplementary oxygen in a major climb. During the 1950s Harold Williams led Indian Army expeditions to the summit.
1905:[Education][UK][Public] University of Sheffield founded.
1905: Paul Harris, an attorney at Chicago, founded Rotary International
1905 (Jan 22): Russian Revolution of 1905 lasted for 2.5 years. Soviet vs Imperial Govt and Romania. Soviet is a revolutionary council of workers or peasants in Russia before 1917.
1905: Kolkata was made capital of West Bengal.
1905 (Mar): Indian Railway Board estd.
1905: the Bombay Electric Supply & Tramways Company (BEST) set up a generating station to provide electricity for the tramway.
1905 (Jan 22): Russian Revolution of 1905 lasted for 2.5 years. Soviet vs Imperial Govt and Romania. Soviet is a revolutionary council of workers or peasants in Russia before 1917.
1905: Kolkata was made capital of West Bengal.
1905 (Mar): Indian Railway Board estd.
1905: the Bombay Electric Supply & Tramways Company (BEST) set up a generating station to provide electricity for the tramway.
1905 (Jun 21): Jean-Paul Sartre born.
1905 (Aug 5): The first electric street light in Asia was lit in Bangalore.
1905:[Physics] Albert Einstein, while working at the patent office, submitted a successful PhD dissertation to the University of Zurich. He published a paper advancing the hypothesis that light energy is carried in discrete quantized packets to explain experimental data from the photoelectric effect. Einstein theorized that the energy in each quantum of light was equal to the frequency of light multiplied by a constant, later called the Planck constant. A photon above a threshold frequency has the required energy to eject a single electron, creating the observed effect. This was a step in the development of quantum mechanics.
1905:[India][Business] The Eveready brand has been present in India since 1905. It also manufactures photogravure plates, castings, carbon electrodes and related products. Eveready Industries India Ltd. (EIIL) (originally known as Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL, 1934)) is an Indian company that manufactures and markets batteries and lighting products.
1906: William James Sidis authored the Book of Vendergood, at the age of 8.
1906: Jadavpur University (established as Bengal technical institute).
1906: The Zulu Rebellion or Bambatha Rebellion of 1860 halted. It was a Zulu revolt against British rule and taxation in Natal, South Africa
1906: Swadeshi movement in India.
1906: Electric supply was started in Indore.
1906: Jadavpur University (established as Bengal technical institute).
1906: The Zulu Rebellion or Bambatha Rebellion of 1860 halted. It was a Zulu revolt against British rule and taxation in Natal, South Africa
1906: Swadeshi movement in India.
1906: Electric supply was started in Indore.
1906 (Dec 2):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Arthur Bell Nicholls died of bronchitis aged 87 in Banagher, County Offaly, Ireland, a place where he and Brontë spent their honeymoon.
1907: Map of 1805's India was published in Charles Joppen's 'A Historical Atlas of India for the use of High-Schools, Colleges and Private Students' by Longman Green and Co.
1907: two-way telegraphy traffic across the Atlantic Ocean was commercially available.
1907: Hahn series (sometimes also known as Hahn-Mal'cev-Neumann series) are a type of formal infinite series. They are a generalization of Puiseux series (themselves a generalization of formal power series) and were first introduced by Hans Hahn. Puiseux series are generalized by Hahn series.
1907: colored photography.
1907: The thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented. Lead to the invention of Transistor.
1907 (Sep 27/28): Bhagat Singh, a Sandhu Jat, was born to Kishan Singh and Vidyavati at Chak No. 105 GB, Banga village, Jaranwala Tehsil in the Lyallpur district of the Punjab Province of British India. His birth coincided with the release of his father and two uncles, Ajit Singh and Swaran Singh, from jail. His family members were Sikhs; some had been active in Indian Independence movements, others had served in Maharaja Ranjit Singh's army.
1907 (May 12): Vijay Jagneshwar Bhatt, a noted producer-director-screenwriter of Hindi cinema, was born into the modest household of Benkunwar Bhatt and Jagneshwar Bhatt, who was a railway guard at Palitana, Bhavnagar district, Gujarat.
1907: two-way telegraphy traffic across the Atlantic Ocean was commercially available.
1907: Hahn series (sometimes also known as Hahn-Mal'cev-Neumann series) are a type of formal infinite series. They are a generalization of Puiseux series (themselves a generalization of formal power series) and were first introduced by Hans Hahn. Puiseux series are generalized by Hahn series.
1907: colored photography.
1907: The thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented. Lead to the invention of Transistor.
1907 (Sep 27/28): Bhagat Singh, a Sandhu Jat, was born to Kishan Singh and Vidyavati at Chak No. 105 GB, Banga village, Jaranwala Tehsil in the Lyallpur district of the Punjab Province of British India. His birth coincided with the release of his father and two uncles, Ajit Singh and Swaran Singh, from jail. His family members were Sikhs; some had been active in Indian Independence movements, others had served in Maharaja Ranjit Singh's army.
1907 (May 12): Vijay Jagneshwar Bhatt, a noted producer-director-screenwriter of Hindi cinema, was born into the modest household of Benkunwar Bhatt and Jagneshwar Bhatt, who was a railway guard at Palitana, Bhavnagar district, Gujarat.
1907:[Military][Education][India][UK] The Boy Scout Movement had a simple start in the year 1907 when a Major General of Army Lord Baden Powell conducted an experimental camp in Brown sea Island in England with 20 boys. The successful conduct of the camp and publication of the Book “Scouting for Boys” in a fortnightly marked the start of the Boy Scout Movement. In the year 1910, Crystal Palace Rally was held where Girls wearing the boy Scout uniform appeared and wanted to join the Scout Movement. Lord Baden Powell decided to start a movement for Girls with the help of his sister Agnes Baden Powell.
1907:[Books][Drama][UK][Who] First auction of Nicholls inheritance and Brontë memorabilia was sold by his widow, Mary Anna Bell.
1907:[India][Technology][Env][Extreme] Tata Steel Ltd is Asia's first integrated private steel company setup in India. The company has a target to increase domestic steelmaking capacity to 30 MnTPA by 2025.
1908: cellophane.
1908: first journalism school: The Missouri School of Journalism at University of Missouri, Columbia. oldest formal journo school in the world
1908: first e-Washing Machine named "Thor" by Alva Fisher and was introduced by Hurley Machine Co.
1908 (Apr 12): the great Chelsea fire of 1908 at Chelsea, Massachusets.
1908: Desmond Lee (1908-1993) taught for many years at Cambridge University and has also translated Plato's The Republic and Timaeus and Critias for Penguin Classics.
1908: the Calcutta Stock Exchange was started to provide a mkt. for shares of plantations and jute mills.
1908: MSG (Monosodium glutamate) was first prepared in 1908 by Japanese biochemist Kikunae Ikeda, who was trying to isolate and duplicate the savory taste of kombu, an edible seaweed used as a base for many Japanese soups.
1908: Austrian Symbolist painter Gustav Klimt's The Kiss, an oil-on-canvas painting with added gold leaf, silver and platinum. It was painted at some point in 1907 and 1908, during the height of what scholars call his Golden Period.
1908:[Physics][Who] Landau was born on 22 January 1908 to Jewish parents in Baku, the Russian Empire, in what is now Azerbaijan. Landau's father, David Lvovich Landau, was an engineer with the local oil industry, and his mother, Lyubov Veniaminovna Garkavi-Landau, was a doctor. Both came to Baku from Mogilev and both graduated the Mogilev gymnasium. He learned differential calculus at age 12 and integral calculus at age 13. Landau graduated in 1920 at age 13 from gymnasium. His parents considered him too young to attend university, so for a year he attended the Baku Economical Technical School. In 1922, at age 14, he matriculated at the Baku State University, studying in two departments simultaneously: the Departments of Physics and Mathematics, and the Department of Chemistry. Subsequently, he ceased studying chemistry, but remained interested in the field throughout his life.
1908:[Education] The MBA was first offered during the early 20th century when Harvard College established the first-of-its-kind program in 1908. Industrialization and the growth of heavy industry and manufacturing companies required a new kind of manager who could effectively oversee and lead large operations with divided areas of specialization and labor tasks, and successfully bridge the divide between management and employees.
1909: Indian Institute of Science, B'luru estd.
1909: Morley-Minto reforms and the Indian Councils Act, 1909
1909: Srinivasa Ramanujan married to Janakiammal for 11 yrs. till his death.
1909:[Education][UK][Public] University of Bristol founded.
1909: Erlang's "The Theory of Probabilities and Telephone Conversations" - which proves that the Poisson distribution applies to random telephone traffic. [written in Danish]1909: Indian Institute of Science, B'luru estd.
1909: Morley-Minto reforms and the Indian Councils Act, 1909
1909: Srinivasa Ramanujan married to Janakiammal for 11 yrs. till his death.
1909:[Physics][UK][Quantum] The gold foil experiment was conducted under the supervision of Rutherford at the University of Manchester in 1909 by scientist Hans Geiger (whose work eventually led to the development of the Geiger counter) and undergraduate student Ernest Marsden. Rutherford, chair of the Manchester physics department at the time of the experiment, is given primary credit for the experiment, as the theories that resulted are primarily his work. Rutherford's gold foil experiment is also sometimes referred to as the Geiger-Marsden experiment. (proof that nuclei exists)
1910s:[Cinema] The birth of the film industry in the 1910s and 1920s, later drew audiences away from the penny arcade.
1910: Rudyard Kipling's If.
1910: George 5th became the King of the UK for 26 yrs.
1910: The Oedipus complex is a concept of psychoanalytic theory coined by Sigmund Freud, an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst.
1910s:[Cinema] The birth of the film industry in the 1910s and 1920s, later drew audiences away from the penny arcade.
1910: Rudyard Kipling's If.
1910: George 5th became the King of the UK for 26 yrs.
1910: The Oedipus complex is a concept of psychoanalytic theory coined by Sigmund Freud, an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst.
1910: At the Feet of the Master, first written work of 14YO Jiddu Krishnamurty written under the name Alcyone was published.
1910: For more than 2 years, Danish explorer Ejnar Mikkelsen was trapped in the Arctic with a single inexperienced crewmate — after the rest of their expedition left without them. From 1910 to 1912, they survived by eating their sled dogs and abandoned rations from previous expeditions while evading bears, wolves, and foxes.
1911 (Summers):[Research] Machu Picchu’s “Discovery” by Hiram Bingham. In the summer of 1911 the American archaeologist Hiram Bingham arrived in Peru with a small team of explorers hoping to find Vilcabamba, the last Inca stronghold to fall to the Spanish.
1911 (Summers):[Research] Machu Picchu’s “Discovery” by Hiram Bingham. In the summer of 1911 the American archaeologist Hiram Bingham arrived in Peru with a small team of explorers hoping to find Vilcabamba, the last Inca stronghold to fall to the Spanish.
1911(Jun 16): IBM founded at NYC as Computer Tabulating Recording Company or CTRC.
1911: Proclamation of Mongolian independence from Manchu's Qing Dynasty
The Xinhai Revolution (Chinese: 辛亥革命; pinyin: Xīnhài gémìng), also known as the Revolution of 1911, or the Chinese Revolution, was a revolution that overthrew China's last imperial dynasty (the Qing dynasty), and established the Republic of China (ROC). It lasted for around 4 months.
1911 (Dec 12): The capital of India was shifted from Calcutta to New Delhi. New Delhi was born at two o'clock on 12 December 1911, as King George V proclaimed it to be India's new capital at his grand Coronation Durbar.
1911: Ghanshyam Das Birla laid the foundation of the his industrial empire by establishing GM Birla Company (later knownwd as Birla Jute), trading in jute. The First World War began in 1914 greatly increasing the demand for jute sacks. It is estimated that during the war, the Birla worth rose from Rs 20 lakh to 80 Lakh.
Birla Corporation Limited, is an Indian-based flagship company of the M P Birla group of companies, founded by Shri Ghanshyam Das Birla in the late 1910s and carried on by Madhav Prasad Birla.
1911: Airways in India started.
The Xinhai Revolution (Chinese: 辛亥革命; pinyin: Xīnhài gémìng), also known as the Revolution of 1911, or the Chinese Revolution, was a revolution that overthrew China's last imperial dynasty (the Qing dynasty), and established the Republic of China (ROC). It lasted for around 4 months.
1911 (Dec 12): The capital of India was shifted from Calcutta to New Delhi. New Delhi was born at two o'clock on 12 December 1911, as King George V proclaimed it to be India's new capital at his grand Coronation Durbar.
1911: Ghanshyam Das Birla laid the foundation of the his industrial empire by establishing GM Birla Company (later knownwd as Birla Jute), trading in jute. The First World War began in 1914 greatly increasing the demand for jute sacks. It is estimated that during the war, the Birla worth rose from Rs 20 lakh to 80 Lakh.
Birla Corporation Limited, is an Indian-based flagship company of the M P Birla group of companies, founded by Shri Ghanshyam Das Birla in the late 1910s and carried on by Madhav Prasad Birla.
1911: Airways in India started.
1911: Population of India recorded a negative growth rate in the upcoming decade (1911-1921).
1911:[Research][Chemistry] KLMN... The use of the letters K and L to denote X-rays originates in a 1911 paper by Charles Glover Barkla, titled The Spectra of the Fluorescent Röntgen Radiations ("Röntgen radiation" is an archaic name for "X-rays"). By 1913, Henry Moseley had clearly differentiated two types of X-ray lines for each element, naming them α and β. In 1914, as part of his thesis, Ivar Malmer (sv:Ivar Malmer), a student of Manne Siegbahn, discovered that the α and β lines were not single lines, but doublets. In 1916, Siegbahn published this result in the journal Nature, using what would come to be known as the Siegbahn notation.
1912 (Apr 15): RMS Titanic rammed an iceberg near New York Harbour @ a speed of 40kmph and sanked.
1912:[Technology] The idea of locating underwater obstacles had been suggested prior by L. F. Richardson, following the Titanic disaster. Richardson had proposed to position a high-frequency hydraulic whistle at the focus of a mirror and use the beam for locating submerged navigational hazards. A prototype was built by Sir Charles Parsons, the inventor of the vapour turbine, but the device was found not to be suitable for this purpose. (Ultrasound)
1912: commercial and military ships carried both transmitters and receivers, allowing two-way communication in close to real-time with a ship that was out of sight of land.
1912: The Republic of China was a state in East Asia from 1912 to 1949. It included the present-day territories of China, Taiwan, and, for some of its history, Mongolia.
1912 (May 18): The first Indian film released in India was Shree Pundalik a silent film in Marathi by Dadasaheb Torne at 'Coronation Cinematograph', Bombay. Some have argued that Pundalik does not deserve the honour of being called the first Indian film because it was a photographic recording of a popular Marathi play, and because the cameraman—a man named Johnson—was a British national and the film was processed in London.
1912: Phalke made his first film, Raja Harishchandra, in 1912. It was a silent Marathi film.
1912: commercial and military ships carried both transmitters and receivers, allowing two-way communication in close to real-time with a ship that was out of sight of land.
1912: The Republic of China was a state in East Asia from 1912 to 1949. It included the present-day territories of China, Taiwan, and, for some of its history, Mongolia.
1912 (May 18): The first Indian film released in India was Shree Pundalik a silent film in Marathi by Dadasaheb Torne at 'Coronation Cinematograph', Bombay. Some have argued that Pundalik does not deserve the honour of being called the first Indian film because it was a photographic recording of a popular Marathi play, and because the cameraman—a man named Johnson—was a British national and the film was processed in London.
1912: Phalke made his first film, Raja Harishchandra, in 1912. It was a silent Marathi film.
1912:[Technology][Medicine] Ukrainian physiologist Vladimir Vladimirovich Pravdich-Neminsky published the first animal EEG and the evoked potential of the mammalian (dog).
1913: Radio Rxr. by Ernst Alexanderson and Reginald Fessenden.
1913: Bra by Mary Phelps Jacob.
1913: The Zipper
1913 (Mar 31): The construction of Gateway of India started by the Public Works Department of India.
1913 (May 3): first public show of Phalke's Raja Harishchandra at Mumbai's Coronation Cinema, effectively marking the beginning of the Indian film industry.
1913: Truth: This book was the only book written by Soham Swami in English poetry. It was published in Calcutta, now Kolkata, in 1913.
1913: Radio Rxr. by Ernst Alexanderson and Reginald Fessenden.
1913: Bra by Mary Phelps Jacob.
1913: The Zipper
1913 (Mar 31): The construction of Gateway of India started by the Public Works Department of India.
1913 (May 3): first public show of Phalke's Raja Harishchandra at Mumbai's Coronation Cinema, effectively marking the beginning of the Indian film industry.
1913: Truth: This book was the only book written by Soham Swami in English poetry. It was published in Calcutta, now Kolkata, in 1913.
1913:[India][FnB] Karim restaurant in Delhi. Mutton Ishtew, anglo-indian.
1913:[Extreme][Env][Research] Death Valley, California, USA, the aptly named Furnace Creek currently holds the record for hottest air temperature ever recorded. The desert valley reached highs of 56.7°C in the summer of 1913, which would apparently push the limits of human survival.
1913 (Jul 29):[Books][Drama][UK][Who] The Times of London printed four letters Brontë had written to Constantin Héger after leaving Brussels in 1844. The letters broke the prevailing image of Brontë as an angelic martyr to Christian and female duties that had been constructed by many biographers, beginning with Gaskell.
1914: Einstein moved from Bern, Switzerland to Berlin, Germany in order to join the Prussian Academy of Sciences and the Humboldt University of Berlin.
1914 (Mar 17): Ramanujan departed for Trinity College, London from Madras aboarding the S.S. Nevasa
1914 (Apr 25): Brute Force [a.k.a. Primitive Man], a short silent drama film directed by D. W. Griffith, and starring Robert Harron and Mae Marsh. The film was shot in Chatsworth Park, Chatsworth, Los Angeles, California. It is a story of cavemen and dinosaurs, and perhaps the first live-action dinosaur film.
1914: Paul Rand was born. He rose to be an American art director and graphic designer, best known for his corporate logo designs, including the logos for IBM, UPS, Enron, Morningstar, Inc., Westinghouse, ABC, and NeXT.
1914 (Apr 25): Brute Force [a.k.a. Primitive Man], a short silent drama film directed by D. W. Griffith, and starring Robert Harron and Mae Marsh. The film was shot in Chatsworth Park, Chatsworth, Los Angeles, California. It is a story of cavemen and dinosaurs, and perhaps the first live-action dinosaur film.
1914: Paul Rand was born. He rose to be an American art director and graphic designer, best known for his corporate logo designs, including the logos for IBM, UPS, Enron, Morningstar, Inc., Westinghouse, ABC, and NeXT.
1914:[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Second auction of Nicholls inheritance and Brontë memorabilia was sold by his widow, Mary Anna Bell.
1914:[Technology][Medicine] Napoleon Cybulski and Jelenska-Macieszyna photographed EEG recordings of experimentally induced seizures. (EEG)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1914 (Jul 28): World War I started between Allied (France, Britain, Russia, Japan, US, Greece, Italy) and Centrals (Germany, Ottoman Empire, )
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1914:[Art] Three Musicians is part of a significant shift that occurred in Picasso's art after 1914. It marked the end of his close working relationship with Georges Braque, who joined the French army. After 1914 Picasso made few collages. Instead, he deployed his Cubist strategies in the traditional medium of oil on canvas, which allowed him to create paintings that were much larger and more decorative. Picasso was very busy during the First World War. He had to produce artworks for the war effort. The theme of war affected his work, and he produced some of his most important works in this period.
1914: In 1914 5 % were Indians in Imperial Civil Services.
1914: Parmanand Deepchand Hinduja (1901-1971) founded the Hinduja Group, an Indian conglomerate company HQ'd in London, United Kingdom.It now trades in Automotive, financial services, ITES, oil and gas, media and telecom.
Parmanand Deepchand Hinduja was the Founder of the Hinduja Group and the Hinduja Foundation.
1914:[Culture][Garment] Ad copywriter William Laughead personifies lumberjack folk hero Paul Bunyan (who eventually popularized Buffalo Check shirt) in a series of pamphlets for the Red River Lumber Company. Paul Bunyan was chosen as a symbol of Michigan's history in the lumber industry.
1914: Parmanand Deepchand Hinduja (1901-1971) founded the Hinduja Group, an Indian conglomerate company HQ'd in London, United Kingdom.It now trades in Automotive, financial services, ITES, oil and gas, media and telecom.
Parmanand Deepchand Hinduja was the Founder of the Hinduja Group and the Hinduja Foundation.
1914:[Culture][Garment] Ad copywriter William Laughead personifies lumberjack folk hero Paul Bunyan (who eventually popularized Buffalo Check shirt) in a series of pamphlets for the Red River Lumber Company. Paul Bunyan was chosen as a symbol of Michigan's history in the lumber industry.
1915: Khushwant Singh [1915-2014] was an Indian novelist, lawyer, journalist and politician.He was raised in New Delhi, he studied law at St. Stephen's College, Delhi, and King's College London.
1915:[Day] At the request of Gokhale, conveyed to him by C.F. Andrews, Gandhi returned to India in 1915. He brought an international reputation as a leading Indian nationalist, theorist and organiser. NRI or Pravasi Bharatiya Divas is observed every year on 9 January to mark the contribution of the overseas Indian community towards the development of India. This day also commemorates the return of Mahatma Gandhi from South Africa to Mumbai on 9 January 1915.
1915: Polson (Now, a Dairy products brand) was started in India by Pestonjee Eduljee in Mumbai.
1915: Islington Commission was established in 1912 which was Royal Commission on Public Services in India.It gave few recommendations on ICS in 1915.
1915: The Government of India Act, 1915
1915:[Book] Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis. In the Penal Colony (1919); A Hunger Artist (1922); The Trial (1925); The Castle (1926).
1915:[Business][Food] Polson is the name of a dairy products brand that was started in India by Pestonjee Eduljee in 1915 in Mumbai. Polson's first dairy was set up in Anand, Gujarat at the cost of ₹7 lakh (US$8,800) in 1930.
1915:[Books][Drama][UK][Who] 9 years after the death of her husband Nicholls, Mary Anna Bell died widowed aged 85.
1916: First Women's University in India by Maharshi Dr. Dhondo Keshav Karve. 1st five women graduated in 1921.
1916: High courts of India - Patna High Court, 6th HC set-up in Patna, Bihar.
1916:[Books][Drama][UK][Who] Third and last? auction of Nicholls inheritance and Brontë memorabilia was sold by his widow, Mary Anna Bell after her own death.
1917 (Apr 26):[Education][India][Public] the Nizam of Hyderabad Mir Osman Ali Khan issued a firman to establish the Osmania University. The university began functioning in 1918 in a building adjacent to the Nizam College at Basheerbagh. Arts and theology were the only two faculties offered, and the first batch consisted of 225 students and 25 faculty members.
1917: Einstein became director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics; he also became a German citizen again, this time as a subject of the Kingdom of Prussia.
1917 (Mar 8): The Russian Revolution was a pair of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the eventual rise of the Soviet Union.
1917: the Great October Socialist Revolution in Russia.
1917 (Nov 7): Soviet Russian Republic. Russia (Listeni/ˈrʌʃə/; Russian: Росси́я, tr. Rossija; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə]; from the Greek: Ρωσία — Rus'), officially known as the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (
1917: Erlang's "Solution of some Problems in the Theory of Probabilities of Significance in Automatic Telephone Exchanges" - which contains his classic formulae for call loss and waiting time. [written in Danish]
1917: Pulitzer Prize eas estd. in memory of Joseph Pulitzer. at NYC.
1917: Chautauqua, an adult education movement in the United States. Former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt was quoted as saying that Chautauqua is "the most American thing in America.
1917: Baldeo Das was awarded the Raibahadur title.
1917: Annie Besant won her election to become president of the India National Congress in late 1917. After the war she continued to campaign for Indian independence until her death in 1933.
1917: The restrictive Immigration Acts of 1917 and 1924 in US, which effectively banned immigration from Asia, brought the already low levels of migration to US from India to a halt.
1917 (Mar 8): The Russian Revolution was a pair of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the eventual rise of the Soviet Union.
1917: the Great October Socialist Revolution in Russia.
1917 (Nov 7): Soviet Russian Republic. Russia (Listeni/ˈrʌʃə/; Russian: Росси́я, tr. Rossija; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə]; from the Greek: Ρωσία — Rus'), officially known as the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (
1917: Erlang's "Solution of some Problems in the Theory of Probabilities of Significance in Automatic Telephone Exchanges" - which contains his classic formulae for call loss and waiting time. [written in Danish]
1917: Pulitzer Prize eas estd. in memory of Joseph Pulitzer. at NYC.
1917: Chautauqua, an adult education movement in the United States. Former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt was quoted as saying that Chautauqua is "the most American thing in America.
1917: Baldeo Das was awarded the Raibahadur title.
1917: Annie Besant won her election to become president of the India National Congress in late 1917. After the war she continued to campaign for Indian independence until her death in 1933.
1917: The restrictive Immigration Acts of 1917 and 1924 in US, which effectively banned immigration from Asia, brought the already low levels of migration to US from India to a halt.
1917: Wolf 359 is a red dwarf star located in the constellation Leo, near the ecliptic. At a distance of approximately 7.9 light years from Earth, it has an apparent magnitude of 13.54 and can only be seen with a large telescope. Wolf 359 is one of the nearest stars to the Sun; only the Alpha Centauri system (including Proxima Centauri), Barnard's Star, the brown dwarfs Luhman 16 (WISE 1049-5319), and WISE 0855−0714 are known to be closer.
1917:[Psy] The original versions of the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) were constructed by two Americans, Katharine Cook Briggs and her daughter Isabel Briggs Myers. Briggs began her research into personality in 1917. Upon meeting her future son-in-law, she observed marked differences between his personality and that of other family members. Briggs embarked on a project of reading biographies, and subsequently developed a typology wherein she proposed four temperaments: meditative (or thoughtful), spontaneous, executive, and social. After the English translation of Carl Jung's book Psychological Types was published in 1923 (first published in German in 1921), Briggs recognized that Jung's theory was similar to, but went far beyond, her own. Briggs's four types were later identified as corresponding to the IXXXs (Introverts: "meditative"), EXXPs (Extraverts & Prospectors: "spontaneous"), EXTJs (Extraverts, Thinkers & Judgers: "executive") and EXFJs (Extraverts, Feelers & Judgers: "social"). Her first publications were two articles describing Jung's theory, in the journal New Republic in 1926 ("Meet Yourself Using the Personality Paint Box") and 1928 ("Up From Barbarism").
1917:[Research][Chemistry][Who] For his discovery of the characteristic X-rays of elements, Barkla was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1917. He was also awarded the Hughes Medal of the British Royal Society that same year.
1917:[Research][Chemistry][Who] For his discovery of the characteristic X-rays of elements, Barkla was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1917. He was also awarded the Hughes Medal of the British Royal Society that same year.
1917:[Technology][Medicine][Art] X-ray computed tomography first founded thru the mathematical theory of the Radon transform. (CT Scan)
1917: German chemical companies developed an alkyl sulfate surfactant, in response to shortages of soap ingredients during the Allied Blockade of Germany during World War I.
1918 (May 11): Richard Feynman born and lived for 69 years. He was a scientist, teacher, raconteur, and drummer. He assisted in the development of the atomic bomb.
1918 (May 11): Richard Feynman born and lived for 69 years. He was a scientist, teacher, raconteur, and drummer. He assisted in the development of the atomic bomb.
1918: Spanish flu, also known as the Great Influenza epidemic or the 1918 influenza pandemic, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 influenza A virus. The earliest documented case was March 1918 in Kansas, United States, with further cases recorded in France, Germany and the United Kingdom in April. Two years later, nearly a third of the global population, or an estimated 500 million people, had been infected in four successive waves. Estimates of deaths range from 17 million to 50 million, and possibly as high as 100 million, making it one of the deadliest pandemics in human history.
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1918 (Nov 11): WW1 assumed to be halted. Lasted for around 4.5 years. WWI
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1918: In April 1918, during the latter part of World War I, the Viceroy invited Gandhi to a War Conference in Delhi.Perhaps to show his support for the Empire and help his case for India's independence, Gandhi agreed to actively recruit Indians for the war effort. In contrast to the Zulu War of 1906 and the outbreak of World War I in 1914, when he recruited volunteers for the Ambulance Corps, this time Gandhi attempted to recruit combatants. In a June 1918 leaflet entitled "Appeal for Enlistment", Gandhi wrote "To bring about such a state of things we should have the ability to defend ourselves, that is, the ability to bear arms and to use them...If we want to learn the use of arms with the greatest possible despatch, it is our duty to enlist ourselves in the army." He did, however, stipulate in a letter to the Viceroy's private secretary that he "personally will not kill or injure anybody, friend or foe."
Gandhi's war recruitment campaign brought into question his consistency on nonviolence. Gandhi's private secretary noted that "The question of the consistency between his creed of 'Ahimsa' (nonviolence) and his recruiting campaign was raised not only then but has been discussed ever since."
1918 (Nov 11): WW1 assumed to be halted. Lasted for around 4.5 years. WWI
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1918: In April 1918, during the latter part of World War I, the Viceroy invited Gandhi to a War Conference in Delhi.Perhaps to show his support for the Empire and help his case for India's independence, Gandhi agreed to actively recruit Indians for the war effort. In contrast to the Zulu War of 1906 and the outbreak of World War I in 1914, when he recruited volunteers for the Ambulance Corps, this time Gandhi attempted to recruit combatants. In a June 1918 leaflet entitled "Appeal for Enlistment", Gandhi wrote "To bring about such a state of things we should have the ability to defend ourselves, that is, the ability to bear arms and to use them...If we want to learn the use of arms with the greatest possible despatch, it is our duty to enlist ourselves in the army." He did, however, stipulate in a letter to the Viceroy's private secretary that he "personally will not kill or injure anybody, friend or foe."
Gandhi's war recruitment campaign brought into question his consistency on nonviolence. Gandhi's private secretary noted that "The question of the consistency between his creed of 'Ahimsa' (nonviolence) and his recruiting campaign was raised not only then but has been discussed ever since."
1918: Ernest Hemingway was raised in Oak Park, Illinois. After high school, he was a reporter for a few months for The Kansas City Star before leaving for the Italian Front to enlist as an ambulance driver in World War I. In 1918, he was seriously wounded and returned home. His wartime experiences formed the basis for his novel A Farewell to Arms (1929).
1918 (Dec 14): Bellur Krishnamachar Sundararaja (BKS) Iyengar (14 December 1918 – 20 August 2014) was an Indian yoga teacher and author who is the founder of the style of yoga as exercise known as "Iyengar Yoga" and was considered one of the foremost yoga gurus in the world.
1918:[Art] Weeping Willow, 1918 Monet painting, one of several works depicting a Weeping Willow tree located at the edge of his Water Lilies pond.
1919:[Education][US][Public] University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)founded.
1919: Banaras Hindu University
1919: Jalianwala Bagh Massacre. Michel O'Dwyer.
1919: Montague-Chelmsford Report and the Government of India Act, 1919
1919: The Khilafat movement (1919–22) was a pan-Islamic, political protest campaign launched by Muslims in British India to influence the British government.
1919: Hinduja was responsible for establishing trading links between India and Persia (now Iran).
1919: Jalianwala Bagh Massacre. Michel O'Dwyer.
1919: Montague-Chelmsford Report and the Government of India Act, 1919
1919: The Khilafat movement (1919–22) was a pan-Islamic, political protest campaign launched by Muslims in British India to influence the British government.
1919: Hinduja was responsible for establishing trading links between India and Persia (now Iran).
1919 (May 29):[Physics][Research] Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington, secretary of the Royal Astronomical Society and Astronomer Royal Frank Watson Dyson organized two expeditions to observe a solar eclipse in 1919 to make the first empirical test of Einstein's theory: the measurement of the deflection of light by the Sun's gravitational field. In fact, Dyson's argument for the indispensability of Eddington's expertise in this test was what prevented Eddington from eventually having to enter military service. (proving Einstein’s prediction of the bending of starlight by the gravitational field of a star.)
1919: IUPAC founded at Registered in Zürich, Switzerland, secretariat in North Carolina, United States. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry or is an international federation of National Adhering Organizations that represents chemists in individual countries. It is a member of the International Council for Science.
1919: At the time of their invention, diode were known as rectifiers, until William Henry Eccles coined the term diode from the Greek roots di (from δί), meaning 'two', and ode (from ὁδός), meaning 'path'.
1919:[Business] Figaro Olive Oil has been celebrating the goodness of olive oil for more than a century, and what a glorious journey it has been. It all began in 1919, when the Figaro brand was formed by a firm called Brugier y Trujillo that specialized in the production and sale of olive oil, olives and olive oil soap. The founders were Euvaldo Martinez Brugier, a Sevillian trader and Rafael Trujillo, who specialized in olive and olive oil sales. Rafael was also known as one of the best olive oil tasters of his time. From 1984 till today, the Figaro Olive Oil brand belongs to the Deoleo S.A. company. Figaro Olive Oil is exported all around the world.
1919: IUPAC founded at Registered in Zürich, Switzerland, secretariat in North Carolina, United States. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry or is an international federation of National Adhering Organizations that represents chemists in individual countries. It is a member of the International Council for Science.
1919: At the time of their invention, diode were known as rectifiers, until William Henry Eccles coined the term diode from the Greek roots di (from δί), meaning 'two', and ode (from ὁδός), meaning 'path'.
1919:[Business] Figaro Olive Oil has been celebrating the goodness of olive oil for more than a century, and what a glorious journey it has been. It all began in 1919, when the Figaro brand was formed by a firm called Brugier y Trujillo that specialized in the production and sale of olive oil, olives and olive oil soap. The founders were Euvaldo Martinez Brugier, a Sevillian trader and Rafael Trujillo, who specialized in olive and olive oil sales. Rafael was also known as one of the best olive oil tasters of his time. From 1984 till today, the Figaro Olive Oil brand belongs to the Deoleo S.A. company. Figaro Olive Oil is exported all around the world.
1920s: Eurasianism is a political movement that has its origins in the Russian émigré community in the 1920s. The key leaders of the Eurasianists were Prince Nikolai Trubetzkoy, Pyotr Savitsky, Pyotr Suvchinsky, D. S. Mirsky, Konstantin Chkheidze, Pyotr Arapov, and Sergei Efron.
1920s: News wire services in the 1920s used multiplex devices that could technically be called a modem. Modems really grew out of the need to connect teleprinters over ordinary phone lines instead of the more expensive leased lines which had previously been used for current loop-based teleprinters and automated telegraphs.
1920:[Physics][UK] Rutherford had identified the proton as a nuclear particle.
1920: A child prodigy, S. Chandrasekhra published his first paper and developed his theory of star evolution before turning 20.
1920s: The Soviet BioWeapon program began in the 1920s at the Leningrad Military Academy under the control of the state security apparatus, known as the GPU. This occurred despite the fact that the USSR was a signatory to the 1925 Geneva Convention, which banned both chemical and biological weapons.
1920: A child prodigy, S. Chandrasekhra published his first paper and developed his theory of star evolution before turning 20.
1920s: The Soviet BioWeapon program began in the 1920s at the Leningrad Military Academy under the control of the state security apparatus, known as the GPU. This occurred despite the fact that the USSR was a signatory to the 1925 Geneva Convention, which banned both chemical and biological weapons.
1920s:[Crime][UK] Billy Hill (1911-1984) in UK (1920s-1970s). London, Manchester and Liverpool and regionally across the West Midlands region, south coast and northern England.
1920s:[Crime][India] Karim Lala was an Afghan who emigrated from Kunar, Afghanistan to Mumbai (then Bombay) in the 1920s. His family settled in one of the most densely populated and impoverished Muslim communities of Bhendi Bazaar in South Mumbai. Starting as an ordinary worker in the Mumbai docks, he later joined a gang of ethnic Pashtuns (called Pathans in India) who worked as illegal recovery agents for Marwari and Gujarati money lenders, landlords, and businessmen. These money lenders and landlords employed the burly Pathans whose tall imposing size and intimidating demeanor made it easy to recover money from defaulting debtors and evicting tenants and owners from prime properties in the expensive south Mumbai area. For over two decades, he was the leader of the dreaded "Pathan Gang" that operated in impoverished and crime-infested Muslim ghettos of South Mumbai like Dongri, Nagpada, Bhendi Bazaar, and Mohammad Ali Road. The Pathan Gang was involved in operating illegal gambling (satta) and liquor dens, illegal money recovery, illegal land evictions, kidnapping, protection racket (hafta), contract killing (supari), distribution of narcotics and counterfeit currency. Beginning of Mumbai - Financial capital of India, Ganster capital of India
1920: Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar' aged 12 wrote his first poem. Since 8 yrs. he started reading Ramcharitmanas. At 14 he was hit by love and married to Samvati Devi. He did his BA from Patna College.
1920: Baldeo Das Birla retired from business and started living in Banares pursuing religious studies.
1920: Srinivasa Ramanujan died at the age of 32. He was diagnosed with tuberculosis and a severe vitamin deficiency, and was confined to a sanatorium.
1920s: Supercomputing began.in the United States with the IBM tabulators at Columbia University and a series of computers at Control Data Corporation (CDC), designed by Seymour Cray to use innovative designs and parallelism to achieve superior computational peak performance.
1920s: Modern space research in India is most visibly traced to the 1920s, when the scientist S. K. Mitra conducted a series of experiments leading to the sounding of the ionosphere by application of ground based radio methods in Calcutta.Later, Indian scientists like C.V. Raman and Meghnad Saha contributed to scientific principles applicable in space sciences.
1920: first Passport issued in India. [British Indian passport issued during the colonial days.
1920: General elections were held in British India in 1920 to elect members to the Imperial Legislative Council and the Provincial Councils. They were the first elections in the country's history.
1920: Fayyaz Hashmi was a poet and dialogue writer who worked in the Indian and Pakistani film industries. He penned some memorable songs such as the famous ghazal Aaj Jaane Ki Zid Na Karo. Born in Calcutta in 1920, Fayyaz Hashmi was employed as the resident lyricist by the British-owned Gramophone Company of India from age 20.
1920: Scholastic Asia founded. It is the largest children's book publisher and distributor in the world.
1920: KDKA (AM) Commercial Radio Station.
1920:[India][Education][Medicine] Indian Red Cross Society (IRCS) was established in 1920 under the Indian Red Cross Society Act and incorporated under Parliament Act XV of 1920. The act was last amended in 1992 and of rules were formed in 1994.
1920 (Oct 29):[Education][India][Public] Jamia Millia Islamia (JMI) is a central university located in New Delhi, India. Originally established at Aligarh, United Provinces during the British Empire in 1920, it moved to its current location in Okhla in 1935. It was given the deemed status by University Grants Commission in 1962. On 26 December 1988, it became a central university. The university was founded by Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, Mohammad Ali Jauhar, Hakim Ajmal Khan, Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari, Abdul Majeed Khwaja, Dr Zakir Hussain, Mahatma Gandhi and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. Its foundation stone was laid by Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, the leader of Silk Letter Movement and the first student of Darul Uloom Deoband. Muhammad Ali Jauhar served as its first vice-chancellor from 1920 to 1923, and Hakim Ajmal Khan served as the first chancellor from 1920 to 1927. On 26 May 2017, Najma Heptulla became 11th Chancellor of the university, and Najma Akhtar became the 15th Vice Chancellor in April 2019.
1920:[India][Business] Having started its operations in 1920 as Gahagan Paints & Varnish in Mumbai, Kansai Nerolac Paints is principally engaged in the manufacturing of Paints and is a market leader in Industrial coatings. The company is subsidiary of Kansai Paints Co. Ltd Japan, from whom it continuously gets support and guidance in improvement of quality standards and getting best technology upgrades.
1921:[Education][UK][Public] University of Leicester founded.
1921:[Physics][Who]Einstein was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for "his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect", and Millikan was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1923 for "his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect".
1921:British Empire was at its territorial peak, covering 24% of the Earth's total land area. At the peak of its power, the phrase "the empire on which the sun never sets" was often used to describe the British Empire, because its expanse around the globe meant that the sun was always shining on at least one of its territories.1921: India Gate, Delhi inaugurated.
1921: Standard Education @ UP. The The Board of High School and Intermediate Education Uttar Pradesh (माध्यमिक शिक्षा परिषद, उत्तर प्रदेश) was set up in the year 1921 at Allahabad by an act of United Provinces Legislative Council. It conducted its first examination in 1923. This Board is one in India which, from the very start, had adopted 10+2 system of examination. The first public examination after 10 years education is High School Examination and after the 10+2 stage, there is Intermediate Examination. Prior to 1923, University of Allahabad was the examining body of these two examinations.
1921: the Imperial Bank, India was estd by merging three main Presidency Banks.
1921: Population of India recorded a negative growth rate in the upcoming decade (1911-1921). - duplicate record. During 1891 to 1921 population of India grew from 236 million to 251 million. 1921 is also called great divide in Indian history.
1921: Hyperinflation affected the German Papiermark, the currency of the Weimar Republic, between 1921 and 1923, primarily in 1923. It caused considerable internal political instability in the country, the occupation of the Ruhr by France and Belgium as well as misery for the general populace.
1921:[Book] Psychological Types (German: Psychologische Typen) is a book by Carl Jung that was originally published in German by Rascher Verlag in 1921, and translated into English in 1923, becoming volume 6 of The Collected Works of C. G. Jung. [Theory of Personality]
Joseph Stalin initially resisted the proposal by Vladimir Lenin to call for the nation-states to join Russia as semi-independent parts of a greater union which he initially named as the Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia (CCPEA),
but Stalin ultimately accepted Lenin, although with Lenin's agreement changed the name to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, or CCCP). It lasted for 69 years.
1922: AA Markov died.
1922: Chail Military School, the oldest military school in India was founded. ('Rashtriya Military School Chail or King George Royal Indian Military College) is a residential school in Himachal Pradesh, India, established after the First World War in 1922 with a donation of ₹250,000 from King George V’s patriotic fund. The foundation stone of the school was laid by King George V in February 1922. The school started functioning at Jalandhar Cantonment in 1925. Cadets are known as Georgians after their founder father.
1922: Gammon India Limited founded in Mumbai by John C. Gammon.. is the largest civil engineering construction company in India.
1922: ICS exam began to be held in India.
1922 (Oct 8): At age 20, Jayaprakash Narayan sailed aboard the cargo ship Janus and reached California while Prabhavati remained at Sabarmati. He was admitted to Berkeley in January 1923.
To pay for his education, JP picked grapes, set them out to dry, packed fruits at a canning factory, washed dishes, worked as a mechanic at a garage and at a slaughter house, sold lotions and taught. He pursued his favourite subject, sociology, and received much help from Professor Edward Ross.
1922:[Book] His second novel, The Beautiful and Damned (1922), propelled Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald further into the cultural elite. To maintain his affluent lifestyle, he wrote numerous stories for popular magazines such as The Saturday Evening Post, Collier's Weekly, and Esquire. During this period, Fitzgerald frequented Europe, where he befriended modernist writers and artists of the "Lost Generation" expatriate community, including Ernest Hemingway. His third novel, The Great Gatsby (1925), received generally favorable reviews but was a commercial failure, selling fewer than 23,000 copies in its first year. Despite its lackluster debut, The Great Gatsby is now hailed by some literary critics as the "Great American Novel". Following the deterioration of his wife's mental health and her placement in a mental institute for schizophrenia, Fitzgerald completed his final novel, Tender Is the Night (1934).
1922:[Military][Education][UK][India] the Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College (now known as the Rashtriya Indian Military College or just RIMC) was set up in Dehradun to prepare young Indians for admission to Sandhurst. The Indianisation of the Army started with the commissioning of 31 Indian officers. Among this first batch of officers to be commissioned was Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw, who became the Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army in 1969 and later the first Indian Field Marshal.
1923: Lee de Forest's first movie with sound.
1923: frozen foods.
1923: The first truly mobile two-way radio was developed in Australia in 1923 by Senior Constable Frederick William Downie of the Victorian Police. The Victoria Police were the first in the world to use wireless communication in cars, putting an end to the inefficient status reports via public telephone boxes which had been used until that time. The first sets took up the entire back seat of the Lancia patrol cars.
1923: Soham Swami, or Tiger Swami, was a guru and yogi of India. He lived before the first quarter of the twentieth century (his last book ′Common Sense′ was published in 1923 after his death. Originally named as Shyamakanta Bandopaddhyaya, he was Advaita Vedantic disciple of Tibbetibaba. Tibbetibaba was a great yogi and guru of India.
1923: first e-TV by Philo Farnsworth.
1923 (Jul): Broadcasting in India began with programmes by the Bombay Presidency Radio Club.
According to an agreement of 23 July 1927, the private Indian Broadcasting Company LTD (IBC) was authorized to operate two radio stations; the Bombay station began on 23 July 1927, and the Calcutta station followed on 26 August 1927. However, on 1 March 1930, the company went into liquidation. The government took over the broadcasting facilities, beginning the Indian State Broadcasting Service (ISBS) on 1 April 1930 on an experimental basis for two years, and then permanently in May 1932. On 8 June 1936, the ISBS was renamed All India Radio.
1923: Lieutenant Colonel Saeed ul-Mulk Nawab Sir Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan, Nawab of Chhatari GBE KCSI KCIEalso generally referred to as Nawab of Chhatari (12 December 1888 - d. 1982) was Governor of the United Provinces, Chief Minister of United Provinces, President of the Executive Council of the Nizam of Hyderabad (i.e. Prime Minister of Hyderabad) and Chief Scout of India. He became CM of UP.
1923: frozen foods.
1923: The first truly mobile two-way radio was developed in Australia in 1923 by Senior Constable Frederick William Downie of the Victorian Police. The Victoria Police were the first in the world to use wireless communication in cars, putting an end to the inefficient status reports via public telephone boxes which had been used until that time. The first sets took up the entire back seat of the Lancia patrol cars.
1923: Soham Swami, or Tiger Swami, was a guru and yogi of India. He lived before the first quarter of the twentieth century (his last book ′Common Sense′ was published in 1923 after his death. Originally named as Shyamakanta Bandopaddhyaya, he was Advaita Vedantic disciple of Tibbetibaba. Tibbetibaba was a great yogi and guru of India.
1923: first e-TV by Philo Farnsworth.
1923 (Jul): Broadcasting in India began with programmes by the Bombay Presidency Radio Club.
According to an agreement of 23 July 1927, the private Indian Broadcasting Company LTD (IBC) was authorized to operate two radio stations; the Bombay station began on 23 July 1927, and the Calcutta station followed on 26 August 1927. However, on 1 March 1930, the company went into liquidation. The government took over the broadcasting facilities, beginning the Indian State Broadcasting Service (ISBS) on 1 April 1930 on an experimental basis for two years, and then permanently in May 1932. On 8 June 1936, the ISBS was renamed All India Radio.
1923: Lieutenant Colonel Saeed ul-Mulk Nawab Sir Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan, Nawab of Chhatari GBE KCSI KCIEalso generally referred to as Nawab of Chhatari (12 December 1888 - d. 1982) was Governor of the United Provinces, Chief Minister of United Provinces, President of the Executive Council of the Nizam of Hyderabad (i.e. Prime Minister of Hyderabad) and Chief Scout of India. He became CM of UP.
1923:[Research] Niels Bohr (1923) incorporated Langmuir's model that the periodicity in the properties of the elements might be explained by the electronic structure of the atom. His proposals were based on the then current Bohr model of the atom, in which the electron shells were orbits at a fixed distance from the nucleus.
1923 (Dec 10):[Business][Food] Mondelez International, Inc. (/ˌmɒndəˈliːz/ MAWN-də-LEEZ), styled as Mondelēz International, is an American multinational confectionery, food, holding, beverage and snack food company based in Chicago. Mondelez has an annual revenue of about $26 billion and operates in approximately 160 countries.
1924 (Jul): Adidas founded as Gebruder Dassler Schuhfabrik by Adolf Dassler at Herzogenaurach, Germany.
1924 (Aug 6): WWI's finally ended up in Turkey.
1924: Hindustan Times was co-founded by GD Birla.
1924 (Oct):[India][Disaster] The great floods in Garhwal region of northern Uttar Pradesh. Opened to traffic by H.E. Sir Malcolm Haley C.C.I.E. K.C.S.I. Governor of the United Provinces on 11 April 1930. This bridge was constructed by the Public Works Department during the years 1927-1929. It replaces the old bridge of 284 feet span, which was the gift of Rai Bahadur Surajmal Jhunjhunwala father of Rai Bahadur Shewpershad Tulshan, and was situated about 200 feet down stream. This was washed away by the great flood of October, 1924 which undermined the left abutment. The extra cost of rebuilding this new bridge as nearly as possible on the site of the old bridge has been contributed by Rai Bahadur Shewpershad Tulshan to perpetuate the honored memory of his father and no toll or tax will ever be imposed or realized for crossing this bridge.
1924 (Dec 4): Gateway of India, Bombay was built by George Wittet of Gammon India at the cost of ₹ 2.1 million (1913). It has an Indo-Saracenic architecture. It took 11 yrs. to built.
1924: Nissim Ezekiel [1924-2004] was an Indian Jewish poet, actor, playwright, editor and art-critic. He was a foundational figure in postcolonial India's literary history, specifically for Indian writing in English.
1924 (Dec 4): Gateway of India, Bombay was built by George Wittet of Gammon India at the cost of ₹ 2.1 million (1913). It has an Indo-Saracenic architecture. It took 11 yrs. to built.
1924: Nissim Ezekiel [1924-2004] was an Indian Jewish poet, actor, playwright, editor and art-critic. He was a foundational figure in postcolonial India's literary history, specifically for Indian writing in English.
1924:[Technology][Medicine] German physiologist and psychiatrist Hans Berger (1873–1941) recorded the first human EEG.Expanding on work previously conducted on animals by Richard Caton and others, Berger also invented the electroencephalograph (giving the device its name), an invention described "as one of the most surprising, remarkable, and momentous developments in the history of clinical neurology".
1925:[Physics][Computing] Building on de Broglie's approach, modern quantum mechanics was born in 1925, when the German physicists Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, and Pascual Jordan developed matrix mechanics and the Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger invented wave mechanics and the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation.
1925:[Physics][Computing] Building on de Broglie's approach, modern quantum mechanics was born in 1925, when the German physicists Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, and Pascual Jordan developed matrix mechanics and the Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger invented wave mechanics and the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation.
1925: Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field-effect transistor (FET) in Canada which was intended to be a solid-state replacement for the triode.
1925: Invention of Television by Baird (Scotland)
1925 (Jun 17): The Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, usually called the Geneva Protocol was signed at Geneva. It is a treaty prohibiting the use of chemical and biological weapons in international armed conflicts. It was entered into force on 8 February 1928.
1925 (Jul 9): Guru Dutt born as Vasanth Kumar Shivashankar Padukone at Bangalore, British India. He went onto made 1950s and 1960s classics such as Pyaasa, Kaagaz Ke Phool , Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam and Chaudhvin Ka Chand. He is sometimes referred to as "India's Orson Welles".
1925: Raymond Fabrics Ltd., owner of Park Avenue estd. at Bombay
1925: Baldeo Das Birla was awarded the title of "Raja" by the government of Bihar and Orissa. He was awarded D. Litt. by Beneras Hindu University.
1925: The Kakori Conspiracy (or Kakori train robbery or Kakori Case) was a train robbery that took place between Kakori and, near Lucknow, on 9 August 1925 during the Indian Independence Movement against the British Indian Government. The robbery was organised by the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA). The robbery was conceived by Ram Prasad Bismil and Ashfaqullah Khan who belonged to the HRA, which later became the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association.
1925 (Feb 3): The first electric train in India ran on the Harbour Line between Bombay's Victoria Terminus and Kurla.
1925: Invention of Television by Baird (Scotland)
1925 (Jun 17): The Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, usually called the Geneva Protocol was signed at Geneva. It is a treaty prohibiting the use of chemical and biological weapons in international armed conflicts. It was entered into force on 8 February 1928.
1925 (Jul 9): Guru Dutt born as Vasanth Kumar Shivashankar Padukone at Bangalore, British India. He went onto made 1950s and 1960s classics such as Pyaasa, Kaagaz Ke Phool , Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam and Chaudhvin Ka Chand. He is sometimes referred to as "India's Orson Welles".
1925: Raymond Fabrics Ltd., owner of Park Avenue estd. at Bombay
1925: Baldeo Das Birla was awarded the title of "Raja" by the government of Bihar and Orissa. He was awarded D. Litt. by Beneras Hindu University.
1925: The Kakori Conspiracy (or Kakori train robbery or Kakori Case) was a train robbery that took place between Kakori and, near Lucknow, on 9 August 1925 during the Indian Independence Movement against the British Indian Government. The robbery was organised by the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA). The robbery was conceived by Ram Prasad Bismil and Ashfaqullah Khan who belonged to the HRA, which later became the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association.
1925 (Feb 3): The first electric train in India ran on the Harbour Line between Bombay's Victoria Terminus and Kurla.
1925: Ranbir Singh's grandson Hari Singh ascended the throne of Kashmir, He was the reigning monarch in 1947 at the conclusion of British rule of the subcontinent and the subsequent partition of the British Indian Empire into the newly independent Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan. According to Burton Stein's History of India.
1925:[Book] Ernest Hemingway In Our Time; (1926) The Sun Also Rises (1929) A Farewell to Arms (1937) To Have and Have Not (1940) For Whom the Bell Tolls (1952) The Old Man and the Sea.
1925:[FnB] Corona has been brewed in Mexico since 1925.
1926:[Education][India][Public] Andhra University is a public university located in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. Andhra University is a collegiate public state university located in Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. It was established in 1926.. It is the one of the oldest universities in India, and the first to be established in the erstwhile Visakhapatnam in Madras Presidency. It was one of the oldest Indian universities to use Telugu as a language of instruction, although with English as a compulsory subject. As of 2012, the university hosts 2000 international students from more than 80 nations. It is the first to be conceived as a residential and teaching-cum-affiliating University, mainly devoted to post-graduate teaching and research. Andhra University is one of the largest university systems in the world with over 1,50,000 students on its campuses and affiliated colleges. The Andhra Medical College was once a part of the Andhra University System.
1926 (Oct 1):[Law][India] The Royal Commission of the Superior Civil Service in India under the Chairmanship of Lord Lee, in its 1924 Report, recommended setting up of Public Service Commission of India (known today as UPSC). Sir Ross Barker chaired the commision for the first time for 6 years.1926: Melody Maker, First Weekly Music Magazine.
1926:[Book] George Samuel Clason's The Richest Man in Babylon
1926:[Art] Les Nymphéas, last painting by French Impressionist, Claude Monet completed days before his death.
1925 (Sep 17):[Politics] Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) is an Indian right-wing, Hindu nationalist volunteer paramilitary organisation. Founder: Keshav Baliram Hedgewar; HQ: Nagpur;
1927: transatlantic voice communication remained impossible for customers until January 7, 1927, when a connection was established using radio.
1927: Simon Commission.
1927: to avoid an arranged marriage, Bhagat Singh ran away from Lahore to Cawnpore. In a letter he left behind, he said: My life has been dedicated to the noblest cause, that of the freedom of the country. Therefore, there is no rest or worldly desire that can lure me now.
1927: Sir Alexander Phillips Muddiman KCSI CIE (14 February 1875 – 17 July 1928) was a British administrator in India. He was appointed Governor of the United Provinces, but he was already a sick man and in July 1928 he died of heart failure at Naini Tal.
Muddiman was born in Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire, England, and was educated at Wimborne School and University College, London. He joined the Indian Civil Service in 1897 and was posted to Bengal Presidency in 1899 as an assistant collector and magistrate in Bihar.
1927:[Physics] German physicist Werner Heisenberg introduced the uncertainty principle (also known as Heisenberg's uncertainty principle). In quantum mechanics, it is any of a variety of mathematical inequalities asserting a fundamental limit to the product of the accuracy of certain related pairs of measurements on a quantum system, such as position, x, and momentum, p. Such paired-variables are known as complementary variables or canonically conjugate variables.
1927: Special Class Railway Apprentice (SCRA) was a programme by which candidates are selected by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) India, to train in the undergraduate program in mechanical engineering at the Indian Railways Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Jamalpur. This programme started in 1927 and is one of the oldest in India.1927: transatlantic voice communication remained impossible for customers until January 7, 1927, when a connection was established using radio.
1927: Simon Commission.
1927: to avoid an arranged marriage, Bhagat Singh ran away from Lahore to Cawnpore. In a letter he left behind, he said: My life has been dedicated to the noblest cause, that of the freedom of the country. Therefore, there is no rest or worldly desire that can lure me now.
1927: Sir Alexander Phillips Muddiman KCSI CIE (14 February 1875 – 17 July 1928) was a British administrator in India. He was appointed Governor of the United Provinces, but he was already a sick man and in July 1928 he died of heart failure at Naini Tal.
Muddiman was born in Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire, England, and was educated at Wimborne School and University College, London. He joined the Indian Civil Service in 1897 and was posted to Bengal Presidency in 1899 as an assistant collector and magistrate in Bihar.
1927 (Apr 12): The Shanghai massacre of 12 April 1927, the April 12 Purge or the April 12 Incident as it is commonly known in China, was the violent suppression of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) organizations and leftist elements in Shanghai by forces supporting General Chiang Kai-shek and conservative factions in the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party, or KMT). Following the incident, conservative KMT elements carried out a full-scale purge of Communists in all areas under their control, and violent suppression occurred in Guangzhou and Changsha. Stalin had actually supported the Kuomintang and ordered the Communists in China to work with them. After the KMT murdered their communist “allies” in the Shanghai Massacre, Mao and a group of independently minded communists took over the party, expelled the old Moscow puppets and declared war on the KMT.
1927 (Jun 10): Eugene Newman Parker was born and lived for 94 years. He is an American solar astrophysicist who—in the mid-1950s—developed the theory of the supersonic solar wind and predicted the Parker spiral shape of the solar magnetic field in the outer Solar System. In 1987, Parker proposed that the solar corona might be heated by myriad tiny "nanoflares", miniature brightenings resembling solar flares that would occur all over the surface of the Sun.
1927:[Art] Mexico's Frida Kahlo's interests in politics and art led her to join the Mexican Communist Party, through which she met fellow Mexican artist Diego Rivera. [Prominent Women Who Fought for Equality]
1927:[India][UK] Lakshman Jhula (technically, Lakshman Jhuala Suspension Bridge), one of the two historically popular bridge in Rishikesh on the Ganges, was constructed by United Province P.W.D. during 1927-1929. It replaces the old bridge of 284 feet span which was washed away by great floods of October, 1924. This was opened to traffic on 11 April 1930. Lakshman Jhula Bridge First Jeepable Suspension Bridge of U.P. Span - 450 feet Carriage Way - 6 feet; Height of roadway above mean summer water level - 59 feet. Officers / Officials responsible include: 1. Chief Engineer - P. H. Tillard 2. Superintending Engineer - E. H. Cornelius 3. Executive Engineer - C. F. Hunter 4. Assistant Engineers - Jagdish Prasad, Avadh Narain 5. Overseer - Bala Ram
1928: discovery of first antibiotic by Alex Fleming in London, he named it Penicillin.
1928: sliced bread.
1928: The notion of a geostationary space station (GEO) equipped with radio communication was published in German by Herman Potočnik titiled "The Problem With Space Travel"
1928: sliced bread.
1928: The notion of a geostationary space station (GEO) equipped with radio communication was published in German by Herman Potočnik titiled "The Problem With Space Travel"
1928: High courts of India - J&K High Court set-up in Srinagar/Jammu, J&K.
1928:[Culture][Garment] Disney introduced its cartoon darling Minnie Mouse wearing a red polka dot dress and matching bow. Throughout the 1930s, polka dot dresses appeared in stores, the fabric suddenly subversive, nipped in by ribbons and accentuated with bows.
1928:[Physics][Research][UK][Quantum] Dirac established the most general theory of quantum mechanics and discovered the relativistic equation for the electron, which now bears his name. The remarkable notion of an antiparticle to each fermion particle – e.g. the positron as antiparticle to the electron – stems from his equation. He was the first to develop quantum field theory, which underlies all theoretical work on sub-atomic or "elementary" particles today, work that is fundamental to our understanding of the forces of nature. He proposed and investigated the concept of a magnetic monopole, an object not yet known empirically, as a means of bringing even greater symmetry to James Clerk Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism. In 1928, building on 2×2 spin matrices which he purported to have discovered independently of Wolfgang Pauli's work on non-relativistic spin systems (Dirac told Abraham Pais, "I believe I got these [matrices] independently of Pauli and possibly Pauli got these independently of me."), he proposed the Dirac equation as a relativistic equation of motion for the wave function of the electron. This work led Dirac to predict the existence of the positron, the electron's antiparticle, which he interpreted in terms of what came to be called the Dirac sea. The positron was observed by Carl Anderson in 1932. Dirac's equation also contributed to explaining the origin of quantum spin as a relativistic phenomenon.
-----------------------------------The Great Depression started--------------------------------------------------
1929 (Apr 8): Bhagat Singh was arrested in connection with the Central Legislative Assembly bombing case and was sentenced to 14 years life imprisonment.
1929 (Jun 12): Anne Frank was born in a Jewish family in Frankfurt, Germany.
1929 (Oct): The Great Depression lasted from 1929 to 1939, and was the worst economic downturn in the history of the industrialized world. It began after the stock market crash of October 1929, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors.
The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the United States. The timing of the Great Depression varied around the world; in most countries, it started in 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s. It was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. The Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how intensely the global economy can decline.
The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the United States. The timing of the Great Depression varied around the world; in most countries, it started in 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s. It was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. The Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how intensely the global economy can decline.
1929: Parle Products is an Indian private limited company. It owns the famous biscuit brand Parle-G. As of 2012, it had a 35% dominant share of the Indian biscuit market.
1929: Milton Glaser brn. He rose to be an American graphic designer. His designs include the I ❤ NY logo, the psychedelic Bob Dylan poster, and the Brooklyn Brewery logo.
1929 Walter Schottky experimentally confirmed the presence of a barrier in a metal-semiconductor
junction.
1929: Jai Prakash Narayan (11 October 1902 – 8 October 1979), Lok Nayak (Hindi for The People's Hero) or simply JP returned from the US to India in late 1929 as a Marxist.
1929: The term "SuperComputing" was first used in the New York World to refer to large custom-built tabulators that IBM had made for Columbia University.
1929: The Academy Awards, or "Oscars", first awarded. It is an annual American awards ceremony hosted by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel.[6] The cost of guest tickets for that night's ceremony was $5 ($69 in 2016 dollars). Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the film-making industry of the time, for their works during the 1927–28 period. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes.
1929:[Book] The Sound and the Fury is a novel by the American author William Faulkner. It employs several narrative styles, including stream of consciousness. This was Faulkner's fourth novel, and was not immediately successful.
1929 Walter Schottky experimentally confirmed the presence of a barrier in a metal-semiconductor
junction.
1929: Jai Prakash Narayan (11 October 1902 – 8 October 1979), Lok Nayak (Hindi for The People's Hero) or simply JP returned from the US to India in late 1929 as a Marxist.
1929: The term "SuperComputing" was first used in the New York World to refer to large custom-built tabulators that IBM had made for Columbia University.
1929: The Academy Awards, or "Oscars", first awarded. It is an annual American awards ceremony hosted by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel.[6] The cost of guest tickets for that night's ceremony was $5 ($69 in 2016 dollars). Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the film-making industry of the time, for their works during the 1927–28 period. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes.
1929:[Book] The Sound and the Fury is a novel by the American author William Faulkner. It employs several narrative styles, including stream of consciousness. This was Faulkner's fourth novel, and was not immediately successful.
1929:[Business][Food] Parle Products was founded in 1929 in India by the Chauhan family of Vile Parle, Mumbai. The founder was Mohanlal Chauhan who hailed from Pardi near Valsad in Gujarat. He moved to Mumbai to make a living and at first, his business was tailoring. However, it was not profitable, and so he moved into the food business by selling snacks. He ran a bakery making bread, buns, rusks, scones, nankhatai, turnovers, etc. He had five sons - Maneklal, Pitambar, Narottam, Kantilal and Jayantilal. The five brothers worked together under their father.
1929:[Military] The foundation of ACC can be traced to the Kitchener College founded in 1929 at Nowgong, Chhatarpur, Madhya Pradesh. The Kitchener College existed till 1942. The buildings of the Kitchener College were used to accommodate the ACC, which was inaugurated on 16 May 1960, with an initial sanctioned strength of 90 cadets. In 1964, it was relocated to Ghorpuri, near Pune, to take over the campus of the erstwhile OTI (merged into OTA Madras). A decision was taken in March 1977 to move the ACC to Dehradun, to become a separate wing of Indian Military Academy (IMA). The Army Cadet College Wing trains defence service personnel of Personnel Below Officers Rank (PBOR) from the regular army, navy and air force for commissioning as officers in the Indian Army. ACC has been renamed as the Siachen Battalion at the IMA in 2006 and is commanded by a Brigadier rank officer. It has three companies - Bogra, Kargil and Nubra.
1930s: The term "hypertext" was coined by Ted Nelson in 1965 in the Xanadu Project, which was in turn inspired by Vannevar Bush's vision (1930s) of the microfilm-based information retrieval and management "memex" system described in his essay As We May Think (1945).
1930s: Lambda Calculus by Alonzo Church.
1930s:[Physics][Research]Wolfgang Pauli and Enrico Fermi stating the requirement for a ghostly particle called the neutrino in the 30s, but ask popular science enthusiasts if they are aware of the dogged pursuit of the neutrino by Raymond Davis for over 30 years and you will likely see knitted brows.
1930s: Copper oxide and selenium rectifiers were developed for power applications in the 1930s.
1930s:[Culture] Bollywood, Hindi-language sector of the Indian moviemaking industry that began in Bombay (now Mumbai) in the 1930s and developed into an enormous film empire. After early Indian experiments in silent film, in 1934 Bombay Talkies, launched by Himansu Rai, spearheaded the growth of Indian cinema.
1930s: Copper oxide and selenium rectifiers were developed for power applications in the 1930s.
1930s:[Culture] Bollywood, Hindi-language sector of the Indian moviemaking industry that began in Bombay (now Mumbai) in the 1930s and developed into an enormous film empire. After early Indian experiments in silent film, in 1934 Bombay Talkies, launched by Himansu Rai, spearheaded the growth of Indian cinema.
1930s:[Research] The French entomologist August Magnan, in his book The flight of insects wrote: "I applied the laws of air resistance to insects and I came to the conclusion that their flight is impossible". And so the paradox is born: the bumblebee cannot fly, yet it flies! The Bumblebee Paradox.
1930s: Commercially viable routes to fatty alcohols were developed, and these new materials were converted to their sulfate esters, key ingredients in the commercially important German brand FEWA, produced by BASF, and Dreft, the U.S. brand produced by Procter & Gamble. Such detergents were mainly used in industry until after World War II.
1930:[Space] In contemporary astronomy, 88 constellations are recognized by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) as of 1928. Each constellation is a region of the sky bordered by arcs of right ascension and declination, together covering the entire celestial sphere. Their boundaries were officially adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1928 and published in 1930.
1930: FM Music Broadcasting.
1930: Why I am an Atheist is an essay written by Indian revolutionary Bhagat Singh in 1930 in Lahore Central Jail. The essay was a reply to a religious man who thought Bhagat Singh became an atheist because of his vanity.
1930: Polson's first dairy was set up in Anand, Gujarat at the cost of ₹7 lakh (US$10,000).
1930: The Himalaya Drug Company is a company established by M Manal in 1930 and based in Bangalore, India. It produces health care products under the name Himalaya Herbal Healthcare whose products include ayurvedic ingredients. Himalaya, since 1930.
1930: Why I am an Atheist is an essay written by Indian revolutionary Bhagat Singh in 1930 in Lahore Central Jail. The essay was a reply to a religious man who thought Bhagat Singh became an atheist because of his vanity.
1930: Polson's first dairy was set up in Anand, Gujarat at the cost of ₹7 lakh (US$10,000).
1930: The Himalaya Drug Company is a company established by M Manal in 1930 and based in Bangalore, India. It produces health care products under the name Himalaya Herbal Healthcare whose products include ayurvedic ingredients. Himalaya, since 1930.
1930: The Revolution of 1930, also known as the 1930 Revolution, was an armed insurrection which ended the First Brazilian Republic. Initiated by political elites in the states of Minas Gerais, Paraíba and Rio Grande do Sul, it was fueled by dissent in the military and by economic turmoil caused by a collapse in the price of coffee. The revolution ousted then President Washington Luís on October 24, 1930, prevented the inauguration of President–elect Júlio Prestes, and installed Getúlio Vargas as the new president.
1930: Pluto was discovered by astronomer Clyde Tombaugh in 1930. A 9th planet had been looked for for some time. It was believed that such a planet had to exist in order to explain some odd things happening in the orbits of Uranus and Neptune. Tombaugh did a careful sky survey at the Lowell Observatory in Arizona. As a result, he discovered Pluto. The interesting thing to know is that all of the orbital problems with Uranus and Neptune vanish when the correct mass of Neptune is used in the equations; the correct mass was determined by the Voyager 2 spacecraft when it flew by that planet in 1989. So Tombaugh got lucky - he found a planet where a flawed prediction said one would be!
1930s:[Cinema] A mob enforcer's son in 1930s Illinois witnesses a murder, forcing him and his father to take to the road, and his father down a path of redemption and revenge. - Road to Perdition (2002)
1930:[Research][Chemistry] spdfghi... . Friedrich Hund followed Bohr's practice of labelling the various shells and subshells by replacing the secondary quantum number with the series notations (s, p, d, and f), which began to slowly leak into the chemical literature by 1930 and reigned supreme ever since. Electron configuration, for which there is an obsolete system of categorizing spectral lines as "sharp", "principal", "diffuse" and "fundamental"; also the names of the sub shells or orbitals.
1930:[Physics] Dirac's The Principles of Quantum Mechanics, published. It is a landmark in the history of science. It quickly became one of the standard textbooks on the subject and is still used today. In that book, Dirac incorporated the previous work of Werner Heisenberg on matrix mechanics and of Erwin Schrödinger on wave mechanics into a single mathematical formalism that associates measurable quantities to operators acting on the Hilbert space of vectors that describe the state of a physical system. The book also introduced the Dirac delta function.
1930:[Technology] Refrigerator - The modern electric refrigerator was developed in the early 20th century. Albert Einstein and his former student, Leo Szilard, patented a refrigerator using gases in 1930.
1931:[Education][India][Public] Indian Statistical Institute is a public university which is recognized as an Institute of National Importance by the 1959 act of the Indian parliament. It grew out of the Statistical Laboratory set up by Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis in Presidency College, Kolkata. Established in 1931, this unique institution of India is one of the oldest institutions focused on statistics, and its early reputation led it to being adopted as a model for the first US institute of statistics set up at the Research Triangle, North Carolina by Gertrude Mary Cox. Primary activities of ISI are research and training of statistics, development of theoretical statistics and its applications in various natural and social sciences. Originally affiliated with the University of Calcutta, the institute was declared an institute of national importance in 1959, through an act of Indian parliament, Indian Statistical Institute act, 1959.
1931 (Mar 14): India's first talking picture Alam Ara. Ardeshir Irani directed it.
1931 (Oct 18): Edison died aged 84 at West Orange, New Jersey, U.S.1931: the magnetic tape.
1931: the International Code of Signals, originally created for ship communication by signalling using flags, was expanded by adding a collection of five-letter codes to be used by radiotelegraph operators.
1931 (Dec 11): Rajneesh (aka Osho) Rajneesh (born Chandra Mohan Jain, 11 December 1931 – 19 January 1990), also known as Acharya Rajneesh, Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh,and later as Osho (/ˈoʊʃoʊ/), was an Indian godman, mystic, and founder of the Rajneesh movement. During his lifetime, he was viewed as a controversial new religious movement leader and a mystic Guru. He rejected institutional religions. Rajneesh emphasised the importance of freethought, meditation, mindfulness, love, celebration, courage, creativity, and humour—qualities that he viewed as being suppressed by adherence to static belief systems, religious dogmas and traditions, and socialization. In advocating a more open attitude to human sexuality he caused controversy in India during the late 1960s and became known as "the sex guru".
1931 (Dec 14): Jaun Elia was born as Syed Sibt-e-Asghar Naqvi in Amroha, British India. His father, Shafiq Elia, was a scholar of literature and astronomy well-versed in the Arabic, English, Persian, Hebrew and Sanskrit languages, and who corresponded with leading intellectuals like Bertrand Russell. He was the youngest of his siblings. Rais Amrohvi was his elder brother. Indian film director Kamal Amrohi was his first cousin. [Zeno of Elea]
1931:[Art] Spanish surrealist Salvador Dalí painted The Persistence of Memory. It is one of the most recognizable works of Surrealism. The Salvador Dali Museum has the largest collection of Salvador Dali work in the United States. They currently have close to 100 oil paintings, over a 100 watercolors and drawings.
1932: Kingdom of Iraq.
1932:[Physics][UK] Rutherford’s student, James Chadwick, discovered the neutron.
1932:[Physics][UK] Rutherford’s student, James Chadwick, discovered the neutron.
1932:[Physics][US] Carl David Anderson (September 3, 1905 – January 11, 1991) was an American physicist. He is best known for his discovery of the positron in 1932, an achievement for which he received the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physics, and of the muon (with his doctoral student Seth Neddermeyer) in 1936. (proving Paul Dirac's work)
1932: Kundan Lal Saigal, often abbreviated as K. L. Saigal, was an Indian singer and actor who is considered the first superstar of the Hindi film industry, which was centred in Kolkata during Saigal's time, but is currently centred in Mumbai. Mukesh was a big fan of K. L. Saigal and imitated his voice. First superhit of K.L Saigal was Devdas (Hindi, 1935).
1932: Polish cryptologists Marian Rejewski, Henryk Zygalski and Jerzy Różycki broke the Enigma machine code.
1932: Talwalkars Better Value Fitness Ltd, popularly known as Talwalkars founded. In 2016s, It rose to be India's largest chain of health clubs. It has 152 Health Clubs across 80 cities in India on a consolidated basis, with over 200,000 members.
1933:[Maths] Randomness got its axiomatization. At the same time, the advent of quantum mechanics changed the scientific perspective on determinacy.
1933:[Physics][Polity] while Einstein was visiting the United States, Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany. Horrified by the Nazi "war of extermination" against his fellow Jews, Einstein decided to remain in the US, and was granted American citizenship in 1940.
1933: Indian Post Office Rules, 1933.
1933: FM broadcasting is radio broadcasting using frequency modulation (FM) technology. Invented by American engineer Edwin Armstrong (Alpine, New Jersey-USA), it is used worldwide to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio utilizing the VHF band from 87.5 MHz to 108.0 MHz.
1933: Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when the country was governed by a dictatorship under the control of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP).
1933: Annie Besant died in India.
1932: Polish cryptologists Marian Rejewski, Henryk Zygalski and Jerzy Różycki broke the Enigma machine code.
1932: Talwalkars Better Value Fitness Ltd, popularly known as Talwalkars founded. In 2016s, It rose to be India's largest chain of health clubs. It has 152 Health Clubs across 80 cities in India on a consolidated basis, with over 200,000 members.
1933:[Maths] Randomness got its axiomatization. At the same time, the advent of quantum mechanics changed the scientific perspective on determinacy.
1933:[Physics][Polity] while Einstein was visiting the United States, Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany. Horrified by the Nazi "war of extermination" against his fellow Jews, Einstein decided to remain in the US, and was granted American citizenship in 1940.
1933: Indian Post Office Rules, 1933.
1933: FM broadcasting is radio broadcasting using frequency modulation (FM) technology. Invented by American engineer Edwin Armstrong (Alpine, New Jersey-USA), it is used worldwide to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio utilizing the VHF band from 87.5 MHz to 108.0 MHz.
1933: Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when the country was governed by a dictatorship under the control of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP).
1933: Annie Besant died in India.
1933:[Computer] IBM Type 31 Alphabetical Duplicating Punch was introduced. It automatically ejected one card and fed another in 0.65 second. These machines were equipped with separate alphabetical and numerical keyboards. The alphabetical keyboard was similar to a conventional manual typewriter except that the shift, tab, backspace and character keys were eliminated, and a skip, release, stacker and '1' key were provided." – IBM Archives
1933:[Gaming] Pinball (1930s to 1960s). Coin-operated pinball machines that included electric lights and features were developed in 1933, but lacked the user-controlled flipper mechanisms at that point; these would be invented in 1947.
1933:[NSE] Dhampur Sugar Mill (Group) est. with crushing capacity of 23,500 tonnes per day. Founded by Lala Ram Narain (1880-1943), carried fwd by his eldest son Murli Manohar (1916-1964)
1933:After the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire, East India Company took over the Tirupati temple administration and leased it to tenants for various purposes. The British later transferred the administration to the Hathiramji Muth which took care of the temple until 1933. After that, the ”Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam” (TTD) handled the temple administration for some years until a court order transferred it to Andhra Pradesh government in 1966. However, this order was rolled back in 1979 and a committee having members from the government and the TTD trust was formed. This temple committee has been taking care of the day-to-day activities of the temple till date.
1934:[Disaster][Extreme][Nepal][Travel] The 1934 Nanga Parbat climbing disaster resulted in the loss of 10 lives on Nanga Parbat, the world's ninth-highest mountain and one of the 14 eight-thousanders. The disaster, which happened during the 1934 climbing season, included nine climbers who died in what was, at the time, the single deadliest mountaineering accident in history.
1934:[Disaster][Extreme][Nepal][Travel] The 1934 Nanga Parbat climbing disaster resulted in the loss of 10 lives on Nanga Parbat, the world's ninth-highest mountain and one of the 14 eight-thousanders. The disaster, which happened during the 1934 climbing season, included nine climbers who died in what was, at the time, the single deadliest mountaineering accident in history.
1934:[Physics][Research] The necessity of fermions (matter) being created and destroyed in Enrico Fermi's 1934 theory of beta decay led to a reinterpretation of Dirac's equation as a "classical" field equation for any point particle of spin ħ/2, itself subject to quantisation conditions involving anti-commutators. Thus reinterpreted, in 1934 by Werner Heisenberg, as a (quantum) field equation accurately describing all elementary matter particles – today quarks and leptons – this Dirac field equation is as central to theoretical physics as the Maxwell, Yang–Mills and Einstein field equations. Dirac is regarded as the founder of quantum electrodynamics, being the first to use that term. He also introduced the idea of vacuum polarisation in the early 1930s. This work was key to the development of quantum mechanics by the next generation of theorists, in particular Schwinger, Feynman, Sin-Itiro Tomonaga and Dyson in their formulation of quantum electrodynamics.
1934: Ruskin Bond is an Indian author of British descent. He lives with his adopted family in Landour, in Mussoorie, India. The Indian Council for Child Education has recognised his role in the growth of children's literature in India.
1934: The Schmitt trigger was invented by American scientist Otto H. Schmitt in 1934 while he was a graduate student, later described in his doctoral dissertation (1937) as a "thermionic trigger."[2] It was a direct result of Schmitt's study of the neural impulse propagation in squid nerves.
1934: Hailey was Governor of the Punjab from 1924 to 1928, a compromiser with the Akali leadership, and Governor of the United Provinces 1928 to 1934. He was early convinced of the strength of Indian nationalism, but remained ambivalent about it.
1934: Kamala Surayya [1934-2009], also known by her one-time pen name Madhavikutty and Kamala Das, was an Indian English poetess and littérateur and at the same time a leading Malayalam author from Kerala, India. Spouse: Madhava Das (m. 1949–2009). Children: Madhav Das Nalapat, Chinnen Das, and Jayasurya Das
1934: Ruskin Bond is an Indian author of British descent. He lives with his adopted family in Landour, in Mussoorie, India. The Indian Council for Child Education has recognised his role in the growth of children's literature in India.
1934: The Schmitt trigger was invented by American scientist Otto H. Schmitt in 1934 while he was a graduate student, later described in his doctoral dissertation (1937) as a "thermionic trigger."[2] It was a direct result of Schmitt's study of the neural impulse propagation in squid nerves.
1934: Hailey was Governor of the Punjab from 1924 to 1928, a compromiser with the Akali leadership, and Governor of the United Provinces 1928 to 1934. He was early convinced of the strength of Indian nationalism, but remained ambivalent about it.
1934: Kamala Surayya [1934-2009], also known by her one-time pen name Madhavikutty and Kamala Das, was an Indian English poetess and littérateur and at the same time a leading Malayalam author from Kerala, India. Spouse: Madhava Das (m. 1949–2009). Children: Madhav Das Nalapat, Chinnen Das, and Jayasurya Das
1934:[Book] George Orwell's Burmese Days; 1935 – A Clergyman's Daughter 1936 – Keep the Aspidistra Flying 1939 – Coming Up for Air 1945 – Animal Farm 1949 – Nineteen Eighty-Four; 1933 – Down and Out in Paris and London 1937 – The Road to Wigan Pier 1938 – Homage to Catalonia.
1934:[Crime] Haji Mastan (born on 1 March 1926 Ramanathapuram, Madras Presidency, British India and died aged 68 on 25 June 1994 Mumbai, Maharashtra, India) aged 8 migrated from the coastal town of Cuddalore to Bombay with his father. He was originally known as Mastan Haider Mirza, was a Bombay-based Tamil Muslim mobster who became the first celebrity gangster in the city of Bombay (now Mumbai). Born in 1926 in a Tamil family in Pannaikulam, near Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu.
1934:[Technology][Medicine] Hans Berger's EEG discoveries were first confirmed after 10 years later by British scientists Edgar Douglas Adrian and B. H. C. Matthews.
1934:[GoI][CPSU] Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited, formerly called Mazagon Dock Limited, is a shipyard situated in Mazagaon, Mumbai. It manufactures warships and submarines for the Indian Navy and offshore platforms and associated support vessels for offshore oil drilling.
1934:[Finance] 1934 - Much of the wealth has been locked up in the Rockefeller family trust of 1934 (which holds the bulk of the fortune and matures on the death of the fourth generation) and the trust of 1952, both administered by Chase Bank, the corporate successor to Chase Manhattan Bank.
1935:[Physics][Computing] Erwin Schrödinger devised a well-known thought experiment, now known as Schrödinger's cat, which highlighted this dissonance between quantum mechanics and classical physics. One modern view is that this mystery is explained by quantum decoherence.
1935: Persia was renamed to Iran.
1935: The Government of India Act, 1935 provided for the establishment of a Public Service Commission for each Province.
1935: Swami and Friends is the first of a trilogy of novels written by R. K. Narayan, English language novelist from India. The novel, Narayan's first, is set in British India in a fictional town called Malgudi.
1935 (Apr 1): RBI estd. and nationalized on Jan 1, 1949.
1935: Devdas enthrall audiences nationwide. Film making became an established craft in India.
1935: The Z1 was a mechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse from 1935 to 1936 and built by him from 1936 to 1938. It was a binary electrically driven mechanical calculator with limited programmability, reading instructions from punched celluloid film.
1935: K1- first practical tape recorder
1936: How to win Friends and Influence People by Dale Carnegie, an American writer and lecturer
1936: "Akashvani" was first used in the context of radio by M. V. Gopalaswamy after setting up the India’s first private radio station in his residence, "Vittal Vihar" (about 200 yards from AIR’s current location in Mysore).
1936: Lahore became capital of Punjab till 1947. Cuttack became the capital of Odisha till 1948; Patna became capital of Bihar.
1935: The Government of India Act, 1935 provided for the establishment of a Public Service Commission for each Province.
1935: Swami and Friends is the first of a trilogy of novels written by R. K. Narayan, English language novelist from India. The novel, Narayan's first, is set in British India in a fictional town called Malgudi.
1935 (Apr 1): RBI estd. and nationalized on Jan 1, 1949.
1935: Devdas enthrall audiences nationwide. Film making became an established craft in India.
1935: The Z1 was a mechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse from 1935 to 1936 and built by him from 1936 to 1938. It was a binary electrically driven mechanical calculator with limited programmability, reading instructions from punched celluloid film.
1935: K1- first practical tape recorder
1936:[Education][India][Public] Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) is a multi-campus public university in Mumbai, India. It is Asia's oldest institute for professional social work education and was founded in 1936 in the then Bombay Presidency of British India as the Sir Dorabji Tata Graduate School of Social Work by the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust. In 1944, the institute was officially renamed the Tata Institute of Social Sciences and in 1964, the Government of India declared TISS a deemed university under Section 3 of the University Grants Commission Act, 1956. In 1954, TISS moved to a permanent campus at Deonar, Mumbai, from the earlier campuses at Nagpada and then Andheri. In 2001, the Deonar campus was expanded to include the Malti Jal and Jal A. D. Naoroji Campus Annexe, which are now commonly known as the New Campus. TISS, in 1986, established a rural campus in Tuljapur, Maharashtra and two off-campuses in Guwahati and Hyderabad in 2011.
1936: George 6th succeeded Edward 8th as the King of the UK for 16 yrs. He was the last Emperor (King) of India and the first Head of the Commonwealth. In the mid-1920s, he had speech therapy for a stammer, which he never fully overcame. During his reign George was served by a total of 31 Prime Ministers; 4 from the United Kingdom, 7 from Australia, 2 from Canada, 1 from Ceylon, 1 from India, 1 from Ireland, 3 from Malta, 3 from New Zealand, 3 from Northern Ireland, 2 from Pakistan, 3 from South Africa and 1 from Southern Rhodesia.1936: How to win Friends and Influence People by Dale Carnegie, an American writer and lecturer
1936: "Akashvani" was first used in the context of radio by M. V. Gopalaswamy after setting up the India’s first private radio station in his residence, "Vittal Vihar" (about 200 yards from AIR’s current location in Mysore).
1936: Lahore became capital of Punjab till 1947. Cuttack became the capital of Odisha till 1948; Patna became capital of Bihar.
1936: High courts of India - Madhya Pradesh High Court, 8th HC set-up in Jabalpur, MP.
1936: Tasmanian tiger (Thylacine), declared extinct. (displayed at the Australian Museum in Sydney)
1936:[Book] Dale Carnegie's How to Win Friends and Influence People
1936:[Book] House of Incest is a slim volume of 72 pages written by Anaïs Nin. Originally published in 1936, it is Anaïs Nin's first work of fiction.
1936:[Book] 10YO Harper Lee gets inspiration for To Kill a Mockingbird. It's plot and characters are loosely based on Lee's observations of her family, her neighbors and an event that occurred near her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama.
1936:[Env] The last known ‘Tasmanian tiger’ died in 1936. A group of scientists is trying to bring the animal back.
1936:[Physics][Research] Seth Henry Neddermeyer (September 16, 1907 – January 29, 1988) was an American physicist who co-discovered the muon, using cloud chamber measurements of cosmic rays. Their discovery predated Hideki Yukawa's 1935 theory of mesons that postulated the particle as mediating the nuclear force. He later championed the implosion-type nuclear weapon while working on the Manhattan Project at the Los Alamos Laboratory during World War II. (proving Paul DIrac's work)
1937 (Sep 1): The Federal Court of India came into being. The seat of the court was the Chamber of Princes in the Parliament building in Delhi. It began with a Chief Justice and two puisne judges. The first Chief Justice was Sir Maurice Gwyer and the other two judges were Sir Shah Muhammad Sulaiman and M. R. Jayakar. It functioned until the establishment of the Supreme Court of India on 28 January 1950.
1937: Area of India (before partition) 4,903,312 km² (1,893,179 sq mi).
1937: Canadian inventor Donald Hings was the first to create a portable radio signaling system for his employer CM&S in 1937. He called the system a "packset", although it later became known as a "walkie-talkie". Alfred J. Gross, a radio engineer and one of the developers of the Joan-Eleanor system, also worked on the early technology behind the walkie-talkie between 1938 and 1941, and is sometimes credited with inventing it. Walkie-Talkie is a is a hand-held, portable, two-way radio transceiver with half-duplex communication ability. The transceiver is normally in receive mode; when the user wants to talk he presses a "push-to-talk" (PTT) button that turns off the receiver and turns on the transmitter.
1937: Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan Chhatari (Independent) was CM of UP from 3 Apr 1937 to 16 July 1937
1937: Lucknow became the capital of Uttar Pradesh.
1937: A major Indian sweets and snacks manufacturer, Haldiram's founded in Nagpur, Maharashtra, India by Shivkisan Agrawal. The company now has manufacturing plants in Nagpur, New Delhi, Kolkata, Bikaner.
1937: GDP first came into use in a report to the U.S. Congress in response to the Great Depression after Russian economist Simon Kuznets conceived the system of measurement. At the time, the preeminent system of measurement was the Gross National Product (GNP)
1937: Area of India (before partition) 4,903,312 km² (1,893,179 sq mi).
1937: Canadian inventor Donald Hings was the first to create a portable radio signaling system for his employer CM&S in 1937. He called the system a "packset", although it later became known as a "walkie-talkie". Alfred J. Gross, a radio engineer and one of the developers of the Joan-Eleanor system, also worked on the early technology behind the walkie-talkie between 1938 and 1941, and is sometimes credited with inventing it. Walkie-Talkie is a is a hand-held, portable, two-way radio transceiver with half-duplex communication ability. The transceiver is normally in receive mode; when the user wants to talk he presses a "push-to-talk" (PTT) button that turns off the receiver and turns on the transmitter.
1937: Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan Chhatari (Independent) was CM of UP from 3 Apr 1937 to 16 July 1937
1937: Lucknow became the capital of Uttar Pradesh.
1937: A major Indian sweets and snacks manufacturer, Haldiram's founded in Nagpur, Maharashtra, India by Shivkisan Agrawal. The company now has manufacturing plants in Nagpur, New Delhi, Kolkata, Bikaner.
1937: GDP first came into use in a report to the U.S. Congress in response to the Great Depression after Russian economist Simon Kuznets conceived the system of measurement. At the time, the preeminent system of measurement was the Gross National Product (GNP)
1937: [GoI] Oldest private military school is Bhonsala Military School, which was established in 1937. Although Sainik School, Lucknow, established in 1960 was the first Sainik School, is not under the Sainik School Society, but rather under Uttar Pradesh Sainik Schools Society, which is registered under the Indian Societies Registration Act (1860).
1937:[Book] Napoleon Hill's Think and Grow Rich
1937:[Art] Guernica (Spanish: [ɡeɾˈnika]; Basque: [ɡernika]) is a large 1937 oil painting on canvas by Spanish artist Pablo Picasso. It is one of his best-known works, regarded by many art critics as the most moving and powerful anti-war painting in history. It shows the bombing of the Spanish town of Guernica in 1937 during the Spanish Civil War. It is exhibited in the Museo Reina Sofía in Madrid.
1937 (Dec):[History] Fall of the capital of China, Nanking. the Nanking Massacre or the Rape of Nanking. It is estimated that around 20,000 women including children and the elderly were raped during the Japanese occupation of Nanking city. Imperial Japanese army killed between 40,000 and 300,000 people. This number is the total number of civilians and soldiers killed.
1938: Delhi Technological University/IITD. The seeds of Delhi Polytechnic were sowed by the Wood and Abott Committee of 1938. It was established as Delhi Polytechnic in 1941. The technical school was created to cater to the demands of Indian industries. At that time, Delhi Polytechnic offered courses in Arts, Architecture, Commerce, Engineering, Applied Science and Textiles.
1938: Konrad Zuse crafted the world's very first fully programmable computer, known as the Z3, in his parents' apartment. Zuse eventually gained some backing by the German government, leading to the evolution from the Z1 to the Z3, which, complete in 1941, is considered the mother of modern computing.
1938: e-JukeBox
1938: Konrad Zuse crafted the world's very first fully programmable computer, known as the Z3, in his parents' apartment. Zuse eventually gained some backing by the German government, leading to the evolution from the Z1 to the Z3, which, complete in 1941, is considered the mother of modern computing.
1938: e-JukeBox
1938: Frida Kahlo made her first significant sale in the summer when film star and art collector Edward G. Robinson purchased four paintings at $200 each.
1938:[Research][Chemistry][Technology][Business][US] PTFE (PolyTetraFluoroEthylene) is a synthetic fluoropolymer of tetrafluoroethylene. Being hydrophobic, non-wetting, high density and resistant to high temperatures, PTFE is an incredibly versatile material with a wide variety of applications, though it's perhaps best-known for its non-stick properties. Teflon™ is the quintessential American product. It was discovered by accident and like many such discoveries was at first simply a creation in search of a purpose. Versions of it are in our frying pans and popcorn bags, our medical devices and electronic gadgets, our pruning shears and our cars. It is ubiquitous and essential. It is part of our vocabulary, uttered with both envy and exasperation to describe politicians and Mafia dons. It even helped win World War II: Teflon was needed to properly seal the pipes in the gaseous diffusion plant where uranium was enriched to make the first atomic bombs.
1939: Alan Turing, Gordon Welchman and Harold Keen worked together to develop the Bombe (on the basis of Rejewski's works on Bomba). The Enigma machine's use of a reliably small key space makes it vulnerable to brute force.
1939: German Invasion of Poland. On 1st September 1939, Hitler’s Nazi Germany invaded Poland, ostensibly for ‘lebensraum’ and to redress the imbalances of the Treaty of Versailles. The invasion of a sovereign nation finally convinced the allies – Great Britain and France of Hitler’s wider intentions for the occupation of Europe. After appeasing Hitler over Austria and Czechoslovakia, Poland proved the final straw and on September 3rd, 1939, Great Britain declared war on Nazi Germany.
1939 (Apr 1): Ernest Hemingway and Pauline Pfeiffer divorced after he returned from the Spanish Civil War (17 July 1936 – 1 April 1939 (2 years, 8 months, 2 weeks and 1 day)), which he covered as a journalist and which was the basis for his novel For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940).
1939 (Aug 2):[Physics][Polity][US][Germany] The Einstein–Szilard letter was a letter written by Leo Szilard and signed by Albert Einstein, that was sent to President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt. Written by Szilard in consultation with fellow Hungarian physicists Edward Teller and Eugene Wigner, the letter warned that Germany might develop atomic bombs and suggested that the United States should start its own nuclear program. It prompted action by Roosevelt, which eventually resulted in the Manhattan Project, the development of the first atomic bombs, and the use of these bombs on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
1939:[Computing][Research] Mathematician (Alan Turing) were tasked to find a better alt of Babbage machines. Analog era of computing halted, Digital era started.
1939:[Physics][UK][Quantum] Dirac included the bra–ket notation in the third edition of his book, The Principles of Quantum Mechanics (1930) thereby contributing to its universal use nowadays.
1939:[Business][Food] Parle began manufacturing biscuits in 1939, with a license to supply their biscuits only to the British Army.
1939:[Physics]Feynman received a bachelor's degree and was named a Putnam Fellow. He attained a perfect score on the graduate school entrance exams to Princeton University in physics—an unprecedented feat—and an outstanding score in mathematics, but did poorly on the history and English portions. The head of the physics department there, Henry D. Smyth, had another concern, writing to Philip M. Morse to ask: "Is Feynman Jewish? We have no definite rule against Jews but have to keep their proportion in our department reasonably small because of the difficulty of placing them." Morse conceded that Feynman was indeed Jewish, but reassured Smyth that Feynman's "physiognomy and manner, however, show no trace of this characteristic".
-----------------------------------The Great Depression ended---------------------------------------------------
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1939 (Sep 1st): WW2 started between Allies and Axis. WWII
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1940s:[Space] The existence of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) was postulated on theoretical grounds in the late 1940s by George Gamow, Ralph Alpher, and Robert Herman, who were studying the consequences of the nucleosynthesis of light elements, such as hydrogen, helium and lithium, at very early times in the Universe. They realised that, in order to synthesise the nuclei of these elements, the early Universe needed to be extremely hot and that the leftover radiation from this ‘hot Big Bang’ would permeate the Universe and be detectable even today as the CMB. Due to the expansion of the Universe, the temperature of this radiation has become lower and lower – they estimated at most 5 degrees above absolute zero (5 K), which corresponds to microwave wavelengths. It wasn’t until 1964 that it was first detected – accidentally – by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, using a large radio antenna in New Jersey, a discovery for which they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1978.
1940s:[Business][Food] Horlicks came to India with the British Army; the end of World War I saw Indian soldiers of British Indian Army bringing it back with them as a dietary supplement. Punjab, Bengal and Madras Presidencies became early adopters of Horlicks and many well-to-do Indians took to drinking Horlicks as a family drink in early 1940s and 1950s. It became a sort of status symbol in upper middle class Indians and rich classes. The first flavour available in India, as in Britain, was malt.
1940s:[Gaming] Tha fall of Skee-Ball and carnival games (started in late 19th) and the rise of Electro-mechanical games (1940s to 1970s).
1940s: By then, new developments and the later conversion of aviation fuel plants to produce tetrapropylene, used in household detergents production, caused a fast growth of domestic use in the late 1940s.
1940s:[Crime] The powerful trio of Haji Mastan, gang leader from Tamil Nadu (Cuddalore), Varadarajan Mudaliar, another gang leader from Tamil Nadu (Tuticorin) and Karim Lala, leader of the Pathan gang, enjoyed backing from their communities and were an infamous trio of mafia gang leaders in Bombay for over two decades from the 1960s to the early 1980s
1940:[Physics][Polity] Einstein was granted American citizenship.
1940: In Spring of 1940, Batman #1 was published and introduced new characters into Batman's pantheon, most notably those of Catwoman and Batman's eventual nemesis, the Joker.
1940: 1G or First Generation of Computer starts (Vaccum Tubes), lasted for 16 years.
1940: first color TV set by Peter Goldmark.
1940 (Sep): George Stibitz was able to transmit problems using teletype to his Complex Number Calculator in New York and receive the computed results back at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire.
This configuration of a centralized computer or mainframe with remote dumb terminals remained popular throughout the 1950s.
1940: Tom and Jerry is an American animated series of short slapstick comedy films created in 1940, by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera. [from 1940 to 1958; 18 yrs.]
1940: LORAN and the Decca Navigator, ground-based radio-navigation systems were developed and used by the British Royal Navy during World War II.
1940: Fayyaz Hashmi was employed as the resident lyricist by the British-owned Gramophone Company of India from age 20.
1940: first color TV set by Peter Goldmark.
1940 (Sep): George Stibitz was able to transmit problems using teletype to his Complex Number Calculator in New York and receive the computed results back at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire.
This configuration of a centralized computer or mainframe with remote dumb terminals remained popular throughout the 1950s.
1940: Tom and Jerry is an American animated series of short slapstick comedy films created in 1940, by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera. [from 1940 to 1958; 18 yrs.]
1940: LORAN and the Decca Navigator, ground-based radio-navigation systems were developed and used by the British Royal Navy during World War II.
1940: Fayyaz Hashmi was employed as the resident lyricist by the British-owned Gramophone Company of India from age 20.
1940: Dunkirk and the escape of the British army (1940)
1940:[Cinema] Algol(1920)
1940:[Cinema] Men Must Fight(1933)
1940:[Cinema] The Tunnel(1935)
1940:[Computing][IBM i] Year floor for *JUL, *YMD, *DMY and *MDY date data types, max year supported is 2039 i.e. a period of 99 years (almost 10 decades).
1940 (Dec 23) :[GoI][CPSU] Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) is an Indian public sector aerospace and defence company, headquartered in Bangalore. Established on 23 December 1940, HAL is one of the oldest and largest aerospace and defence manufacturers in the world.
1940:[Education] After 32 years of launch of MBA by Harvard College, the University of Chicago launched the first MBA program designed to meet the needs of professionals already working in business. This led to the eventual offering of what came to be known as Executive MBA programs.
------------------------- The Holocaust Begin, killed 6 million Jews and 20 million others -------------------
1941: The Z3 was an electromechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse developed at Berlin. It was the world's first working programmable, fully automatic digital computer. The Z3 was built with 2,000 relays, implementing a 22-bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5–10 Hz.[2] Program code and constant data were stored on punched film.
1941 (Jun 22): Operation Barbarossa - Nazi Germany launched a blistering attack on the Soviet Union. Stalin was shocked as the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany had signed a non-aggression pact in 1939.
1941 (Jun 22):[GoI][CPSU] Hindustan Shipyard Limited is a shipyard located in Visakhapatnam on the east coast of India. Founder: Walchand Hirachand.
1941 (Dec 7): Pearl Harbour - “A day that will live in infamy” – President Franklin D. Roosevelt
1941: [GoI] The CBI was established as the Special Police Establishment in 1941, to investigate cases of corruption in the procurement during the Second World War. Later, the Santhanam Committee on Prevention of Corruption recommended the establishment of the CBI. The CBI was then formed in 1942 by a resolution of the Home Affairs Ministry.
1941: Tata Memorial Hospital is one of the oldest and topmost hospitals in India and has been around since 1941. This has over time grown into a top cancer treatment hospital over the years. It gets over 64000 patients annually from all over the globe. It also has over 11000 surgeries performed every year.
1941 (Oct 31):[Art] 14 year long carving ended for Mount Rushmore National Memorial, it is centered on a colossal sculpture carved into the granite face of Mount Rushmore (Lakota: Tȟuŋkášila Šákpe, or Six Grandfathers ) in the Black Hills near Keystone, South Dakota. Sculptor Gutzon Borglum created the sculpture's design and oversaw the project's execution from 1927 to 1941 with the help of his son, Lincoln Borglum.
1942 (Jan 1): India signed the Declaration by United Nations and was represented by Girija Shankar Bajpai who was the Indian Agent-General at the time.
1942: Hindustan Motors was started.
1942: There were 597 Indians and 588 Britishers in Imperial Civil Services.
1942: Cripps Mission
1942: Coffee Act in India. HQ'd at B'luru.
1942 (Jun 14):[Book] Anne Frank started recording her diary; Anne Frank's The Annex: Diary Notes 14 June 1942 – 1 August 1944; The Diary of a Young Girl
1942: Frida Kahlo became a founding member of the Seminario de Cultura Mexicana, a group of twenty-five artists commissioned by the Ministry of Public Education to spread public knowledge of Mexican culture.
1942:[Aviation][Military] Boeing B-29 Superfortress Intercontinental Bomber; 357mph @ 31,850ft.
1942:[Research][Physics] Attendees at Feynman's first seminar, which was on the classical version of the Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory, included Albert Einstein, Wolfgang Pauli, and John von Neumann. Pauli made the prescient comment that the theory would be extremely difficult to quantize, and Einstein said that one might try to apply this method to gravity in general relativity, which Sir Fred Hoyle and Jayant Narlikar did much later as the Hoyle–Narlikar theory of gravity.
1942:[Physics][Who] Feynman received a PhD from Princeton; his thesis advisor was John Archibald Wheeler. In his doctoral thesis entitled "The Principle of Least Action in Quantum Mechanics", Feynman applied the principle of stationary action to problems of quantum mechanics, inspired by a desire to quantize the Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory of electrodynamics, and laid the groundwork for the path integral formulation and Feynman diagrams. A key insight was that positrons behaved like electrons moving backwards in time.
1943:[Book][Philosophy] Being and nothingness by the philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre.
1943 (Jan 7): Nikola Tesla died aged 86 at New York City, New York, United States.1943: the US Army accepted John Mauchly and John Eckert (Univ. of Penn.) proposal to buid a gen-purpose computer using vaccum tubes, later known to be ENIAC. It was used to determine the feasibility of H-Bomb and to calculate range and trajectories of new weapons and artilliary.
1943: The first programming language for a computer was Plankalkül, developed by Konrad Zuse for the Z3 between 1943 and 1945.
1943: René Carmille, comptroller general of the Vichy French Army, hacked the punched card system used by the Nazis to locate Jews.
1944: Fiserv's George Dalton, aged 16, saw a friend run a deck of punched cards through an early computer. He later said, he "fell in love with the computer business then and there."
1944 (Jul 22):[Economics] The Bretton Woods Conference, formally known as the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference, was the gathering of 730 delegates from all 44 Allied nations from Jul 1 to Jul 22 (22 days) at the Mount Washington Hotel, situated in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States, to regulate the international monetary and financial order after the conclusion of World War II.
Prior to 1944, pound sterling was the world’s most widely used currency. As a result of the agreement, the United States dollar became the world’s foremost reserve currency. After the devastation of two world wars and the massive spending of Great Britain’s gold reserves, it became the world’s second-largest reserve.
1944 (Aug 1):[Book] Last diary entry of Anne Frank; Anne Frank's The Annex: Diary Notes 14 June 1942 – 1 August 1944; The Diary of a Young Girl
------------------------------------------ The Holocaust Halted on May 8 -------------------------------------------
1945: von Neumann published the idea of stored-program (a limitation of ENIAC), which grew and implemented at EDVAC and the IAS computer prototype.
1945: 15YO Anne Frank died of typhus in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.
1945 (Apr):[Research][Physics] "Interaction with the Absorber as the Mechanism of Radiation" published by Wheeler, J. A. and Feynman, R. P. (post-doctoral paper)
1945 (Jun 1):[Education][India][Public] Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) is a public deemed research university located in Mumbai, India that is dedicated to basic research in mathematics and the sciences. It is a Deemed University and works under the umbrella of the Department of Atomic Energy of the Government of India. It is located at Navy Nagar, Colaba, Mumbai, with a campus in Bangalore, International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, and an affiliated campus in Serilingampally near Hyderabad. TIFR conducts research primarily in the natural sciences, mathematics, the biological sciences and theoretical computer science.
1945 (Jun 26): the Indian delegation led by Sir Arcot Ramaswamy Mudaliar signed the United Nations Charter on behalf of India during the historic United Nations Conference on International Organization held in San Francisco, United States. In 1945, when the UN charter was signed, more than 750 million people lived in colonies including India. India was among the most outspoken critics of apartheid and racial discrimination in South Africa, being the first country to have raised the issue in the UN (in 1946).
1945 (Jul 16): [USA] The Trinity test near Socorro, New Mexico, was the first-ever test of a nuclear weapon (yield of around 20 kilotons).
1945 (Aug 6): Atomic Bomb Hiroshima - Enola Gay, an American airplane drops nuclear bomb named "Little Boy" over the Hiroshima city, Japan. The bombing claimed lives of about 1,40,000 people and affected many from radiation-related illness.
1945 (Aug 9): US dropped second nuclear bomb named as "Fat Man" over the Nagasaki city, claiming 70,000 lives.
1945 (Aug 15): the twin nuclear bombing led to Japan's unconditional surrender, bringing an end to World War II.
1945 (Aug 15): the twin nuclear bombing led to Japan's unconditional surrender, bringing an end to World War II.
1945 (Aug 18): Indian nationalist leader Subhas Chandra Bose died on 18 August 1945 from third-degree burns sustained after the overloaded bomber in which he was being transported by the Japanese crashed in Taihoku (now Taipei), Japanese Taiwan.
1945 (Oct 24): Foundation of United Nations. "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood." - UN Charter.
1945 (Oct 30): IN-UN. India became a founding member of the UN. Despite it being a British colony, India, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand and Australia were all British colonies but were given independent seats in the United Nations General Assembly.
1945: Paced by wartime needs and spending, Bell Labs and other researchers produced coaxial cable and microwave links that were first used commercially in the years after the war. No longer was it necessary to build an expensive telecommunication network using copper wires. Microwave links required the use of many antenna towers— and a license to use the high-frequency spectrum—but this was less expensive than a traditional wired netwo
rk. Coaxial cable offered the broadband capacity needed to transmit thousands of telephone calls or full-motion video.
1945: Korea was divided into North (protected by the Soviets and China) and South (protected by the US and western Europe).
1945 (Apr 12): US President, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who was supposed to host the first conference on Int'l Organisation died.
1945 (Jun 26): UN Charter signed during a convention of delegates from 50 Allied nations that took place from 25 April 1945 to 26 June 1945 in San Francisco, United States. It marked the first United Nations Conference on International Organization, headed to replace League of Nations.
1945: The organizational body, Shri Ram Chandra Mission (SRCM), was formally registered in 1945 by Shri Ram Chandra. Chandra was born on April 30, 1899 in Shahjahanpur, in a large town in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, India and died on April 19, 1983, at the age of 83.[later transformed into the Sahaj Marg]. After Babuji's Mahasamadhi in 1983, Chariji became the President of the Shri Ram Chandra Mission and the third Raja Yoga master of Sahaj Marg.
1945: Paced by wartime needs and spending, Bell Labs and other researchers produced coaxial cable and microwave links that were first used commercially in the years after the war. No longer was it necessary to build an expensive telecommunication network using copper wires. Microwave links required the use of many antenna towers— and a license to use the high-frequency spectrum—but this was less expensive than a traditional wired netwo
rk. Coaxial cable offered the broadband capacity needed to transmit thousands of telephone calls or full-motion video.
1945: Korea was divided into North (protected by the Soviets and China) and South (protected by the US and western Europe).
1945 (Apr 12): US President, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who was supposed to host the first conference on Int'l Organisation died.
1945 (Jun 26): UN Charter signed during a convention of delegates from 50 Allied nations that took place from 25 April 1945 to 26 June 1945 in San Francisco, United States. It marked the first United Nations Conference on International Organization, headed to replace League of Nations.
1945: The organizational body, Shri Ram Chandra Mission (SRCM), was formally registered in 1945 by Shri Ram Chandra. Chandra was born on April 30, 1899 in Shahjahanpur, in a large town in the northern state of Uttar Pradesh, India and died on April 19, 1983, at the age of 83.[later transformed into the Sahaj Marg]. After Babuji's Mahasamadhi in 1983, Chariji became the President of the Shri Ram Chandra Mission and the third Raja Yoga master of Sahaj Marg.
1945:[Law][India] Chief Labour Commissioner estd; Chief Labour Commissioner estd.
1945:[Crime] Varadarajan was born in Tuticorin, Tamilnadu On 9 Oct 1926. He moved to Mumbai in 1945. Working as a porter at VT Station, he began his criminal life by stealing dock cargo. Varada, as he was fondly called, was hugely popular among the poor Tamil residents in the Dharavi slums. He used the massive Dharavi slums as a safe haven to expand his criminal activities into an underworld empire of extortion, kidnapping, contract killing, land encroachment, illegal gambling and liquor dens, manufacturing illicit liquor and bootlegging. Varada had total control over the distribution racket of illicit liquor. He died on 2 January 1988 (aged 61) in Madras, Tamil Nadu, India.
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1945 (Sep 2): WW2 halted, Lasted for 6 years. WWII
The Great Acceleration begins
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1945 (Sep 2): WW2 halted, Lasted for 6 years. WWII
The Great Acceleration begins
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1945 (Oct 24): UN Charter entered into force. At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; there are now 193. The headquarters of the United Nations is in Manhattan, New York City, and experiences extraterritoriality. Further main offices are situated in Geneva, Nairobi, and Vienna.
1945: Arthur C. Clarke fictioned the satellite.
British science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke disseminated the idea widely, with more details on how it would work, in a 1945 paper entitled "Extra-Terrestrial Relays- Can Rocket Stations Give Worldwide Radio Coverage?", published in Wireless World magazine.
1945: Ration Cards were launched in India.
1945: Mahindra founded as a steel industry.
1945: Much has also been written about Flight 19, a training flight that left from Fort Lauderdale base in Florida in 1945 and never returned. One of the search and rescue aircrafts deployed to look for them, also disappeared. [Bermuda Triangle]
1946:[Book] Autobiography of a Yogi is an autobiography of Paramahansa Yogananda (5 January 1893 – 7 March 1952). Paramahansa Yogananda was born as Mukunda Lal Ghosh in Gorakhpur, India, into a Bengali Hindu family.
1946 (20 Apr): League of Nations was dissolved followed by the inception of United Nations on Jun 26, 1945.
1946: The Cannes FF founded. It is an annual film fest held in Cannes, France. The Golden Palm (The Palme d'Or) is the hisghest prize at the Cannes FF.
1946: Tribhuvandas Kishibhai Patel (alongwith H.M. Dalaya and Verghese Kurien, dairy engineering students from Michigan State University) founded the Kheda Dairy Cooperative Milk Producers' Union Ltd. that went on to become AMUL.
1946: Dev Anand (Dharamdev Anand) born at Shakargarh, Gurdaspur district, Punjab, British India (now in Narowal District, Punjab, Pakistan)
1946: Iftikhar Ali Khan, sometimes I. A. K. Pataudi was the 8th Nawab of Pataudi and the captain of the India national cricket team for the tour to England in 1946. He also played Test cricket for the England team in 1932 and 1934, making him one of the few cricketers to have played Test cricket for two countries and the only Test cricketer to have played for both India and England.
1946 (Mar): Cabinet Mission Plan, 1946
1946 (Oct 29): Ministry of Finance, GoI formed.
1946: The 45-year Cold War between US and USSR, what began in Iran in 1946 lasted for 45 years, until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, in which the U.S. and the Soviets fought proxy wars in Korea and Vietnam, ended with the U.S. emerging victorious. It was the greatest blow to Communism in it’s 70-year existence.
1946: Chaudhary Raghvendra Singh founded DLF, in pre-independent India. A born businessman, he began his real estate career by transforming the urban landscape of Delhi's National Capital Region, providing millions of homes to families displaced by partition who settled in the 22 urban colonies.
1946:[Computer] Kathleen Booth worked at Birkbeck College, 1946–62. She travelled to the United States as Andrew Booth's research assistant in 1947, visiting with John von Neumann at Princeton. Upon returning to the UK, she co-authored "General Considerations in the Design of an All Purpose Electronic Digital Computer" describing modifications to the original ARC redesign to the ARC2 using a von Neumann architecture. Part of her contribution was the ARC assembly language. She also built and maintained ARC components.
1946:[Aviation][Military] Convair B-36 Peacekeeper Intercontinental Bomber; 435mph @ 43,600ft.
1946:[Technology][Business][APAC][Japan] The Japanese Big Four are the large motorcycle manufacturing companies of Japan: Honda, which produces motorcycles since 1946. Suzuki, which produces motorcycles since 1952. Kawasaki, which produces motorcycles since 1954. Yamaha, which produces motorcycles since 1955.
1946:[Music][Computing] Casio was founded in 1946 in Japan in the aftermath of World War II. The founder, Tadao Kashio (born 26 November 1917, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan and died 4 March 1993), started out by producing mechanical parts. He was joined by his brothers, who had expertise in electronics and by 1949 they had begun producing calculators. Piano.
1946:[Military][India] At the end of the World War II, Field Marshal Claude Auchinleck, then Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army, drawing on experiences of the army during the war, led a committee around the world and submitted a report to the Government of India in December 1946. The committee recommended the establishment of a Joint Services Military Academy, with training modelled on the United States Military Academy at West Point. (NDA)
1947 (Mar 4): the Treaty of Dunkirk was signed by France and the United Kingdom as a Treaty of Alliance and Mutual Assistance in the event of a possible attack by Germany or the Soviet Union in the aftermath of World War II. New color of the world polarization: Blue (of NATO) vs Red (of Communism)?
1947 (Mar 12): The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, which began following World War II. Historians do not fully agree on its starting and ending points, but the period is generally considered to span the 1947 Truman Doctrine (12 March 1947) to the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union (26 December 1991).
The Cold War begins between US and USSR
1947 (Apr): [GeoPolitics] The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is the regional intergovernmental organization and geopolitical union of states in South Asia. Its member states are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. SAARC comprises 3% of the world's area, 21% of the world's population and 4.21% (US$3.67 trillion) of the global economy, as of 2019. The idea of co-operation among South Asian Countries was discussed in three conferences: the Asian Relations Conference held in New Delhi in April 1947; the Baguio Conference in the Philippines in May 1950; and the Colombo Powers Conference held in Sri Lanka in April 1954.
1947 (Jun 3): The Mountbatten Plan, 19471947: British Rule ceased to exist. India became independent.
1947: The Indian Independence Act, 1947 of the British Parliament; Partition of India.
1947: first IAS Training School had been set-up in Metcalfe House, Delhi.
1947: Area of India (after partition) 4,226,734 km² (1,631,951 sq mi)
1947: Shimla replaced the Lahore as the capital of Punjab till 1966.
1947: India took active part in drafting of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights. Dr. (Mrs). Hansa Mehta, a Gandhian political activist and social worker who led the Indian delegation, had made important contributions in drafting of the Declaration, especially highlighting the need for reflecting gender equality.
1947: Partition Plan for Palestine and creation of State of Israel (1947)
1947: Behold the Spirit: A Study in the Necessity of Mystical Religion, a book by Alan Watts (1915–1973), was first published in 1947 by John Murray Publishers (London). This book is a reworking of Watts' Episcopal divinity degree thesis. Its importance lies partly in its exposition of Watts' earliest attempt to reconcile traditional Anglican theology with a mystical, Buddhist based approach, but also as a personal expression of the mystical experience; The Wisdom of Insecurity (1957)
1947:[Book] The Diary of a Young Girl, also known as The Diary of Anne Frank, is a book of the writings from the Dutch-language diary kept by Anne Frank while she was in hiding for two years with her family during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands. The family was apprehended in 1944, and Anne Frank died of typhus in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in 1945. The diary was retrieved by Miep Gies, who gave it to Anne's father, Otto Frank, the family's only known survivor, just after the Second World War was over. The diary has since been published in more than 70 languages. First published under the title Het Achterhuis. Dagboekbrieven 14 Juni 1942 – 1 Augustus 1944 (The Annex: Diary Notes 14 June 1942 – 1 August 1944) by Contact Publishing in Amsterdam in 1947, the diary received widespread critical and popular attention on the appearance of its English language translation, Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl by Doubleday & Company (United States) and Vallentine Mitchell (United Kingdom) in 1952. Its popularity inspired the 1955 play The Diary of Anne Frank by the screenwriters Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett, which they adapted for the screen for the 1959 movie version. The book is included in several lists of the top books of the 20th century.
1947:[Aviation][Military] Boeing B-4 Stratojet Bomber; 607mph @ 40,500ft.
1947:[Cinema] In 1947, Jackie Robinson becomes the first African-American to play in Major League Baseball in the modern era when he was signed by the Brooklyn Dodgers and faces considerable racism in the process. - 42 (2013).
1947:[Business][Food] When India became independent, Parle launched an ad campaign showcasing its Glucose biscuits as an Indian alternative to the British biscuits. The Parle brand became well known in India following the success of products such as the Parle-G biscuits.
1947: The cheetah is believed to have disappeared from the Indian landscape in 1947 when Maharaja Ramanuj Pratap Singh Deo of Koriya princely state hunted down and shot the last three recorded Asiatic cheetahs in India.
1948: Puma founded by Rudolf Dassler at Herzogenaurach, Germany. No. of Emp (end 2015): 11,351.
1948: LP Records by Peter Goldmark.; Jukebox by Robert Hope-Jones.
1948(30 Jan): Gandhiji died aged 78 at New Delhi, Delhi, India.
1948: Industrial Finance Corp. of India.
1948: Ulmale Industries Limited was incorporated in 1948; Grasim is the largest exporter of Viscose Rayon Fiber in the country, with exports to over 50 countries.
1948: Odisha, Rajsthan, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir got their present-day capitals as Bhubaneshwar, Jaipur, Shimla and Srinagar/Jammu resp.
1948: Publication of Norbert Wiener’s Cybernetics.
1948: Paula Scher born. She is an American graphic designer, painter and art educator in design, and the first female principal at Pentagram, which she joined in 1991.
1948: During one of his court hearings, he told a judge: “A writer picks up his pen only when his sensibility is hurt.” After partition, in January 1948, Manto returned to Lahore and faced a number of financial and professional challenges. He went into depression and started to drink heavily and, eventually, his excessive drinking claimed his life at the tender age of 42, on Jan 18, 1955. Indeed, Manto was right when he said: “Sadaat Hasan will die but Manto will live on.”
1948: LPs
1948 (Apr 16): [GeoPolitics] OECD founded. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development is an intergovernmental economic organisation with 38 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade. It is a forum of countries describing themselves as committed to democracy and the market economy, providing a platform to compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practices and coordinate domestic and international policies of its members. The majority of OECD members are high-income economies with a very high Human Development Index and are regarded as developed countries. As of 2017, the OECD member countries collectively comprised 62.2% of global nominal GDP and 42.8% of global GDP at purchasing power parity. The OECD is an official United Nations observer.
1948 (Jun 24): The Berlin Blockade (24 June 1948 – 12 May 1949) was one of the first major international crises of the Cold War. During the multinational occupation of post–World War II Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies' railway, road, and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Western control.
1948:[Book] Dale Carneige's How to Stop Worrying and Start Living
1948:[Book][Fiction] No Longer Human (人間失格, Ningen Shikkaku) is a 1948 Japanese novel by Osamu Dazai. It is considered Dazai's masterpiece and ranks as the second-best selling novel ever in Japan, behind Natsume Sōseki's Kokoro. The literal translation of the title, discussed by Donald Keene in his preface to the English translation, is "Disqualified From Being Human".
1948:[Music][India] Lata Mangeshkar's first major break with the song Dil Mera Toda O Mujhe Kahi Ka Na Chhoda in film Majboor.
1948:[Law][India] Atomic Energy Commission of India estd.
1948:[Technology] The first article on the history of ultrasound was witten. According to its author, during the First World War, a Russian engineer named Chilowski submitted an idea for submarine detection to the French Government. The latter invited Paul Langevin, then Director of the School of Physics and Chemistry in Paris, to evaluate it. Chilowski's proposal was to excite a cylindrical, mica condenser by a high-frequency Poulsen arc at approximately 100 kHz and thus to generate an ultrasound beam for detecting submerged objects.
1949: Asssembly language (asm) first appeared.
1949: Republic of China turned to People's Republic of China.
1949: Delhi Public School Society, one of the largest institutions providing education at school level in India and abroad was founded by Pinkesh Barjatiya and later developed by Anant Barjatiya. After this Rear Admin Anant Barjatiya has been appointed as new vice-chairman of Delhi Public School Society. Delhi Public School, Mathura Road, founded in 1949 by educationist Reverend James Douglas Tytler was the first Delhi Public School.
1949: ETS' GRE started. The Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) is a standardized test that is an admissions requirement for most Graduate Schools in the United States.
1949: Kochhi was the capital of Kerela till 1956.
1949: Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver published 'The Mathematical Theory of Communication'.
1949: Roasting, a comedic art form originated in New York- AIB
1949: Syed Amir Haider Kamal Naqvi, popularly known as Kamal Amrohi (17 January 1918 – 11 February 1993) was an Indian film director and screenwriter. He was a Shi'a Muslim and an Urdu and Hindi poet. He is famous for his Hindi films such as Mahal (1949), Pakeezah (1972) and Razia Sultan (1983). He established Kamal Pictures (Mahal Films) in 1953 and Kamalistan Studio in Bombay in 1958.
1949: Republic of China turned to People's Republic of China.
1949: Delhi Public School Society, one of the largest institutions providing education at school level in India and abroad was founded by Pinkesh Barjatiya and later developed by Anant Barjatiya. After this Rear Admin Anant Barjatiya has been appointed as new vice-chairman of Delhi Public School Society. Delhi Public School, Mathura Road, founded in 1949 by educationist Reverend James Douglas Tytler was the first Delhi Public School.
1949: ETS' GRE started. The Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) is a standardized test that is an admissions requirement for most Graduate Schools in the United States.
1949: Kochhi was the capital of Kerela till 1956.
1949: Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver published 'The Mathematical Theory of Communication'.
1949: Roasting, a comedic art form originated in New York- AIB
1949: Syed Amir Haider Kamal Naqvi, popularly known as Kamal Amrohi (17 January 1918 – 11 February 1993) was an Indian film director and screenwriter. He was a Shi'a Muslim and an Urdu and Hindi poet. He is famous for his Hindi films such as Mahal (1949), Pakeezah (1972) and Razia Sultan (1983). He established Kamal Pictures (Mahal Films) in 1953 and Kamalistan Studio in Bombay in 1958.
1949 (Jan 10):[Day] Vishwa Hindi Diwas is an annual event observed on January 10. World Hindi Day was created to mark the occasion when Hindi was first spoken at the UNGA in 1949. With nearly 600 million speakers worldwide, Hindi is the third most widely spoken language in the world after Mandarin Chinese and English.
1949 (Jan 15):[Day] Every year 15 January is observed as Indian Army Day because on this day in 1949 field Marshal Kodandera M Cariappa took over as the first Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army from General Sir Francis Butcher, the last British Commander-in-Chief.
1949 (Apr 4): the North Atlantic Treaty was signed, later leading to formation of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) of 12 member countries. In 1948, The Treaty of Dunkirk alliance was expanded to include the Benelux countries, in the form of the Western Union, also referred to as the Brussels Treaty Organization (BTO), established by the Treaty of Brussels. Talks for a new military alliance, which could also include North America, resulted in the signature of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949 by the member states of the Western Union plus the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland.
1949 (Oct 1): The Establishment of Maoist China. In the aftermath of the Second World War, China was involved in a bitter civil war between the Communists led by Mao Tse Tung, and the Nationalists by Chiang Kai-shek. On October 1st, 1949, the triumphant Communist Party established the People’s Republic of China. This created another powerful Communist State in the most populated country in the world.
1949 (Oct 1): The Establishment of Maoist China. In the aftermath of the Second World War, China was involved in a bitter civil war between the Communists led by Mao Tse Tung, and the Nationalists by Chiang Kai-shek. On October 1st, 1949, the triumphant Communist Party established the People’s Republic of China. This created another powerful Communist State in the most populated country in the world.
1949: China's population growth rate surpassed the world average from 1949 to the late 1970s. Under Mao's leadership, the government promoted pro-natal policies and remunerated families not according to their productivity but by the number of workers.
1949:[Book] Benjamin Graham's The Intelligent Investor
1949:[Book] Joseph Campbell's The Hero with a Thousand Faces, a work of comparative mythology in which the author discusses his theory of the mythological structure of the journey of the archetypal hero found in world myths. [12 stages of the hero's journey; The hero's journey]
1949:[Book] Nobel Prize in Literature to William Faulkner. From the early 1920s to the outbreak of World War II, Faulkner published 13 novels and many short stories. This body of work formed the basis of his reputation and earned him the Nobel Prize at age 52 (1949)
1949:[Book] Nineteen Eighty-Four (also stylised as 1984) is a dystopian social science fiction novel and cautionary tale written by English writer George Orwell. It was published on 8 June 1949 by Secker & Warburg as Orwell's ninth and final book completed in his lifetime. Thematically, it centres on the consequences of totalitarianism, mass surveillance and repressive regimentation of people and behaviours within society. Orwell, a democratic socialist, modelled the totalitarian government in the novel after Stalinist Russia and Nazi Germany. More broadly, the novel examines the role of truth and facts within politics and the ways in which they are manipulated.
1949:[Computer] The IBM 024 Card Punch and IBM 026 Printing Card Punch were announced in 1949.
1950s: IAS Staff College, Shimla functioned auxillary to IAS Tng. School, Delhi.
1950s: Punjabi Suba movement, that lead to the formation of present day Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh.
1950s: Until the 1950s vacuum tube diodes were used more frequently in radios because the early point-contact type semiconductor diodes were less stable.
1950s: Punjabi Suba movement, that lead to the formation of present day Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh.
1950s: Until the 1950s vacuum tube diodes were used more frequently in radios because the early point-contact type semiconductor diodes were less stable.
1950s:[Computing][Research] The concept of regular expressions began in the 1950s, when the American mathematician Stephen Cole Kleene formalized the description of a regular language. They came into common use with Unix text-processing utilities. Different syntaxes for writing regular expressions have existed since the 1980s, one being the POSIX standard and another, widely used, being the Perl syntax.
1950s:[Space][Research] In astrophysics, an event horizon is a boundary beyond which events cannot affect an observer. Wolfgang Rindler coined the term in the 1950s.
1950s:[Maths][Computing] In the mid to late 20th-century, ideas of algorithmic information theory introduced new dimensions to the field via the concept of algorithmic randomness. (randomness). Although randomness had often been viewed as an obstacle and a nuisance for many centuries, in the twentieth century computer scientists began to realize that the deliberate introduction of randomness into computations can be an effective tool for designing better algorithms. In some cases, such randomized algorithms are able to outperform the best deterministic methods.
1950s:[Business][Food] Parle Products (1950s), led by Vijay, Sharad and Raj Chauhan (owner of the brands such as Parle-G, 20-20, Magix, Milkshakti, Melody, Mango Bite, Poppins, Londonderry, Kismi Toffee Bar, Monaco and KrackJack).
1950s: K2 is known as the Savage Mountain after climber George Bell said "It's a savage mountain that tries to kill you" after an expedition in the 1950s. As of 2022, A total of 66 people have died from 284 attempts.
1950 (Jan 26): birth of the Republic of India. (2 yrs and 4 months after Independence from the British)1950 (Jan 26): Govind Ballabh Pant, Premier of United Provinces, became the first Chief Minister of the newly renamed Uttar Pradesh. .
1950 (Jan 28): establishment of the Supreme Court of India and cessation of the Federal Court of India after 13 years of functioning. H. J. Kania of Bombay High Court was the inaugural CJI for almost 2 years.
1950 (Jun 1): Int'l Day for protection of Children
1950: CAT (Common Admission Test) started by The Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) for selecting students for their business administration programs.
1950 (Jan 26): The United Province was renamed to Uttar Pradesh on, headed by the Governor of Uttar Pradesh.
1950: Indian Railway was nationalised.
1950: fall in the readership of Hindi literature started rapidly.
1950: Dinkar wrote Singhasan Khaali Karo ke Janta Aati Hai. In 1972, Jai Prakash Narain recited the poem in his campaign,
1950: China had a population of 552.0 million people.
1950:[Cinema] High Treason(1929)
1950 (Jan):[India][Education] The idea of National Service Scheme (NSS) was first considered by the Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE) at its meeting.
1950:[Law]{India] Election Commission (ECI) estd.
1950:[Day] On 26 November, 1949 the Indian Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution the supreme law of the land and replaced the Government of India Act 1935. It came into effect on 26 January 1950 with a democratic government system. This day marks the largest parade that took place at Rajpath, Delhi every year.
1951: Section 3 of AIS Act,1951 and the rules and regulations made by the government prescribe the selection process for the IAS. Similar provisions exist for IPS and IFoS.
1951: The first 5-year plan (1951-1956) was presented in the parliament by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru in December 1951. The model was based Harrod-Domar Model. It was mainly focused in development of the primary sector.
1951: Raj Kapoor's Awaara (आवारा ) presented the city as both a nightmare and a dream.
1951: During this decade, population increased by 781 lakh (+78M). It is the highest increase in one decade. Also see 1971.
1951 (Nov 1): [GeoPolitics] The Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty (ANZUS or ANZUS Treaty) is the 1951 collective security non-binding agreement between Australia and New Zealand and, separately, Australia and the United States, to co-operate on military matters in the Pacific Ocean region, although today the treaty is taken to relate to conflicts worldwide. It provides that an armed attack on any of the three parties would be dangerous to the others, and that each should act to meet the common threat. It set up a committee of foreign ministers that can meet for consultation.
1951:[Book] J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye is an all-time classic in coming-of-age literature- an elegy to post-war teenage alienation. The novel details two days in the life of 16-year-old angst-ridden teen, Holden Caulfield after he has been expelled from prep school. Salinger wrote his first work in 1948.
1951:[Law][India] Finance Commission (FCI) estd.
1951:[APAC][Polity][Art] After a 1951 revolution overturned the totalitarian Rana dynasty that had ruled the country for more than a century, Nepal opened its borders to the world. Western academics and tourists bought statues and carvings looted by locals, often from temples in the Kathmandu Valley, then took their purchases out of the country. The trafficking reached a peak in the 1970s and 1980s.
1951:[Extreme][Research] Challenger II surveyed the Mariana trench using echo sounding, a much more precise and vastly easier way to measure depth than the sounding equipment and drag lines used in the original expedition. During this survey, the deepest part of the trench was recorded when the Challenger II measured a depth of 5,960 fathoms (10,900 metres; 35,760 feet) at 11°19′N 142°15′E, known as the Challenger Deep.
1952: Z-Transform got the name. This transformation is a way to treat sampled-data control systems used with radar. It gives a tractable way to solve linear, constant-coefficient difference equations. the way was dubbed "the z-transform" by Ragazzini and Zadeh in the sampled-data control group at Columbia University. From a mathematical view the Z-transform can also be viewed as a Laurent series where one views the sequence of numbers under consideration as the (Laurent) expansion of an analytic function.
1952: Asiatic cheetahs once roamed the grasslands of the Indian subcontinent for many centuries alongside lions, tigers, and leopards until they became a hunting target of princely rulers and British colonizers. In 1952, they were officially declared extinct in India.
1952: IAS computer prototype completed. It consist of main memory + ALU + CU + I/O.
1952: Egypt became Independent.
1952: Vikram Seth CBE was born. He is an Indian novelist and poet. He has written several novels and poetry books. He has received several awards including Padma Shri, Sahitya Akademi Award, Pravasi Bharatiya Samman, WH Smith Literary Award and Crossword Book Award.
1952: Notaries Act,1952, (India)
1952: India's first general election took place. Congress Party won.
1952: Egypt became Independent.
1952: Vikram Seth CBE was born. He is an Indian novelist and poet. He has written several novels and poetry books. He has received several awards including Padma Shri, Sahitya Akademi Award, Pravasi Bharatiya Samman, WH Smith Literary Award and Crossword Book Award.
1952: Notaries Act,1952, (India)
1952: India's first general election took place. Congress Party won.
1952 (Feb 24): [GoI] - ESIC estd. Employees' State Insurance Corporation
1952 (Mar 4): [GoI] - EPFO estd. Employees' Provident Fund Organisation
1952 (May 20): Gobing Ballabh Pant's term ended as first Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh.
1952: In Dublin, Erwin Schrödinger gave a lecture in which he jocularly warned his audience that what he was about to say might "seem lunatic." He said that, when his Nobel equations seemed to describe several different histories, these were "not alternatives, but all really happen simultaneously." This is the earliest known reference to the 'multiverse'.
1952 (Aug 17): [US] Eric H. Monkkonen born in Kansas City, Missouri. Eric Henry Monkkonen was an American urban and social science historian who conducted authoritative studies on the history of crime as well as urban development.
1952 (Nov 1): Mushroom cloud of the Ivy Mike nuclear test, 1952; one of more than a thousand such tests conducted by the US between 1945 and 1992. Ivy Mike was detonated on November 1, 1952, by the United States on the island of Elugelab in Enewetak Atoll, in the now independent island nation of the Marshall Islands, as part of Operation Ivy. It was the first full test of the Teller–Ulam design, a staged fusion device.
1952:[Book] The Power of Positive Thinking. For half a century, Norman Vincent Peale was one of the most influential clergymen in the United States. Brilliantly combining the wisdom of Christianity with a deep understanding of human psychology.
1952:[Aviation][Military] Boeing B-52 Stratofortress Bomber; 652mph @ 50,000ft.
1952:[Technology][Business][APAC][Japan] Suzuki started motorcycle production in Japan.
1952:[NSE][PSU] MoPaNG's Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) is an Indian public sector undertaking under the ownership of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of India. It operates three refineries in Bina, Kochi and Mumbai.
1952:[US][Economy] 1952 - Much of the wealth has been locked up in the Rockefeller family trust of 1934 (which holds the bulk of the fortune and matures on the death of the fourth generation) and the trust of 1952, both administered by Chase Bank, the corporate successor to Chase Manhattan Bank.
1953: DNA Double Helix.
1953: GMAC's GMAT (Graduate Management Admission Test) is a computer adaptive test (CAT) intended to assess certain analytical, writing, quantitative, verbal, and reading skills in written English for use in admission to a graduate management program, such as an MBA. It requires knowledge of certain grammar and knowledge of certain algebra, geometry, and arithmetic. The GMAT does not measure business knowledge or skill, nor does it measure intelligence.
1953 (Mar 5): Joseph Stalin aged 74 died. China and the USSR remained allies until Stalin died. When Khrushchev succeeded Stalin and made his huge denunciation of him and announced a policy of detente and coexistence with the West, Mao threw a fit and all but declared war on the USSR, declaring them “revisionists”, “fascists”, “capitalist roaders” and God knows what besides!
1953:[Computer] In late 1953, John W. Backus submitted a proposal to his superiors at IBM to develop a more practical alternative to assembly language for programming their IBM 704 mainframe computer. A draft specification for The IBM Mathematical Formula Translating System was completed by November 1954. The first manual for FORTRAN appeared in October 1956, with the first FORTRAN compiler delivered in April 1957. The initial release of FORTRAN for the IBM 704 contained 32 statements (incl. popular IF, GOTO, DO; I/O opcodes like READ, WRITE, PRINT, PUNCH, READ/WRITE TAPE/DRUM; and others like PAUSE, STOP, CONTINUE, REWIND, BACKSPACE, END FILE etc.). Before the development of disk files, text editors and terminals, programs were most often entered on a keypunch keyboard onto 80-column punched cards, one line to a card. The resulting deck of cards would be fed into a card reader to be compiled. Punched card codes included no lower-case letters or many special characters, and special versions of the IBM 026 keypunch were offered that would correctly print the re-purposed special characters used in FORTRAN.
1953:[Law][India] States Re-organisation Commission estd.
1953:[Law][India] States Re-organisation Commission estd.
1953:[English] Jitendra Narayan Dash, who writes under the pseudonym of Dash Benhur is a Sahitya Akademi award winner writer from Odisha. He was born in Khandapada in Nayagarh district, Odisha. He retired as the Principal of Samanta Chandra Sekhara College, Puri. He is a founder member of Aama Odisha.
1954 (Apr 29): The Panchsheel Agreement, otherwise known as the Five Principles of Coexistence, are a set of principles to govern relations between states. They were first codified during an agreement between Indian and China in 1954. The 5 principles were emphasized by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Premier Zhou Enlai in a broadcast speech made at the time of Asian Prime Ministers Conference in Colombo, Sri Lanka after signing the Sino-Indian Agreement in Beijing.
1954 (Nov 20): UK proclaimed the Universal Children's Day for the first time.
1954 (Sep 29): CERN (Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire) European Organization for Nuclear Research was founded.
1954 (Sep 8): The Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty, or Manila Pact, was signed in Manila, as part of the American Truman Doctrine of creating anti-communist bilateral and collective defense treaties.
1954 (Jan 2): First Bharat Ratna was awarded to Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, C. Rajagopalachari, and C. V. Raman.
1954 (Jan 2): First Padma Vibhushan was awarded to Satyendra Nath Bose, Nand Lal Bose, Zakir Hussain, Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher, Jigme Dorji Wangchuk, V. K. Krishna Menon
1954: National Film Awards (India) estd.
1954: Pondicherry became the admin and legislative capital of Puducherry.
1954: David Carson born. He is an American graphic designer, art director and surfer. He is best known for his innovative magazine design, and use of experimental typography.
1954 (Jan 2): First Bharat Ratna was awarded to Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, C. Rajagopalachari, and C. V. Raman.
1954 (Jan 2): First Padma Vibhushan was awarded to Satyendra Nath Bose, Nand Lal Bose, Zakir Hussain, Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher, Jigme Dorji Wangchuk, V. K. Krishna Menon
1954: National Film Awards (India) estd.
1954: Pondicherry became the admin and legislative capital of Puducherry.
1954: David Carson born. He is an American graphic designer, art director and surfer. He is best known for his innovative magazine design, and use of experimental typography.
1954:[Book] Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American novelist, short-story writer, journalist, and sportsman. His economical and understated style—which he termed the iceberg theory—had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his adventurous lifestyle and his public image brought him admiration from later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and he was awarded the 1954 Nobel Prize in Literature. He published seven novels, six short-story collections, and two nonfiction works. Three of his novels, four short-story collections, and three nonfiction works were published posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of American literature.
1954:[Technology][Business][APAC][Japan] Kawasaki started motorcycle production in Japan.
1954:[Cinema] In 1954, a U.S. Marshal investigates the disappearance of a murderer who escaped from a hospital for the criminally insane. - Shutter Island (2010)
1954 (Apr 20):[Space][Research][India] Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIOS) is a research institute situated at Manora Peak (1,951 m (6,401 ft)), about 9 km from Nainital, a popular hill station. in Kumaon, Uttarakhand which specializes in astronomy, solar physics, astrophysics and atmospheric science. It is an autonomous body under the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India.
1954:[Business][Food] Complan was launched by Glaxo. As part of Glaxo's Farley Health Products subsidiary, the Complan UK brand was sold to Boots in 1988. In India, Complan remained with Glaxo until 1994, when it was acquired by Heinz, who also acquired the UK brand in the same year. Its USP was that it was the complete planned food. Complan Foods is a British company that makes powdered milk energy drinks. It was acquired by Danone in 2011. In India the Complan brand is owned by the Zydus Wellness.
1954:[GoI][CPSU] Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) is an Indian Government-owned aerospace and defence electronics company. It primarily manufactures advanced electronic products for ground and aerospace applications. BEL is one of sixteen PSUs under the Ministry of Defence of India.
1954 (Jan):[GoI] The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) is India's premier nuclear research facility, headquartered in Trombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It was founded by Homi Jehangir Bhabha as the Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay in January 1954 as a multidisciplinary research program essential for India's nuclear program.
1955:[Extreme][Travel][UK] The 1955 British Kangchenjunga expedition succeeded in climbing the 28,168-foot (8,586 m) Kangchenjunga, the third highest mountain in the world, for the first time. The expedition complied with a request from the Sikkim authorities that the summit should not be trodden on so the climbers deliberately stopped about five feet below the summit. George Band and Joe Brown reached the top on 25 May 1955, and they were followed the next day by Norman Hardie and Tony Streather. The expedition was led by Charles Evans who had been deputy leader on the 1953 British Mount Everest expedition.
1955:[Education][UK][Public] University of Exeter founded.
1955 (Jan): ICICI1955: ENIAC was dis-assembled by US Army's BRL.
1955(Apr 15): McDonald's founded at Des Plaines, Illinois, United States by Ray Kroc.
1955: Citizenship Act, 1955 (Used to provide proof of DoB in India)
1955: First All India Engineering Entrance Exam in India (held by and for IIT Kharagpur)
1955: Imperial Bank, the then largest bank was nationalised and rechristened as SBI.
1955:[Art] In September 1954, Marilyn Monroe began filming Billy Wilder's comedy The Seven Year Itch, starring opposite Tom Ewell as a woman who becomes the object of her married neighbor's sexual fantasies. Although the film was shot in Hollywood, the studio decided to generate advance publicity by staging the filming of a scene in which Monroe is standing on a subway grate with the air blowing up the skirt of her white dress on Lexington Avenue in Manhattan. The shoot lasted for several hours and attracted nearly 2,000 spectators. The "subway grate scene" became one of Monroe's most famous and The Seven Year Itch became one of the biggest commercial successes of the year after its release in June 1955.
1955:[Book] Lolita is a 1955 novel written by Russian-American novelist Vladimir Nabokov. The novel is notable for its controversial subject: the protagonist and unreliable narrator, a French middle-aged literature professor under the pseudonym Humbert Humbert, is obsessed with an American 12-year-old girl, Dolores Haze, whom he sexually molests after he becomes her stepfather. "Lolita" is his private nickname for Dolores. The novel was originally written in English and first published in Paris in 1955 by Olympia Press. Later it was translated into Russian by Nabokov himself and published in New York City in 1967 by Phaedra Publishers.
1955:[Computer] Stan Poley wrote the Symbolic Optimal Assembly Program or SOAP assembly language for the IBM 650 computer.
1955:[Technology][Business][APAC][Japan] Yamaha started motorcycle production in Japan.1956: 2G or Second Generation of Computers starts (Transistors), lasted for 7 years.
1956 (Sep 25): no cable connection existed until TAT-1 was inaugurated this day, providing 36 telephone circuits.
TAT-1 (Transatlantic No. 1), carrying 36 telephone channels was the first transatlantic telephone cable system. It was laid between Gallanach Bay, near Oban, Scotland and Clarenville, Newfoundland by the cable ship Monarch.
In the first 24 hours of public service there were 588 London–U.S. calls and 119 from London to Canada. The capacity of the cable was soon increased to 48 channels. Later, an additional three channels were added by use of C Carrier equipment. Time-assignment speech interpolation (TASI) was implemented on the TAT-1 cable in June 1960 and effectively increased the cable's capacity from 37 (out of 51 available channels) to 72 speech circuits. TAT-1 was finally retired in 1978. Later coaxial cables, installed through the 1970s, used transistors and had higher bandwidth. The Moscow–Washington hotline was initially connected through this system.
The cable consisted of seven copper wires, each weighing 26 kg/km (107 pounds per nautical mile), covered with three coats of gutta-percha (as suggested by Jonathan Nash Hearder[4]), weighing 64 kg/km (261 pounds per nautical mile), and wound with tarred hemp, over which a sheath of 18 strands, each of seven iron wires, was laid in a close spiral. It weighed nearly 550 kg/km (1.1 tons per nautical mile), was relatively flexible and was able to withstand a pull of several tens of kilonewtons (several tons). It was made jointly by two English firms – Glass, Elliot & Co., of Greenwich, and R. S. Newall & Co., of Birkenhead. Late in manufacturing it was discovered that the respective sections had been made with strands twisted in opposite directions. While the two sections proved a simple matter to join, this mistake subsequently became magnified in the public mind.
1956: All India Radio adopted आकाशवाणी as their on-air name.
1956 (Sep): LIC estd. and HQ'd at Mumbai.
1956 (Nov 1): Madhya Bharat was merged into Madhya Pradesh, the state capital was shifted from Indore to Bhopal.
1956: NCT (Delhi), Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerela, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Andman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep got their present day capitals as Delhi, Bhopal, Bengaluru, T'puram, H'bad, Port Blair and Kavaratti resp.
1956: After 1956, China and the USSR were no longer on speaking terms and were mutually hostile. China’s foreign policy was reset on the principle of “first oppose the USSR, then oppose Western Imperialism”. This meant China often allied with right-wing anticommunist regimes and movements against Soviet-aligned communist and socialist countries.
1956: The world's first democratically elected communist government came to power. After the formation of the Kerala state in 1956, elections were announced in the state next year. The Communist Party of India emerged as the single largest party in the 1957 Kerala Assembly elections. The election was fought under the leadership of EMS Namboodiripad. The Communist Party of India contested 101 of the 126 seats and won 60 capturing more than 40 per cent of the vote share. The Indian National Congress contested 124 seats but won only 43. The CPI, with the help of five other independent MLAs, formed the government. According to the biography of former US Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker, "the election results rang alarm bells in Washington". But the GoI wasn't able to complete its tenure and was dismissed by the central government through the controversial Article 356 of the Indian constitution.
1956: The Strangest Secret was a 1956 spoken word record by Earl Nightingale, which sold over one million copies and received the first Gold Record for the spoken word, which helped launch the fields of business motivation and audio publishing. It was later adapted into print (44-page essay) and video forms. The teachings focus on nonconformity and self-education, and summarizes that "You are now, and you do become, what you think about."
1956:[Aviation][Military] Convair B-58 Hustler Bomber; 1319mph @ 63,400ft.
1956 (Jun 24):[Aviation][Military] The Sukhoi Su-9 (NATO reporting name: Fishpot) was a single- engine, all-weather, missile -armed interceptor aircraft developed by the Soviet Union . The Su-9 emerged from aerodynamic studies by TsAGI, the Soviet aerodynamic center, during the Korean War, which devised several optimum aerodynamic configurations for jet fighters.
1956:[Law][India] University Grants Commission (UGC) estd.; Khadi and Village Industries Commission (KVIC) estd.
1956:[Music] The Sabri Brothers were a musical band from Pakistan who were performers of Sufi qawwali music and were closely connected to the Chishti Order. They are considered one of the greatest Sufi qawwali singers of all times. The Sabri Brothers were led by Ghulam Farid Sabri (1956-94) and his brother Maqbool Ahmed Sabri (1955-11), and later by Amjad Fareed Sabri (1982-16).
1956:[Who][Polity]Pawar's first political activity was when he was a school-going student. He organized a protest march for Goan Independence in Pravaranagar in 1956. At college, he was active in student politics. Although his older lawyer brother belonged to Peasants and Workers Party, the young Pawar preferred the Congress party and joined Youth Congress in 1958. He later became the president of Poona district (now Pune district) youth Congress in 1962. By 1964, he was one of the two secretaries of Maharashtra youth congress and in regular contact with influential leaders of the party.
1956:[NSE][PSU] The Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited is an Indian central public sector undertaking under the ownership of Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of India. The company is headquartered in Delhi. ONGC was founded on 14 August 1956 by the Government of India.
1957 (Fri, Oct 4, 7:28 PM): Pushed by the cold war missile race, the world's first artificial satellite came just 12 years later as the Soviet Union launched Sputnik (now, Sputnik 1) from Baikonur 1/5 into a LEO situated at 577km amsl, It was a 58 cm diameter polished metal sphere, with four external radio antennae to broadcast radio pulses, into a low Earth orbit. Early military satellite communications followed the same low-orbit path.
1957: … there was Sputnik, and President Dwight D. Eisenhower said, “This is bad.” And so he founded ARPA, the Advanced Research Projects Agency.
1957 (Oct 26): last contact with Sputnik 1.
1957: L Billington's "Radio Propagation Fundamentals" was published in Bell System Tech Journal.
1957: … there was Sputnik, and President Dwight D. Eisenhower said, “This is bad.” And so he founded ARPA, the Advanced Research Projects Agency.
1957 (Oct 26): last contact with Sputnik 1.
1957: L Billington's "Radio Propagation Fundamentals" was published in Bell System Tech Journal.
1957: A numerical control programming tool named PRONTO, developed by Dr. Patrick J. Hanratty. For that reason he is most often referred to as "the father of CAD-CAM".
1957: Guru Dutt's Pyaasa critiqued the unrealities of city life.
1957: Mehboob Khan's Mother India , which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.
1957: Joe Engressia, a blind seven-year-old boy with perfect pitch, discovered that whistling the fourth E above middle C (a frequency of 2600 Hz) would interact with AT&T's implementation of fully automatic switches, thereby inadvertently opening the door for phreaking.
1957: Mehboob Khan's Mother India , which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.
1957: Joe Engressia, a blind seven-year-old boy with perfect pitch, discovered that whistling the fourth E above middle C (a frequency of 2600 Hz) would interact with AT&T's implementation of fully automatic switches, thereby inadvertently opening the door for phreaking.
1957:[Music][India] Jaane Wo Kaise Log The Jinke Pyar Ko Pyar Mila sung by Hemant Kumar. Song: Jane Woh Kaise Log The Artist: Hemant Kumar Songwriters: Sahir Ludhianvi Music: Sachin Dev Burman Starcast's: Guru Dutt, Mala Sinha, Rehman, Waheeda Rehman Movie : Pyaasa.
1957:[Music][India][APAC] Lata Mangeshkar's song Aye Maalik Tere Bande Hum which was the original composition of Vasant Desai and used in the film Do Aankhen Barah Haath on 1957, was adapted by a Pakistani school as the school anthem on Sep 5, 2011.
1957:[Music][India][APAC] Lata Mangeshkar's song Aye Maalik Tere Bande Hum which was the original composition of Vasant Desai and used in the film Do Aankhen Barah Haath on 1957, was adapted by a Pakistani school as the school anthem on Sep 5, 2011.
1957:[Gaming][Polity] The Amusement & Music Operators (AMOA), a trade founded. It was composed by 1,700 members up to 1995. In music industry, forged license-compliance programs with right groups ASCAP, BMI or SESAC, and it represented the country's licensed jukebox owners.
1958 (Jan 1): EU founded. Treaty of Rome.
1958: Hush Puppies founded at US.
1958 (Jan 1): EU founded. Treaty of Rome.
1958: Hush Puppies founded at US.
1958: Seymour Cray developed the first transistorized supercomputer for the Control Data Corporation in 1958. He introduced the CDC 6600, the first supercomputer with parallel processing.
1958 (May): BTEUP or Uttar Pradesh Board of Technical Education, an education company, is the board which provides technical education to students in Uttar Pradesh, India, after completing their junior engineers course.1958 (May 12):[Space] North American Aerospace Defense Command (NAADC), known until March 1981 as the North American Air Defense Command, is a combined organization of the United States and Canada that provides aerospace warning, air sovereignty, and protection for Canada and the continental United States. Headquarters for NORAD and the NORAD/United States Northern Command center are located at Peterson Space Force Base in El Paso County, near Colorado Springs, Colorado. The nearby Cheyenne Mountain Complex has the Alternate Command Center. The NORAD commander and deputy commander are, respectively, a United States four-star general or equivalent and a Canadian lieutenant-general or equivalent. NORAD re-locate 100s of satellite after each geomagnetic storm as they have been knocked out of their old orbits.
1957:[Extreme][Research] the Soviet vessel Vityaz reported a depth of Mariana trench to be 11,034 m (36,201 ft; 6,033 fathoms) at a location dubbed the Mariana Hollow.
1958 (Nov 3): CISCE (Council for the Indian School Certificate Exam) founded at Nehru Place, New Delhi. It consucts ICSE and ISC exam for Class X and Class XII resp. in India. It is a Non-Gov. Board of School Edu.
1958: Uttar Pradesh Small Industries Corporation Ltd. founded. It is a company registered under the Company Law Act of 1956 – wholly owned by the State Government of Uttar Pradesh.
1958 (Jul 25): IIT Bombay was the second IIT to be established in 1958 with assistance from UNESCO and with funds contributed by the Soviet Union. with 100 students. These students were selected from over 3,400 applicants for admission to the first year undergraduate engineering programmes .
1958: Amitabh Bachchan passed out from Sherwood College, Nainital.
1958 (Aug 29): Michael Jackson was born in Gary, Indiana, United States.
1958: Uttar Pradesh Small Industries Corporation Ltd. founded. It is a company registered under the Company Law Act of 1956 – wholly owned by the State Government of Uttar Pradesh.
1958 (Jul 25): IIT Bombay was the second IIT to be established in 1958 with assistance from UNESCO and with funds contributed by the Soviet Union. with 100 students. These students were selected from over 3,400 applicants for admission to the first year undergraduate engineering programmes .
1958: Amitabh Bachchan passed out from Sherwood College, Nainital.
1958 (Aug 29): Michael Jackson was born in Gary, Indiana, United States.
1958:[Computer] IBM Port-A-Punch: Port-A-Punch; IBM 1958. History of IBM RPG.
1958:[India][Polity] Tribal Panchsheel was given by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru [1889–1964], the first Prime Minister of India in the year 1958.
1958:[Computer] ALGOL (short for "Algorithmic Language"), a family of imperative computer programming languages, was developed jointly by a committee of European and American computer scientists in a meeting in 1958 at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich (cf. ALGOL 58). It specified three different syntaxes: a reference syntax, a publication syntax, and an implementation syntax. The different syntaxes permitted it to use different keyword names and conventions for decimal points (commas vs periods) for different languages.
1958:[Music][India] Ek Pardesi Mera Dil Le Gaya, song by Asha Bhosle and Mohammed Rafi ft. in movie Phagun
1958:[Business][Finance][Housing] Warren Buffet still lives in his house bought in 1958. - 2022
1958:[Space][Research] David Finkelstein used general relativity to introduce a stricter definition of a local black hole event horizon as a boundary beyond which events of any kind cannot affect an outside observer, leading to information and firewall paradoxes, encouraging the re-examination of the concept of local event horizons and the notion of black holes.
1958:[PSU] Hindalco Industries Limited an Indian aluminium and copper manufacturing company, is a subsidiary of the Aditya Birla Group. Its headquarters are at Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. The company is listed in the Forbes Global 2000 at 661st rank. Its market capitalisation by the end of November 2023 was US$15.6 billion.
1958:[PSU] NMDC Limited, formerly National Mineral Development Corporation, is an Indian public sector undertaking HQ'd at H'bad and involved in the exploration of iron ore, copper, rock phosphate, limestone, dolomite, gypsum, bentonite, magnesite, diamond, tin, tungsten, graphite, coal etc.
1959:[Music] Bryan Adams, in full Bryan Guy Adams, (born November 5, 1959, Kingston, Ontario, Canada), Canadian rock singer-songwriter, photographer, and social activist whose hit albums Cuts Like a Knife (1983) and Reckless (1984) made him one of the most popular and successful recording artists of the 1980s.
1959: 17 RECs were established from 1959 onwards in each of the major states.
1959: Television broadcasting began as an experimental telecast in Delhi as part of AIR, but was split off from the radio network as Doordarshan on 1 April 1976.
Pratima Puri was the first newsreader. Salma Sultan joined Doordarshan in 1967, and later became a news anchor. The television service was extended to Bombay (now Mumbai) and Amritsar in 1972. Finally, in 1982, Doordarshan took shape as a National Broadcaster. Krishi Darshan was the first program telecast on Doordarshan. It commenced on 26 January 1967 and is one of the longest running programs on Indian television.
1959: Padma Desai, author of "India: Planning for Industrialization" is the first Asian woman to get a PhD in economics from Harvard university
1959 (Dec 29): "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom", a lecture given by physicist Richard Feynman at an American Physical Society meeting at Caltech, which further laid to the advent of nanotechnology.
1959: IBM RPG was written for IBM 1401 to process punched-cards.
1959: The Gulf rupee (Arabic: روبيه or روبيه خليجيه), also known as the Persian Gulf rupee, was a currency used in the countries of the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Peninsula between 1959 and 1966. It was issued by the Government of India and the Reserve Bank of India and was equivalent to the Indian rupee.
1963 (Jan): Ivan Edward Sutherland submitted a technical report based on a dissertation titled "Sketchpad: A man-machine graphical communication system" for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
1963 (Nov 21): The first rocket launch into space from Indian soil under the leadership of project scientist Praful Bhavsar.
1963: Kohima became the capital of Nagaland.
1963: The first ever reference to malicious hacking is 'telephone hackers' in MIT's student newspaper, The Tech of hackers trying up the lines with Harvard, configuring the PDP-1 to make free calls, war dialing and accumulating large phone bills.
1963: Ellen Lupton born. She is a graphic designer, writer, curator, and educator. Well known for her fascination and study within typography, Lupton decided to expand her love for design and took on the graphic design world.
1964: The CDC 6600 released. It is generally considered the first supercomputer.
1964 (May 27): Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru died.
1965: Ted Nelson gave a presentation titled "A File Structure for the Complex, the Changing, and the Indeterminate." Nelson described to the scientific community his interconnected "docuverse“, an idea similar to Licklider’s Gallactic Network. Nelson coined the term "hypertext“ and “hyperlink”
1965: UCB (United Colors of Benetton) or Benetton Group S.r.l. founded by Luciano Benetton at Ponzano Veneto, Italy. It trades in Clothing, Shoes, Bags and Accessories.. It has 7714 employees and has an annual revenue of 1,529 million Euros (as of 2015).
1965: Gold's Gym International, Inc. is an American chain of international co-ed fitness centers originally started by Joe Gold in Venice Beach, LA, California.
1965: The Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) (or Xizang Autonomous Region) was formally established in 1965 to replace the Tibet Area, an administrative division the PRC inherited from the Republic of China (ROC).
1965: Engineers India Limited (EIL) is a Navratna public-sector undertaking of the Government of India under the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas.
1965: The 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act (USA), which removed origin-country quotas and created employment-based immigration channels, as well as subsequent legislation emphasizing highly skilled immigration provided an entry pathway for a growing number of professionals and students from India. The majority of post-1965 arrivals from India were young, educated urban dwellers, with strong English language skills.
1965: William D. Mathews from MIT found a vulnerability in a CTSS running on an IBM 7094. The standard text editor on the system was designed to be used by one user at a time, working in one directory, and so created a temporary file with a constant name for all instantiations of the editor. The flaw was discovered when two system programmers were editing at the same time and the temporary files for the message-of-the day and the password file became swapped, causing the contents of the system CTSS password file to display to any user logging into the system.
1965: IBM RPG-II was released for IBM System/3.
1966: MeritNet.
1966: Reita Faria won Miss World, became the first Asian to win the title.
1966: Niall Rudd authored Horace: Satires and Epistles and Persius: Satires
1966: Bareli ke bazaar mein, Jhumka gira re. (Movie: Mera Saaya)
1966: CD-ROM. American inventor James T. Russell has been credited with inventing the first system to record digital information on an optical transparent foil that is lit from behind by a high-power halogen lamp. Sony and Philips licensed Russell's patents (then held by a Canadian company, Optical Recording Corp.) in the 1980s.
1966 (Sep 7): the Punjab Reorganisation Act was passed in Parliament, implemented with effect beginning 1 November 1966. Punjab was divided into the state of Punjab and Haryana, with certain areas to Himachal Pradesh. Chandigarh, Haryana and Punjab got Chandigarh as their mutual capital.
1966: Reliance Textiles Industries Pvt Ltd was incorporated in Maharashtra. It established a synthetic fabrics mill in the same year at Naroda in Gujarat.
-----------------------------------------Emergency Period in India (China war) halted------
1968: ARPANET. Created as a network to discuss research ideas and to help the nation survive a nuclear attack.
1969: first moon landing named Apollo 10 capsule.
1969: Logic& Computer Programming introduced.
1969: Scholastic Asian Book Award founded by Nat. Book Dev Council of S'pore (NBDCS) and Scholastic Asia. For 6 to 18 years Asian writers for unpublished manuscript (32000 words). (Prize:S$10000).
1969 (Apr): [GeoPolitics] Russia proposed the organization of a European Security Conference in the same way as it had done in 1954. This led to formation of Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE). CSCE further gave birth to Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) in 1975.
1970s: One of the first rappers at the beginning of the hip hop period, at the end of the 1970s, was also hip hop's first DJ, DJ Kool Herc. Herc, a Jamaican immigrant, started delivering simple raps at his parties, which some claim were inspired by the Jamaican tradition of toasting.
1970s: BRACT was developed by MBAssociates for the US Air Force's Space and Missile Systems Center.
1971: NE555, the first 555 timer IC was designed by Hans R. Camenzind under contract to Signetics (later acquired by Philips Semiconductors, and now NXP).
1971: Ray Tomlinson sent the first network email using a program called SNDMSG.
1971: TymNet-Packet Switched.
1971: Intel's 4004, a BCD oriented 4-bit microprocessor.
1971: The IBM 3270 is a class of block oriented computer terminal (sometimes called display devices) introduced by IBM. Telnet 3270, or IBM TN3270 describes both the process of sending and receiving 3270 data streams using the Telnet protocol and the software that emulates a 3270 class terminal that communicates using that process.
1972: 4G or Fourth Generation of Computers starts (Microprocessor), lasted for 38 years.
1973: CYCLADESNet.
1973 (Apr 3rd): Motorola manager Martin Cooper placed a cellular phone call (in front of news reporters) to Dr. Joel S. Engel, head of research at AT&T's Bell Labs. This began the era of the handheld cellular mobile phone.
1974 (May): TCP came. the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) published a paper titled "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication" by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn, described an internetworking protocol for sharing resources using packet switching among network nodes. A central control component of this model was the "Transmission Control Program" that incorporated both connection-oriented links and datagram services between hosts.
In the early versions of this technology, there was only one core protocol, which was named TCP. And in fact, these letters didn't even stand for what they do today Transmission Control Protocol, but they were for the Transmission Control Program. The first version of this predecessor of modern TCP was written in 1973, then revised and formally documented in
1974: Mother Dairy was commissioned as a wholly owned subsidiary of the National Dairy Development Board {NDDB}. It was an initiative under Operation Flood, a dairy development program aimed at making India a milk sufficient nation.
1974 (Oct): [India][Culture] Steve Jobs in India. India has always attracted the inhabitants of the western world, who have viewed it as a land of sadhus. Steve Jobs too nurtured these thoughts, and so in the middle of 1974, he visited India along with one of his friends from Reeds college, named Dan Kottke, who would later become the first employee of Apple. He went to India to meet Neem Karoli Baba, but to his dismay Baba was already dead; at around September, 1974.
1975s: Cleve Moler, the chairman of the CS dept. at the University of New Mexico, started developing MATLAB in the late 1970s.
1975 (Nov 4): Staff Selection Commission was formed as Subordinate Services Commission and HQ'd at New Delhi.
1976: X.25 was developed in the ITU-T (formerly CCITT) Study Group VII based upon a number of emerging data network projects. Publicly accessible X.25 networks (Compuserve, Tymnet, Euronet, PSS, Datapac, Datanet 1 and Telenet) were set up in most countries during the 1970s and 1980s, to lower the cost of accessing various online services. Most systems that required X.25 now use TCP/IP, however it is possible to transport X.25 over TCP/IP when necessary.
1976: Intel produced an 8-bit microprocessor named, 8085.
1976: The first appearance of a geostationary orbit in popular literature was in the first Venus Equilateral story by George O. Smith titled "The Complete Venus Equilateral".
1976: Ebola virus disease (EVD) first appeared in 2 simultaneous outbreaks, one in what is now, Nzara, South Sudan, and the other in Yambuku, Democratic Republic of Congo. The latter occurred in a village near the Ebola River, from which the disease takes its name.
1976: The National Informatics Centre (NIC) (राष्ट्रीय सूचना विज्ञान केंद्र ) founded.
It is the premier science & technology organisation of India's Union Government in informatics services and information-and-communication- technology (ICT) applications. The NIC is a part of the Indian Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology's Department of Electronics & Information Technology.
1976 (Jul 20):[Mars] The Viking 1 lander touched down on the surface of Mars. The Viking program consisted of a pair of identical American space probes, Viking 1 and Viking 2, which landed on Mars.
1977: Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Len Adleman of MIT designed RSA algorithm used in ATMs and in other secure transactions. Its key-size ranges from 1024 to 4096 bit. The basic technique was first discovered in 1973 by Clifford Cocks of CESG (part of the British GCHQ) but this was a secret until 1997.
1978: Diesel, a denim brand started by Renzo Rosso.
1978: Intel's 8086 that lead to x86 architecture.
1978: Global Positioning System (GPS), also known as Navstar was launched by USA.
1978: IBM RPG-III was released for IBM System/38.
1979: "Poor man's ARPANET" at Duke University. Posting to USENET are called Articles, and are categorized into newsgroups.
1979: Rohini RS-1, the first Indian satellite launched from first Indian lauch centre, RLC, Sriharikota (Andhra Pradesh).
1981: AIDS was first clinically observed in the United States.
1981: Chaos Computer Club forms in Germany.
1982:[Book] In Search of Excellence, a book written by McKinsey researchers Tom Peters and Robert H. Waterman, Jr. sold 3 million copies in its first four years, and was the most widely held monograph in the United States from 1989 to 2006 (17 years). The book explores the art and science of management used by several companies in the 1980s.
1982 (Jan 11):[Crime] Shootout at Wadala. The gangster Manya Surve was shot dead by Mumbai police officers Raja Tambat and Isaque Bagwan at the junction adjacent to Dr. Ambedkar College, Wadala, Bombay. This is often referred to as the city's first recognised encounter killing. From that period until early 2003, the police killed 1,200 alleged criminals.
1984: GATE was organised by IISc Bangluru for the first time.
1984: Jyotiraditya Scindia aged 13 participated in his father's Madhavrao Scindia election campaign in Guna, MP.
1984 (Apr 14): The Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) was founded on the birth anniversary of B.R. Ambedkar by Kanshi Ram, who named former schoolteacher Mayawati as his successor in 2001.
1984 (Oct 31):[Polity] Four months after the Operation Bluestar and Woodrose, Indira Gandhi was assassinated in vengeance by her two Sikh bodyguards, Satwant Singh and Beant Singh. Rajiv Gandhi becomes PM of India for 5 years.
1984: In Sophocles: The Three Theban Plays, Robert Fagles translates Sophocles' Oedipus the King. He was an American professor, poet, and academic, best known for his many translations of ancient Greek and Roman classics, especially his acclaimed translations of the epic poems of Homer.
1985: first website with '.com. as suufix.
1985: MS-Windows 1.0 released.
1985: Homer's The Iliad translated to English by Emile Victor Rieu CBE, a classicist, publisher, poet, and initiator and editor of the Penguin Classics series of books.
1985: when, following US, Marijuana got enlisted under illegal drugs in India.
1985 (May 21): David M Barnes published "The intro. of cellular radio in the UK"
1985: Super Mario Bros (a platform video game) developed and published by Nintendo as a pseudo-sequel to the 1983 game, Mario Bros. It was originally released in Japan for the Family Computer.
1985: The DeLorean time machine got featured in Back to the Future. It is a fictional automobile-based time travel device featured in the Back to the Future franchise. In the feature film series, Dr. Emmett Brown builds a time machine based on a DeLorean DMC-12 car, to gain insights into history and the future.
1985 (Jan): Railway Service Commissions have been renamed as Railway Recruitment Board (RRB). At present 19 Railway Recruitment Boards are functioning.
1985 (Jan 12): 1st National Youth Day on B'day of Swami Vivekananda.
1985: All tickets were issued manually and Stand-alone Computerized ticketing and reservation was introduced in multiple phases, beginning from New Delhi as pilot project, followed by Bombay, Chennai, Kolkata and Secundrabad.
1985 (Mar 20): IRBI (Industrial ReConstruction Bank of India ) estd.
1985: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, GoI started functioning.
1985: REC, Hamirpur.
1985: the process of internal disintegration within the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) began.
1986: The EU issued a directive to all member states to clear the frequency band of 890-915 MHz for transmission from UE to BTSand 935-960 MHz for the reverse direction for the operation of 124 radio channels for the future pan-European cellular radio network.
1986 (Nov 8): Aaron Swartz born at Highland Park, Illinois. At age 13, Swartz won an ArsDigita Prize, given to young people who create "useful, educational, and collaborative" noncommercial websites.
1987: GDBMS was estd. at Ranikhet, Uttarakhand.
1987: UUNet. No. of Hosts connected to internet: 28,000.
1987: Daman became the capital of Daman & Diu.
1987: Gavaskar, who had retired from all forms of cricket after the 1987 Cricket World Cup.
1987 (May 29):[Philosophy] Criss Jami (born Christopher James Gilbert) is an American poet, essayist, and existentialist philosopher. He is best known as the author of Healology, Killosophy, Diotima, Battery, Electric Personality, Venus in Arms, and Salomé: In Every Inch In Every Mile. Criss Jami began writing song lyrics at an early age.
1988:[Book] Market Wizards is a book written by Jack D. Schwager in which he interviews a wide range of traders with excellent track records of profitability.
1992: First Master Plan-2011 was prepared for Greater NOIDA. Outline Development Plan 2011 approved by NCR Planning Board in 1996.
1995: Int'l Gandhi Peace Prize launched.
1995: Sachin R. Tendukar and Anjali Tendulkar wedded together.
1995: .mp3 invented.
1996 (Jan 25):[Book] Peter Lynch & John Rothchild's Learn to Earn: A Beginner's Guide to the Basics of Investing and Business.
1996: Prof Malcolm Heath. Professor of Greek Language and Literature @leeds.ac.uk, translated Aristotle's Poetics.
1996: The 56K modem was invented by Dr. Brent Townshend
1996 (Feb 13): Nepalese Civil War started. The Maoist Rebellion (labelled the People's War by then CPN(Maoist)) was an armed conflict against Government of Nepal (then HMG of Nepal) fought from 1996 to 2006. The rebellion was launched by the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) on 13 February 1996 with the main aim of overthrowing the Nepalese monarchy and establishing a 'People's Republic'. It ended with the Comprehensive Peace Accord signed on 21 November 2006.
1996 (Mar 1): [GeoPolitics] The Asia–Europe Meeting (ASEM) is an Asian–European political dialogue forum to enhance relations and various forms of cooperation between its partners. It was officially established at the 1st ASEM Summit (ASEM1) in Bangkok, Thailand, by the then 15 Member States of the European Union (EU) and the European Commission, the then 7 Member States of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and the individual countries of China, Japan, and South Korea. A series of enlargements saw additional EU Member States join as well as India, Mongolia, Pakistan and the ASEAN Secretariat in 2008, Australia, New Zealand and Russia in 2010, Bangladesh, Norway, and Switzerland in 2012, as well as Croatia, and Kazakhstan in 2014.
1997: NASA estimated there were approx. 2,645 artificial satellite payloads orbitting the earth and 6,216 pieces of space debris as tracked by the GSFC. Over 16,291 previously launched objects have decayed into the Earth's atmosphere.
1997: BHC Financial, Inc. of Pennsylvania merged into FISV to form Secured Transaction Processing Services.
1988: Networked Data Processing Cor, Iowa merged into FISV to form its Insurance division.
2000 (Sep): RailTel Corporation of India Ltd. founded and HQ'd at 143, Institutional Area, Sector-44, Gurgaon, Haryana, India. It is a Miniratna enterprise of Government of India focusing on providing broadband and VPN services.
2000 (Sep 17): [GeoPolitics] The idea of an Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD) was raised at the First International Conference of Asian Political Parties (held in Manila between 17–20 September 2000) by Surakiart Sathirathai, then deputy leader of the now defunct Thai Rak Thai Party, on behalf of his party leader, Thaksin Shinawatra, then Prime Minister of Thailand. It was suggested that Asia as a continent should have its own forum to discuss Asia-wide cooperation. Afterwards, the idea of the ACD was formally put forward during the 34th ASEAN Foreign Ministers Meeting in Hanoi, 23–24 July 2001 and at the ASEAN Foreign Ministers Retreat in Phuket, 20–21 February 2002.
2001: Benefit lanners, Texas merged into FISV to form its Health Benefit division.
2002 (Mar): Elon Musk founded Space Exploration Technologies Corporation(SpaceX), is an American aerospace manufacturer and space transport services company headquartered in Hawthorne, California, United States. It is also world's first privately held company to send a cargo load to ISS.
2002: The Xbox (a 6th generation home video gaming console) developed by Microsoft and manufactured by Flextronics.
First released on November 15, 2001, in North America, followed by Australia, Europe and Japan in 2002. It was Microsoft's first foray into the gaming console market. This console competed with Sony's PlayStation 2 and the Nintendo GameCube.
2006: US and Europe discontinued the electric telegraph.
2006 (Mar 7, 18:20 IST):
2009 (Jan 15): 15 new Central Universities have been established by an ordinance promulgated by President of India.
2009 (Jan 28): UIDAI launched Aadhar, a 12-digit ID code for every Indian citizen. enough for 61917364224 people. or 62 Billion people.
2009 (Feb 16): First of the 9 day trial of ThePirateBay.com.
2009 (Feb 24):[Music] Somali-Canadian artist K'naan Wavin' Flag, a song from his second studio album Troubadour. The song was originally written for Somalia and aspirations of its people for freedom.
2010: Onion crisis in India.
2010 (Aug 15): freecharge
1959 (Jan 2): Kaagaz Ke Phool (Hindi: कागज़ के फूल) released. It was directed by Guru Dutt, Written by Abrar Alvi, Starring Waheeda Rehman, Guru Dutt, Baby Naaz, Mehmood and Johnny Walker; Music by S. D. Burman. Running Time: <150 mins. (2.5 hrs.)
1959: Ruth invents a three dimension doll named Barbie.
1959: Ruth invents a three dimension doll named Barbie.
1959 (Oct 29):[Book] Astérix was originally serialised in Pilote magazine, debuting in the first issue. In 1961 the first book was put together, titled Asterix the Gaul. From then on, books were released generally on a yearly basis.
1959 (Nov 20): UN adopted the Declaration of the Rights of the Child.
1959: Robin S Ngangom was born. He is an Indian poet and translator from Manipur, North Eastern India. He authored A Poem for Mother and The strange Affairs of Robin S. Ngangom. Ngangom is living in Shillong.1959: Television broadcasting began as an experimental telecast in Delhi as part of AIR, but was split off from the radio network as Doordarshan on 1 April 1976.
Pratima Puri was the first newsreader. Salma Sultan joined Doordarshan in 1967, and later became a news anchor. The television service was extended to Bombay (now Mumbai) and Amritsar in 1972. Finally, in 1982, Doordarshan took shape as a National Broadcaster. Krishi Darshan was the first program telecast on Doordarshan. It commenced on 26 January 1967 and is one of the longest running programs on Indian television.
1959: Padma Desai, author of "India: Planning for Industrialization" is the first Asian woman to get a PhD in economics from Harvard university
1959 (Dec 29): "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom", a lecture given by physicist Richard Feynman at an American Physical Society meeting at Caltech, which further laid to the advent of nanotechnology.
1959: IBM RPG was written for IBM 1401 to process punched-cards.
1959: The Gulf rupee (Arabic: روبيه or روبيه خليجيه), also known as the Persian Gulf rupee, was a currency used in the countries of the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Peninsula between 1959 and 1966. It was issued by the Government of India and the Reserve Bank of India and was equivalent to the Indian rupee.
1959:[Book] David J. Schwartz's The Magic of Thinking Big
1959 (Feb 18):[NSE][PSU] Oil India Limited is a central public sector undertaking engaged in the business of exploration, development and production of crude oil and natural gas, transportation of crude oil and production of liquid petroleum gas.
1959:[NSE][PSU] MoPaNG's Indian Oil Corporation Limited, trading as IndianOil, is an Indian multinational oil and gas company under the ownership of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of India.
1960s:[Space][Interstellar] a Grand Tour to study the outer planets was proposed by NASA which prompted NASA to begin work on a mission during the early 1970s. Information gathered by the Pioneer 10 spacecraft helped Voyager's engineers design Voyager to cope more effectively with the intense radiation environment around Jupiter. However, shortly before launch, strips of kitchen-grade aluminum foil were applied to certain cabling to further enhance radiation shielding.
1960s:[Computer] The idea behind FARGO was to facilitate ease of transition for IBM 407 Accounting Machine technicians to the new IBM 1400 series of computers. The 1400 series had two assemblers; Symbolic Programming System (SPS) and Autocoder (a more advanced assembler which required more memory than SPS). Another important feature of FARGO programs is that they did not require compilation. Instead, specification cards were placed into the FARGO program deck at appropriate locations and then simply run with the data cards at the end of the program deck. FARGO was designed for IBM 1401 card systems with at least 4000 positions of Core storage.
1960s:[Physics][Research][US] Raymond Davis Jr. (October 14, 1914 – May 31, 2006) was an American chemist and physicist. He is best known as the leader of the Homestake experiment in the 1960s-1980s, which was the first experiment to detect neutrinos emitted from the Sun; for this he shared the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics. (proving theories of Pauli and Fermi).
1960s:[Culture] Hippie movement, the 1960s counterculture that brought peace, drugs, and free love across the United States. Hippie fashion has been commonplace in the years since the 1960s in clothing and accessories, particularly the peace symbol. Astrology, including everything from serious study to whimsical amusement regarding personal traits, was integral to hippie culture.
1960s: Supercomputers were introduced. The term 'minicomputer' was introduced.
1960s: touch-tone signaling started replacing the rotary dial in the 1960s.
1960s: Heliographs were standard issue in the British and Australian armies until the 1960s. They were used by the Pakistani army as late as 1975, and Canada was the last major army to keep the heliograph as an issue item.
1960s: PepsiCo, a US-beverage giant, entered the Russian market in the early 1960s, at the height of the Cold War, and helped to create common ground between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, this followed by McDonald's.
1960s:[Crime] Karim Lala, born as Abdul Karim Sher Khan ( born in 1911, Kunar, Afghanistan died aged 90 on 19 February 2002, Mumbai) in the Samalam Village of the Shegal District of the Kunar province of Afghanistan, was infamous as one of the three "mafia dons of Mumbai" in India for more than two decades from the sixties to the early eighties.
1960s:[Business][Food] Parle Agro (1960s), led by Prakash Jayantilal Chauhan (elder son of Jayantilal Chauhan). The company is run by his daughters Schauna, Alisha and Nadia (owner of the brands such as Frooti and Appy).
1960s:[Research] Research on rechargeable Li-ion batteries.
1960:[Extreme][Travel][India] Trisul II (21,949) and Trisul III (19708) were first climbed in 1960 by the Yugoslav team JAHO I . They climbed from the Bidalgwar glacier, achieving the summit of Trisul II via the southern ridge and Trisul III via the north ridge.
1960: ASCII was developed from telegraph code. Its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6, 1960, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) (now the American National Standards Institute or ANSI) X3.2 subcommittee. The first edition of the standard was published in 1963, underwent a major revision during 1967, and experienced its most recent update during 1986.
1960s: The company was co-founded by Dhirubhai Ambani and his brother Champaklal Damani in 1960s as Reliance Commercial Corporation. In 1965, the partnership ended and Dhirubhai continued the polyester business of the firm.
1960: ASCII was developed from telegraph code. Its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6, 1960, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) (now the American National Standards Institute or ANSI) X3.2 subcommittee. The first edition of the standard was published in 1963, underwent a major revision during 1967, and experienced its most recent update during 1986.
1960s: The company was co-founded by Dhirubhai Ambani and his brother Champaklal Damani in 1960s as Reliance Commercial Corporation. In 1965, the partnership ended and Dhirubhai continued the polyester business of the firm.
1960s:[Space][Research] Initially, the term theory of everything was used with an ironic reference to various overgeneralized theories. For example, a grandfather of Ijon Tichy – a character from a cycle of Stanisław Lem's science fiction stories of the 1960s – was known to work on the "General Theory of Everything". Physicist Harald Fritzsch used the term in his 1977 lectures in Varenna. Physicist John Ellis claims to have introduced the acronym "TOE" into the technical literature in an article in Nature in 1986. Over time, the term stuck in popularizations of theoretical physics research.
1960s:[Space] Direct radar measurements of the distances to Venus and Mars became available in the early 1960s. Along with improved measurements of the speed of light, these showed that Newcomb's values for the solar parallax and the constant of aberration were inconsistent with one another.
1960s:[Space] Direct radar measurements of the distances to Venus and Mars became available in the early 1960s. Along with improved measurements of the speed of light, these showed that Newcomb's values for the solar parallax and the constant of aberration were inconsistent with one another.
1960s:[Culture][Space] Sci-fi films have influenced our psyche about aliens coming to our world and annihilating us, and made it made a most prominent challenge to make the first contact from Earth.
1960: The first MOS transistor actually built was by Kahng and Atalla at Bell Labs in 1960.
1960: the big year for African independence.
1960: Dr. M.L. Goel first invented the electoral ink for India in around 1960 using Phosphorus.
1960: The The International System of Units (abbreviated as SI, from the French Système international (d'unités)) was published in 1960 as a result of an initiative that began in 1948. It is based on the metre–kilogram–second system of units (MKS) rather than any variant of the centimetre–gram–second system of units (CGS).
1960: IIT-JEE conducted for the first time as Common Entrance Exam (CEE)
1961: Packet Switching
1961: First two Indian Institute of Management estd. at Ahmedabad and Calcutta. (IIMA)
1961: Silvasa and Panaji became the capital of Dadra'n'Nagar Haveli and Goa resp.
1961: Earth orbit was first achieved by Yuri Gargin of the Soviet Union
1961 (Oct 15): Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala' died aged 65 at Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh.
1961 (Jun 23): Sainik School, Satara , MH
1961: The UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 is an international treaty to prohibit production and supply of specific (nominally narcotic) drugs, including Marijuana (Penicillin of Ayurvedic Medicines).
1961: Mansoor Ali Khan or Mansur Ali Khan sometimes M. A. K. Pataudi (5 January 1941, Bhopal– 22 September 2011, New Delhi), nicknamed Tiger Pataudi, was an Indian cricketer and former captain of the Indian cricket team. He was the titular Nawab of Pataudi from 1952 until 1971, when by the 26th Amendment to the Constitution of India the privy purses of the princes were abolished and official recognition of their titles came to an end.
1961: Hague Convention of 1961 (Used by For other than Individuals (Foreign companies/Entities incorporated outside India/Unincorporated entities formed outside India))
1961: Department of Technical Education was separated from the Directorate of Industries, U.P. and had been established as an independent unit in the 1961 for the planned, chronological and coordinated development of technical education in the state of Uttar Pradesh. The Directorate of Technical Education, U.P. is located at Kanpur. The department has been divided in two sectors viz. degree and diploma to provide standard technical education at Graduate/Post Graduate and Diploma level.
1961: Ganga-Jamuna starring Dili Kr. Helen and Vaijainthimala. Had a song Insaaf Ki Dagar Pe ( a Top 10 Patriotic songs in Bollywood for Gandhi Jayanti.)
1961: the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 to curb the social menace of dowry in India.
1960: the big year for African independence.
1960: Dr. M.L. Goel first invented the electoral ink for India in around 1960 using Phosphorus.
1960: The The International System of Units (abbreviated as SI, from the French Système international (d'unités)) was published in 1960 as a result of an initiative that began in 1948. It is based on the metre–kilogram–second system of units (MKS) rather than any variant of the centimetre–gram–second system of units (CGS).
1960: IIT-JEE conducted for the first time as Common Entrance Exam (CEE)
1960: Phalguni Devi w/o Dashrath Manjhi, while crossing Gehlour hills to bring him lunch, she slipped and seriously injured herself, which eventually led to her death.
1960: there were only 12,000 Indian immigrants in the United States, representing less than 0.5 percent of the 9.7 million foreign-born population at the time in US.
1960: Nagpur became the winter capital of Maharashtra.
1960 (May): BRO (Border Roads Organisation) was estd.
1960 (Sep 9): Jigar Moradabadi died at Gonda
1960: K. Asif's Mughal-e-Azam.
1960: Chitrahaar (चित्रहार) is television program on DD National featuring song clips from Bollywood films. It was widely watched in the 1970s.The word literally means 'a garland of pictures', or more liberally, 'a story of pictures'. It airs for half an hour every Friday on prime-time, where the videos of the latest songs in Hindi film (Bollywood) music are televised.
1960: The Government opened 8 RECs in 1960 two in each region, Regional Engineering Colleges (REC) at Durgapur and Jamshedpur in East, Nagpur, Surat and Bhopal in West, Warangal and Surathkal in South, at Srinagar and Allahabad in Northern Region. Later on 5 more were added by 1965.
1960: there were only 12,000 Indian immigrants in the United States, representing less than 0.5 percent of the 9.7 million foreign-born population at the time in US.
1960: Nagpur became the winter capital of Maharashtra.
1960 (May): BRO (Border Roads Organisation) was estd.
1960 (Sep 9): Jigar Moradabadi died at Gonda
1960: K. Asif's Mughal-e-Azam.
1960: Chitrahaar (चित्रहार) is television program on DD National featuring song clips from Bollywood films. It was widely watched in the 1970s.The word literally means 'a garland of pictures', or more liberally, 'a story of pictures'. It airs for half an hour every Friday on prime-time, where the videos of the latest songs in Hindi film (Bollywood) music are televised.
1960: The Government opened 8 RECs in 1960 two in each region, Regional Engineering Colleges (REC) at Durgapur and Jamshedpur in East, Nagpur, Surat and Bhopal in West, Warangal and Surathkal in South, at Srinagar and Allahabad in Northern Region. Later on 5 more were added by 1965.
1960:[Book] Sylvia Plath (October 27, 1932 – February 11, 1963) was an American poet, novelist, and short-story writer. She is credited with advancing the genre of confessional poetry and is best known for two of her published collections, The Colossus and Other Poems (1960) and Ariel (1965), as well as The Bell Jar, a semi-autobiographical novel published shortly before her death in 1963. The Collected Poems were published in 1981, which included previously unpublished works. For this collection Plath was awarded a Pulitzer Prize in Poetry in 1982, making her the fourth to receive this honour posthumously
1960:[Book] To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by the American author Harper Lee. It was published in 1960 and was instantly successful. In the United States, it is widely read in high schools and middle schools. To Kill a Mockingbird has become a classic of modern American literature, winning the Pulitzer Prize. The plot and characters are loosely based on Lee's observations of her family, her neighbors and an event that occurred near her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama, in 1936, when she was ten.
1960:[Book] To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by the American author Harper Lee. It was published in 1960 and was instantly successful. In the United States, it is widely read in high schools and middle schools. To Kill a Mockingbird has become a classic of modern American literature, winning the Pulitzer Prize. The plot and characters are loosely based on Lee's observations of her family, her neighbors and an event that occurred near her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama, in 1936, when she was ten.
1960s:[Culture] Mysetry of crop circles. Attributed to aliens, they were famous in the 1960s and 1970s, and appeared mainly in Australia and the United Kingdom. In 1991 British Doug Bower and Dave Chorley revealed that they had made about 200 for over more than two decades.
1960:[Cinema] The Last Man on Earth(1924)
1960:[Business] Lion Saffron by Bombay Keshar Company. India’s oldest saffron brand, that sells saffron and saffron-based products worldwide.
1961: First two Indian Institute of Management estd. at Ahmedabad and Calcutta. (IIMA)
1961: Silvasa and Panaji became the capital of Dadra'n'Nagar Haveli and Goa resp.
1961: Earth orbit was first achieved by Yuri Gargin of the Soviet Union
1961 (Oct 15): Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala' died aged 65 at Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh.
1961 (Jun 23): Sainik School, Satara , MH
1961: The UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 is an international treaty to prohibit production and supply of specific (nominally narcotic) drugs, including Marijuana (Penicillin of Ayurvedic Medicines).
1961: Mansoor Ali Khan or Mansur Ali Khan sometimes M. A. K. Pataudi (5 January 1941, Bhopal– 22 September 2011, New Delhi), nicknamed Tiger Pataudi, was an Indian cricketer and former captain of the Indian cricket team. He was the titular Nawab of Pataudi from 1952 until 1971, when by the 26th Amendment to the Constitution of India the privy purses of the princes were abolished and official recognition of their titles came to an end.
1961: Hague Convention of 1961 (Used by For other than Individuals (Foreign companies/Entities incorporated outside India/Unincorporated entities formed outside India))
1961: Department of Technical Education was separated from the Directorate of Industries, U.P. and had been established as an independent unit in the 1961 for the planned, chronological and coordinated development of technical education in the state of Uttar Pradesh. The Directorate of Technical Education, U.P. is located at Kanpur. The department has been divided in two sectors viz. degree and diploma to provide standard technical education at Graduate/Post Graduate and Diploma level.
1961: Ganga-Jamuna starring Dili Kr. Helen and Vaijainthimala. Had a song Insaaf Ki Dagar Pe ( a Top 10 Patriotic songs in Bollywood for Gandhi Jayanti.)
1961: the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 to curb the social menace of dowry in India.
1961 (Aug 13): The Berlin Wall was a guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989. Construction of the wall was commenced by the German Democratic Republic on 13 August 1961. The Wall cut off West Berlin from surrounding East Germany, including East Berlin. Wikipedia
1961: Kushal Pal Singh joined his father-in-law's company DLF as Chairman, spent nearly 6 decades building DLF a $4.2 billion fortune.
1961 (Oct 30):[Physics] The Tsar Bomba (loosely translated as Emperor of Bombs; aka Kuzka's mother) is the most powerful thermonuclear weapon ever detonated, as no other bomb as strong has ever been tested. While there were no deaths from the Tsar Bomba's test, there were windows shattered due to the explosion 780km (480 miles) away in a village on Dikson Island. However, the Soviet Union developed three AN602 physics packages at 101.5 megatons (Mt) and these are more powerful than the Tsar Bomba, which was downscaled to 51 Mt before being used RDS-220 Vanya. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) designated the test as "JOE 111", using their "JOE" counting scheme begun with RDS-1 in 1949.
1962:[Space] The (11 year long) Mariner program was conducted by the American space agency NASA to explore other planets. Between 1962 and late 1973, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) designed and built 10 robotic interplanetary probes named Mariner to explore the inner Solar System - visiting the planets Venus, Mars and Mercury for the first time, and returning to Venus and Mars for additional close observations. The program included a number of interplanetary firsts, including the first planetary flyby, the planetary orbiter, and the first gravity assist maneuver. The total cost of the Mariner program was approximately $554 million. They were to take advantage of the soon-to-be-available Atlas launch vehicles as well as the developing capability of JPL’s Deep Space Instrumentation Facility (later named the Deep Space Network), a global network of ground stations designed to communicate with spacecraft in deep space. The name of the Mariner program was decided in "May 1960-at the suggestion of Edgar M. Cortright" to have the "planetary mission probes ... patterned after nautical terms, to convey 'the impression of travel to great distances and remote lands.'" That "decision was the basis for naming Mariner, Ranger, Surveyor, and Viking probes." Each spacecraft was to carry solar panels that would be pointed toward the Sun and a dish antenna that would be pointed at Earth. Each would also carry a host of scientific instruments. Some of the instruments, such as cameras, would need to be pointed at the target body it was studying. Other instruments were non-directional and studied phenomena such as magnetic fields and charged particles. JPL engineers proposed to make the Mariners "three-axis-stabilized," meaning that unlike other space probes they would not spin.
1962: Digital technology first appeared in American telecommunications with AT&T's introduction of its T1 Carrier System.
1962: Stefan Sagmeister born. He is a New York-based graphic designer, storyteller, and typographer. Sagmeister co-founded a design firm called Sagmeister & Walsh Inc. with Jessica Walsh in New York City. [Movies: The Happy Film]
1962: The first commercial modem was manufactured - the Bell 103 by AT&T. The Bell 103 was also the first modem with full-duplex transmission, frequency-shift keying or FSK, and had a speed of 300 bits per second or 300 bauds.
1962: The Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) was set up in 1962 by Jawaharlal Nehru. It had Vikram Sarabhai as its chairman.
1962: Stefan Sagmeister born. He is a New York-based graphic designer, storyteller, and typographer. Sagmeister co-founded a design firm called Sagmeister & Walsh Inc. with Jessica Walsh in New York City. [Movies: The Happy Film]
1962: The first commercial modem was manufactured - the Bell 103 by AT&T. The Bell 103 was also the first modem with full-duplex transmission, frequency-shift keying or FSK, and had a speed of 300 bits per second or 300 bauds.
1962: The Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) was set up in 1962 by Jawaharlal Nehru. It had Vikram Sarabhai as its chairman.
1962 (Jul 22):[Space][Research] Mariner 1 (designated Mariner R-1) was launched was destroyed approximately 5 minutes after liftoff by the Air Force Range Safety Officer when its malfunctioning Atlas-Agena rocket went off course.
1962 (Aug): J.C.R. Licklider, a VP at BBN, describes the idea of a “Galactic Network”. He envisioned a globally interconnected set of computers through which everyone could quickly access data and programs from any site.
1962 (Aug): J.C.R. Licklider, a VP at BBN, describes the idea of a “Galactic Network”. He envisioned a globally interconnected set of computers through which everyone could quickly access data and programs from any site.
1962 (Aug 27):[Space] Mariner 2 (designated Mariner R-2) was launched, sending it on a 3½-month flight to Venus. The mission was a success, and Mariner 2 became the first spacecraft to have flown by another planet. Mariner 1 (P-37) and Mariner 2 (P-38) were two deep-space probes making up NASA's Mariner-R project. The primary goal of the project was to develop and launch two spacecraft sequentially to the near vicinity of Venus, receive communications from the spacecraft and to perform radiometric temperature measurements of the planet. A secondary objective was to make interplanetary magnetic field and/or particle measurements on the way to, and in the vicinity of, Venus.
1962 (Oct 20): The Sino-Indian War of 1962, also known as the Sino-Indian Border Conflict of 1962, was a war between China and India that occurred in 1962. A disputed Himalayan border was the main pretext for war, but other issues played a role.
-----------------------------------------Emergency Period in India (China war) started------
1962 (Oct 26): during the India-China war — "the security of India" having been declared "threatened by external aggression". In the history of independent India, this was the first of three periods during which a state of emergency was deemed to have existed.
1962 (Oct 20): The Sino-Indian War of 1962, also known as the Sino-Indian Border Conflict of 1962, was a war between China and India that occurred in 1962. A disputed Himalayan border was the main pretext for war, but other issues played a role.
-----------------------------------------Emergency Period in India (China war) started------
1962 (Oct 26): during the India-China war — "the security of India" having been declared "threatened by external aggression". In the history of independent India, this was the first of three periods during which a state of emergency was deemed to have existed.
1962 (Dec 14):[Space] On the way it measured for the first time the solar wind, a constant stream of charged particles flowing outward from the Sun. It also measured interplanetary dust, which turned out to be more scarce than predicted. In addition, Mariner 2 detected high-energy charged particles coming from the Sun, including several brief solar flares, as well as cosmic rays from outside the solar system. As it flew by Venus on December 14, 1962, Mariner 2 scanned the planet with infrared and microwave radiometers, revealing that Venus has cool clouds and an extremely hot surface (because the bright, opaque clouds hide the planet’s surface, Mariner 2 was not outfitted with a camera).
1962: Rashtriya Indian Military College (RIMC), Dehradun was founded in 1962 by former Defence Minister of India(Late Krishnan Menon). RMS is an all-boys residential school affiliated with the Central Board of education (CBSE), New Delhi.
1962:[Art][US] Andy Warhol created a portrait of every non-frozen Campbell's soup flavor available to him in 1962. When his 32-piece “Soup Cans” exhibition opened in 1962, he transformed into a visual Prince of Pop.
1962:[Research][Chemistry]Moseley's work did not directly concern the study of electron shells, because he was trying to prove that the periodic table was not arranged by weight, but by the charge of the protons in the nucleus. However, because the number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom equals the number of protons, this work was extremely important to Niels Bohr who mentioned Moseley's work several times in his 1962 interview. Moseley was part of Rutherford's group, as was Niels Bohr. Moseley measured the frequencies of X-rays emitted by every element between calcium and zinc and found that the frequencies became greater as the elements got heavier. This led to the theory that electrons were emitting X-rays when they were shifted to lower shells. This led to the conclusion that the electrons were in Kossel's shells with a definite limit per shell, labeling the shells with the letters K, L, M, N, O, P, and Q.
1962:[Books] "Daddy" is a poem written by American confessional poet Sylvia Plath. The poem was written on October 12, 1962, four months before her death and one month after her separation from Ted Hughes. It was published posthumously in Ariel during 1965[1] alongside many other of her poems leading up to her death such as "Tulips” and "Lady Lazarus."
1962: the surface ship M.V. Spencer F. Baird recorded a maximum depth of Mariana trench to be 10,915 m (35,810 ft; 5,968 fathoms) using precision depth gauges.
1962:[Disaster] 'brain-eating amoeba' infections spread in Florida, United States.
1963:[Education][UK][Public] University of York founded.
1963: Compact Music Cassettes.1963 (Jan): Ivan Edward Sutherland submitted a technical report based on a dissertation titled "Sketchpad: A man-machine graphical communication system" for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
1963 (Nov 21): The first rocket launch into space from Indian soil under the leadership of project scientist Praful Bhavsar.
1963: Kohima became the capital of Nagaland.
1963: The first ever reference to malicious hacking is 'telephone hackers' in MIT's student newspaper, The Tech of hackers trying up the lines with Harvard, configuring the PDP-1 to make free calls, war dialing and accumulating large phone bills.
1963: Ellen Lupton born. She is a graphic designer, writer, curator, and educator. Well known for her fascination and study within typography, Lupton decided to expand her love for design and took on the graphic design world.
1963: Michael Jackson became choir lead of his father's band and later went onto became an American singer, songwriter, and dancer. Dubbed the "King of Pop", he is regarded as one of the most significant cultural figures of the 20th century and one of the greatest entertainers in the history of music.
1963 (Nov 22): Assassination of John F Kennedy. “My fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you — ask what can you do for your country.” - (JFK from Inauguration speech Jan 1961)
1963:[Book] Joseph Murphy's The Power of Your Subconscious Mind.
1963:[Computer] In conclusion, the computer mouse was invented in 1963 by Douglas Engelbart, an engineer and computer scientist working at the Stanford Research Institute. The first mouse was a wooden shell with two metal wheels on the bottom, which were used to track movement on a surface.
1963:[Philosophy][Research][Physics][US][Who] Gilbert Harman started teaching Philosophy at Princeton University, until his retirement in 2017.
1963 (Oct): William H. Oldendorf received a U.S. patent for a "radiant energy apparatus for investigating selected areas of interior objects obscured by dense material". (CT Scan).
1963 (Oct 7):[GeoPolitics] the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union signed the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, which forbade tests in the atmosphere, outer space and underwater. As such, with the signing of this treaty, these countries ensured that no one would detonate a Tsar Bomba-style weapon ever again.
1964:[Computer] Specific instruction set architectures that have been retroactively labeled CISC (Complex instruction set computer) are System/360 (announced by IBM on April 7, 1964) through z/Architecture, the PDP-11 and VAX architectures, and many others. Well known microprocessors and microcontrollers that have also been labeled CISC in many academic publications include the Motorola 6800, 6809 and 68000-families; the Intel 8080, iAPX432 and x86-family; the Zilog Z80, Z8 and Z8000-families; the National Semiconductor 32016 and NS320xx-line; the MOS Technology 6502-family; the Intel 8051-family; and others.
1964: 3G or Third Generation of Computers starts (ICs), lasted for 7 years.1964: The CDC 6600 released. It is generally considered the first supercomputer.
1964 (May 27): Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru died.
1964 (May 30): [GeoPolitics] The Council of Arab Economic Unity was founded by Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Mauritania, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Tunisia, Syria, United Arab Emirates and Yemen on May 30, 1964, following an agreement in 1957 by the Economic Council of the Arab League.
1964: ETS' TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) started.
1964: UTI or Unit Trust of India estd. and HQ'd at Mumbai.
1964: Muhammad Ali first won the title of world heavyweight champion.
1964: Syncom-3, the first satellite was placed into a geostationary orbit . It was launched by NASA's Delta D rocket.
1964: The Merlion at Marina Bay, landmark of the metropolis of Singapore, designed by artist Alec Fraser-Brunner for Singapore Board of Tourism.
1964: The proposal to have a mountaineering Institute at Uttarkashi was mooted by the Ministry of Defence, Government of India and the Government of Uttar Pradesh in 1964. Uttarkashi was specially selected as the home of NIM, primarily because of its close proximity to the Gangotri region in western garhwal, which undoubtedly has the best climbing and training potential in India and perhaps in the world. NIM, Uttarkashi.
1964: UTI or Unit Trust of India estd. and HQ'd at Mumbai.
1964: Muhammad Ali first won the title of world heavyweight champion.
1964: Syncom-3, the first satellite was placed into a geostationary orbit . It was launched by NASA's Delta D rocket.
1964: The Merlion at Marina Bay, landmark of the metropolis of Singapore, designed by artist Alec Fraser-Brunner for Singapore Board of Tourism.
1964: The proposal to have a mountaineering Institute at Uttarkashi was mooted by the Ministry of Defence, Government of India and the Government of Uttar Pradesh in 1964. Uttarkashi was specially selected as the home of NIM, primarily because of its close proximity to the Gangotri region in western garhwal, which undoubtedly has the best climbing and training potential in India and perhaps in the world. NIM, Uttarkashi.
1964: Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) founded, it is designated as a terrorist organisation by USA.
1964: The 1964 Brazilian coup d'état (Portuguese: Golpe de estado no Brasil em 1964), colloquially known in Brazil as the Coup of 64 (Golpe de 64), was a series of events in Brazil from March 31 to April 1 that led to the overthrow of President João Goulart by members of the Brazilian Armed Forces, supported by the United States government. The following day, with the military already in control of the country, the speaker of the Brazilian Congress came out in support of the coup.
1964:[Aviation][Military] North American B-70 Valkyrie Supersonic Strategic Bomber; max speed of Mach3.1/2057mph @ service ceiling of 23,576m/77,350ft. State-of-the-art aircraft that Soviet intelligence knew for a decade. To match the incredible performance, Soviet engineers came up with an aircraft that needs to be as fast and that can be developed in record time and can be mass produced by hundreads, Mikoyan-Gurevich Ye-155P (aka Mig-25) Mach 3 @ 75k ft., quick to develop and easy to mass produce to overcome the odss with bruteforce. To withstand kinetic heating (300*C), but light-weight heat-resisting Titanium was not mass-scalable, hence used heavy Nickel-steel alloy, quickly welded together and can be easily repaired even in the most remote and ill-equipped airbase. 40,000 pound jet maneuvre.
1964:[Music][India] Lag Ja Gale Song from Woh Kaun Thi is popular Hindi song sung by Lata Mangeshkar with music composed by Madan Mohan and lyrics by Raja Mehndi Ali Khan
1964:[Cinema] On the Beach(1959)
1964 (Nov 13):[GoI][CPSU] Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) is an Indian central public sector undertaking and the largest government-owned power generation equipment manufacturer. It is owned by the Government of India, with administrative control by the Ministry of Heavy Industries.
1964:[GoI][CPSU] BEML Limited, formerly Bharat Earth Movers Limited, is an Indian public sector undertaking which manufactures a variety of heavy equipment, such as that used for earth moving, railways, transport and mining. It is headquartered in Bangalore. BEML is Asia's second-largest manufacturer of earth moving equipment. It also manufacture sleeper racks for Vande Bharat (launched in 2019) trains.
1964:[US][Economy] David Rockefeller and President Johnson launch IESC (IESC: Improving Economies for Stronger Communities (formerly known as International Executive Service Corps)) in the White House Rose Garden in 1964
1965:[Research] CuF2/Li battery developed by NASA.
1965: Bisleri founded. The Parle Group, founded by Jayantilal Chauhan, began manufacturing soft drinks in 1949. Bisleri, an Italian mineral water company, was launched in Mumbai in the year 1965. The Parle Group purchased Bisleri from the Italian entrepreneur Signor Felice Bisleri in 1969.1965: Ted Nelson gave a presentation titled "A File Structure for the Complex, the Changing, and the Indeterminate." Nelson described to the scientific community his interconnected "docuverse“, an idea similar to Licklider’s Gallactic Network. Nelson coined the term "hypertext“ and “hyperlink”
1965: UCB (United Colors of Benetton) or Benetton Group S.r.l. founded by Luciano Benetton at Ponzano Veneto, Italy. It trades in Clothing, Shoes, Bags and Accessories.. It has 7714 employees and has an annual revenue of 1,529 million Euros (as of 2015).
1965: Gold's Gym International, Inc. is an American chain of international co-ed fitness centers originally started by Joe Gold in Venice Beach, LA, California.
1965: The Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) (or Xizang Autonomous Region) was formally established in 1965 to replace the Tibet Area, an administrative division the PRC inherited from the Republic of China (ROC).
1965: Engineers India Limited (EIL) is a Navratna public-sector undertaking of the Government of India under the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas.
1965: The 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act (USA), which removed origin-country quotas and created employment-based immigration channels, as well as subsequent legislation emphasizing highly skilled immigration provided an entry pathway for a growing number of professionals and students from India. The majority of post-1965 arrivals from India were young, educated urban dwellers, with strong English language skills.
1965: William D. Mathews from MIT found a vulnerability in a CTSS running on an IBM 7094. The standard text editor on the system was designed to be used by one user at a time, working in one directory, and so created a temporary file with a constant name for all instantiations of the editor. The flaw was discovered when two system programmers were editing at the same time and the temporary files for the message-of-the day and the password file became swapped, causing the contents of the system CTSS password file to display to any user logging into the system.
1965: IBM RPG-II was released for IBM System/3.
1965:[Book] The Warriors is a novel written by Sol Yurick and illustrated by Frank Modell in 1965. In 1979, it was adapted into the film of the same name. Compared to the film, the novel takes a closer look at the concepts of sexuality, reputation, family, and survival.
1965:[Cinema] Battle in Outer Space: (released in Japan as Uchu daisenso)(1959)
1965:[Cinema] Two Thousand Maniacs(1964)
1965:[Books] "Lady Lazarus" is a poem written by Sylvia Plath, originally included in Ariel, which was published in 1965, two years after her death by suicide. This poem is commonly used as an example of her writing style. It is considered one of Plath's best poems and has been subject to a plethora of literary criticism since its publication. It is commonly interpreted as an expression of Plath's suicidal attempts and thoughts.
1965:[Research][Medicine] In Australia, Fowler and Carter reported the first case of Naegleria fowleri infection, commonly referred to as the “brain-eating amoeba”, which is the only known species of the Naegleria genus associated with human disease.
1965:[PSU] Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited (CPCL), formerly known as Madras Refineries Limited (MRL), is a subsidiary of Indian Oil Corporation Limited which is under the ownership of Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas of the Government of India. It is headquartered in Chennai, India.
1965 (Jun 25): Vedanta Limited is an Indian multinational mining company headquartered in Mumbai, with its main operations in iron ore, gold and aluminium mines in Goa, Karnataka, Rajasthan and Odisha.
1965:[PSU] Bharat Aluminium Company Ltd. was an Indian government owned aluminium producer under Ministry of Mines, Government of India. In 2000, the Ministry of Mines, Government of India sold it to Vedanta Resources when Atal Bihari Vajpayee-Bharatiya Janta Party-National Democratic Alliance-led-government was in power.
1966: Reita Faria won Miss World, became the first Asian to win the title.
1966: Niall Rudd authored Horace: Satires and Epistles and Persius: Satires
1966: Bareli ke bazaar mein, Jhumka gira re. (Movie: Mera Saaya)
1966: CD-ROM. American inventor James T. Russell has been credited with inventing the first system to record digital information on an optical transparent foil that is lit from behind by a high-power halogen lamp. Sony and Philips licensed Russell's patents (then held by a Canadian company, Optical Recording Corp.) in the 1980s.
1966 (Sep 7): the Punjab Reorganisation Act was passed in Parliament, implemented with effect beginning 1 November 1966. Punjab was divided into the state of Punjab and Haryana, with certain areas to Himachal Pradesh. Chandigarh, Haryana and Punjab got Chandigarh as their mutual capital.
1966: Reliance Textiles Industries Pvt Ltd was incorporated in Maharashtra. It established a synthetic fabrics mill in the same year at Naroda in Gujarat.
1966:[Medicine] Henry Knowles Beecher was a pioneering American anesthesiologist, medical ethicist, and investigator of the placebo effect at Harvard Medical School. An article by Beecher's in 1966 on unethical medical experimentation in the New England Journal of Medicine — "Ethics and Clinical Research" — was instrumental in the implementation of federal rules on human experimentation and informed consent. A 1999 biography—written by Vincent J. Kopp, M.D. of UNC Chapel Hill and published in an American Society of Anesthesiologists newsletter—describes Beecher as an influential figure in the development of medical ethics and research techniques, though he has not been without controversy.
1966:[Polity] Bal Keshav Thackeray (Marathi pronunciation: [baːɭ̆ keːʃəʋ ʈʰaːk(ə)ɾeː]; 23 January 1926 – 17 November 2012) also known as Balasaheb Thackeray, was an Indian politician who founded the Shiv Sena in 1966. Shiv Sena a right-wing pro-Marathi and Hindu nationalist party active mainly in the state of Maharashtra. Uddhav Thackeray was Shiv Sena's second CM elecetd on 28 Nov 2019 for <3 years. First was Manohar Joshi (14 Mar 1995 - 1 Feb 1999)
1966:[Research][Medicine] The ameba that caused the infections was identified as a new species, which was later named Naegleria fowleri after one of the authors of the original report, M. Fowler. A 1966 report was the first to identify infections in the United States, which occurred in 1962 in Florida.
1966:[MENA] Oil found in Dubai, Dubai ruled by 'Sheikh Rashid' ibn Saeed Al Maktoum, also spelled Sheikh Rāshid ibn Saʿīd Āl Maktūm. Hard times create strong men, strong men create easy times. Easy times create weak men, weak men create difficult times. Many will not understand it but you have to raise warriors, not parasites.'. Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum (1912-1990) was the former prime minister of the United Arab Emirates who ruled the emirate of Dubai until his death. He has been called the “father of modern Dubai” and is credited with leading development of the city.
1966:[Day] He was the second Prime Minister of Independent India. He popularised the slogan 'Jai Jawan Jai Kisan' He actively participated in India's freedom struggle. Due to cardiac arrest, he died on 11 January 1966. And he was also known as the 'Man of Peace' globally.
1966: Hindustan Zinc Limited, Delhi is an Indian integrated mining and resources producer of zinc, lead, silver and cadmium. It is a subsidiary of Vedanta Limited.
1967: NPLNet-Packet Swiched.
1967: Quiz in India. Neil O'Brian father of Derek O'Brian, conducted the first well-organised formal quiz at Christ the King Church, Parish Hall in Calcutta.
1967: The Uttar Pradesh Assembly consists of 403 elected members and one nominated Anglo-Indian member. The Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council has 100 members. Prior to 1967, the strength of the Legislative Assembly was 431 members including one nominated Anglo-Indian member which was revised to 426 including one nominated Anglo-Indian member.
1967: REC, Silchar.
1967: Quiz in India. Neil O'Brian father of Derek O'Brian, conducted the first well-organised formal quiz at Christ the King Church, Parish Hall in Calcutta.
1967: The Uttar Pradesh Assembly consists of 403 elected members and one nominated Anglo-Indian member. The Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council has 100 members. Prior to 1967, the strength of the Legislative Assembly was 431 members including one nominated Anglo-Indian member which was revised to 426 including one nominated Anglo-Indian member.
1967: REC, Silchar.
1967: The 1970s, known as New Hollywood (technically 1967–1980), is generally considered the best decade cinematically in Hollywood history. This was the decade in which directors had the most creative control, films pushed the most boundaries, and the most artistic and daring films were made.
1967 (Aug 8): ASEAN, officially the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, is a political and economic union of 10 member states in Southeast Asia, which promotes intergovernmental cooperation and facilitates economic, political, security, military, educational, and sociocultural integration between its members and other countries in Asia.
1967 (Oct 15):[Art] Construction completed for Russia's The Motherland Calls, a 279ft. monument that was started in May 1959. It was the tallest sculpture in the world at the time of creation.
1967: S2
1967:[Aviation][Military] Airshow at Soviet Union where Mig-25 (Red Foxbat) were first introduced to the world. This show was also broadcasted in English for American audience, which surprisingly resembled with America's concept next-gen superiority fighter jet. A jet that wouldn't be ready for another 10 years. Great leap-frogging by USSR
1967 (Nov 3):[GoI] Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative Limited, also known as IFFCO, is a multi-state cooperative society engaged in the manufacture and marketing of fertiliser. IFFCO is headquartered in New Delhi, India.
1967:[GoI][CPSU] Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL) is a Public Sector Enterprise under the Department of Atomic Energy, established on 11 April 1967 by A. S. Rao at Hyderabad, under the Prime Ministership of Smt Indira Gandhi, to create a strong indigenous base in electronics.
1967 (Nov 9):[PSU] Hindustan Copper Ltd. is a central public sector undertaking under the ownership of the Ministry of Mines, Government of India.
-----------------------------------------Emergency Period in India (China war) halted------
1968: ARPANET. Created as a network to discuss research ideas and to help the nation survive a nuclear attack.
1968:[Physics][US][Quantum] Yet “coming up with the idea” was as far as Gell-Mann went in 1964 when he and George Zweig independently developed the concept. Without the 1968 experiments of Kendall, Friedman and Taylor at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), quarks would have remained a mere theory, a will-o-wisp whose existence was confidently postulated but never proven.
1968 (Jan):[MENA][GeoPolitics] Britishers left the Dubai region owing to high operation and security maintenance cost.
1968(Jan 10): Emergency Period in India (External disturbance) halted.
1968 (Feb 12): Christopher Johnson McCandless was born in Inglewood, California and spent his early childhood in El Segundo, California. He was the eldest child of Wilhelmina Marie "Billie" McCandless (née Johnson) and Walter "Walt" McCandless, and had a younger sister named Carine. McCandless also had six half-siblings from Walt's first marriage, who lived with their mother in California and later in Denver, Colorado.
1968 (Feb): [India][Music] The Beatles visited Rishikesh.
1968: The North Face, an American outdoor product company founded at Alameda, California. (USA)
1968: 42 Years B.G. (Before Gru) New York ft. in the movie Minions.
1968: Rajdhani Train service started in India.
1968: Villain-Con International- the biggest gathering of criminals anywhere. Minions went there.
1968: The North Face, an American outdoor product company founded at Alameda, California. (USA)
1968: 42 Years B.G. (Before Gru) New York ft. in the movie Minions.
1968: Rajdhani Train service started in India.
1968: Villain-Con International- the biggest gathering of criminals anywhere. Minions went there.
1968: Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia by Russia.
1968:[Cinema] The Last Man on Earth(1964)
1968:[Space][Mars][Earth] Effort began by NASA Langley Research Center for Viking mission to Mars.
1969: Logic& Computer Programming introduced.
1969: Scholastic Asian Book Award founded by Nat. Book Dev Council of S'pore (NBDCS) and Scholastic Asia. For 6 to 18 years Asian writers for unpublished manuscript (32000 words). (Prize:S$10000).
1969 (Apr): [GeoPolitics] Russia proposed the organization of a European Security Conference in the same way as it had done in 1954. This led to formation of Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE). CSCE further gave birth to Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) in 1975.
1969 (Apr 22):[Education][India][Public] Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) is a public major research university located in South West Delhi, India. It was established in 1969 and named after Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first Prime Minister. The university is known for leading faculties and research emphasis on social sciences and applied sciences.
1969 (Aug 30): ARPANET, the first Wide Area Network, is introduced. The first manifestation of ARPANET connected four universities. Implements TCP/IP and packet switching.
1969 (Dec 5): a four-node network emerged between the University of California (LA), the Stanford Research Institute, the University of Utah and the University of California (Santa Barbara). This network would become ARPANET, which by 1981 would consist of 213 nodes. In June 1973, the first non-US node was added to the network belonging to Norway's NORSAR project. This was shortly followed by a node in London.
1969 (Aug 15): INCOSPAR renamed to ISRO.
1969: Indo-Thai Synthetics Company Ltd was incorporated in Thailand, started operations in 1970, this was Aditya Birla Group's first foray into international venture.
1969: Malcolm Hailey, 1st Baron Hailey, entered Indian Civil Service-1896. Governor of the United Provinces from 1928 to 1934 died.
1969: First PLC Modicon 084 kicked-in Industrial Revolution-3. Electronics and IT.
1969 (Dec 5): a four-node network emerged between the University of California (LA), the Stanford Research Institute, the University of Utah and the University of California (Santa Barbara). This network would become ARPANET, which by 1981 would consist of 213 nodes. In June 1973, the first non-US node was added to the network belonging to Norway's NORSAR project. This was shortly followed by a node in London.
1969 (Aug 15): INCOSPAR renamed to ISRO.
1969: Indo-Thai Synthetics Company Ltd was incorporated in Thailand, started operations in 1970, this was Aditya Birla Group's first foray into international venture.
1969: Malcolm Hailey, 1st Baron Hailey, entered Indian Civil Service-1896. Governor of the United Provinces from 1928 to 1934 died.
1969: First PLC Modicon 084 kicked-in Industrial Revolution-3. Electronics and IT.
1969:[Music] Bryan Adams writes a song about their youthful days from this year.
1969 (Mar 10):[Book] The Godfather is a crime novel by American author Mario Puzo. The story chronicles the Corleone family under patriarch Vito Corleone, focusing on the transformation of his youngest son, Michael Corleone, from reluctant family outsider to ruthless mafia boss.
1969 (Mar 10):[Book] The Godfather is a crime novel by American author Mario Puzo. The story chronicles the Corleone family under patriarch Vito Corleone, focusing on the transformation of his youngest son, Michael Corleone, from reluctant family outsider to ruthless mafia boss.
1969:[Computer] B is a programming language developed at Bell Labs circa 1969 by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie. Dennis called it "BCPL semantics with a lot of SMALGOL syntax". PL/I also influenced its design and development.
1969:[Computer] The System/38 was designed as a follow-on for the System/3, but it is not compatible with those computers. The predecessors to the System/38 include the System/3 (1969), System/32 (1975), and System/34 (1977). In 1983 the System/36 was released as a low-end business computer for users who found the System/38 too expensive for their needs. The System/38 was succeeded by the IBM AS/400 midrange computer family in 1988, which originally used a processor architecture similar to the System/38, before adopting PowerPC-based processors in 1995.
1969:[Aviation][Military] Mass production began for Mig-25. 100 aircrafts rolling off assembly lines per month and flying higher and faster than any combat jet in history.
1969 (Sep 24):[Military][Education][India] The then Union Education Minister Dr. V.K.R.V. Rao, launched the NSS programme in 37 universities covering all States and simultaneously requested the Chief Ministers of States for their cooperation and help. It was appropriate that the programme was started during the Gandhi Centenary Year as it was Gandhi Ji who inspired the Indian youth to participate in the movement for India’s independence and the social upliftment of the downtrodden masses of our nation. The idea was first considered by the Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE) at its meeting held in January, 1950.
1969:[Who][Philosophy][Business][India][Education] Satya Narayana Goenka (1924-2013) was an Indian teacher of Vipassanā meditation. Born in Burma to an Indian business family, he moved to India in 1969 and started teaching meditation. His teaching emphasized that the Buddha's path to liberation was non-sectarian, universal, and scientific in character.
1969: In 1969, two years after losing the Punjab Assembly elections, Indian politician Jagjit Singh Chohan moved to the United Kingdom to start his campaign for the creation of Khalistan. Chohan's proposal included Punjab, Himachal, Haryana, as well as some parts of Rajasthan.
1969:[PSU] REC Limited, formerly Rural Electrification Corporation Limited (RECL), of which Power Finance Corporation Limited is the holding company of that is under the ownership of the Ministry of Power, the Government of India. It finances and promotes power projects across India.
1969:[Economics][Finance] The Special Drawing Right (SDR) is an interest-bearing international reserve asset created by the IMF in 1969 to supplement other reserve assets of member countries. The SDR is based on a basket of international currencies comprising the U.S. dollar, Japanese yen, euro, pound sterling and Chinese Renminbi. As of Aug 2024, 1 SDR = $1.346. The IMF's current total resources of about SDR 982 billion translate into a capacity for lending of about (70% of the total resources) SDR 695 billion (around US$932 billion), as at mid-December 2023.
1970s:[Physics][Research][Quantum] Gargamelle was a heavy liquid bubble chamber detector in operation at CERN between 1970 and 1979. It was designed to detect neutrinos and antineutrinos, which were produced with a beam from the Proton Synchrotron between 1970 and 1976, before the detector was moved to the Super Proton Synchrotron. In 1979 an irreparable crack was discovered in the bubble chamber, and the detector was decommissioned. It is currently part of the "Microcosm" exhibition at CERN, open to the public. Gargamelle is famous for being the experiment where neutral currents were discovered. Found in July 1973, neutral currents were the first experimental indication of the existence of the Z⁰ boson, and consequently a major step towards the verification of the electroweak theory. Gargamelle can refer to both the bubble chamber detector itself, or the high-energy physics experiment by the same name. (Proof of that atoms exists)
1970s: the first commercial geostationary satellites launched.
1970s: For most of written history, there were only two types of currency: fiat or commodity. Fiat currencies have been the dominant currency since the 1970s, when the US ended the Bretton Woods system and abandoned the gold standard.1970s: One of the first rappers at the beginning of the hip hop period, at the end of the 1970s, was also hip hop's first DJ, DJ Kool Herc. Herc, a Jamaican immigrant, started delivering simple raps at his parties, which some claim were inspired by the Jamaican tradition of toasting.
1970s: BRACT was developed by MBAssociates for the US Air Force's Space and Missile Systems Center.
1970s: The decade that saw the most one-hit wonders (i.e. they have never had a second Billboard top 10 hit) make it to the top spot with a total of 23. [Music]
1970s:[Cinema] The merciless 1970s rivalry between Formula One rivals James Hunt and Niki Lauda. - Rush (2013)
1970s:[Space][Research] Stephen Hawking applied the semi-classical approach of quantum field theory in curved spacetime to such systems and found that an isolated black hole would emit a form of radiation called Hawking radiation. Hawking also argued that the detailed form of the radiation would be independent of the initial state of the black hole, and would depend only on its mass, electric charge and angular momentum.
1970s:[Physics][Space][Research] In the 20th century, two theoretical frameworks emerged for formulating the laws of physics. The first is Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, a theory that explains the force of gravity and the structure of spacetime at the macro-level. The other is quantum mechanics, a completely different formulation, which uses known probability principles to describe physical phenomena at the micro-level. By the late 1970s, these two frameworks had proven to be sufficient to explain most of the observed features of the universe, from elementary particles to atoms to the evolution of stars and the universe as a whole.
1970s:[Crime][UK] Mickey Green (1942-2020) in UK (1970 - 1998).
1970s:[Crime] In the 1970s, Karim Lala agreed to a pact with the other two ganglords, Haji Mastan and Varadarajan Mudaliar to divide Mumbai amongst themselves so that they could freely run their criminal activities without any conflict between each other. Due to failing health during the late seventies, Lala gradually transferred the leadership of the Pathan gang to his nephew, Samad Khan and then managed his hotel and transport business. Although Lala had several illegitimate businesses[citation needed], his legitimate business included two hotels (Al Karim Hotel and New India Hotel) and a travel and passport agency called New India Tours and Travels. He was also close to Shiv Sena supremo Bal Thackeray.
1970s:[Crime] Dawood Ibrahim (26 Dec 1955, Khed, Ratnagiri) is an Indian mob boss, drug lord, and terrorist from Dongri, Mumbai, who is wanted by the Indian government. He reportedly heads the Indian organised crime syndicate D-Company, which he founded in Mumbai in the 1970s.
1970s:[Business][Food] Parle Bisleri (1970s), led by Ramesh Jayantilal Chauhan, younger son of Jayantilal. He runs it with his wife Zainab Chauhan and their daughter Jayanti Chauhan.
1970s:[Gaming] Arcade video games (1970s to present)
1970s:[Marketing] Several entrepreneurs opened former uranium mines in the US to the general public and advertised alleged health benefits from breathing radon gas underground. Health benefits claimed included pain, sinus, asthma and arthritis relief, but these were proven to be false and the government banned such advertisements in 1975. In 2003? Radon-222 decay products have been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as being carcinogenic to humans, and as a gas that can be inhaled, lung cancer is a particular concern for people exposed to elevated levels of radon for sustained periods. (Radon)
1970s:[Culture] Many countries now have laws in support of the woman retaining her maiden name. The reforms brought in Greece in the 1970s and 80s made it mandatory for women to keep the name decided by their parents even after marriage; that is, it is illegal to add the husband's surname to their own name after marriage.
1970 (Apr 11):[Space] Apollo 13 (April 11–17, 1970) was the seventh crewed mission in the Apollo space program and the third meant to land on the Moon. The craft was launched from Kennedy Space Center on April 11, 1970, but the lunar landing was aborted after an oxygen tank in the service module (SM) failed two days into the mission. The crew instead looped around the Moon in a circumlunar trajectory and returned safely to Earth on April 17. The mission was commanded by Jim Lovell, with Jack Swigert as command module (CM) pilot and Fred Haise as Lunar Module (LM) pilot. Swigert was a late replacement for Ken Mattingly, who was grounded after exposure to rubella.
1970 (Apr 13):[Space] The accident happened at 55:54:53 (03:08 UTC on April 14, 10:08 PM EST, April 13). Swigert reported 26 seconds later, "Okay, Houston, we've had a problem here," echoed at 55:55:42 by Lovell, "Houston, we've had a problem. We've had a Main B Bus undervolt."
1970 (Apr 17):[Space] During re-entry of the Apollo 13 spacecraft, ionization of the air around the command module during reentry would typically cause a four-minute communications blackout. Apollo 13's shallow reentry path lengthened this to six minutes, longer than had been expected; controllers feared that the Command Module's (CM) heat shield had failed. The Lunar Module (LM) had charged batteries and full oxygen tanks for use on the lunar surface, so Kranz directed that the astronauts power up the LM and use it as a "lifeboat" – a scenario anticipated but considered unlikely.
1970: Birth of EDM (Electronic Dance Music)
1970: Gandhinagar became the capital of Gujrat.
1970: Gandhinagar became the capital of Gujrat.
1970:[Cinema] Frankenstein 1970(1958)
1970:[Cinema] Privilege(1967)
1970:[Cinema] Project Moonbase(1953)
1970:[Cinema] The Mummy's Ghost(1944)
1970:[Cinema] The Mummy's Tomb(1942)
1970:[Marketing] Tobacco Ad-ban. Marlboro Man remain least impacted, as Cigarette wasn't the primary objective.
1970: According to the 'events outside India' narrative, particularly after 1971, the notion of a sovereign and independent state of Khalistan began to get popularized among Sikhs in North America and Europe. One such account is provided by the Khalistan Council which had moorings in West London, where the Khalistan movement is said to have been launched in 1970. Davinder Singh Parmar migrated to London in 1954. According to Parmar, his first pro-Khalistan meeting was attended by less than 20 people and he was labelled as a madman, receiving only one person's support. Parmar continued his efforts despite the lack of following, eventually raising the Khalistani flag in Birmingham in the 1970s. Parmar and Chohan met in 1970 and formally announced the Khalistan movement at a London press conference, though being largely dismissed by the community as fanatical fringe without any support.
1970 (Apr 25):[PSU] The Housing and Urban Development Corporation Limited (HUDCO), Delhi is an Indian public sector undertaking engaged in housing finance and infrastructure project finance. The Govt Grants Navratna Status to PSU on April 18,2024.
1970 (Jul 16):[PSU] Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL), HQ'd at Hyderabad, Telangana as a Public Sector Undertaking under the Ministry of Defence,
1971: NE555, the first 555 timer IC was designed by Hans R. Camenzind under contract to Signetics (later acquired by Philips Semiconductors, and now NXP).
1971: Ray Tomlinson sent the first network email using a program called SNDMSG.
1971: TymNet-Packet Switched.
1971: Intel's 4004, a BCD oriented 4-bit microprocessor.
1971: The IBM 3270 is a class of block oriented computer terminal (sometimes called display devices) introduced by IBM. Telnet 3270, or IBM TN3270 describes both the process of sending and receiving 3270 data streams using the Telnet protocol and the software that emulates a 3270 class terminal that communicates using that process.
Project Gutenberg is the first and largest single collection of free electronic books, or eBooks. Michael Hart, founder of Project Gutenberg, invented eBooks in 1971 and continues to inspire the creation of eBooks and related technologies today.
1971; the personal computer (PC) became feasible
1971: Invention of the first email system. Raymond Samuel "Ray" Tomlinson implemented the first email program on the ARPANET system, the precursor to the Internet.
1971: ALOHAnet connected the Hawaiian Islands with a UHF wireless packet network (link speed < 2 Mbit/sec) and marked the beginning of Wi-Fi.
ALOHAnet and the ALOHA protocol were early forerunners to Ethernet.
1971; the personal computer (PC) became feasible
1971: Invention of the first email system. Raymond Samuel "Ray" Tomlinson implemented the first email program on the ARPANET system, the precursor to the Internet.
1971: ALOHAnet connected the Hawaiian Islands with a UHF wireless packet network (link speed < 2 Mbit/sec) and marked the beginning of Wi-Fi.
ALOHAnet and the ALOHA protocol were early forerunners to Ethernet.
1971 (Jan 1): Jyotiraditya Madhavrao Scindia was born in Mumbai to Madhavrao Scindia and Madhavi Raje Scindia.
1971 (Feb 4): NASDAQ, Inc. founded by Gordon Macklin at NYC. The Nasdaq Stock Market is an American stock exchange. It is the second-largest exchange in the world by market capitalization, behind only the New York Stock Exchange. NASDAQ (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations)
1971 (Jun): ALOHAnet, also known as the ALOHA System,or simply ALOHA, was a pioneering computer networking system developed at the University of Hawaii. ALOHAnet became operational in June, 1971, providing the first public demonstration of a wireless packet data network. ALOHA originally stood for Additive Links On-line Hawaii Area.
1971 (Feb 4): NASDAQ, Inc. founded by Gordon Macklin at NYC. The Nasdaq Stock Market is an American stock exchange. It is the second-largest exchange in the world by market capitalization, behind only the New York Stock Exchange. NASDAQ (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations)
1971 (Jun): ALOHAnet, also known as the ALOHA System,or simply ALOHA, was a pioneering computer networking system developed at the University of Hawaii. ALOHAnet became operational in June, 1971, providing the first public demonstration of a wireless packet data network. ALOHA originally stood for Additive Links On-line Hawaii Area.
1971 (Aug):[GeoPolitics] The partnership between the two countries, India and Russia developed after the 1971 Indo-Soviet Treaty of Peace, Friendship, and Cooperation, following escalating tensions with Pakistan and US support for the latter — from the Eisenhower administration’s decision to provide military aid to Islamabad in the 1950s, to President Richard Nixon’s closeness with Pakistani President Yahya Khan during the 1971 Indo-Pakistani War.
1971: India won over Pak.
1971: India won over Pak.
1971 (Nov 6):[Military][Aviation] Israeli radar controller began tracking of Mig-25 over Sinai peninsula, Egypt.
1971: Karoke invented.
1971: Chacha Chaudhary is a popular Indian comic book character, created by cartoonist Pran Kumar Sharma, was first published.
1971: John T. Draper (later nicknamed Captain Crunch), his friend Joe Engressia, and blue box phone phreaking hit the news with an Esquire Magazine feature story.
-----------------------------------------Emergency Period in India (Pakistan war) started------
1971 (Dec 3): during the Indo Pakistan war, and later extended along with the third proclamation — "the security of India" having been declared "threatened by external aggression".
1971: Karoke invented.
1971: Chacha Chaudhary is a popular Indian comic book character, created by cartoonist Pran Kumar Sharma, was first published.
1971: John T. Draper (later nicknamed Captain Crunch), his friend Joe Engressia, and blue box phone phreaking hit the news with an Esquire Magazine feature story.
-----------------------------------------Emergency Period in India (Pakistan war) started------
1971 (Dec 3): during the Indo Pakistan war, and later extended along with the third proclamation — "the security of India" having been declared "threatened by external aggression".
1971: Decade with the highest growth rate in India. The Decadal growth rate of population in terms of percentage was highest in India in 1971. The population growth rate peaked during the decade 1971-81, perhaps in the year 1972-73 (based on the Sample Registration Scheme data).
1971:[Space][Research][India] The Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), with its headquarters in Bengaluru, is an autonomous research institute wholly financed by the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India. IIA conducts research primarily in the areas of astronomy, astrophysics and related fields.
1971:[Technology][Medicine][Art] MRI. At Stony Brook University, Paul Lauterbur applied magnetic field gradients in all three dimensions and a back-projection technique to create NMR images. He published the first images of two tubes of water in 1973 in the journal Nature, followed by the picture of a living animal, a clam, and in 1974 by the image of the thoracic cavity of a mouse. Lauterbur called his imaging method zeugmatography, a term which was replaced by (N)MR imaging. In the late 1970s, physicists Peter Mansfield and Paul Lauterbur developed MRI-related techniques, like the echo-planar imaging (EPI) technique.
1971 (Dec):[MENA] Nearby 7 emirates joins to form UAE, Ras Al Khaima joins in 1972.
1971:[Who][Philosophy][Business][APAC][Education] Sayagyi U Ba Khin (1889-1971) was the first Accountant General of the Union of Burma. He was the founder of the International Meditation Centre in Yangon, Myanmar and is principally known as a leading twentieth century authority on Vipassana meditation.
1972: 4G or Fourth Generation of Computers starts (Microprocessor), lasted for 38 years.
1972:[Technology][Medicine][Art] The first commercially viable CT scanner (aka CT Scan) was invented by Godfrey Hounsfield.
1972: (Delhi Public School) DPS, R K Puram, which is widely recognized as the flagship school of the DPSS was founded.
1972: Permanent Account Number (PAN) launched. It is a unique, 10-character alpha-numeric code that acts as an identification for Indian nationals, especially those who pay Income Tax.
1972 (Jan 7): ITPO's 1st New Delhi World Book Fair (NDWBF) at Windsor Place, New Delhi. 200 participants. The Fair is organized by National Book Trust, India, an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, working towards promotion of books and the habit of reading in the country.
1972: (Delhi Public School) DPS, R K Puram, which is widely recognized as the flagship school of the DPSS was founded.
1972: Permanent Account Number (PAN) launched. It is a unique, 10-character alpha-numeric code that acts as an identification for Indian nationals, especially those who pay Income Tax.
1972 (Jan 7): ITPO's 1st New Delhi World Book Fair (NDWBF) at Windsor Place, New Delhi. 200 participants. The Fair is organized by National Book Trust, India, an autonomous organization under the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, working towards promotion of books and the habit of reading in the country.
1972 (Mar 2): Pioneer 10 is an American space probe, launched in 1972 and weighing 258 kilograms, that completed the first mission to the planet Jupiter. Thereafter, Pioneer 10 became the first of five artificial objects to achieve the escape velocity needed to leave the Solar System. This space exploration project was conducted by the NASA Ames Research Center in California. The space probe was manufactured by TRW Inc.
1972 (Mar 27): MC Escher died. Maurits Cornelis Escher was a Dutch graphic artist who made mathematically inspired woodcuts, lithographs, and mezzotints. Despite wide popular interest, Escher was for long somewhat neglected in the art world, even in his native Netherlands. He was 70 before a retrospective exhibition was held. In the twenty-first century, he became more widely appreciated, with exhibitions across the world.
1972 (Mar 27): MC Escher died. Maurits Cornelis Escher was a Dutch graphic artist who made mathematically inspired woodcuts, lithographs, and mezzotints. Despite wide popular interest, Escher was for long somewhat neglected in the art world, even in his native Netherlands. He was 70 before a retrospective exhibition was held. In the twenty-first century, he became more widely appreciated, with exhibitions across the world.
1972: The Government of India constituted the International Airports Authority of India (IAAI) to manage the nation's international airports.
1972: Action Group, mfr. of the Action Shoes brand, founded by Lala Mange Ram Agarwal at New Delhi.
1972: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Mizoram got their present-day capitals as Itanagar, Dispur, and Aizawal
1972: Department of Space (DOS) and the Space Commission were set up in 1972. ISRO was brought under DOS on June 1, 1972.
1972: The Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India is a Public Sector Undertaking of the Government of India. Established in 1972, ALIMCO manufactures artificial limbs and rehabilitation aids. The company is headquartered in Kanpur.
1972: Action Group, mfr. of the Action Shoes brand, founded by Lala Mange Ram Agarwal at New Delhi.
1972: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Mizoram got their present-day capitals as Itanagar, Dispur, and Aizawal
1972: Department of Space (DOS) and the Space Commission were set up in 1972. ISRO was brought under DOS on June 1, 1972.
1972: The Artificial Limbs Manufacturing Corporation of India is a Public Sector Undertaking of the Government of India. Established in 1972, ALIMCO manufactures artificial limbs and rehabilitation aids. The company is headquartered in Kanpur.
1972 (May 31): Shivani Verma, better known as BK Shivani, Brahma Kumari Shivani, or Sister Shivani, is a teacher in the Brahma Kumaris spiritual movement in India. After master's degree in Computer Science, she worked backstage at the production of Brahma Kumaris television presentations in Delhi, where senior teachers would record the teachings. In 2007, due to the unavailability of other teachers, she was asked to start answering the viewers' queries herself.
1972: 1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China. İn the 1960s, the USA finally woke up to the fact that the USA and China had a very similar policy vis-a-vis the USSR and President Richard Nixon made his famous visit to China. This visit made communist China and capitalist America unusual allies in the Cold War. China and the USA worked together to back movements like the Khmer Rouge (who opposed the USSR’s ally Vietnam) and far right guerrilla organisations fighting leftist revolutionary governments in Southern Africa.
1972:[India] The Mumbai-New Delhi Rajdhani express was flagged of for the first time from Mumbai Central. 90YO Qamruzzaman Sarang, passenger.
1972:[Computer] C programming language was developed by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson. The origin of C is closely tied to the development of the Unix operating system, originally implemented in assembly language on a PDP-7 by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson, incorporating several ideas from colleagues. Eventually, they decided to port the operating system to a PDP-11. The original PDP-11 version of Unix was also developed in assembly language. They were awarded the Turing Award from the ACM in 1983, the Hamming Medal from the IEEE in 1990 and the National Medal of Technology from President Bill Clinton in 1999. Ritchie was the head of Lucent Technologies System Software Research Department when he retired in 2007.
1972:[History][Sports][Terrorism] Tragedy struck the 1972 Olympics in Munich when eight Palestinian terrorists invaded the Olympic Village on September 5 and killed two members of the Israeli team. Nine other Israelis were held hostage as the terrorists bargained for the release of 200 Palestinian prisoners in Israel.
1972:[Cinema] The Day the Fish Came Out(1967)
1972:[Military][Education][India]Nehru Yuva Kendras were established in the year 1972 with the objective of providing rural youth avenues to take part in the process of nation building as well providing opportunities for the development of their personality and skills.
1972:[Computing][Web] Computers at educational institutions would have the domain edu, for example. NIC's Finler and her team managed the Host Naming Registry from 1972 to 1989. This laid foundation for DNS, which got launched in 1985.
1972:[Maths][Security] In number theory, the general number field sieve (GNFS) is the most efficient classical algorithm known for factoring integers larger than 10100. This finds mentions in Ribenboim, Paulo (1972). Algebraic Numbers. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978-0-471-71804-8, later in Dec 1996 book 'A Tale of Two Sieves' by Carl Pomerance.
1972:[Day] On 21 January 1972, the states of Tripura, Manipur, and Meghalaya became full-fledged states under the North Eastern Region (Re-organisation) Act, of 1971. Therefore, Tripura, Manipur, and Meghalaya celebrate their Statehood Day on 21 January.
1972:[GoI][CPSU] Cochin Shipyard Ltd is the largest shipbuilding and maintenance facility in India. It is part of a line of maritime-related facilities in the port-city of Kochi, in the state of Kerala, India. Of the services provided by the shipyard are building platform supply vessels and double-hulled oil tankers.
1973: CYCLADESNet.
1973 (Apr 5): Pioneer 11 is a 260-kilogram robotic space probe launched by NASA on April 5, 1973, to study the asteroid belt, the environment around Jupiter and Saturn, solar winds, and cosmic rays. It was the first probe to encounter Saturn, the second to fly through the asteroid belt, and the second to fly by Jupiter. Later, Pioneer 11 became the second of five artificial objects to achieve an escape velocity allowing it to leave the Solar System. Due to power constraints and the vast distance to the probe, the last routine contact with the spacecraft was on September 30, 1995, and the last good engineering data was received on November 24, 1995.
1973: Talkomatic, the earliest IM i.e. instant messaging (online chat) facilities.
1973: Biopreparat was established by Yuri Ovchinnikov as a "civilian" continuation of earlier Soviet bio-warfare programs.
1973 (Apr 24): Sachin Tendulkar was born at Nirmal Nursing Home in Dadar, Bombay on 24 April 1973 in a Maharashtrian family. His father, Ramesh Tendulkar, was a well-known Marathi novelist and his mother, Rajni, worked in the insurance industry.
1973: Lata Mangeshkar and Shailendra Singh sung Jhoot Bole Kauwa Kaate...for the movie Bobby.
1973:[Research] In computer science, the Knuth–Morris–Pratt string-searching algorithm (or KMP algorithm) searches for occurrences of a "word" W within a main "text string" S by employing the observation that when a mismatch occurs, the word itself embodies sufficient information to determine where the next match could begin, thus bypassing re-examination of previously matched characters. The algorithm was conceived by James H. Morris and independently discovered by Donald Knuth "a few weeks later" from automata theory. Morris and Vaughan Pratt published a technical report in 1970. The three also published the algorithm jointly in 1977. Independently, in 1969, Matiyasevich discovered a similar algorithm, coded by a two-dimensional Turing machine, while studying a string-pattern-matching recognition problem over a binary alphabet. This was the first linear-time algorithm for string matching.
1973: Biopreparat was established by Yuri Ovchinnikov as a "civilian" continuation of earlier Soviet bio-warfare programs.
1973 (Apr 24): Sachin Tendulkar was born at Nirmal Nursing Home in Dadar, Bombay on 24 April 1973 in a Maharashtrian family. His father, Ramesh Tendulkar, was a well-known Marathi novelist and his mother, Rajni, worked in the insurance industry.
1973: Lata Mangeshkar and Shailendra Singh sung Jhoot Bole Kauwa Kaate...for the movie Bobby.
1973:[Research] In computer science, the Knuth–Morris–Pratt string-searching algorithm (or KMP algorithm) searches for occurrences of a "word" W within a main "text string" S by employing the observation that when a mismatch occurs, the word itself embodies sufficient information to determine where the next match could begin, thus bypassing re-examination of previously matched characters. The algorithm was conceived by James H. Morris and independently discovered by Donald Knuth "a few weeks later" from automata theory. Morris and Vaughan Pratt published a technical report in 1970. The three also published the algorithm jointly in 1977. Independently, in 1969, Matiyasevich discovered a similar algorithm, coded by a two-dimensional Turing machine, while studying a string-pattern-matching recognition problem over a binary alphabet. This was the first linear-time algorithm for string matching.
1973 (Sep 11): Neem Karoli Baba of Kainchi Dham Ashram in Nainital, Uttarakhand died in a hospital at Vrindavan The Guru’s Ashram. Later Steve Jobs and Mark Zuckerberg came to pay them a visit in India.
1973: Charles Berlitz "invented" the Bermuda Triangle with a book published in 1973. He had heard stories of pilots and sailors who considered that area "cursed", and so decided to compile those enigmatic tales. "Other times, the planes arrive at their destination two hours in advance", said Berlitz. “And, on other occasions, ships or airplanes never arrive at their destination.”
1973:[Cinema] Penny Chenery Tweedy and colleagues guide her long-shot but precocious stallion to set, in 1973, the unbeaten record for winning the Triple Crown. - Secretariat (2010)
1973:[Cinema] Escape from the Planet of the Apes(1971)
1973:[Cinema] It! The Terror from Beyond Space(1958)
1973:[Space][Research] In 1973–1975, Stephen Hawking showed that black holes should slowly radiate away energy and Hawking later argued that this leads to a contradiction with unitarity. Hawking used the classical no-hair theorem to argue that the form of this radiation – called Hawking radiation – would be completely independent of the initial state of the star or matter that collapsed to form the black hole.
1973:[GoI] Akali Dal put forward the Anandpur Sahib Resolution to demand more autonomic powers to the state of Punjab. The union government considered the resolution a secessionist document and rejected it
1973 (Jan 24):[GoI][CPSU] MoS's Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) is a central public sector undertaking based in New Delhi, India. It is under the ownership of the Ministry of Steel, Government of India with an annual turnover of ₹105,398 crore for the fiscal year 2022-23. Incorporated on 24 January 1973, SAIL has 57,139 employees.
1973:[GoI][CPSU] MoD/DoDP's Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited (MDNL), is a specialized metals and metal alloys manufacturing facility in India, located in Hyderabad, Telangana. It is a Public Sector Undertaking, under the administrative control of Department of Defence Production, Ministry of Defence, Government of India.
In the early versions of this technology, there was only one core protocol, which was named TCP. And in fact, these letters didn't even stand for what they do today Transmission Control Protocol, but they were for the Transmission Control Program. The first version of this predecessor of modern TCP was written in 1973, then revised and formally documented in
1974: TeleNet-Packet Switched.
1974: British chemist M. Stanley Whittingham made the breakthrough that produced the earliest form of the modern Li-ion battery, who first used titanium disulfide (TiS2) as a cathode material, which has a layered structure that can take in lithium ions without significant changes to its crystal structure.
1974:[Book] Charles Bukowski's Burning in Water, Drowning in Flame (1955-1973) - Collection of Poems
1974: IBM's SNA (Systems Network Architecture, is IBM's proprietary networking architecture) was made public as part of IBM's "Advanced Function for Communications" announcement in September, 1974, which included the implementation of the SNA/SDLC (Synchronous Data Link Control) protocols on new communications products: IBM 3767 communication terminal (printer) and IBM 3770 data communication system.
1974: Stephen Hawking introduces theory of Black Holes.
1974 (Apr 24): Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar' requested his death from Rameswaram Sea. As a student, his favourite subjects were history, politics and philosophy. At school and later in college, he studied Hindi, Sanskrit, Maithili, Bengali, Urdu and English literature. Dinkar was greatly influenced by Iqbal, Rabindranath Tagore, Keats and Milton and translated works of Rabindranath Tagore from Bengali to Hindi.
1974: Stephen Hawking introduces theory of Black Holes.
1974 (Apr 24): Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar' requested his death from Rameswaram Sea. As a student, his favourite subjects were history, politics and philosophy. At school and later in college, he studied Hindi, Sanskrit, Maithili, Bengali, Urdu and English literature. Dinkar was greatly influenced by Iqbal, Rabindranath Tagore, Keats and Milton and translated works of Rabindranath Tagore from Bengali to Hindi.
1974 (May): The Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) founded in response to the Indian nuclear test. It is a multilateral export control regime and a group of nuclear supplier countries that seek to prevent nuclear proliferation by controlling the export of materials, equipment and technology that can be used to manufacture nuclear weapons.
1974: RITES Limited (राइट्स लिमिटेड) (earlier known as Rail India Technical and Economic Service) is an engineering consultancy company, specializing in the field of transport infrastructure.1974: Mother Dairy was commissioned as a wholly owned subsidiary of the National Dairy Development Board {NDDB}. It was an initiative under Operation Flood, a dairy development program aimed at making India a milk sufficient nation.
1974 (Oct): [India][Culture] Steve Jobs in India. India has always attracted the inhabitants of the western world, who have viewed it as a land of sadhus. Steve Jobs too nurtured these thoughts, and so in the middle of 1974, he visited India along with one of his friends from Reeds college, named Dan Kottke, who would later become the first employee of Apple. He went to India to meet Neem Karoli Baba, but to his dismay Baba was already dead; at around September, 1974.
1974:[Computer][Electronics] Researcher John Cocke and his team at IBM Research began work on designing a controller for a telephone exchange. They wound up creating the first prototype computer employing a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) architecture.
1974:[Cinema] Aelita(1924)
1974:[Space][Research] Info Loss Paradox by Stephen Hawking
1974:[NSE] Lloyds Steels Industries is primarily engaged in the design, Manufacturing, and Commissioning of heavy equipment, machinery & systems for the HydroCarbon Sector, Oil & Gas, Steel Plants, Power Plants, Nuclear Plant Boilers, and Turnkey Projects.
1974:[NSE][PSU] Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited is an Indian public sector undertaking in petroleum and natural gas industry, headquartered in Mumbai, and a subsidiary of the ONGC, which is owned by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of India.
1975: Helmut Schmidt, Erich Honecker, Gerald Ford and Bruno Kreisky at the 1975 CSCE summit in Helsinki, Finland
1975: After a troubled childhood, Michael Jackson left his father's band and family to explore Pop music.
1975: Signalling System No. 7 (SS7) is a set of telephony signaling protocols developed, it is used to set up and tear down most of the world's public switched telephone network (PSTN) telephone calls. It also performs number translation, local number portability, prepaid billing, Short Message Service (SMS), and other mass market services.
1975: Moore's Law.
1975: Ovid: Selections from the Metamorphoses got translated by Mary M. Innes, a graduate from Glasgow and Oxford Universities and subsequently taught in the universities of Belfast and Aberdeen.
1975: Kapil Dev made an impressive debut for Haryana in November 1975 against Punjab with a 6 wicket haul, restricting Punjab to just 63 runs and helping Haryana to victory.
1975 (Apr 19): Aryabhatta, the first Indian satellite weigheing 360kgs. was launched through ICR from, RRLS-USSR for scientific purposes.
1975: Signalling System No. 7 (SS7) is a set of telephony signaling protocols developed, it is used to set up and tear down most of the world's public switched telephone network (PSTN) telephone calls. It also performs number translation, local number portability, prepaid billing, Short Message Service (SMS), and other mass market services.
1975: Moore's Law.
1975: Ovid: Selections from the Metamorphoses got translated by Mary M. Innes, a graduate from Glasgow and Oxford Universities and subsequently taught in the universities of Belfast and Aberdeen.
1975: Kapil Dev made an impressive debut for Haryana in November 1975 against Punjab with a 6 wicket haul, restricting Punjab to just 63 runs and helping Haryana to victory.
1975 (Apr 19): Aryabhatta, the first Indian satellite weigheing 360kgs. was launched through ICR from, RRLS-USSR for scientific purposes.
1975 (May 30): European Space Agency founded. ESA is an intergovernmental organisation of 22 member states dedicated to the exploration of space. Established in 1975 and headquartered in Paris, ESA has a worldwide staff of about 2,200 in 2018 and an annual budget of about €7.2 billion in 2022.
1975: Gangtok became the capital of Sikkim.
1975: Pakistan's Maqbool and Ghulam Farid Sabri first performed the "Bhar Do Jholi Meri" quawwali. They have significant contribution towards Sufi art and mystic poetry.
1975 (Jun7): The 1975 Cricket World Cup (officially called the Prudential Cup) was the first edition of the Cricket World Cup, organised by the International Cricket Conference (ICC). It was held from 7 to 21 June 1975 in England.
1975: In 1975, Reliance Industries Ltd. expanded its business into textiles, with "Vimal" becoming its major brand in later years. The company held its Initial public offering (IPO) in 1977.
1975: Pakistan's Maqbool and Ghulam Farid Sabri first performed the "Bhar Do Jholi Meri" quawwali. They have significant contribution towards Sufi art and mystic poetry.
1975 (Jun7): The 1975 Cricket World Cup (officially called the Prudential Cup) was the first edition of the Cricket World Cup, organised by the International Cricket Conference (ICC). It was held from 7 to 21 June 1975 in England.
1975: In 1975, Reliance Industries Ltd. expanded its business into textiles, with "Vimal" becoming its major brand in later years. The company held its Initial public offering (IPO) in 1977.
1975 (Nov 7):[NSE][PSU] NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation) Ltd along with its subsidiaries/ associates & JVs is primarily involved in generation and sale of bulk power to State power utilities. Other business of the group includes providing consultancy, project management & supervision, energy trading, oil & gas exploration and coal mining.
1975:NHPC Limited is an Indian public sector hydropower company that was incorporated in 1975 to plan, promote and organise an integrated and efficient development of hydroelectric power. Recently it has expanded to include other sources of energy like solar, geothermal, tidal, and wind.
--------Emergency Period in India (Internal disturbance) started------
1975 (Jun 25): In India, "The Emergency" refers to a 21-month period from 1975 to 1977 when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi unilaterally had a state of emergency declared across the country. Officially issued by President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed under Article 352(1) of the Constitution because of the prevailing "internal disturbance", the Emergency was in effect from 25 June 1975 until its withdrawal on 21 March 1977.
1975 (Jun 25): In India, "The Emergency" refers to a 21-month period from 1975 to 1977 when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi unilaterally had a state of emergency declared across the country. Officially issued by President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed under Article 352(1) of the Constitution because of the prevailing "internal disturbance", the Emergency was in effect from 25 June 1975 until its withdrawal on 21 March 1977.
1975 (Aug 20):[Mars][Earth] Viking 1 (maiden) launch.
1975 (Sep 9):[Mars][Earth] Viking 2 (last) launch.
1975 (Oct 2): Regional Rural Bank estd. and Hq'd at Kolkata.1975 (Nov 4): Staff Selection Commission was formed as Subordinate Services Commission and HQ'd at New Delhi.
1975 (Sep 23):[Chemistry][GeoPolitics] United States Patent [191 Tedball Sept. 23, 1975 PRECIPITATION OF SODIUM BENZOATE [75] Inventor: Carole Anne Tedball, Sarnia, Canada [73] Assignee: The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Mich.
1975:[Culture] Similarly, in Italy in 1975, a major reform was brought in the law by which, women even after marriage, were given the right to keep their maiden name.
1975 (Nov):[NSE][PSU] Coal India Limited is an Indian central public sector undertaking under the ownership of the Ministry of Coal, Government of India. It is headquartered at Kolkata. It is the largest government-owned-coal-producer in the world. It is also the ninth largest employer in India with nearly 272,000 employees.
1975:[Extreme] The 1975 British Mount Everest Southwest Face expedition was the first to successfully climb Mount Everest by ascending one of its three faces (viz. the Southwest face (Nepal), the East face (Kangshung, Tibet) and the North face (Tibet)).
1976: X.25 was developed in the ITU-T (formerly CCITT) Study Group VII based upon a number of emerging data network projects. Publicly accessible X.25 networks (Compuserve, Tymnet, Euronet, PSS, Datapac, Datanet 1 and Telenet) were set up in most countries during the 1970s and 1980s, to lower the cost of accessing various online services. Most systems that required X.25 now use TCP/IP, however it is possible to transport X.25 over TCP/IP when necessary.
1976: Intel produced an 8-bit microprocessor named, 8085.
1976: The first appearance of a geostationary orbit in popular literature was in the first Venus Equilateral story by George O. Smith titled "The Complete Venus Equilateral".
1976: Ebola virus disease (EVD) first appeared in 2 simultaneous outbreaks, one in what is now, Nzara, South Sudan, and the other in Yambuku, Democratic Republic of Congo. The latter occurred in a village near the Ebola River, from which the disease takes its name.
1976: The National Informatics Centre (NIC) (राष्ट्रीय सूचना विज्ञान केंद्र ) founded.
It is the premier science & technology organisation of India's Union Government in informatics services and information-and-communication- technology (ICT) applications. The NIC is a part of the Indian Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology's Department of Electronics & Information Technology.
1976 (Jul 20):[Mars] The Viking 1 lander touched down on the surface of Mars. The Viking program consisted of a pair of identical American space probes, Viking 1 and Viking 2, which landed on Mars.
1976 (Aug 3):[Mars] Viking 2's arrival in Mars orbit. (2-weeks after Viking 1 touchdown)
1976 (Aug 11): HCL Technologies Limited founded by Shiv Nadar , It is an Indian multinational IT services company, headquartered in Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
In the summer of 1976, a group of six engineers, all former employees of Delhi Cloth & General Mills, led by Shiv Nadar, started a company that would make personal computers. Initially floated as Microcomp Limited, Nadar and his team started selling teledigital calculators to gather capital for their main product. On August 11, 1976, the company was renamed to HCL.
1976: IRCON was registered as the Indian Railway Construction Company Limited, a wholly owned entity of the Ministry of Railways. Ircon International Limited is an engineering and construction company, specialized in transport infrastructure. The company was established in 1976, by the Government of India under The Companies Act, 1956.
In the summer of 1976, a group of six engineers, all former employees of Delhi Cloth & General Mills, led by Shiv Nadar, started a company that would make personal computers. Initially floated as Microcomp Limited, Nadar and his team started selling teledigital calculators to gather capital for their main product. On August 11, 1976, the company was renamed to HCL.
1976: IRCON was registered as the Indian Railway Construction Company Limited, a wholly owned entity of the Ministry of Railways. Ircon International Limited is an engineering and construction company, specialized in transport infrastructure. The company was established in 1976, by the Government of India under The Companies Act, 1956.
1976 (Sep 3):[Mars] Viking 2 lander successfully soft-landed after a month of coming-in the Mars orbit, while Viking 2 orbiter keep a watch.
1976 (Sep 6):[Military][Aviation] Soviet Union's most secretive jet Mig-25 crash landed at Northern Japan, and the West had first in-person experience. Pilot: 29YO Flt. Lt. Viktor Ivanovich Belenko (Russian: Виктор Иванович Беленко, born 15 February 1947) is a Russian-born American aerospace engineer and former Soviet pilot who defected to the West while flying his MiG-25 jet interceptor (NATO reporting name: "Foxbat") and landed in Hakodate, Japan.
1976 (Dec 3): TFAI was earlier incorporated, under Section 25 of the Indian Companies Act, 1956, on 30 December 1976 by amalgamating 3 organisations of the Government of India viz. India International Trade Fair Organisation, Directorate of Exhibitions & Commercial Publicity and Indian Council of Trade Fairs & Exhibitions and commenced operations with effect from 1 March 1977.1976:[Astro] The black hole information paradox proposed by Stephen Hawking in 1976 questioned that if you throw something into a black hole, it gains all the information like mass, charge, energy from the object. But what really happens to this information? This information could be encoded on the black hole's surface.
1977: PC MoDem by Dennis C. Hayes and Dale Heatherington.
1977:[Computing][Security] RSA is a public-key cryptosystem, one of the oldest, that is widely used for secure data transmission. The acronym "RSA" comes from the surnames of Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Leonard Adleman, who publicly described the algorithm. Modern cryptography (2022) uses prime numbers that are around 313 digits long, factoring a product of two such big primes, even with a supercomputer would take around 16 million years.
1977: IBM 5250, a family of block-oriented terminals originally introduced with the IBM System/34 midrange computer systems. It is used as display terminal subsystem for IBM AS/400. TN5250.
1977: IPv0. IP versions 0 to 3 were experimental versions, used between 1977 and 1979.
1977: Dr. Landweber's first networking project in 1977, TheoryNet, involved an email system for theoretical computer scientists. In 1979, he proposed and later led the establishment of the CSNET (Computer Science Network) project. The goal of CSNET was to build a network for all US university and industrial computer research groups. By 1984, over 180 university, industrial, and government computer science departments were participating in CSNET. His team also developed one of the first Internet protocol implementations (1981-84, IBM VM systems).
-----------------------------------------Emergency Period in India (External disturbance) halted------
--------Emergency Period in India (Internal disturbance) halted------
1977 (Mar 21): Emergency period in India halted.
1977 (Mar 24): Morarji Desai become PM of India for 3 years.
1977 (Apr 1): ITPO founded. India Trade Promotion Organisation (ITPO), headquartered at Pragati Maidan, is the nodal agency of the Government of India under aegis of Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India) for promoting country's external trade. ITPO is a Mini-Ratna Category-1 Central Public Sector Enterprise (CPSE) with 100 percent shareholding of Government of India. India Trade Promotion Organisation (ITPO) was incorporated by merger of Trade Development Authority (TDA), a Registered Society under Ministry of Commerce & Industry, with Trade Fair Authority of India (TFAI) with effect from 1 January 1992.
1977 (May 2): Kapil Mishra (nickname: Sonu/Suaancha) born. The man who taught the word Jijashri, Bhenji,
1977: IBM 5250, a family of block-oriented terminals originally introduced with the IBM System/34 midrange computer systems. It is used as display terminal subsystem for IBM AS/400. TN5250.
1977: IPv0. IP versions 0 to 3 were experimental versions, used between 1977 and 1979.
1977: Dr. Landweber's first networking project in 1977, TheoryNet, involved an email system for theoretical computer scientists. In 1979, he proposed and later led the establishment of the CSNET (Computer Science Network) project. The goal of CSNET was to build a network for all US university and industrial computer research groups. By 1984, over 180 university, industrial, and government computer science departments were participating in CSNET. His team also developed one of the first Internet protocol implementations (1981-84, IBM VM systems).
-----------------------------------------Emergency Period in India (External disturbance) halted------
--------Emergency Period in India (Internal disturbance) halted------
1977 (Mar 21): Emergency period in India halted.
1977 (Mar 24): Morarji Desai become PM of India for 3 years.
1977 (Apr 1): ITPO founded. India Trade Promotion Organisation (ITPO), headquartered at Pragati Maidan, is the nodal agency of the Government of India under aegis of Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India) for promoting country's external trade. ITPO is a Mini-Ratna Category-1 Central Public Sector Enterprise (CPSE) with 100 percent shareholding of Government of India. India Trade Promotion Organisation (ITPO) was incorporated by merger of Trade Development Authority (TDA), a Registered Society under Ministry of Commerce & Industry, with Trade Fair Authority of India (TFAI) with effect from 1 January 1992.
1977 (May 2): Kapil Mishra (nickname: Sonu/Suaancha) born. The man who taught the word Jijashri, Bhenji,
1977 (Jun 30): [GeoPolitics] SEATO was dissolved after many members lost interest and withdrew. Primarily created to block further communist gains in Southeast Asia, SEATO is generally considered a failure because internal conflict and dispute hindered general use of the SEATO military; however, SEATO-funded cultural and educational programs left longstanding effects in Southeast Asia.
1977 (Jul 23): FM broadcasting began in Madras, India.
1977: UPDESCO, Uttar Pradesh Development Systems Corporation Ltd. founded.1977: Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Len Adleman of MIT designed RSA algorithm used in ATMs and in other secure transactions. Its key-size ranges from 1024 to 4096 bit. The basic technique was first discovered in 1973 by Clifford Cocks of CESG (part of the British GCHQ) but this was a secret until 1997.
1977 (Aug 20):[Space] Voyager 2 is a space probe launched by NASA to study the outer planets and interstellar space beyond the Sun's heliosphere. As a part of the Voyager program, it was launched 16 days before its twin, Voyager 1, on a trajectory that took longer to reach gas giants Jupiter and Saturn but enabled further encounters with ice giants Uranus and Neptune. Voyager 2 remains the only spacecraft to have visited either of the ice giant planets. Voyager 2 was the third of five spacecraft to achieve Solar escape velocity, which allowed it to leave the Solar System.
1977 (Sep 5): Voyager 1 is a space probe launched by NASA as part of the Voyager program to study the outer Solar System and interstellar space beyond the Sun's heliosphere. Launched 16 days after its twin, Voyager 2, Voyager 1 has been operating for 44 years, 5 months and 3 days as of February 9, 2022 UTC, and still communicates with the Deep Space Network to receive routine commands and to transmit data to Earth. Real-time distance and velocity data is provided by NASA and JPL. At a distance of 155.8 AU from Earth as of January 21, 2022, it is the most distant artificial object from Earth.
1977:[Book] Delta of Venus is a book of fifteen short stories by Anaïs Nin published posthumously, though largely written in the 1940s as erotica for a private collector.
1977:[Cinema] The Omega Man(1971).
1977:[Business][Food] the Morarji Desai government expelled Coca-Cola from India. The Parle family saw an opportunity here and opened their own cold drinks business, which flourished because there was no competition. It minted money from selling cold beverages like Gold Spot, Thums Up and Frooti, all of which became household names.
1978: Intel's 8086 that lead to x86 architecture.
1978: Global Positioning System (GPS), also known as Navstar was launched by USA.
1978: IBM RPG-III was released for IBM System/38.
1978: Pratiyogita Darpan (Hindi: प्रतियोगिता दर्पण) founded by Mahendra Jain and HQ'd at Agra, India. is an Indian bi-lingual magazine on current affairs and general knowledge specially useful for civil service exams and similar competitive exams.
1978 (Jul 25): Viking 2 orbiter retired, first one to retire of the 4 Viking probes sent to Mars.
1978 (Oct 24):[Computer] The IBM System/38 was introduced on October 24, 1978 and delivered in 1980. Developed under the code-name "Pacific", it was made commercially available in August 1979. The system offered a number of innovative features, and was designed by a number of engineers including Frank Soltis and Glenn Henry. The architecture shared many similarities with the design of the failed IBM Future Systems project, including the single-level store, the use of microcode to implement operating system functionality, and the Machine Interface abstraction. The System/38 and its descendants use a machine interface architecture to isolate the application software and most of the operating system from hardware dependencies, including such details as address size and register size.
1978:[Research] Work by Werner Nahm showed that the maximum spacetime dimension in which one can formulate a consistent supersymmetric theory is eleven.[33] In the same year, Eugene Cremmer, Bernard Julia, and Joël Scherk of the École Normale Supérieure showed that supergravity not only permits up to eleven dimensions but is in fact most elegant in this maximal number of dimensions.
1978:[NSE] Biocon Limited is an Indian biopharmaceutical company based in Bangalore. It was founded by Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw in 1978. The company manufactures generic active pharmaceutical ingredients that are sold in approximately 120 countries, including the United States and Europe.
1979: "Poor man's ARPANET" at Duke University. Posting to USENET are called Articles, and are categorized into newsgroups.
1979: Rohini RS-1, the first Indian satellite launched from first Indian lauch centre, RLC, Sriharikota (Andhra Pradesh).
1979 (Mar 1):[Space] The impact of a meteoroid on Jupiter was first captured on March 5, 1979, 17:45:24 UTC by the Voyager 1 spacecraft, which recorded a rapid flicker of light in the planet's atmosphere. Cook and Duxbury estimated that the mass of the meteoroid was about 11 kg.
1979 (Mar 5): Voyager 1 flyby of Jupiter.
1979 (Mar 5): Voyager 1 flyby of Jupiter.
1979 (Jul 9): Voyager 2 successfully fulfilled its primary mission of visiting the Jovian system.
1979 (Jul 28): Charan Singh becomes PM of India for 1/2 year.
1979: Kevin Mitnick breaks into his first major computer system, the Ark, the computer system Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) used for developing their RSTS/E operating system software.
1979: Sony Walkman
1979: Kevin Mitnick breaks into his first major computer system, the Ark, the computer system Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) used for developing their RSTS/E operating system software.
1979: Sony Walkman
1979: Iranian Revolution (1979) replacement of US supporting Shah and replaced with Ayatollah Khomeini – an authoritarian Islamist with anti-western theocracy
1979:[Cinema] Acting under the cover of a Hollywood producer scouting a location for a science fiction film, a CIA agent launches a dangerous operation to rescue six Americans in Tehran during the U.S. hostage crisis in Iran in 1979. - Argo (2012)
1979:[Cinema] Damnation Alley(1977)
1979:[Space] Supermoon is not an official astronomical term. It was first coined by an astrologer, Richard Nolle, in 1979. He defined it as ‘a New or a Full Moon that occurs when the Moon is at or near (within 90% of) its closest approach to Earth in its orbit’. It is not clear why he chose the 90% cut off in his definition.
1979:[Day] On January 19th, the Indian State of Tripura observes Kokborok Day, also known as Tripuri Language Day, to foster the Kokborok language. This day honours the year 1979 when Kokborok became officially recognized for the first time.
1979:[Music] Chamkila was first spotted by Surinder Shinda.
1979 (Oct 12):[Extreme] The lowest sea-level air pressure ever recorded was 870 mb (25.69 in. Hg) measured on October 12, 1979 in the eye of Typhoon Tip as it moved over Guam.
1979:[US][Economy] In 1979, David Rockefeller Sr. used his high-level contacts to bring Mohammad Reza Shah of Iran, who had been overthrown in the Iranian Revolution and was in poor health, for medical treatment in the United States.
1979:[Extreme] The 1979 Yugoslav Mount Everest expedition ( JAHE VII ) was the first successful summit of Mount Everest (8,848m) using the entire West Ridge route. The first successful ascent of the West Ridge Direct was done by 24 Yugoslav alpinists, of which four reached the peak on the May 13th and 15th of 1979, using a route modified from the French to avoid the avalanche fall-lines.
1980s:[Computing][Quantum] IBM has been involved in quantum computing research since the 1980s, when it demonstrated the first quantum logic gate and the first nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) quantum computer. Since then, IBM has developed a series of quantum chips, such as Qubit, Q Experience, Q System One, and Osprey, with increasing numbers of qubits (the basic units of quantum information) and improved performance. IBM also offers cloud-based access to its quantum processors and software tools for researchers, developers, and businesses through its IBM Quantum Network
1980s: India's supercomputer program was started in late 1980s because Cray supercomputers were denied for import due to an arms embargo imposed on India, as it was a dual use technology and could be used for developing nuclear weapons.1980s: There was an explosion of economic growth in the 1980s: GDP grew an average of 3.85% annually - the largest peace-time growth in U.S. history.
1980s:[Crime] David Hunt (1961-present) in UK (1980s-present)
1980s:[Crime] In the early 1980s, after Haji Mastan gave up his smuggling operations and Karim Lala's Pathan gang was weakened by a split between Samad Khan and Dawood Ibrahim, Varadarajan emerged as a powerful contender in the Mumbai underworld. Varadarajan ran a parallel judicial system within the Tamil community in his strongholds. Starting the 1980s, police officer Y.C. Pawar targeted Varadarajan Mudaliar. Most of his gang members were eliminated or imprisoned. His illegal gambling and liquor dens were closed down and finally by the end of 1983, Varadarajan was forced to abandon his underworld empire and flee from Mumbai to Tamil Nadu.
1980s:[Crime] Karim Lala unsuccessfully tried to mediate peace between his nephew, Samad Khan and his rivals, Shabir Ibrahim and Dawood Ibrahim.
1980 (Jan 14): Indira Gandhi becomes PM of India for 4 years.
1980 (Feb 25): Yes Minister is a British political satire sitcom written by Antony Jay and Jonathan Lynn. Comprising three seven-episode series, it was first transmitted on BBC2 from 1980 to 1984. A sequel, Yes, Prime Minister, ran for 16 episodes from 1986 to 1988.
1980 (Apr 11):[Mars] Viking 2 lander retired, second one to retire of the 4 Viking probes sent to Mars.
1980 (Apr 11):[Mars] Viking 2 lander retired, second one to retire of the 4 Viking probes sent to Mars.
1980 (Apr 15): Sartre died aged 74. Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic. He was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism and phenomenology, and one of the leading figures in 20th-century French philosophy and Marxism. His work has also influenced sociology, critical theory, post-colonial theory, and literary studies, and continues to influence these disciplines.
1980 (Aug 17):[Mars] Viking 1 orbiter retired, third one to retire of the 4 Viking probes sent to Mars.
1980 (Sep 22): Iraq invaded Iran leading to Iran–Iraq War for 8 years till Aug 1988.
1980 (Nov 12):[Space] Voyager 1 flyby of Saturn's largest moon, Titan to study atmosphere. NASA had a choice of either doing a Pluto or Titan flyby; exploration of the moon took priority because it was known to have a substantial atmosphere. It studied the weather, magnetic fields, and rings of the two gas giants and was the first probe to provide detailed images of their moons.
1980 (Nov 14): ITPO-IITF. The India International Trade Fair, ever since its inception in 1980, has evolved as a major event for the business community. It is a premier event organized by the India Trade Promotion Organization (ITPO), the nodal trade promotion agency of the Government of India.. IITF Delhi is largest consumer goods fair in the Indian subcontinent. The event is held between 14–27 November every year at Pragati Maidan, New Delhi, India. The 14 days fair has first 5 days for Business Visitors for a fee of Rs. 400/- per day and rest 9 days for General visitors. Fair timings are 9:30 AM to 7:30 PM. Fair Venue is Pragati Maidan, New Delhi. Fair Entry on a fee of Rs.50 per adult and Rs.30 per child during week days from 19th November onward. During weekends and holidays the entry fee will be Rs.80 per adult and Rs.50 per child.
1980:[Computing][[Quantum] The idea of a quantum computer was first proposed by Paul Benioff in 1980, who described a quantum mechanical model of a Turing machine.
1980: The FBI investigates a breach of security at National CSS. The New York Times, reporting on the incident in 1981, describes hackers as
technical experts; skilled, often young, computer programmers, who almost whimsically probe the defenses of a computer system, searching out the limits and the possibilities of the machine. Despite their seemingly subversive role, hackers are a recognized asset in the computer industry, often highly prized.
1980: The number of millionaires in the U.S. soared from 4,400 in 1980 to more than 63,000 in 1990, a 14-fold increase.
technical experts; skilled, often young, computer programmers, who almost whimsically probe the defenses of a computer system, searching out the limits and the possibilities of the machine. Despite their seemingly subversive role, hackers are a recognized asset in the computer industry, often highly prized.
1980: The number of millionaires in the U.S. soared from 4,400 in 1980 to more than 63,000 in 1990, a 14-fold increase.
1980: Hyperinflation started in Brazil and lasted for 14 years of 3-to-4-digit annual inflation rates from 1980 until 1994; averaged 323.67 percent from 1980 until 2021, reaching an all time high of 6821.31 percent in April of 1990 and a record low of 1.65 percent in December of 1998.
1980: When did we stop testing nuclear weapons on the ground? Over time the number and size (or yield) of these blasts increased, especially in the late 1950s and early 1960s. After the Limited Test Ban Treaty of 1963 was signed by the United States, the Soviet Union and Great Britain, most above-ground blasts ceased. Some above-ground weapons testing by other countries continued until 1980.
1980:[Computer] The C++ programming language has a history going back to 1979, when Bjarne Stroustrup was doing work on a language called Simula for his Ph.D. thesis. In 1983, the name of the language was changed from C with Classes to C++. The ++ operator in the C language is an operator for incrementing a variable, which gives some insight into how Stroustrup regarded the language.
1980:[Cinema][US] The true story of Herb Brooks, the player-turned-coach who led the 1980 U.S. Olympic hockey team to victory over the seemingly invincible Soviet squad. - Miracle (2004)
1980:[Cinema] In 1980 Miami, a determined Cuban immigrant takes over a drug cartel and succumbs to greed. - Scarface (1983)
1980:[Cinema] Just Imagine(1930)
1980:[Cinema] The Phantom Planet(1961)
1980:[Crime] Karim Lala unsuccessfully tried to mediate peace between his nephew, Samad Khan and his rivals, Shabir Ibrahim Kaskar and Dawood Ibrahim Kaskar. Lala also held a weekly "durbar" where people from different walks of life narrated their grievances to Lala and he helped them financially or to get justice using his gang's muscle power. He died on 19 February 2002 at the age of 90. His younger brother (Ali Mohammed) was living in Kabul Afghanistan at that time and could never meet his brother.
1980:[Space][Interstellar] the Voyager team fired the spacecraft's trajectory correction maneuver (TCM) thrusters.
1981:[Computing][[Quantum] Richard Feynman suggested that quantum computers could simulate quantum systems more efficiently than classical computers.
1981: Mario debuted as "Jumpman" in the arcade game Donkey Kong on July 9, 1981.1981: AIDS was first clinically observed in the United States.
1981: Chaos Computer Club forms in Germany.
1981: [Business][Finance][Corporate][India] Mukesh Ambani pulls out of MBA at Stanford to work on RIL's expansion into polyester and petrochemicals.
1981: Ian Murphy aka Captain Zap, was the first cracker to be tried and convicted as a felon. Murphy broke into AT&T's computers in 1981 and changed the internal clocks that metered billing rates. People were getting late-night discount rates when they called at midday. Of course, the bargain-seekers who waited until midnight to call long distance were hit with high bills.
1981: MTV
1981: Ian Murphy aka Captain Zap, was the first cracker to be tried and convicted as a felon. Murphy broke into AT&T's computers in 1981 and changed the internal clocks that metered billing rates. People were getting late-night discount rates when they called at midday. Of course, the bargain-seekers who waited until midnight to call long distance were hit with high bills.
1981: MTV
1981: Since 1981 the rate of population growth is gradually decreasing because of family planning programme. This program was designed to increase the awareness about the benefits of smaller family size. As people got more and more educated birth rates declined rapidly.
1981 (Feb 12):[Crime] The turning point of gangland killings was killing of Sabir, elder brother of Dawood at the petrol pump near Siddhi Vinayak temple in Prabhadevi. The inter-gang rivalry grew to such an extent that Manya Surve, his gang, along with Amirzada and Alamzeb plotted to kill Shabir and Dawood. On 12 February 1981, they gunned down Shabir at a petrol pump in Prabhadevi. Dawood takes-up charge of D-Company.
1981 (Aug 26): Voyager 2 successfully fulfilled its primary mission of visiting the Saturnian system.
1981:[Gaming][Polity] The American Amusement Machine Association (AAMA) is a trade association established. It represents the American coin-operated amusement machine industry, including 120 arcade game distributors and manufacturers.
1981:[India][Who] Meeran Chadha Borwankar graduated from India’s National Police Academy as the sole woman of its 1981 batch. Meeran’s steadfast efforts saw her become Maharashtra’s first female district police chief as well as its first woman police commissioner. She also held senior roles at the Central Bureau of Investigation and Mumbai’s crime branch, eventually retiring as Director General of the Bureau of Police Research and Development and the National Crime Records Bureau.
1981:[PSU] MoM's National Aluminium Company Limited (NALCO) is an Indian public sector company having integrated and diversified operations in mining, metal and power. Presently, the Government of India holds a 51.28% equity stake in NALCO, while the Ministry of Mines has administrative control over the company.
1982:[Book] In Search of Excellence, a book written by McKinsey researchers Tom Peters and Robert H. Waterman, Jr. sold 3 million copies in its first four years, and was the most widely held monograph in the United States from 1989 to 2006 (17 years). The book explores the art and science of management used by several companies in the 1980s.
1982 (Jan 11):[Crime] Shootout at Wadala. The gangster Manya Surve was shot dead by Mumbai police officers Raja Tambat and Isaque Bagwan at the junction adjacent to Dr. Ambedkar College, Wadala, Bombay. This is often referred to as the city's first recognised encounter killing. From that period until early 2003, the police killed 1,200 alleged criminals.
1982 (Mar): The US D.o.D. declared TCP/IP as the standard for all military networking. It was proposed by Robert E. Kahn, Vinton Cerf to Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).
1982; SMS (Short Message Service) Adding text messaging functionality to mobile devices began in the early 1980s. The first action plan of the CEPT Group GSM was approved in December 1982, requesting that, "The services and facilities offered in the public switched telephone networks and public data networks ... should be available in the mobile system."[6] This plan included the exchange of text messages either directly between mobile stations, or transmitted via message handling systems in use at that time.
1982: SMTP protocol defined for e-mails.
1982: Compact Discs (VCDs)
1982: The FCC approved operation of an analog cellular mobile telephone system.
1982: Colour TV in India: Colour TV was introduced to India with the live telecast of the Independence Day speech by the Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi, on 15 August 1982. This was followed by the 1982 Asian Games held in Delhi.
1982: Indian Railways set up a central organisation (COFOIS) to computerise freight operations.
1982 (Jan 1): ExIm Bank.
1982; SMS (Short Message Service) Adding text messaging functionality to mobile devices began in the early 1980s. The first action plan of the CEPT Group GSM was approved in December 1982, requesting that, "The services and facilities offered in the public switched telephone networks and public data networks ... should be available in the mobile system."[6] This plan included the exchange of text messages either directly between mobile stations, or transmitted via message handling systems in use at that time.
1982: SMTP protocol defined for e-mails.
1982: Compact Discs (VCDs)
1982: The FCC approved operation of an analog cellular mobile telephone system.
1982: Colour TV in India: Colour TV was introduced to India with the live telecast of the Independence Day speech by the Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi, on 15 August 1982. This was followed by the 1982 Asian Games held in Delhi.
1982: Indian Railways set up a central organisation (COFOIS) to computerise freight operations.
1982 (Jan 1): ExIm Bank.
1982 (Apr 28): Chris McCandless "disappeared" into the wilderness.
1982 (Jul 12): NABARD estd.
1982 (Sep 28): Ranbir Kapoor landed safely in Mumbai to Rishi and Neetu. He went to Bombay Scottish School in Mahim.
1982 (Jul 12): NABARD estd.
1982 (Sep 28): Ranbir Kapoor landed safely in Mumbai to Rishi and Neetu. He went to Bombay Scottish School in Mahim.
1982 (Nov 13):[Mars] Viking 1 lander retired, last one to retire of the 4 Viking probes sent to Mars.
1982: the Russia's first GLONASS satellite was launched.
1982: Dr. Batra's Clinic was founded by Dr. Mukesh. Batra. It started off as a Homeopathic clinic in Mumbai.
1982: the Russia's first GLONASS satellite was launched.
1982: Dr. Batra's Clinic was founded by Dr. Mukesh. Batra. It started off as a Homeopathic clinic in Mumbai.
1982: Michael Jackson's Thriller sold 65M copies and he shore-up as the 'King of Pop'.
1983 (Jun 23): And it all began with the approval of IEEE Std 802.3™, the first-ever "Standard for Ethernet."
1982:[Cinema] Gorath(1962)
1982:[Religion] the Akali Dal and Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale joined hands to launch the Dharam Yudh Morcha in order to implement the resolution. Thousands of people joined the movement, feeling that it represented a real solution to such demands as larger shares of water for irrigation and the return of Chandigarh to Punjab. (Khalistan)
1982:[GoI] The Export-Import Bank of India is a specialized financial institution in India that was established in 1982. The bank's primary function is to finance, facilitate and promote India's international trade. It is owned by the Government of India and operates as a statutory corporation.
1982 (Jul12): [GoI] The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development is an All India Financial Institution and an apex Regulatory Body for overall supervision of Regional Rural Banks, State Cooperative Banks and District Central Cooperative Banks in India.
1983 (Jul): the Sikh political party Akali Dal's President Harcharan Singh Longowal had invited Bhindranwale to take up residence in Golden Temple Complex. Bhindranwale later on made the sacred temple complex an armoury and headquarters. (Khalistan)
1983: deployment of TCP/IP.
1983: Jon Brower Minnoch, world's heaviest man weighing 635 kg died. Peak BMI of 185.5 kg/m2
1983 (Nov 10): J Oeting's "Cellular Mobile Radio- An Emerging Technology"
1983: IBM DB2 was first released. IBM Db2 contains database server products developed by IBM. These products all support the relational model, but in recent years some products have been extended to support object-relational features and non-relational structures like JSON and XML.
1983: MILNet separated the Military part of ARPANET from the academics. It onlly carried unclassified info. Still exist today.
1983; DNS defined for IP address-to-name translation, and vice-versa.
1983 (Nov 12): Steve Huffman, co-founder of Reddit was born in Virginia.
1983: In 1983, two separate research groups led by Robert Gallo and Luc Montagnier independently declared that a novel retrovirus may have been infecting AIDS patients, and published their findings in the same issue of the journal Science.
1983: Dashrath Manjhi- The Mountain Man, carved a path 360-feet-long (110 m), 25-feet-deep (7.7 m) in places and 30-feet-wide (9.1 m) to form a road, through the rocks in Gehlour hill in 22 years using hammer & chisel. He quoted that, "When I started hammering the hill, people called me a lunatic but that steeled my resolve."
1983: Haryana State Electronics Development Corporation Limited (Hartron), a Haryana Government Undertaking, after bifurcating from Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (HSIIDC) started working independently with effect from 1st Jan,
1983 (Sep 1): Korean Air Lines (KAL) 007 flying from Anchorage, Alaska to Seoul, South Korea over the Pacific was shot by the Soviet Air Force Sukhoi Su-15.
1983: GPS was made public after the 1983 Air tragedy when a Korean Airlines Flight entered Soviet airspace following a navigation error. and was shot-down killing all the 269 passengers on-board. 40th US Prez. Ronald Reagan to make its GPS (or NAVSTAR) available for civilian use.
1983: The U.S. House of Representatives begins hearings on computer security hacking.
1983: In his Turing Award lecture, Ken Thompson mentions "hacking" and describes a security exploit that he calls a "Trojan horse".
1983: The group KILOBAUD is formed in February, kicking off a series of other hacker groups which form soon after.
1983: the Indian Penal Code,1860(herein after referred to as I.P.C.) was amended and inserted S.498A which deals with ‘Matrimonial Cruelty’ to a woman.
1983: deployment of TCP/IP.
1983: Jon Brower Minnoch, world's heaviest man weighing 635 kg died. Peak BMI of 185.5 kg/m2
1983 (Nov 10): J Oeting's "Cellular Mobile Radio- An Emerging Technology"
1983: IBM DB2 was first released. IBM Db2 contains database server products developed by IBM. These products all support the relational model, but in recent years some products have been extended to support object-relational features and non-relational structures like JSON and XML.
1983: MILNet separated the Military part of ARPANET from the academics. It onlly carried unclassified info. Still exist today.
1983; DNS defined for IP address-to-name translation, and vice-versa.
1983 (Nov 12): Steve Huffman, co-founder of Reddit was born in Virginia.
1983: In 1983, two separate research groups led by Robert Gallo and Luc Montagnier independently declared that a novel retrovirus may have been infecting AIDS patients, and published their findings in the same issue of the journal Science.
1983: Dashrath Manjhi- The Mountain Man, carved a path 360-feet-long (110 m), 25-feet-deep (7.7 m) in places and 30-feet-wide (9.1 m) to form a road, through the rocks in Gehlour hill in 22 years using hammer & chisel. He quoted that, "When I started hammering the hill, people called me a lunatic but that steeled my resolve."
1983: Haryana State Electronics Development Corporation Limited (Hartron), a Haryana Government Undertaking, after bifurcating from Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (HSIIDC) started working independently with effect from 1st Jan,
1983 (Sep 1): Korean Air Lines (KAL) 007 flying from Anchorage, Alaska to Seoul, South Korea over the Pacific was shot by the Soviet Air Force Sukhoi Su-15.
1983: GPS was made public after the 1983 Air tragedy when a Korean Airlines Flight entered Soviet airspace following a navigation error. and was shot-down killing all the 269 passengers on-board. 40th US Prez. Ronald Reagan to make its GPS (or NAVSTAR) available for civilian use.
1983: The U.S. House of Representatives begins hearings on computer security hacking.
1983: In his Turing Award lecture, Ken Thompson mentions "hacking" and describes a security exploit that he calls a "Trojan horse".
1983: The group KILOBAUD is formed in February, kicking off a series of other hacker groups which form soon after.
1983: the Indian Penal Code,1860(herein after referred to as I.P.C.) was amended and inserted S.498A which deals with ‘Matrimonial Cruelty’ to a woman.
1983 (May 16): The moonwalk became popular around the world following Michael Jackson's moonwalk during the broadcast performance of "Billie Jean" on Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever. He would go on to include it during tours and live performances.
1983:[Book] American Christian televangelist Robert Schuller's Tough Times Never Last, but Tough People Do!
1984: MatLab, a fourth-generation programming language was developed and released by MathWorks.
1984 (Oct 8): In Custody is a novel set in India by Indian American writer Anita Desai. It was shortlisted for the Booker Prize in the same year.
1984: The Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) was first conducted. It is an examination that primarily tests the comprehensive understanding of various undergraduate subjects in engineering and science.
1983:[Cinema] Westworld(1973)
1983:[Crime][India] Varadarajan was forced to abandon his underworld empire and flee from Mumbai to Tamil Nadu.
1983: [Business][Finance][Corporate][India] RIL's 1 Lac tonne polyester filament yarn/annum plant est in Patlaganga.
The Insurgency in Punjab, India was an armed campaign by the militants of the Khalistan movement from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s.
1984 (Oct 8): In Custody is a novel set in India by Indian American writer Anita Desai. It was shortlisted for the Booker Prize in the same year.
1984: The Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE) was first conducted. It is an examination that primarily tests the comprehensive understanding of various undergraduate subjects in engineering and science.
1984 (Jun 1-8) - Op Bluestar, Operation Blue Star was an Indian Armed Forces operation between 1 and 10 June 1984 to remove Sikh militant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale and other Sikh separatists from the buildings of the Golden Temple, the holiest site of Sikhism. The total number of deaths was 410 in violent incidents and riots while 1,180 people were injured.
1984 (Jul 31): Sunshine State Systems, Inc. (Tempa, FL) merged into First Data Processings (Milwaukee, WI) to form Fiserv. Its first executives were George Dalton with Leslie M. Muma. It was the first national financial service company in the US. It used to process dtata for Banks and Thrifts. It originally incorporated in Delaware, and reincorporated as a Wisconsin corporation in 1992. Its HQs are located at 255 Fiserv Drive, Brookfield, Wisconsin 53045, and their telephone number is (262) 879-5000. It is a leading global technology provider serving the financial services industry, driving innovation in payments, processing services, risk and compliance, customer and channel management, and business insights and optimization. Employees: 264-350. Rev: $21 million, 150 acquisitions.
1984 (Feb 13): Prodigy was founded as Trintex, a joint venture between CBS, computer manufacturer IBM, and retailer Sears, Roebuck and Company. indiaun@prodigy.net, is an email for Permanent Mission of India to the UN, HQ'd at NY 10017.1984: GATE was organised by IISc Bangluru for the first time.
1984: Jyotiraditya Scindia aged 13 participated in his father's Madhavrao Scindia election campaign in Guna, MP.
1984 (Apr 14): The Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) was founded on the birth anniversary of B.R. Ambedkar by Kanshi Ram, who named former schoolteacher Mayawati as his successor in 2001.
1984 (Oct 31):[Polity] Four months after the Operation Bluestar and Woodrose, Indira Gandhi was assassinated in vengeance by her two Sikh bodyguards, Satwant Singh and Beant Singh. Rajiv Gandhi becomes PM of India for 5 years.
1984 (Oct 31):[Crime] Mafia hit man and nephew of Karim Lala, Samad Khan (28YO) shot dead by members of rival Dawood Ibrahim gang.
1984: Development of the SMS service concept and contribution to GSM work by Franco German cooperation.1984: In Sophocles: The Three Theban Plays, Robert Fagles translates Sophocles' Oedipus the King. He was an American professor, poet, and academic, best known for his many translations of ancient Greek and Roman classics, especially his acclaimed translations of the epic poems of Homer.
1984:[Book] Robert B. Cialdini's Influence: Science and Practice
1984:[Music] Bryan Adams performed Summer Of '69, recorded by A&M Records.
1984:[Cinema] 1984(1956)
1984:[Cinema] Class of 1984(1982)
1984:[Cinema] Friday the 13th Part 2(1981)
1984:[Cinema] Friday the 13th Part III(1982)
1984:[Physics][Research] In the first superstring revolution in 1984, many physicists turned to string theory as a unified theory of particle physics and quantum gravity. Unlike supergravity theory, string theory was able to accommodate the chirality of the standard model, and it provided a theory of gravity consistent with quantum effects. Another feature of string theory that many physicists were drawn to in the 1980s and 1990s was its high degree of uniqueness.
1984 (Dec):[Space][Research][India] Maitri also known as Friendship Research Centre, is India's second permanent research station in Antarctica as part of the Indian Antarctic Programme. The name was suggested by then-Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. Work on the station was first started by the Indian Expedition which landed there in the end December 1984, with a team led by Dr. B. B. Bhattacharya. Squadron Leader D. P. Joshi, the surgeon of the team, was the first camp commander of the tentage at camp Maitri. The first huts were started by the IV Antarctica Expedition and completed in 1989, shortly before the first station Dakshin Gangotri was buried in ice and abandoned in 1990–91. Maitri is situated in the rocky mountainous region called Schirmacher Oasis. It is only 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) away from the Russian Novolazarevskaya Station. Commissioning of Space Physics Laboratory at Indian Permanent Research Base "Maitri", Antarctica to study the impact of space weather events on high latitude ionospheric region.
1984:[Research] the Japanese survey vessel Takuyō (拓洋) collected data from the Mariana Trench using a narrow, multi-beam echo sounder; it reported a maximum depth of 10,924 metres (35,840 ft), also reported as 10,920 ± 10 m (35,827 ± 33 ft; 5,971.1 ± 5.5 fathoms).
1984:[GoI][CPSU] MoPaNG's GAIL Limited is an Indian state-owned energy corporation with primary interests in the trade, transmission and production distribution of natural gas. GAIL also has interests in the exploration and production solar and wind power, telecom and telemetry services and electricity generation.
1985:[Computing][[Quantum] David Deutsch developed the concept of a universal quantum computer, which could perform any computation that a classical computer can, as well as some that a classical computer cannot.
1985s:[Music][Culture] The emo subculture is a combination from the punk rock and the hardcore tendencies. Emo /ˈiːmoʊ/ is a rock music genre characterized by an emphasis on emotional expression, sometimes through confessional lyrics. It emerged as a style of post-hardcore from the mid-1980s hardcore punk movement in Washington, D.C., where it was known as emotional hardcore or emocore and pioneered by bands such as Rites of Spring and Embrace. In the early–mid 1990s, emo was adopted and reinvented by alternative rock, indie rock and/or punk rock bands.
1985:[Physics][Computing][Research] David Elieser Deutsch FRS (/dɔɪtʃ/ DOYTCH; born 18 May 1953) is a British physicist at the University of Oxford. He is a visiting professor in the Department of Atomic and Laser Physics at the Centre for Quantum Computation (CQC) in the Clarendon Laboratory of the University of Oxford. He pioneered the field of quantum computation by formulating a description for a quantum Turing machine, as well as specifying an algorithm designed to run on a quantum computer. He has also proposed the use of entangled states and Bell's theorem for quantum key distribution and is a proponent of the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.
1985: FTP protocol defined.1985: first website with '.com. as suufix.
1985: MS-Windows 1.0 released.
1985: Homer's The Iliad translated to English by Emile Victor Rieu CBE, a classicist, publisher, poet, and initiator and editor of the Penguin Classics series of books.
1985: when, following US, Marijuana got enlisted under illegal drugs in India.
1985 (May 21): David M Barnes published "The intro. of cellular radio in the UK"
1985: Super Mario Bros (a platform video game) developed and published by Nintendo as a pseudo-sequel to the 1983 game, Mario Bros. It was originally released in Japan for the Family Computer.
1985: The DeLorean time machine got featured in Back to the Future. It is a fictional automobile-based time travel device featured in the Back to the Future franchise. In the feature film series, Dr. Emmett Brown builds a time machine based on a DeLorean DMC-12 car, to gain insights into history and the future.
1985 (Jan): Railway Service Commissions have been renamed as Railway Recruitment Board (RRB). At present 19 Railway Recruitment Boards are functioning.
1985 (Jan 12): 1st National Youth Day on B'day of Swami Vivekananda.
1985: All tickets were issued manually and Stand-alone Computerized ticketing and reservation was introduced in multiple phases, beginning from New Delhi as pilot project, followed by Bombay, Chennai, Kolkata and Secundrabad.
1985 (Mar 20): IRBI (Industrial ReConstruction Bank of India ) estd.
1985: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, GoI started functioning.
1985: REC, Hamirpur.
1985: the process of internal disintegration within the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) began.
1985: [GoI] Named after former Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi, the university was established in 1985 with a budget of ₹ 20 million, after the Parliament of India passed the Indira Gandhi National Open University Act, 1985 (IGNOU Act 1985).
1985 (Nov 20):[Computer] The very first version of MicroSoft Windows OS released as Windows 1.01 (Codenamed as Interface Manager). It's official support lasted for 16 years and ended by 2001, along with other recent versions like Windows 3.1 (Sparta, released 9 years ago on Apr 6, 1992)
1985 (Dec 8): [GeoPolitics] SAARC established. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is the regional intergovernmental organization and geopolitical union of states in South Asia. Its member states are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. SAARC comprises 3% of the world's area, 21% of the world's population and 4.21% (US$3.67 trillion) of the global economy, as of 2019.
1985: DLF expanded from Delhi into then-unknown region of Gurugram, creating living and working spaces for the new Indian global professionals.
1985:[Cinema] First Spaceship on Venus(1960)
1985:[Cinema] Futureworld(1976)
1985?:[Cinema] Mad Max(1979)
1985:[Extreme][Env][Research][India] Mawsynram receives the highest rainfall in India. It is reportedly the wettest place on Earth, with an average annual rainfall of 11,872 millimetres (467.4 in), According to the Guinness Book of World Records, Mawsynram received 26,000 millimetres (1,000 in) of rainfall in 1985. It is a town in the southern Meghalaya.
1986 (Jan 24):[Space] Voyager 2 successfully fulfilled its primary mission of visiting the Uranian system.
1986 (Jan 28):[Space][Disaster] Space Shuttle Challenger disaster
1986:[Book] Walter Isaacson & Evan Thomas's The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made; Leonardo da Vinci (2017)
1986: Fiserv went public, trading on NASDAQ, under the symbol FISV, as a $70 million data processor.
1986: NSFNet (Link speed: 56kbps). NSF connects US's six supercomputing centres together. The original NSFNET was composed of six nodes with routers referred to as "fuzzball" (actually a software) routers; these were connected with 56-kb/s links.
1986: Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) founded.1986: Fiserv went public, trading on NASDAQ, under the symbol FISV, as a $70 million data processor.
1986 (Feb 17): Jiddu Krishnamurty died aged 90 in Ojai, California, United States.
1986 (Mar 12):[Polity][India] Shankarrao Chavan becomes CM of MH for < 3 years
1986 (Apr): N Cawthrone's "Cellular Radio- An European Round-up"1986: The EU issued a directive to all member states to clear the frequency band of 890-915 MHz for transmission from UE to BTSand 935-960 MHz for the reverse direction for the operation of 124 radio channels for the future pan-European cellular radio network.
1986 (Nov 8): Aaron Swartz born at Highland Park, Illinois. At age 13, Swartz won an ArsDigita Prize, given to young people who create "useful, educational, and collaborative" noncommercial websites.
1986(Apr 26):[Disaster] The Chernobyl disaster began on 26 April 1986 with the explosion of the No. 4 reactor of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, near the city of Pripyat in the north of the Ukrainian SSR, close to the border with the Byelorussian SSR, in the Soviet Union.
1986: National Institute of Open Schooling (National Open School) was founded in India.
1986: Woodland, a footwear brand, founded at Quebec, Canada.
1986: Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench (LabVIEW) was released by National Instruments.
1986: The Government of India constituted the National Airports Authority (NAA) was constituted to look after domestic airports.
1986: REC, Jalandhar
1986 (Dec 24): The Lotus Temple, New Delhi, a Bahá'í House of Worship was opened for public.
1986 (Jul): CRIS founded and HQ'd at Chanakyapuri, New Delhi. Centre for Railway Information Systems {रेलवे सूचना प्रणाली केंद्र} designs, develops, implements and maintains most of the important information systems of Indian Railways.
1986: Education and Research Network (ERNET), an autonomous scientific society in India that practically brought the Internet to India and has built up national capabilities in the area of net-working, especially in protocol software engineering.
1986: Shobhana Bhartia became the first woman chief executive of a national newspaper. She has been nominated as a Rajya Sabha MP from Congress Party.
1986: ANDP Inter College, Bachhraun estd.
1986: the waterway from Haldia to Allahabad was declared a National Waterway.
1986: Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) founded with 50,000+ members of Jama'at-ud-Da'wah , who attributed for the attacks of 26/11, Mumbai on November 2008. HQ'd at Muridke, Punjab, Pakistan.
Zaki ur Rehman Lakhvi's Ahl-e-Hadees + Hafiz Saeed & Zafar Iqbal's Jama'at-ud-Da'wah = Markaz al-Dawah Irshad (MDI); LeT (1989) = armed wing of MDI
1986: Woodland, a footwear brand, founded at Quebec, Canada.
1986: Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench (LabVIEW) was released by National Instruments.
1986: The Government of India constituted the National Airports Authority (NAA) was constituted to look after domestic airports.
1986: REC, Jalandhar
1986 (Dec 24): The Lotus Temple, New Delhi, a Bahá'í House of Worship was opened for public.
1986 (Jul): CRIS founded and HQ'd at Chanakyapuri, New Delhi. Centre for Railway Information Systems {रेलवे सूचना प्रणाली केंद्र} designs, develops, implements and maintains most of the important information systems of Indian Railways.
1986: Education and Research Network (ERNET), an autonomous scientific society in India that practically brought the Internet to India and has built up national capabilities in the area of net-working, especially in protocol software engineering.
1986: Shobhana Bhartia became the first woman chief executive of a national newspaper. She has been nominated as a Rajya Sabha MP from Congress Party.
1986: ANDP Inter College, Bachhraun estd.
1986: the waterway from Haldia to Allahabad was declared a National Waterway.
1986: Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) founded with 50,000+ members of Jama'at-ud-Da'wah , who attributed for the attacks of 26/11, Mumbai on November 2008. HQ'd at Muridke, Punjab, Pakistan.
Zaki ur Rehman Lakhvi's Ahl-e-Hadees + Hafiz Saeed & Zafar Iqbal's Jama'at-ud-Da'wah = Markaz al-Dawah Irshad (MDI); LeT (1989) = armed wing of MDI
1986: In 1986, India made a contract with Swedish arms manufacturer company Bofors AB for howitzer guns for the army for Rs.1437 crores.
1986 (Dec 12):[Corporate][India] Indian Railway Finance Corporation (IRFC) founded under the ownership of Indian Railways, Ministry of Railways, GoI. It started borrowing from the market in 1987–88. The company announced its initial public offering on 18 January 2021 and got listed on the National Stock Exchange of India / Bombay Stock Exchange on 29 January 2021.
1986 (Sep):[Economics] The Big Mac Index is a price index published by The Economist's Pam Woodall as an informal way of measuring the purchasing power parity (PPP) between two currencies and provides a test of the extent to which market exchange rates result in goods costing the same in different countries. It "seeks to make exchange-rate theory a bit more digestible.". The index also gave rise to the word burgernomics. See also Dosanomics by Rahuram Rajan (2017)
1986:[Cinema] A Nightmare on Elm Street 2: Freddy's Revenge(1985)
1986:[Crime] After Shabir was killed by the rival Pathan gang, Dawood became the sole boss of his gang, known as the D-Company. He was then chiefly involved in gold smuggling, real estate, extortion and drug trafficking. He fled from India to Dubai in 1986 after being wanted by the Mumbai Police for the murder of Samad Khan. Arun Gawli still remained in Mumbai. Chhota Rajan to handle the India op of D-Company. Dawoods entry into Dubai was sponsored by members of the royal family of Sharjah. These associations have provided immunity and a secure base to the vast range of criminal operations - including gun running across Asia and Africa, international money laundering, drug running from Afghanistan-Pakistan (before it passed out of the hands of Pakistan's ISI and into the more direct Northern routes through Central Asia and Eastern Europe), and a range of associations with terrorist organisations - including, according to reliable open media sources, with the Al Qaeda. Aftab Bhatki, who controlled the entire fake currency operations in India.
1986:[Crime] Anees Ibrahim was arrested on an Arms Act charge, but he managed to get bail within weeks.
1986:[NSE] Incorporated in 1986, Indian Railway Finance Corporation borrows funds from the financial markets to finance the acquisition / creation of assets which are then leased out to the Indian Railways as finance lease
1986:[PSU] Power Finance Corporation Ltd. is an Indian central public sector undertaking HQ'd at Delhi and owned by the Ministry of Power, Government of India. Established in 1986, it is the financial backbone of Indian power sector. PFC's net worth as on 30 June 2023 is INR 1.184 trillion.
1987: UUNet. No. of Hosts connected to internet: 28,000.
1987: Daman became the capital of Daman & Diu.
1987: Gavaskar, who had retired from all forms of cricket after the 1987 Cricket World Cup.
1987 (May 29):[Philosophy] Criss Jami (born Christopher James Gilbert) is an American poet, essayist, and existentialist philosopher. He is best known as the author of Healology, Killosophy, Diotima, Battery, Electric Personality, Venus in Arms, and Salomé: In Every Inch In Every Mile. Criss Jami began writing song lyrics at an early age.
1987 (Sep 7): a memorandum-of-understanding was signed in Copenhagen by 13 member states.
1987 (Oct 1): Candidates born since this day (max. aged 25 years, who'll pass XII for the first time in 2011 or 2012) shall be sitting for IIT JEE 2012.
1987 (Nov 8): India/Pakistan 1987. Sunil Gavaskar retired from all forms of cricket after the 1987 Cricket World Cup, lasted from 8 October to 8 November 1987.
1987 (Nov 14): Sachin Tendulkar, aged 14, was selected to represent Bombay in the Ranji Trophy, India's premier domestic First-class cricket tournament, for the 1987–88 season.
1987: Numero Uno Clothing Ltd. began its journey at Gurgaon as one of the the first Indian denim brand. It is a casual wear, inner wear, shoes and accessories.
1987 (Nov 8): India/Pakistan 1987. Sunil Gavaskar retired from all forms of cricket after the 1987 Cricket World Cup, lasted from 8 October to 8 November 1987.
1987 (Nov 14): Sachin Tendulkar, aged 14, was selected to represent Bombay in the Ranji Trophy, India's premier domestic First-class cricket tournament, for the 1987–88 season.
1987: Numero Uno Clothing Ltd. began its journey at Gurgaon as one of the the first Indian denim brand. It is a casual wear, inner wear, shoes and accessories.
1987: Satyam Computer Services Ltd started by two brothers, Rama Raju and Ramalinga. The company was listed on the Bombay stock exchange in 1991. At a time, the Satyam Computer Services Ltd shares oversubscribed by 17 times by the end of 2008, the revenue of the company crossed 2 billion, and the company was established in 20+ countries. Later promoters of Satyam Computers sold their holdings at a very higher price. They took a profit of 1200 crores through the sale. [the biggest accounting and corporate fraud in India]
1987:[Computer] IBM OS/2, in full International Business Machines Operating System/2, an operating system introduced by IBM and the Microsoft Corporation to operate the second-generation line of IBM personal computers, the PS/2 (Personal System/2). IBM Code/400 is a scriptable (using either REXX or Java) PC-based editor (written in C++) that runs on OS/2 and used to be shipped as part of ADTS/CS, and is now included as a part of WDSC.
1987:[Economics] The Sigma Index was introduced in an academic paper by Brenner and Galai, published in Financial Analysts Journal, July/August 1989. Brenner and Galai wrote, "Our volatility index, to be named Sigma Index, would be updated frequently and used as the underlying asset for futures and options. A volatility index would play the same role as the market index play for options and futures on the index." - History of CBOE Volatility Index (VIX), or fear index or fear gauge.
1987:[Cinema] Maximum Overdrive(1986)
1987:[Space][Research] For the graviton as part of the string spectrum, e.g. Green, Schwarz & Witten 1987, sec. 2.3 and 5.3; for the extra dimensions, ibid sec. 4.2. Quantum Gravity.
1987:[Book] First published work of Dash Benhur? The Drawing and other stories. Later the year he received Odisha Sahitya Academy award. and In 1989, NCERT Prize for Children's Literature. Odisha Vigyan Academy Popular Science-writer award in 1999 and finally Sahitya Akademi Bal Puraskar in 2014.
1987:[Technology] LiFePO4 is a natural mineral of the olivine family (triphylite). Arumugam Manthiram and John B. Goodenough first identified the polyanion class of cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. The lithium iron phosphate battery (LiFePO
4 battery) or LFP battery (lithium ferrophosphate) is a type of lithium-ion battery using lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) as the cathode material, and a graphitic carbon electrode with a metallic backing as the anode. Because of their lower cost, high safety, low toxicity, long cycle life and other factors, LFP batteries are finding a number of roles in vehicle use, utility-scale stationary applications, and backup power.
1987:[NSE] Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Limited (IREDA) is an Indian public sector enterprise which provides financial assistance and other services to projects related to renewable sources of energy and energy efficiency/conservation. Formed in 1987, IREDA is a Navratna organisation owned by the Government of India and administratively controlled by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE). In November 2023, IREDA went public with an initial public offering (IPO), listing on NSE and BSE.
1987 (Nov 1) :[PSU] The Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited is an Indian public sector undertaking based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It is wholly owned by the Government of India and is responsible for the generation of electricity from nuclear power. NPCIL is administered by the Department of Atomic Energy.
1988:[Book] Stephen Hawking's A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes; On the Shoulders of Giants: The Great Works of Physics and Astronomy (2002); The Theory of Everything (2002); The Grand Design (2010); The Universe in a Nutshell (2001); God Created the Integers: The Mathematical Breakthroughs That Changed History (2005)
1988: Minnesota On-Line, Inc. merged into FISV to form Credit-union solutions division.
1988: Internet Relay Chat (IRC) developed.
1988: NSFNet (Link speed: 448 kbps) using IBM Network Security Services.
1988: NSFNet (Link speed: 1.5 Mbps), popularized as T1.
1988: The first online café (Cyber café) in South Korea called Electronic Café opened in front of Hongik University in March 1988 by Ahn Sang-Su and Keum Nuri in Seoul. It had two 16bit computers connected to Online service networks through telephone lines.
1988: TCP congestion control proposed by Van Jacobson, Michael J. Karels. as 'Congestion Avoidance and Control'.
1988: The Society of the Plastics Industry introduced the Resin Identification Code (RIC) system in 1988 as a growing number of communities were implementing recycling programs. Types of resins/plastics were PET, HDPE, PVC, LDPE, PP, PS and etc.
1988:[Polity][Military] Iran-Iraq war halted.
1988: ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) was first defined in the CCITT red book. It is a circuit-switched telephone network system, which also provides access to packet switched networks, designed to allow digital transmission of voice and data over ordinary telephone copper wires, resulting in potentially better voice quality than an analog phone can provide. It offers circuit-switched connections (for either voice or data), and packet-switched connections (for data), in increments of 64 kilobit/s.
1988: OSI Reference Model.1988: Minnesota On-Line, Inc. merged into FISV to form Credit-union solutions division.
1988: Internet Relay Chat (IRC) developed.
1988: NSFNet (Link speed: 448 kbps) using IBM Network Security Services.
1988: NSFNet (Link speed: 1.5 Mbps), popularized as T1.
1988: The first online café (Cyber café) in South Korea called Electronic Café opened in front of Hongik University in March 1988 by Ahn Sang-Su and Keum Nuri in Seoul. It had two 16bit computers connected to Online service networks through telephone lines.
1988: TCP congestion control proposed by Van Jacobson, Michael J. Karels. as 'Congestion Avoidance and Control'.
1988: The Society of the Plastics Industry introduced the Resin Identification Code (RIC) system in 1988 as a growing number of communities were implementing recycling programs. Types of resins/plastics were PET, HDPE, PVC, LDPE, PP, PS and etc.
1988:[Polity][Military] Iran-Iraq war halted.
1988:[Military][Crime] Al-Qaeda (“the Base”) is a militant Sunni Islamist multi-national organization founded by Osama bin Laden, Abdullah Azzam, and several other Arab volunteers who fought against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in the 1980s.
1988: National Centre for Software Technology (NCST), now known as C-DAC founded. The Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) is a research and development organization under the Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Govt of India. The National Centre for Software Technology (NCST), ER&DCI and CEDTI were merged into C-DAC in 2003.
1988: A driving licence is required in India by any person driving a vehicle on any highway or other road defined in the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988.
1988 (Nov): The Uttar Pradesh Subordinate Services Selection Commission (UPSSSC) came into existence as UPSSS Board with its headquarters at Lucknow. In 1990 it was converted into Commission.
1988: The Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) is created by DARPA to address network security.
1988: IBM OS/400 was released for the new released IBM AS/400.
1988: National Centre for Software Technology (NCST), now known as C-DAC founded. The Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) is a research and development organization under the Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Govt of India. The National Centre for Software Technology (NCST), ER&DCI and CEDTI were merged into C-DAC in 2003.
1988: A driving licence is required in India by any person driving a vehicle on any highway or other road defined in the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988.
1988 (Nov): The Uttar Pradesh Subordinate Services Selection Commission (UPSSSC) came into existence as UPSSS Board with its headquarters at Lucknow. In 1990 it was converted into Commission.
1988: The Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) is created by DARPA to address network security.
1988: IBM OS/400 was released for the new released IBM AS/400.
1988 (Dec 21): World's largest (cargo) plane by length, Antonov An-225 Mriya developed in Ukraine by Ukroboronprom took-off its maiden flight. It was damaged during Russo-Ukraine attack on Hostomel airport, near Kyiv airfield. ANtonov meaning The Dream had a wingspan of 88 metres (289ft) and a length of 84 metres (276ft) , making it the longest aircraft in existence.
1988:[Book] Moonwalk is a 1988 autobiography written by American recording artist Michael Jackson. The book was first published by Doubleday on February 1, 1988, five months after the release of Jackson's 1987 Bad album, and named after Jackson's signature dance move, the moonwalk.
1988:[Cinema] The War in Space(1977)
1988:[Travel][India][RJ] The Lakshmi-Narayan Temple, or the Birla Temple, as it is more popularly known as, is located at the base of Moti Dungari. Built on an elevated platform, this comparatively modern temple is built entirely of white marble and dominates the skyline of south Jaipur. The temple was commissioned and built by renowned Indian industrialists, the Birlas, in 1988.
1988:[Space][Research] GPM J1839-10. Pulsars are magnetized neutron stars that emit beams of particles and radiation from their magnetic poles; their rapid spin sweeps these beams through space. When a beam swings by our direction, we see a brief pulse of radio waves. But if neutron stars are rotating too slowly, they’re not expected to generate such lighthouse-like beams. Very strongly magnetized neutron stars known as magnetars have slower spin periods and can sometimes produce long-period radio pulses for a while following energetic outbursts.
1988:[Crime] Chota Shakeel joins-in D-Company.
1988:[Crime] For a short period, Dawood Ibrahim, Rajan and Arun Gawli worked together. Then, Gawli's elder brother Papa Gawli was assassinated over a drug deal and a rift formed.
1988 (Apr):[Chemistry][GeoPolitics][US] Nisin has been approved as a natural food preservative by more than 60 other countries. In April 1988, it was recognized as the Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Federal Register. Nisin is a common bio-preservative used in Coconut Water (Raw Pressery). In India it is knows by code INS 234. (safe preservative)
1988 (Mar 8 13:40):[Crime] In Mehsampur (Jalandhar), Motorcycle-mounted assailants armed with AK47s killed Punjab musicians Amarjot and Amar Singh Chamkila (27YO), called as Elvis of Punjab and a Tumbi player. To this day, their killers remain unidentified, and the case remains unsolved. However, there are several theories about why they were killed. Chamkila and his (second) wife Amarjot (married on May 23, 1983) would booked thruout the year and together charge Rs 4,000 per performance, which as per today's value would be close to a million rupees.
1988:[NSE][PSU] SJVN, formerly known as Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam, is an Indian public sector undertaking involved in hydroelectric power generation and transmission. It was incorporated in 1988 as Nathpa Jhakri Power Corporation, a joint venture between the Government of India and the Government of Himachal Pradesh.
1988:[NSE][PSU] Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited (MRPL), is a division of ONGC which is under the ownership of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas of the Government of India. Established in 1988, the refinery is located at Katipalla, north from the centre of Mangalore.
1989 (Jan 1):[Book] Peter Lynch & John Rothchild's One Up On Wall Street: How To Use What You Already Know To Make Money In The Market
1989 (Nov 9): Fall of the Berlin Wall. For decades, the Berlin wall had stood as a symbol of the ‘Iron Curtain’ splitting West and Eastern Europe. On the one side Communist authoritarian states, on the other side liberal democracies. The wall had been built to prevent East Germans escaping into West Germany, and indeed many had been shot trying to escape. But, more than anything else its presence was symbolic. The fall of the Berlin wall was an iconic moment when the Soviet Union gave up its grip on Eastern Europe. In the 50s and 60s, the Soviet Union had sent tanks to quell independence movements in Hungary and then Czechoslovakia. But, this time, Mikhail Gorbachev, the proponent of Perestroika and Glasnost approved the request for freedom.
1989: first of the 24 GPS constellation was launched by US.
1989: AOL founded.
1989: AOL founded.
1989 (Aug 25):[Space] Voyager 2 successfully fulfilled its primary mission of visiting the Neptunian system.
1989 (Nov 20): UN adopted the Convention on the Rights of the child.
1989: No. of hosts (or nodes) on internet > 1,00,000.
1989 (Dec 2): Vishwanath Pratap Singh becomes PM of India for 1 year.
1989: Canada, Egypt, Mali, Mexico, Pakistan and Sweden formed first proposal for UN to bring attention and promote commitment to goals and strategies for ensuring the survival, protection, and development of children as key elements in the socio-economic dev of all countries and human society. Brian Mulroney-Md. Hosni Mubarak-Moussa Traore-Carlos Salinas de Gotari-Benazir Bbhutto-Ingvar Carlsson.
1989: WWW was born. Berners-Lee first proposed the "WorldWideWeb" project. The first version of the protocol had only one method, namely GET, which would request a page from a server. The response from the server was always an HTML page. work on HTTP started.
1989: British Council's IELTS started.
1989: Hizb-ul-Mujahideen (meaning "Party of Holy Warriors" or "Party of Mujahideen"), founded by Muhammad Ahsan Dar in September 1989, is a Kashmiri separatist group HQ'd at Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir.
1989: VLCC Health Care Limited founded. It is an Indian multinational, headquartered in Gurgaon, Haryana, specializing in scientific weight management solutions, skin and haircare treatments, beauty services and personal care.
1989: Indian Railway standardized the train numbers to four digits Universal numbering.
1989: First Edition of S.Chand's Quantitative Aptitude 9Fully Solved) by Dr. R.S. Aggarwal
1989: The MD2 Message-Digest Algorithm is a cryptographic hash function developed by Ronald Rivest. The algorithm is optimized for 8-bit computers. The MD2 hash function receives its acronym MD from its structure using Merkle–Damgård construction. The 128-bit (16-byte) MD2 hashes (also termed message digests) are typically represented as 32-digit hexadecimal numbers. The following demonstrates a 43-byte ASCII input and the corresponding MD2 hash:
MD2("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog") = 03d8 5a0d 629d 2c44 2e98 7525 319f c471
1989:[Book] Stephen Covey's The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People Personal Workbook
1989 (Nov 20): UN adopted the Convention on the Rights of the child.
1989: No. of hosts (or nodes) on internet > 1,00,000.
1989 (Dec 2): Vishwanath Pratap Singh becomes PM of India for 1 year.
1989: Canada, Egypt, Mali, Mexico, Pakistan and Sweden formed first proposal for UN to bring attention and promote commitment to goals and strategies for ensuring the survival, protection, and development of children as key elements in the socio-economic dev of all countries and human society. Brian Mulroney-Md. Hosni Mubarak-Moussa Traore-Carlos Salinas de Gotari-Benazir Bbhutto-Ingvar Carlsson.
1989: WWW was born. Berners-Lee first proposed the "WorldWideWeb" project. The first version of the protocol had only one method, namely GET, which would request a page from a server. The response from the server was always an HTML page. work on HTTP started.
1989: British Council's IELTS started.
1989: Hizb-ul-Mujahideen (meaning "Party of Holy Warriors" or "Party of Mujahideen"), founded by Muhammad Ahsan Dar in September 1989, is a Kashmiri separatist group HQ'd at Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir.
1989: VLCC Health Care Limited founded. It is an Indian multinational, headquartered in Gurgaon, Haryana, specializing in scientific weight management solutions, skin and haircare treatments, beauty services and personal care.
1989: Indian Railway standardized the train numbers to four digits Universal numbering.
1989: First Edition of S.Chand's Quantitative Aptitude 9Fully Solved) by Dr. R.S. Aggarwal
1989: The MD2 Message-Digest Algorithm is a cryptographic hash function developed by Ronald Rivest. The algorithm is optimized for 8-bit computers. The MD2 hash function receives its acronym MD from its structure using Merkle–Damgård construction. The 128-bit (16-byte) MD2 hashes (also termed message digests) are typically represented as 32-digit hexadecimal numbers. The following demonstrates a 43-byte ASCII input and the corresponding MD2 hash:
MD2("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog") = 03d8 5a0d 629d 2c44 2e98 7525 319f c471
1989:[Book] Stephen Covey's The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People Personal Workbook
1989 (Jan 1):[Env] The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion. It was agreed on 16 September 1987, and entered into force on 1 January 1989. Since then, it has undergone nine revisions, in 1990 (London), 1991 (Nairobi), 1992 (Copenhagen), 1993 (Bangkok), 1995 (Vienna), 1997 (Montreal), 1998 (Australia), 1999 (Beijing) and 2016 (Kigali) As a result of the international agreement, the ozone hole in Antarctica is slowly recovering. Climate projections indicate that the ozone layer will return to 1980 levels between 2050 and 2070.
1990: Since 1990, IEEE 802.11 working group participants have developed standards that help enable applications that allow us to communicate with one another in real time from anywhere in the world. Today’s computers, smart phones, and tablets are often equipped with an IEEE 802.11 radio, more commonly known as “Wi-Fi®.”
1990: Archie- the first search engine.
1990: GTE EFT Services Money Networks and GTE ATM Networks, California merged into FISV to form FISV's EFT division.
1989:[Cinema] Friday the 13th: A New Beginning(1985)
1989:[Cinema] Kamikaze 1989(1982)
1989:[Cinema] Way...Way Out(1966)
May 1989: [Management][Business][Psychology][Research] Ambiguity Aversion: Schmeidler, David. "Subjective Probability and Expected Utility without Additivity". Econometrica
1989:[Computing][Web] HTTP was originally proposed in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee, who was a coauthor of the 1.0 specification. HTTP/1.0 (released in 1996) was “stateless”: each new request from a client established a new connection instead of handling all similar requests through the same connection between a specific client and server.
1989:[Space] The first space mission specifically designed to study the cosmic microwave background (CMB) was the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), launched by NASA in 1989. Among its key discoveries were that averaged across the whole sky, the CMB shows a spectrum that conforms extremely precisely to a so-called ‘black body’ (i.e. pure thermal radiation) at a temperature of 2.73 Kelvin, but that it also shows very small temperature fluctuations on the order of 1 part in 100,000 across the sky. These findings were rewarded with the award of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics to John Mather and George Smoot.
1989:[Space] Hipparcos was a scientific satellite of the European Space Agency (ESA), launched in 1989 and operated until 1993. It was the first space experiment devoted to precision astrometry, the accurate measurement of the positions of celestial objects on the sky. The word "Hipparcos" is an acronym for HIgh Precision PARallax COllecting Satellite and also a reference to the ancient Greek astronomer Hipparchus of Nicaea, who is noted for applications of trigonometry to astronomy and his discovery of the precession of the equinoxes.
1989:[Crime] During the Arun Gawli - Chhota Rajan escaped to Dubai and eventually rose to be the right hand of Dawood Ibrahim. Chhota Rajan attend the wedding of Noora, Ibrahim's brother.
1989:[NSE][PSU] Power Grid Corporation of India Limited is a Maharatna CPSU and India’s largest electric power transmission company. GoI holds a 51.34% stake in the company as on March 31, 2021. PGCIL was incorporated in 1989 to set up extra-high voltage alternating current and high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission lines.
1990:[India][Maharashtra] Mumbai Suburban district was created on 1 October 1990 when Mumbai district was bifurcated into Mumbai City and Mumbai Suburban districts.
1990 (Jan 31): thousands of Russians lined up before dawn to try hamburgers many for the first time at the first McDonald's in Moscow. By the end of the day, 30,000 meals had been rung up on 27 cash registers, an opening-day record for the company.
1990: ARPANET got decommissioned, all of its users migrated to NSFNet. Advanced Networks & Services founded, merged MERIT, MCI and IBM took over internet from US Gov at 45 Mbps.
1990; IMDb service started.1990: Since 1990, IEEE 802.11 working group participants have developed standards that help enable applications that allow us to communicate with one another in real time from anywhere in the world. Today’s computers, smart phones, and tablets are often equipped with an IEEE 802.11 radio, more commonly known as “Wi-Fi®.”
1990: Archie- the first search engine.
1990: GTE EFT Services Money Networks and GTE ATM Networks, California merged into FISV to form FISV's EFT division.
1990 (Jan 19): 58YO Osho died at the ashram in Pune. The epitaph reads, "Never Born – Never Died Only visited this planet Earth between December 11, 1931 and January 19, 1990".
1990 (Feb 14):[Research] Pale Blue Dot photograph. Pale Blue Dot is a photograph of planet Earth taken on February 14, 1990, by the Voyager 1 space probe from a record distance of about 6 billion kilometers ( 3.7 billion miles, 40.5 AU ), as part of that day's Family Portrait series of images of the Solar System.
1990 (Aug 2): Invasion of Kuwait by Saddam Hussein's Iraq; 1990 airlift of Indians from Kuwait. The Emirate of Kuwait was annexed, and Saddam Hussein announced a few days later that it was the 19th province of Iraq. More than 171,000 Indians were stranded on Kuwaiti soil.
1990: Gulf War 1: Kuwait, United States, United Kingdom, France v/s. Iraq (Operation Desert Shield)
1990 (Sep 29-30): UN's World Summit for Children at NYC on health, education, nutrition and human rights.
1990 (Nov 10): Chandra Shekhar becomes PM of India for 1 year.
1990: First Self-Printing Ticket Machine (SPTM) was introduced by Indian Railway, at New Delhi.
1990: CONCERT (Country-wide Network for Computerized Enhanced Reservation & Ticketing) developed by CRIS is a total networking solution to Indian Railways Passenger Reservation System.
1990: There were 75 lakhs foreign-born persons (immigrants and refugees) living in India.
1990: Indian population has surged since the 1990s to become the second-largest immigrant group in the USA after Mexicans.
1990: The Immigration Act of 1990 (USA)
1990: SIDBI estd. at Lucknow
1990: first launch of France's Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite.
1990: Wireless Communication- Principles and Practice was first published for Theodore S. Rappaport by Prentice Hall.
1990: Gulf War 1: Kuwait, United States, United Kingdom, France v/s. Iraq (Operation Desert Shield)
1990 (Sep 29-30): UN's World Summit for Children at NYC on health, education, nutrition and human rights.
1990 (Nov 10): Chandra Shekhar becomes PM of India for 1 year.
1990: First Self-Printing Ticket Machine (SPTM) was introduced by Indian Railway, at New Delhi.
1990: CONCERT (Country-wide Network for Computerized Enhanced Reservation & Ticketing) developed by CRIS is a total networking solution to Indian Railways Passenger Reservation System.
1990: There were 75 lakhs foreign-born persons (immigrants and refugees) living in India.
1990: Indian population has surged since the 1990s to become the second-largest immigrant group in the USA after Mexicans.
1990: The Immigration Act of 1990 (USA)
1990: SIDBI estd. at Lucknow
1990: first launch of France's Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite.
1990: Wireless Communication- Principles and Practice was first published for Theodore S. Rappaport by Prentice Hall.
1990: Ending of apartheid in South Africa. Freedom of Nelson Mandela from jail in South Africa. (1990)
1990: Population of USA was 252M (252,120,308). The highest point of Immigration in America's history occured in 2 consecutive decades, 1990s and 2000s, around 10 million new immigrants came to the United States. The previous record was from 1900 to 1910, when around 8 million immigrants arrived. In 2000, the foreign-born population of the United States was 28.4 million people. Most populous state: California 29M (29,760,021), Least populous state: Wyoming 0.45M (453,588)
1990: The Soviet Union conducted 715 nuclear tests (by the official count) between 1949 and 1990, including 219 atmospheric, underwater, and space tests.
1990:[Book][Polity] Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action
1990:[Cinema] 1990: The Bronx Warriors(1982)
1990:[Cinema] Escape from the Bronx(1983)
1990:[Cinema] Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives(1986)
1990:[Cinema] Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood(1988)
1990:[Cinema] Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan(1989)
1990:[Cinema] Godzilla vs. Biollante(1989)
1990:[Cinema] Mad Max 2: The Road Warrior(1981)
1990:[Law][India] the National Commission for Women Bill 1990 was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 22nd May 1990. The NCW was set up in 1992 under the National Commission for Women Act, 1990. This body was established to review the constitutional and legal safeguards for women.
1990:[GoI] Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) is the apex regulatory body for overall licensing and regulation of micro, small and medium enterprise finance companies in India.
1991:[Technology] LiPo cells follow the history of lithium-ion and lithium-metal cells which underwent extensive research during the 1980s, reaching a significant milestone with Sony's first commercial cylindrical Li-ion cell in 1991. After that, other packaging forms evolved, including the flat pouch format.
1991:[Gaming] Road Rash is a motorcycle racing video game series by Electronic Arts in which the player participates in violent, illegal street races. The series started on the Sega Genesis/Mega Drive and was released on various other systems over the years. The game's title is based on the slang term for the severe friction burns that can occur in a motorcycle fall where skin comes into contact with the ground at high speed.
1991: GOPHER Commerce Internet Exchange (CIX); WWW- the world wide web.
1991: The Ig Nobel Prize is a parody of the Nobel Prize, which is awarded every autumn to celebrate ten unusual or trivial achievements in scientific research. Since 1991, the Ig Nobel Prizes have been awarded to “honor achievements that first make people laugh, and then make them think.” The name of the award, the “Ig Nobel Prize” (/ˌɪɡnoʊˈbɛl/ IG-noh-BEL) is a pun on the word ignoble, an achievement “characterized by baseness, lowness, or meanness”, and is satirical social criticism that identifies absurd-sounding, yet useful research and knowledge.
1991: Starting of LPG (Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization) era in Indian market was opened across the globe.economy started rising then after.
1991 (Feb 19):[Maths][Computing][Quantum][Security][US] Schnorr's algorithm got patented in US. Method for identifying subscribers and for generating and verifying electronic signatures in a data exchange system by Claus P. Schnorr
1991: The Ig Nobel Prize is a parody of the Nobel Prize, which is awarded every autumn to celebrate ten unusual or trivial achievements in scientific research. Since 1991, the Ig Nobel Prizes have been awarded to “honor achievements that first make people laugh, and then make them think.” The name of the award, the “Ig Nobel Prize” (/ˌɪɡnoʊˈbɛl/ IG-noh-BEL) is a pun on the word ignoble, an achievement “characterized by baseness, lowness, or meanness”, and is satirical social criticism that identifies absurd-sounding, yet useful research and knowledge.
1991: Starting of LPG (Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization) era in Indian market was opened across the globe.economy started rising then after.
1991 (Feb 19):[Maths][Computing][Quantum][Security][US] Schnorr's algorithm got patented in US. Method for identifying subscribers and for generating and verifying electronic signatures in a data exchange system by Claus P. Schnorr
1991 (Feb 28): Persian Gulf War, First Gulf War, Gulf War I, Kuwait War, First Iraq War, or Iraq War ended. Operation Desert Storm officially ended on 30 November 1995.
1991 (Jun 21):[Polity] PV Narasimha Rao becomes PM of India.
1991 (Jun 21):[Polity] PV Narasimha Rao becomes PM of India.
1991 (Jun 25):[Polity] Sudhakarrao Rajusing Naik (21 August 1934 – 10 May 2001) was sworn in as Chief Minister of Maharashtra on resignation of his predecessor Sharad Pawar. He was an Indian politician from Indian National Congress party who served as Chief Minister of Maharashtra from 25 June 1991 until 22 February 1993 following the communal riots.
1991 (Jul): ETSI's GSM first deployed in Finland. GSM describe the protocols for second-generation (2G) digital cellular networks used by mobile phones.
1991 (Aug 19): [Russia] The 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, also known as the August Coup, was a failed attempt made by communist hard-liners of the Soviet Union to take control of the country from Mikhail Gorbachev, who was Soviet President and General Secretary of the party. The coup leaders consisted of top military and civilian officials who formed the State Committee on the State of Emergency (GKChP).
1991: Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) is a society established in 1991 by the Indian Ministry of Communications and Information Technology with the objective of encouraging, promoting and boosting the export of software from India.
1991: Bansal Classes Pvt Ltd founded by Vinod Kr. Bansal at Kota (Rajsthan) to provide coacing to the students preparing for IITs.
1991: Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) is a society established in 1991 by the Indian Ministry of Communications and Information Technology with the objective of encouraging, promoting and boosting the export of software from India.
1991: Bansal Classes Pvt Ltd founded by Vinod Kr. Bansal at Kota (Rajsthan) to provide coacing to the students preparing for IITs.
1991: Hawala Scam. [Rs. 65 Crore] Two Kashmiri militants arrested named Shahbuddin Ghauri and Ashfaq Hussain Lone, had, in turn, led the CBI to high-profile hawala operators Shambhu Dayal Sharma and Moolchand Shah. The hawala operators’ testimony led to the unfolding of the case, which led to the Jain brothers’ immediate arrest. In their 1995 confession, released several politician’s names.
The Cold War halts between US and USSR
1991 (Dec 26): Cold war between Weater and Easter blocs assumed to be halted.
1991:[Book] Tony Robbins & Anthony Robbins' Awaken the Giant Within - How to Take Immediate Control of Your Mental, Emotional, Physical and Financial. Wake up and take control of your life! From the bestselling author of Inner Strength, Unlimited Power, and MONEY Master the Game, Anthony Robbins, the nation's leader in the science of peak performance, shows you his most effective strategies and techniques for mastering your emotions, your body, your relationships, your finances, and your life.
1991:[Gaming] PlayStation was the brainchild of Ken Kutaragi, a Sony executive who managed one of the company's hardware engineering divisions and was later dubbed "The Father of the PlayStation".
1991: The “Heal The World” short film furthered Michael Jackson’s goal of making art and music that would inspire worldwide peace, love and tolerance, by showcasing a diverse group of children united in their abilities to love unconditionally and their wishes for a brighter future.
1991:[Cinema] Alien Nation(1988)
1991:[Cinema] Conquest of the Planet of the Apes(1972)
1991:[Computing][Web] HTTP in 1991, HTML in 1993, URL in 1994, Netscape developed the original SSL protocols (with this came HTTPS and digital certificate/Public key certificate/identity certificate), and Taher Elgamal, chief scientist at Netscape Communications from 1995 to 1998, has been described as the "father of SSL". TLS in Jan 1999. The URI generic syntax is a superset of the syntax of all URI schemes. It was first defined in RFC 2396, published in August 1998, and finalized in RFC 3986, published in January 2005.
1992 (Feb 25): Roscosmos founded. The State Space Corporation "Roscosmos", commonly known simply as Roscosmos, is a state corporation of the Russian Federation responsible for space flights, cosmonautics programs, and aerospace research.
1992 (May 15): The Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) grew out of the framework of the Commonwealth of Independent States, and first began as the CIS Collective Security Treaty (CST) which was signed on 15 May 1992, by Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russian Federation, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, in the city of Tashkent. Azerbaijan signed the treaty on 24 September 1993, Georgia on 9 December and Belarus on 31 December. The treaty came into effect on 20 April 1994.
1992 (Aug): Chris McCandless found dead, weighing 30kg, aged 24.
1992 (Sep 1): Eiger Dreams: Ventures Among Men and Mountains is a non-fiction collection of articles and essays by Jon Krakauer on mountaineering and rock climbing.
1992 (Sep 12):[Crime] Squad of 24 sharpshooters from the Dawood Ibrahim gang, led by Subhashsingh Thakur, had ambushed ward no. 18 of JJ Hospital to avenge the murder of Dawood's brother-in-law Ismail Parker, killing Shailesh Haldankar, while he was recuperating in the hospital.
1992(Dec 6): a large crowd of Hindu Kar Sevaks (activists) demolished the 16th-century Babri Mosque in the city of Ayodhya, in Uttar Pradesh. The demolition occurred after a political rally at the site turned violent and it changed India and its political discourse forever. Cities like Mumbai, Surat, Ahmedabad, Kanpur, Delhi, Bhopal and several others bore the brunt of Babri demolition.
1992:[Crime] Meeting of Dawood, Anees and Tiger Memon in Dubai, UAE with ISI thru Pakistani smugglers Yusuf Godrawala and Taufiq Jallianwala??
1992 (Dec 7):[Crime] The communal riots spread and continued in two phases Dec 7-27, 1992, followed by a brief lull, and then again Jan 7-25, 1993. Post riots, ISI was looking for someone who can do their “dirty work” of blood shedding and the exordium came through Pakistani smugglers Yusuf Godrawala and Taufiq Jallianwala. Dawood, even though he was very much in grief first tried to dodge the same but his brothers Anees and Tiger Memon were in no mood to let this chance go, up for a lex talionis.
1992: Data Holdings, Inc. of Indianapolis merged into FISV to form Card Services.
1992: .wav file
1992: At NMI, Uttarkashi, Search & Rescue Course has been introduced as regular course to be conducted once in a year since December 1992.
1992: .wav file
1992: At NMI, Uttarkashi, Search & Rescue Course has been introduced as regular course to be conducted once in a year since December 1992.
1992: The 1992 Indian stock market scam was a market manipulation carried out by Harshad Shantilal Mehta with other bankers and politicians on the Bombay Stock Exchange. The scam caused significant disruption to the stock market of India, defrauding investors of over ten million USD.
1992 (Dec 21): [GeoPolitics] The Central European Free Trade Agreement is an international trade agreement between countries mostly located in Southeastern Europe. Founded by representatives of Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia, CEFTA expanded to Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia and the UNMIK.
1992: Congress' (INC) viability has been systematically going down over the last 30 years in states. INC has strongest support in Chattisgarh and Rajasthan, followed by Jharkhand, Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra.
1993: AC 3-tier coaches & Sleeper class are introduced apart from second class.
1993: GoI's District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) was launched, with an aim of achieving the objective of universal primary education. This programmed laid the foundations for सर्व शिक्षा अभियान(Education for All Movement) aimed at the universalisation of elementary education making free and compulsory education to children between the ages of 6 to 14.
1993:[Crime][India] Chhota Rajan split with Dawood and formed an independent gang that frequently clashed with Dawood's D-Company.
1992:[Cinema] Parasite(1982)
1992:[Computing][Technology][Research][Cinema] The original JPEG specification published in 1992 implements processes from various earlier research papers and patents cited by the CCITT (now ITU-T) and Joint Photographic Experts Group.
1992:[Space][Research] The Mauritius Radio Telescope (MRT) is a synthesis radio telescope in Mauritius that is used to make images of the sky at a frequency of 151.5 MHz. The MRT was primarily designed to make a survey with a point source sensitivity of 150 mJy. Its resolution is about 4 arc min. The MRT, first commissioned in 1992, is run as a joint project by the University of Mauritius, the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) and the Raman Research Institute. While first initiated by Prof. Ch.V. Sastry of the IIA, the project was run by Prof. N. Uday Shankar of the RRI for nearly 5 years. The Head of MRT in Mauritius rotates between Dr Nalini Issur, Dr Girish Beeharry and Dr Radhakhrishna Somanah.
1993: Ashok Hall Girl's Residential School, Majkhali.
1993: By this year there were around 100 web-servers across the world. (A report published in first issue of The World Wide Web Newsletter, 1993)1993: AC 3-tier coaches & Sleeper class are introduced apart from second class.
1993: GoI's District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) was launched, with an aim of achieving the objective of universal primary education. This programmed laid the foundations for सर्व शिक्षा अभियान(Education for All Movement) aimed at the universalisation of elementary education making free and compulsory education to children between the ages of 6 to 14.
1993:[Crime][India] Chhota Rajan split with Dawood and formed an independent gang that frequently clashed with Dawood's D-Company.
1993 (Jan 7):[Crime] Riots re-started in Mumbai and lasted for 20 days. The ISI, which controlled shipping routes from the Gulf to India's west coast, demanded that the mafia transport weapons and explosives into India in return for the use of Pakistan's waters. Dawood met their ISI handlers in a 5 star hotel of Dubai in Jan or Feb of 1993, then came the RDX through the same porous and unchecked sea route that 26/11 attackers slipped across and wrecked mayhem in Mumbai. The ’93 attacks were finally executed in march that claimed some 300 innocent lives.
1993 (Mar 6):[Polity][India] Sharad Pawar re-elecetd as CM of MH for 2 years.
1993 (Mar 12):[Crime] The 1993 Bombay bombings were a series of 12 terrorist bombings that took place in Bombay. The single-day attacks resulted in 257 fatalities and 1,400 injuries. There was another raid near Manish market where hand grenades were recovered. After another tip off led to discovery of a huge quantity of RDX from Nagla Bunder off Ghodbunder Road in Thane. “In all, 5,000 kilograms of RDX was brought into Mumbai and we recovered 3,300 kilograms of it in all the raids,” says Chaugule. Reduced Shock Sensitivity (RSS) explosives, such as RSS-RDX, which costs about Rs. 1,500-2,000 per kg. Anees continued operation of D-Company which include contract killing, extortion, the circulation of counterfeit currency, and the provision of a range of free-lance services to terrorist groups at the instance of Pakistan's Inter Services Intelligence (ISI). Interpol Red Corner notice for D-Company.
1993 (Nov 1): The European Union (EU) founded. It is an economic and political partnership involving 28 European countries. It began after WW2 to foster economic co-operation, with the idea that countries which trade together are more likely to avoid going to war with each other.
1993 (Nov 3): [GeoPolitics] The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) is a regional economic community in Africa with twenty-one member states stretching from Tunisia to Eswatini. COMESA was formed in December 1994, replacing a Preferential Trade Area which had existed since 1981. Nine of the member states formed a free trade area in 2000 (Djibouti, Egypt, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Sudan, Zambia and Zimbabwe), with Rwanda and Burundi joining the FTA in 2004, the Comoros and Libya in 2006, Seychelles in 2009 and Tunisia and Somalia in 2018.
1993 (Dec 20): OHCHR formed. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), a United Nations agency that works to promote and protect the human rights that are guaranteed under international law and stipulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948.
1993:the 24th and last GLONASS satellite was launched forming the whole navigation constellation similar to that of US's GPS.
1993: SHA-0 (a hash function) was proposed by NIST, Maryland, USA (Founded: 1901). It produces a 160-bit hash value, thus the brute-force collision or near-collision attack requires O(2^80) computation. Within 5 years, it was made collision attacked by Chabaud and Joux with the attack complexity of 2^61.
1993 (Dec 20): OHCHR formed. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), a United Nations agency that works to promote and protect the human rights that are guaranteed under international law and stipulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948.
1993:the 24th and last GLONASS satellite was launched forming the whole navigation constellation similar to that of US's GPS.
1993: SHA-0 (a hash function) was proposed by NIST, Maryland, USA (Founded: 1901). It produces a 160-bit hash value, thus the brute-force collision or near-collision attack requires O(2^80) computation. Within 5 years, it was made collision attacked by Chabaud and Joux with the attack complexity of 2^61.
1993: [Coalgate scam] On 23rd April 2013, the Standing Committee on Coal and Steel tabled in Parliament that all 194 coal blocks distributed between 1993 and 2008 were auctioned in an unauthorized manner and the country lost Rs.1.86 lakh crore.. Former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, along with Kumar Mangalam Birla and P.C. Parakh, were accused and summoned by a special court. [2L Crore]. Comptroller and Auditor General of India took 20 years to ID one of the biggest scams in Indian history.
1993: After President Bill Clinton took office in 1993, however, the U.S. economy embarked on a long and strong expansion, making the 1990s a great decade for America's money, overall.
1993:[Cinema] Godzilla vs. Mothra(1992)
1993:[Space] Hipparcos, a scientific satellite of the European Space Agency (ESA) lasted for 4 years before going out-of-service.
1993:[Space][Research] In 1993, Don Page argued that if a black hole starts in a pure quantum state and evaporates completely by a unitary process, the von Neumann entropy of the Hawking radiation initially increases and then decreases back to zero when the black hole has disappeared. This is called the Page curve.
1993:[Books][History] Green’s Dictionary of Slang is the largest historical dictionary of English slang. Written by Jonathon Green over 17 years from 1993, it reached the printed page in 2010 in a three-volume set containing nearly 100,000 entries supported by over 400,000 citations from c. ad 1000 to the present day. The main focus of the dictionary is the coverage of over 500 years of slang from c. 1500 onwards.
1994:[Computing][Quantum] Peter Shor discovered an algorithm (Shor's algorithm) that could factor large numbers in polynomial time on a quantum computer, which would break the security of many cryptographic schemes.
1994:[Computing][Quantum] Peter Shor and Don Coppersmith figured out how to take a Quantum Fourier Transform.
1994:The problem with the paper published earlier this month was its reliance on Schnorr's algorithm (not to be confused with Shor’s algorithm), which was developed in 1994. Schnorr’s algorithm is a classical computation based on lattices, which are mathematical structures that have many applications in constructive cryptography and cryptanalysis. The authors who devised Schnorr’s algorithm said it could enhance the use of the heuristic quantum optimization method called QAOA.
1994 (Jan 1): [GeoPolitics] The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States that created a trilateral trade bloc in North America. The agreement came into force on January 1, 1994, and superseded the 1988 Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement between the United States and Canada. The NAFTA trade bloc formed one of the largest trade blocs in the world by gross domestic product.
1994:[Technology][Business][US][Computing] The Dell Latitude series is a line of laptop computers manufactured and sold by American company Dell. It is a business-oriented line, aimed at corporate enterprises, healthcare, government, and education markets; unlike the Inspiron series, which is aimed at individual customers, and the Vostro series, which is aimed at smaller businesses. The Latitude directly competes with the Lenovo ThinkPad and the EliteBook series by HP. Additionally, the "Rugged (Extreme)", "XFR" and "ATG" models compete primarily with Panasonic's Toughbook line of "rugged" laptops.
1994: Sushmita Sen became Miss Universe.
1994: The Annals of Improbable Research is a bi-monthly magazine devoted to scientific humor, in the form of a satirical take on the standard academic journal.
1994: Lindon Leader of Landor Associates, of San Francisco designed wordmarks for FedEx's various Op-unit. FedEx’s public-relations firm wanted to highlight the arrow so it would be obvious. But he fought them on that — he thought it would be overkill. There’s something about making people discover something on their own that’s a lot more powerful than italicizing it to make your point.
1994: Scilab 1.1, the first released version of Scilab, was put on anonymous ftp site.
1994: The concept of a café with full Internet access (and the name Cybercafé) was invented in early by a British technology artist, Ivan Pope.
1994: The Annals of Improbable Research is a bi-monthly magazine devoted to scientific humor, in the form of a satirical take on the standard academic journal.
1994: Lindon Leader of Landor Associates, of San Francisco designed wordmarks for FedEx's various Op-unit. FedEx’s public-relations firm wanted to highlight the arrow so it would be obvious. But he fought them on that — he thought it would be overkill. There’s something about making people discover something on their own that’s a lot more powerful than italicizing it to make your point.
1994: Scilab 1.1, the first released version of Scilab, was put on anonymous ftp site.
1994: The concept of a café with full Internet access (and the name Cybercafé) was invented in early by a British technology artist, Ivan Pope.
1994:[Crime][India] Chhota Rajan lured one of Dawood's favorite "narco-terrorist" Phillu Khan alias Bakhtiyar Ahmed Khan to a hotel room in Bangkok, where he was tortured to death, having been betrayed by his closest aide and sidekick Mangesh "Mangya" Pawar. D-Company's Sharad, used his links with Mumbai-based hotelier Vinod and A. Mishra to track down Rajan in Bangkok. Rajan's hitman Rohit Varma and his wife shot by D-Company.
1994(Jul 16):[Space] From July 16 to 22, 1994, enormous pieces of the comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (SL9), discovered just a year prior, crashed into Jupiter over several days, creating huge, dark scars in the planet's atmosphere and lofting superheated plumes into its stratosphere.
1994 (Oct): ITPO and GoI's NIC jointly set-up the National Centre for Trade Information (NCTI) at Pragati Maidan.
1994 (Oct): ITPO and GoI's NIC jointly set-up the National Centre for Trade Information (NCTI) at Pragati Maidan.
1994 (Nov 1, 15:01 IST):[Space][Sun] The Global Geospace Science 'Wind' satellite is a NASA science spacecraft designed to study radio waves and plasma that occur in the solar wind and in the Earth's magnetosphere.
1994 (Dec 3): Sony's PlayStation (a video game console) was introduced to the world from Minato, Tokyo (Japan).
1994: WXYC- first internet radio station broadcast.
1994: Memory cards were introduced in the consumer electronics market.
1994: WXYC- first internet radio station broadcast.
1994: Memory cards were introduced in the consumer electronics market.
1994 (Aug): ITPO's 1st Delhi Book Fair at Hall 8 to 12 of Pragati Maidan, New Delhi. The timings of fair are from 10.00 am to 8.00 pm (entry to fair will close at 7.30 pm).
1994 (Sep): The CONCERT software has been successfully implemented at all of the five PRS' sites Secunderabad in Sept. 1994, New Delhi on Sept. 1996, Calcutta on 14th June 1998, Mumbai on 11th Jan 1999 and Chennai on 12th April 1999.
1994: the 24th and the last GPS satellite was launched in US.
1994: The word Taliban is Pashto, طالبان ṭālibān, meaning "students", the plural of ṭālib. After the Soviet Union intervened and occupied Afghanistan in 1979, Islamic mujahideen fighters engaged in war with those Soviet forces, which laid the foundation of political movement and military organization named Taliban.
1994 (Sep): The CONCERT software has been successfully implemented at all of the five PRS' sites Secunderabad in Sept. 1994, New Delhi on Sept. 1996, Calcutta on 14th June 1998, Mumbai on 11th Jan 1999 and Chennai on 12th April 1999.
1994: the 24th and the last GPS satellite was launched in US.
1994: The word Taliban is Pashto, طالبان ṭālibān, meaning "students", the plural of ṭālib. After the Soviet Union intervened and occupied Afghanistan in 1979, Islamic mujahideen fighters engaged in war with those Soviet forces, which laid the foundation of political movement and military organization named Taliban.
1994: Abdul Kareem Telgi acquired the license for selling stamp paper and opened an office in Mumbai. After that, he started printing stamp paper in Nashik. With some agents’ help, he starts selling fake stamp paper in bulk to banks, insurance companies, stock brokerage firms, and corporates. In 2003 the Telgi scam was unfolded; the figure in the mind of security and intelligence agencies was up to Rs.20k Crore
1995: ANSET sold to AOL, who now runs it.
1994: [GeoPolitics] International Association of Gendarmeries and Police Forces with Military Status (commonly known as FIEP for France-Italia-España-Portugal, the first four members) is an association of national gendarmeries or military police forces.
1994:[Book] Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space is a 1994 book by the astronomer Carl Sagan. It is the sequel to Sagan's 1980 book Cosmos and was inspired by the famous 1990 Pale Blue Dot photograph, for which Sagan provides a poignant description. In the book, Sagan mixes philosophy about the human place in the universe with a description of the current knowledge about the Solar System. He also details a human vision for the future.
1994:[Cinema] Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla II(1993)
1994:[Cinema] The Apple(1980)
1994:[Cinema] The Atlantis Interceptors(1983)
1995 (Mar): Dept. of Indian Medicine and Homeopathy founded.
1995 (Mar 24):[Research] Remotely Operated Vehicle KAIKO reached the deepest area of the Mariana Trench and made the deepest diving record of 10,911 m (35,797 ft; 5,966 fathoms)
1995: phone call costing Rs. 16 per min.
1995: phone call costing Rs. 16 per min.
1995:[Gaming] Virtua Cop 2 is a light gun shooter arcade game, released in 1995 and developed internally at Sega by their AM2 studio (Yu Suzuki). It was ported to the Sega Saturn in 1996. It was released on PC in 1997 and Sega Dreamcast in 2000. It was later bundled with Virtua Cop in Virtua Cop: Elite Edition for PlayStation 2 in 2002.
1995 (Apr 1):[Research] Pillars of Creation is a photograph taken by the Hubble Space Telescope of elephant trunks of interstellar gas and dust in the Eagle Nebula, in the Serpens constellation, some 6,500–7,000 light-years (2,000–2,100 pc; 61–66 Em) from Earth.
1995 (Apr 1):[Research] Pillars of Creation is a photograph taken by the Hubble Space Telescope of elephant trunks of interstellar gas and dust in the Eagle Nebula, in the Serpens constellation, some 6,500–7,000 light-years (2,000–2,100 pc; 61–66 Em) from Earth.
1995 (Apr 1): IAAI and NAA were merged by an Act of Parliament and was named as Airports Authority of India (AAI). This new organisation was to be responsible for creating, upgrading, maintaining and managing civil aviation infrastructure both on the ground and air space in the country.
1995 (Apr 21):[Crime][India] Babloo picked up by the Singapore airport police for travelling on fake passport. He was staying in Dubai.
1995 (Sep 30):[Crime][India] Singapore extradites India's 'most-wanted inter-state criminal' Babloo Srivastava (33YO)
1995 (Nov 30): Operation Desert Storm (First Iraq War)officially ended.
1995 (May 31):[Book][Military] Admiral William H. McRaven's Spec Ops: Case Studies in Special Operations Warfare: Theory and Practice; Sea Stories: My Life in Special Operations (2019, May 1); The Hero Code: Lessons Learned from Lives Well Lived (2021, Apr 13)
1995: Dr. Hande after graduating from IIT Kharagpur conceptualized SELCO India during his PhD on sustainable energy at the University of Massachusetts. During a field visit to the Dominican Republic, he was surprised to see the poor using solar lights.
1995: The Government of India and the Government of Delhi jointly set up a company called the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) on 3 May 1995, with Dr. E. Sreedharan as the managing director.1995: Sachin R. Tendukar and Anjali Tendulkar wedded together.
1995: .mp3 invented.
1995:[Gaming] While FIFA 95 did not add much other than the ability to play with club teams, FIFA 96 pushed the boundaries. For the first time with real player names by obtaining the FIFPro license, the PlayStation, PC, 32X and Sega Saturn versions used EA's "Virtual Stadium" engine, with 2D sprite players moving around a real-time 3D stadium.
1995 (Jul 18):[Book] Barack Obama's Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance; Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance (2006, Oct 17); Of Thee I Sing: A Letter to My Daughters (2010, Nov 16); A Promised Land (2020, Nov 17)
1995(Jan 1):[Env] The Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) is an international treaty of the World Trade Organization. It was negotiated during the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and entered into force with the establishment of the WTO on January 1, 1995. Blue, Red, Amber and Green Box of subsidies.
1995:[Cinema] Nelson Mandela, in his first term as President of South Africa, initiates a unique venture to unite the Apartheid-torn land: enlist the national rugby team on a mission to win the 1995 Rugby World Cup. - Invictus (2009)
1995:[Cinema] A Clockwork Orange(1971)
1995:[Cinema] Dead End Drive-In(1986)
1995:[Cinema] Godzilla vs. Spacegodzilla(1994)
1995:[Cinema] Heartbeeps(1981)
1995:[Cinema] The Mummy's Curse(1944)
1995 (Dec):[Space] Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SoHO) was launched in December 1995 as a joint mission between the European Space Agency (ESA) and NASA, SoHO was designed to orbit the Sun to learn about the structure of the star’s interior and its outer atmosphere, as well as to investigate the behavior of solar winds. It was expected to complete its mission in 1998. Instead, it is still active today, and is now likely to keep working until 2025, when it will have been in space for 30 years.
1995:[Physics][Space][Research] Prior to 1995, theorists believed that there were five consistent versions of superstring theory (type I, type IIA, type IIB, and two versions of heterotic string theory). This understanding changed in 1995 when Edward Witten suggested that the five theories were just special limiting cases of an eleven-dimensional theory called M-theory. Witten's conjecture was based on the work of a number of other physicists, including Ashoke Sen, Chris Hull, Paul Townsend, and Michael Duff. His announcement led to a flurry of research activity now known as the second superstring revolution.
1995:[Crime][India] Murder of Mumbai-based builder Pradeep Jain by Abu Salem
1996: 1996 Mount Everest Disaster, in which eight people died while on an expedition to scale the infamous summit. One of the climbers who lost his life was Andy Harris, played in Everest by Martin Henderson. Harris was one of the guides for the Adventure Consultants, along with Rob Hall and Mike Groom. In the film, he appears to die while with Hall, falling off a cliff after a hallucination. But Rob Hall never reported this, and since he died shortly thereafter, there is no way to confirm the circumstances surrounding Harris' death.
1996:[Computing][Quantum] Lov Grover devised an algorithm (Grover's algorithm) that could search an unsorted database in square root time on a quantum computer, which would outperform any classical algorithm.
1996:[US] Barack Obama was elected to the Illinois Senate, succeeding Democratic State Senator Alice Palmer from Illinois's 13th District, which, at that time, spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from Hyde Park–Kenwood south to South Shore and west to Chicago Lawn.1996 (Jan 25):[Book] Peter Lynch & John Rothchild's Learn to Earn: A Beginner's Guide to the Basics of Investing and Business.
1996 (Jan):[Crime][India] Anees Ibrahim arrested in Bahrain, shifted to Dubai allegedly on the intervention of some of Dubai's ruling notables, and was then allowed to slip away to Karachi, Pakistan.
1996: National Aerospace Laboratories, India indigenously built FLOSOLVER, India's first supercomputer. It was replicated and installed at ICAD Moscow in 1991 under Russian collaboration.
1996: India/Pakistan/Sri Lanka 1996.1996: Prof Malcolm Heath. Professor of Greek Language and Literature @leeds.ac.uk, translated Aristotle's Poetics.
1996: The 56K modem was invented by Dr. Brent Townshend
1996 (Feb 13): Nepalese Civil War started. The Maoist Rebellion (labelled the People's War by then CPN(Maoist)) was an armed conflict against Government of Nepal (then HMG of Nepal) fought from 1996 to 2006. The rebellion was launched by the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) on 13 February 1996 with the main aim of overthrowing the Nepalese monarchy and establishing a 'People's Republic'. It ended with the Comprehensive Peace Accord signed on 21 November 2006.
1996 (Mar 1): [GeoPolitics] The Asia–Europe Meeting (ASEM) is an Asian–European political dialogue forum to enhance relations and various forms of cooperation between its partners. It was officially established at the 1st ASEM Summit (ASEM1) in Bangkok, Thailand, by the then 15 Member States of the European Union (EU) and the European Commission, the then 7 Member States of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and the individual countries of China, Japan, and South Korea. A series of enlargements saw additional EU Member States join as well as India, Mongolia, Pakistan and the ASEAN Secretariat in 2008, Australia, New Zealand and Russia in 2010, Bangladesh, Norway, and Switzerland in 2012, as well as Croatia, and Kazakhstan in 2014.
1996 (Apr 26): [GeoPolitics] The Shanghai Five group was created on 26 April 1996 with the signing of the Treaty on Deepening Military Trust in Border Regions in Shanghai by the heads of states of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan. Later on Jun 15, 2001 it got renamed as Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) or Shanghai Pact
1996 (May 16): Atal Bihari Vajpayee becomes PM of India for the very first time for 16 days.
1996 (Jun 1): Atal Bihari Vajpayee resigns. HD Deve Gowda becomes PM of India for 1 year.
1996 (Jun 1): Atal Bihari Vajpayee resigns. HD Deve Gowda becomes PM of India for 1 year.
1996 (Dec 4 06:58:07 UTC):[Space][Mars][Earth] Launch of Mars Pathfinder on Delta II 7925 (#D240)
rocket from Cape Canaveral SLC-17. To prove that the development of "faster, better and cheaper" spacecraft was possible (with three years for development and a cost under $150 million for the lander, and $25 million for the rover). To show that it was possible to send a load of scientific instruments to another planet with a simple system and at one-fifteenth the cost of a Viking mission. (For comparison, the Viking missions cost $935 million in 1974 or $3.5 billion in 1997 dollars.). To demonstrate NASA's commitment to low-cost planetary exploration by finishing the mission with a total expenditure of $280 million, including the launch vehicle and mission operations.
1996: a raid on the Animal Husbandry department’s offices in Chaibasa, Bihar unfolded the Rs.950 crore fodder scam, in which the Bihar chief minister Lalu Prasad Yadav catch up in a lifelong tussle with the CBI.
1996:[Book][Adventure] Jon Krakauer's Into the Wild.
1996:[Book][Adventure] Jon Krakauer's Into the Wild.
1996:[Computing] The VideoLAN software originated as a French academic project. VLC used to stand for "VideoLAN Client" when VLC was a client of the VideoLAN project, officially released under GNU GPL on 2001 (Feb 1).
1996:[Meme] Dancing Baby Screensaver
1997:[Computing][Quantum] IBM built the first experimental quantum computer, which could manipulate 7 qubits using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques.
1997 (Jul 4):[Space][Mars] The Mars Pathfinder endured a 30-second communications blackout as it entered Mars' atmosphere. It landed at Ares Vallis, Chryse Planitia, Mars 19°7′48″N 33°13′12″W. Mars Pathfinder (MESUR Pathfinder) is an American robotic spacecraft that landed a base station with a roving probe on Mars in 1997. It consisted of a lander, renamed the Carl Sagan Memorial Station, and a lightweight, 10.6 kg (23 lb) wheeled robotic Mars rover named Sojourner, the first rover to operate outside the Earth–Moon system.
1997:[Book] Mitch Albom's Tuesdays with Morrie.
1997:[Gaming] Grand Theft Auto (GTA) released by DMA Design (later Rockstar North) for PS1, Windows and MS-DOS; Grand Theft Auto: Vice City (2002); Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas (2004); Grand Theft Auto IV (2008); Grand Theft Auto V (2013); Grand Theft Auto: The Trilogy – The Definitive Edition (2021)
1997: Tekken 3 was designed by Katsuhiro Harada (Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan) of Bandai Namco Entertainment headquartered at Ōta, Tokyo.
1997 (Mar 6): [GeoPolitics] The Indian Ocean Rim Association, formerly known as the Indian Ocean Rim Initiative and the Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation, is an international organisation consisting of 23 states bordering the Indian Ocean. The IORA is a regional forum, tripartite in nature, bringing together representatives of Government, Business and Academia, for promoting co-operation and closer interaction among them. It is based on the principles of Open Regionalism for strengthening Economic Cooperation particularly on Trade Facilitation and Investment, Promotion as well as Social Development of the region. The Coordinating Secretariat of IORA is located at Ebene, Mauritius.
1997 (Apr 21): H.D. Deve Gowda resigns. Inder Kumar Gujral becomes PM of India for 1 year.
1997 (Jun 6): [GeoPolitics] BIMSTEC founded. The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation is an international organisation of seven South Asian and Southeast Asian nations, housing 1.73 billion people and having a combined gross domestic product of $3.8 trillion. The BIMSTEC member states – Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand – are among the countries dependent on the Bay of Bengal.
1997 (Jun 13):[Jack] Border
1997 (Jun 26):[Book] 32YO J. K. Rowling publishes her first Harry Potter book, The Philosopher's Stone;
The Chamber of Secrets (2 July 1998),
The Chamber of Secrets (2 July 1998),
The Prisoner of Azkaban (8 July 1999),
The Goblet of Fire (8 July 2000),
The Order of the Phoenix (, 27 June 2003),
The Half-Blood Prince (16 July 2005),
The Deathly Hallows (21 July 2007)
1997 (Aug 25):[Space] Advanced Composition Explorer is a NASA Explorer program satellite and space exploration mission to study matter comprising energetic particles from the solar wind, the interplanetary medium, and other sources.
1997 (Sep 13): the introductory episode of Shaktiman was aired on Doordarshan (India's national television network) from 27 September 1997 to 27 March 2005, on Sundays at 12 noon IST. The telecast slot, however was shifted to 9:30 a.m. for the last episodes.
1997 (Sep 27 10:23 UTC):[Space][Mars] Last contact with Mars Pathfinder. Mission duration (Launch to last contact): 9 months, 23 days.
1997 (Oct 31):[Book] Donald Trump's Trump: The Art of the Comeback; The America We Deserve (2000); Trump: Think Like a Billionaire: Everything You Need to Know About Success, Real Estate, and Life (2004); Why We Want You to Be Rich (2006); Trump: The Best Real Estate Advice I Ever Received: 100 Top Experts Share Their Strategies (2006, Nov 1); Think BIG and Kick Ass in Business and Life (2007); Trump Never Give Up: How I Turned My Biggest Challenges into Success (2008); Time to Get Tough: Making America #1 Again (2011); Crippled America: How to Make America Great Again (2015)
1997: Arundhati Roy became the first Indian to win Man Booker Prize for her novel 'The God of Small Things'.
1997: IIT-JEE was conducted twice after the Q-Paper was leaked.1997: NASA estimated there were approx. 2,645 artificial satellite payloads orbitting the earth and 6,216 pieces of space debris as tracked by the GSFC. Over 16,291 previously launched objects have decayed into the Earth's atmosphere.
1997: BHC Financial, Inc. of Pennsylvania merged into FISV to form Secured Transaction Processing Services.
1997:[Book] The Four Agreements: A Practical Guide to Personal Freedom is a self-help book by bestselling author Don Miguel Ruiz with Janet Mills; The Mastery of Love: A Practical Guide to the Art of Relationship --Toltec Wisdom Book (1999, Mar 30); The Voice of Knowledge: A Practical Guide to Inner Peace (2004, Mar 10); The Fifth Agreement: A Practical Guide to Self-Mastery (2009); The Circle of Fire: Inspiration and Guided Meditations for Living in Love and Happiness (2013, Aug 1); The Mastery of Self: A Toltec Guide to Personal Freedom (2016, May 6)
1997:[Book] Jon Krakauer's Into Thin Air: A Personal Account of the Mt. Everest Disaster; Under the Banner of Heaven (2003 Jul)
1997 (Dec 11):[Env] The Kyoto Protocol was an international treaty which extended the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) that human-made CO2 emissions are driving it.
1997:[India][Education][Culture] Eklavya Model Residential School is a Government of India scheme for model residential school for Indian tribals across India. It is one of the flagship interventions of the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India and was introduced in the year 1997-98 to ensure tribal students get access to quality education in the remote tribal areas. EMRSs are set up in States/UTs with grants under Article 275(1) of the Constitution of India. As per the budget 2018-19, every block with more than 50% ST population and at least 20,000 tribal persons, will have an Eklavya Model Residential School by the year 2022.
1997:[Space] Hipparcos (1989 -1993). It took 4-8 years to organize and publish the 4 years study by this experiment, which permitted the first high-precision measurements of the intrinsic brightnesses (compared to the less precise apparent brightness), proper motions, and parallaxes of stars, enabling better calculations of their distance and tangential velocity. When combined with radial velocity measurements from spectroscopy, astrophysicists were able to finally measure all six quantities needed to determine the motion of stars. The resulting Hipparcos Catalogue, a high-precision catalogue of more than 118,200 stars, was published in 1997. The lower-precision Tycho Catalogue of more than a million stars was published at the same time, while the enhanced Tycho-2 Catalogue of 2.5 million stars was published in 2000. Hipparcos' follow-up mission, Gaia, was launched in 2013.
1997:[Space][Research] Since the 1997 proposal of the AdS/CFT (Anti-de Sitter/Conformal Field Theory) correspondence, the predominant belief among physicists is that information is indeed preserved in black hole evaporation.
1997:[Space][Research] A widely publicized bet made in 1997 between John Preskill on the one hand with Hawking and Kip Thorne on the other that information was not lost in black holes. The scientific debate on the paradox was described in a popular book published in 2008 by Leonard Susskind called The Black Hole War. (The book carefully notes that the 'war' was purely a scientific one, and that at a personal level, the participants remained friends.) The book states that Hawking was eventually persuaded that black-hole evaporation was unitary by the holographic principle, which was first proposed by 't Hooft, further developed by Susskind and later given a precise string theory interpretation by the AdS/CFT correspondence. In 2004, Hawking also conceded the 1997 bet, paying Preskill with a baseball encyclopedia "from which information can be retrieved at will" although Thorne refused to concede.
1997:[Earth][Physics][Research] there were two large earthquakes off the coast of Chile. The magnitude of the first, in July, was estimated at Mw 6.9, but was barely felt, and only in three places. In October a Mw 7.1 quake in nearly the same location, but twice as deep and on a different kind of fault, was felt over a broad area, injured over 300 people, and destroyed or seriously damaged over 10,000 houses. As can be seen in the table below, this disparity of damage done is not reflected in either the moment magnitude (Mw ) nor the surface-wave magnitude (Ms ). Only when the magnitude is measured on the basis of the body-wave (mb ) or the seismic energy (Me ) is there a difference comparable to the difference in damage. (as researched by Choy, Boatwright & Kirby 2001, p. 13.). Mw 6.9 was actually Me 6.1, an interplate-thrust type of fault, while Mw 7.1 was actually a 7.5 Me intraslab-normal type of fault.
1997:[Research] During surveys carried out between 1997 and 2001, a spot was found along the Mariana Trench that had a depth similar to the Challenger Deep, possibly even deeper. It was discovered while scientists from the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology were completing a survey around Guam; they used a sonar mapping system towed behind the research ship to conduct the survey. This new spot was named the HMRG (Hawaii Mapping Research Group) Deep, after the group of scientists who discovered it.
1998: As a research project at Stanford University, Sergey Brin and Larry Page created a search engine that listed results according to the popularity of the pages, after concluding that the most popular result would often be the most useful. After raising $1 million from family, friends and other investors, the pair launched the company in 1998. Google has since become the world’s most popular search engine, receiving more than 200 million queries each day.
1998 (Nov 20):
1998 (Apr 27): RRB founded as Railway Recruitment Control Board is a government organisation in India. It was set up in 1998 in the Ministry of Railways (Railway Board), New Delhi.In 1945, the Services Commissions were set up at Bombay, Calcutta, Madras and Lucknow. In 1983, to cater to the needs of areas which were being neglected due to locations of the existing commissions, seven more commissions were set up viz, at Ahmedabad, Ajmer, Bhopal, Bhuvneshwar, Chandigarh, Jammu and Srinagar with sitting at Leh and Trivendrum. In 1984 two more service commissions were set up at Malda and Gorakhpur.
1998 (May 19): Atal Bihari Vajpayee becomes PM of India for the second time, now for 6 years till May 22, 2004.
1998 (Nov 20):
1998 (Apr 27): RRB founded as Railway Recruitment Control Board is a government organisation in India. It was set up in 1998 in the Ministry of Railways (Railway Board), New Delhi.In 1945, the Services Commissions were set up at Bombay, Calcutta, Madras and Lucknow. In 1983, to cater to the needs of areas which were being neglected due to locations of the existing commissions, seven more commissions were set up viz, at Ahmedabad, Ajmer, Bhopal, Bhuvneshwar, Chandigarh, Jammu and Srinagar with sitting at Leh and Trivendrum. In 1984 two more service commissions were set up at Malda and Gorakhpur.
1998 (May 19): Atal Bihari Vajpayee becomes PM of India for the second time, now for 6 years till May 22, 2004.
1998 (May 28 15:15PST): Chagai-I is the code name of five simultaneous underground nuclear tests conducted by Pakistan. The tests were performed at Ras Koh Hills in the Chagai District of Balochistan Province. Chagai-I was Pakistan's first public test of nuclear weapons. Pakistan's fissile material production takes place at Nilore, Kahuta, and Khushab Nuclear Complex, where weapons-grade plutonium is refined.
1998: After completing his X standard examinations, Ranbir Kapoor, aged 16, worked as an assistant director to his father on the film Aa Ab Laut Chalen (1999), during which he developed a closer bond with him.1988: Networked Data Processing Cor, Iowa merged into FISV to form its Insurance division.
1998:[Book] Robert Greene's The 48 Laws of Power; The 33 Strategies of War (2006); Mastery (2012, Nov 13); The Laws of Human Nature (2018, Oct 16)
1998:[Space][Research][Extreme] Then came 1998 and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations of very distant supernovae that showed that, a long time ago, the universe was actually expanding more slowly than it is today. So the expansion of the universe has not been slowing due to gravity, as everyone thought, it has been accelerating.
1998:[Crime][India] Anees arrested in UAE on charges of having murdered a former associate and then rival, Irfan Goga, in Dubai, but was freed after two days for 'lack of evidence'.
1998:[Computing][Quantum] Researchers at IBM, Oxford, Berkeley, Stanford, and MIT produced a 2-qubit computing system.
1998:[www] Wireshark is a free and open-source packet analyzer. It is used for network troubleshooting, analysis, software and communications protocol development, and education. Originally named Ethereal, the project was renamed Wireshark in May 2006 due to trademark issues.
1998:[US][Economy]David Rockefeller Sr. was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Bill Clinton for his work on International Executive Service Corps.
1999: The term Wi-Fi was invented by Interbrand (an american brand consultancy company) as a pun upon the word hi-fi.
Wi-Fi Alliance formed as a trade association to hold the Wi-Fi trademark under which most products are sold.
1999: the term
1999: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, Islamic State, or commonly, ISIS) founded as Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi HQ'd at Al-Raqqah.
Wi-Fi Alliance formed as a trade association to hold the Wi-Fi trademark under which most products are sold.
1999: the term
1999: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, Islamic State, or commonly, ISIS) founded as Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi HQ'd at Al-Raqqah.
1999 (Apr 12):[Music] Backstreet Boys' I Want It That Way.
1999 (Apr 18): CONCERT became operational. It was developed using client-server model for distributed computing is a total solution to the networking of the PRSs. All the five sites have been internet-worked over a 64 kbps line using routers, on leased communication line connections from Department of Telecom (DOT).
1999: Credit cards accepted for booking tickets and reservations in some stations (including Mumbai CST).1999 (May 1):[Book] Robert Kiyosaki & Sharon Lechter's Rich Dad's Cashflow Quadrant: Rich Dad's Guide to Financial Freedom; Rich Dad's Guide to Investing: What the Rich Invest in That the Poor and Middle Class Do Not! (2001, Jan 1); The Real Book of Real Estate: Real Experts. Real Stories. Real Life. (2009, May 12); Rich Kid Smart Kid: Giving Your Child a Financial Head Start (2001, Jan 1);
1999 (May 18):[Music] Millennium is the third studio album (second in the United States) by American boy band Backstreet Boys, released by Jive Records.
1999 (Fri, 24 Dec): Indian Airlines Flight 814 commonly known as IC 814 was an Indian Airlines Airbus A300 en route from Tribhuvan International Airport in Kathmandu, Nepal to Indira Gandhi International Airport in Delhi, India was hijacked. Harkat-ul-Mujahideen was accused of the hijacking.
1999: IRCTC
1999 (Aug): BookMyShow
1999 (Aug): BookMyShow
1999 (Sep 14): [GeoPolitics] The Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA) is an inter-governmental forum for enhancing cooperation towards promoting peace, security and stability in Asia. It is a forum based on the recognition that there is close link between peace, security and stability in Asia and in the rest of the world. The key idea of the Conference is based on the priority of the indivisibility of security, joint initiative and mutually beneficial interaction of small and large states.
1999: Noble Education Society's Noble Public School (NPS), Gajraula founded with 2130627 as its CBSE Affiliation no.
1999: first .wma file created
1999: Napster founded.
1999: Noble Education Society's Noble Public School (NPS), Gajraula founded with 2130627 as its CBSE Affiliation no.
1999: first .wma file created
1999: Napster founded.
1999 (Dec 14):[Music] Backstreet Boys' Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely.
1999:[Music] Dr. Dre ft. Snoop Dogg's Still D.R.E.
1999:[Culture] The Cittaslow organization was created by Paolo Saturnini, the former mayor of Greve in Chianti, Italy. Saturnini was inspired by Carlo Petrini and his Slow Food movement, started in the 1980s to protest the first McDonald's chain in Rome. Since then, the Cittaslow movement has grown across four continents, with 262 participating towns as of 2020.
1999:[Management][Business][Psychology][Research] Dunning and Kruger Effect: David Dunning and Justin Kruger published the initial study in 1999 under the title "Unskilled and Unaware of It: How Difficulties in Recognizing One's Own Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-Assessments".
1999:[Research] Research by US National Research Council. Water from underground sources may contain significant amounts of radon depending on the surrounding rock and soil conditions, whereas surface sources generally do not.
1999:[NSE] Incorporated in 1999, IRCTC is a Mini Ratna (Category 1, Central Public Sector Enterprises ) and the only company authorized by the Indian government to provide online railway tickets, catering services, and packaged drinking water at railway stations and trains in India.
21st century CE started on 1st Jan 2001 AD.
2000:[Computing][Quantum] IBM demonstrated Shor’s algorithm on a 5-qubit NMR quantum computer, factoring the number 15.
2000: At age 14 and in class 8th, Aaron Swartz became a member of the working group that authored the RSS 1.0 web syndication specification.
2000: MakemyTrip
2000 (Jan 14):[Jack] Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai
2000: MakemyTrip
2000 (Jan 14):[Jack] Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai
2000 (Feb): Indian Railways web site i.e. http://indianrailways.gov.in/ was deployed by CRIS.
2000 (Mar):[Book] Malcolm Gladwell's debut book, The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference.
Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking (2005, Jan 11);
Outliers: The Story of Success (2008, Nov 18);
What the Dog Saw: And Other Adventures (2009, Oct 20);
Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking (2005, Jan 11);
Outliers: The Story of Success (2008, Nov 18);
What the Dog Saw: And Other Adventures (2009, Oct 20);
David and Goliath: Underdogs, Misfits, and the Art of Battling Giants (2013, Oct 1)
Talking to Strangers: What We Should Know about the People We Don't Know (2019)2000 (Apr 1):[Book] Robert Kiyosaki & Sharon Lechter's Rich Dad Poor Dad.
2000 (Apr 1):[Technology][Research] "Why The Future Doesn't Need Us" is an article written by Bill Joy in the April 2000 issue of Wired magazine. In the article, he argues that "Our most powerful 21st-century technologies—robotics, genetic engineering, and nanotech—are threatening to make humans an endangered species."
2000 (Jun 26):[Music] "Yellow" is a song by the British rock band Coldplay. The band wrote the song and co-produced it with British record producer Ken Nelson for their debut album, Parachutes (2000). The song was recorded in March 2000 and released on 26 June that same year.
2000 (Sep): Amazon's Jeff Bezos founded.
2000 (Sep):[Crime][India] Chhota Shakeel's attack on Rajan in his Bangkok hotel room.
2000 (Sep 17): [GeoPolitics] The idea of an Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD) was raised at the First International Conference of Asian Political Parties (held in Manila between 17–20 September 2000) by Surakiart Sathirathai, then deputy leader of the now defunct Thai Rak Thai Party, on behalf of his party leader, Thaksin Shinawatra, then Prime Minister of Thailand. It was suggested that Asia as a continent should have its own forum to discuss Asia-wide cooperation. Afterwards, the idea of the ACD was formally put forward during the 34th ASEAN Foreign Ministers Meeting in Hanoi, 23–24 July 2001 and at the ASEAN Foreign Ministers Retreat in Phuket, 20–21 February 2002.
2000 (Oct 4):[Music] Formed in 1996, Linkin Park rose to international fame with their debut studio album, Hybrid Theory. Four singles were released from Hybrid Theory: "One Step Closer", "In the End", "Crawling" and "Papercut", all of them being responsible for launching Linkin Park into mainstream popularity. While "In the End" was the most successful of the four, all of the singles in the album remain some of the band's most successful songs to date.
2000 (Nov 9): formation of Uttarakhand as Uttaranchal 2000 (Jun 9): Information Technology Act, 2000. The bill was passed in the budget session of 2000 and signed by President K. R. Narayanan on 9 May 2000. The bill was finalised by group of officials headed by then Minister of Information Technology, Pramod Mahajan.
2000: formation of
2000: Jaish-e-Mohammed (literally "The Army of Muhammad", JeM) founded at Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.
2000: China's BeiDou navigation test system starts.
2000: Fiserv had acquired more than 90 businesses. The number of employees grew from 264 to 14,000. Fiserv was an industry leader, with revenue that increased from $21 million to $1.4 billion in 15 years.
2000 (Dec 8):[Gaming] Project I.G.I. is a tactical first-person shooter video game. It was developed by Innerloop Studios and released in December 2000 by Eidos Interactive. The game received mixed reviews due to shortcomings including a poorly programmed A.I., lack of a mid-game save option, and the lack of multiplayer features. However it was praised for its sound design and graphics, thanks in part to its use of a proprietary game engine that was previously used in Innerloop's Joint Strike Fighter.
2000: formation of
2000: Jaish-e-Mohammed (literally "The Army of Muhammad", JeM) founded at Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.
2000: China's BeiDou navigation test system starts.
2000: Fiserv had acquired more than 90 businesses. The number of employees grew from 264 to 14,000. Fiserv was an industry leader, with revenue that increased from $21 million to $1.4 billion in 15 years.
2000 (Dec 8):[Gaming] Project I.G.I. is a tactical first-person shooter video game. It was developed by Innerloop Studios and released in December 2000 by Eidos Interactive. The game received mixed reviews due to shortcomings including a poorly programmed A.I., lack of a mid-game save option, and the lack of multiplayer features. However it was praised for its sound design and graphics, thanks in part to its use of a proprietary game engine that was previously used in Innerloop's Joint Strike Fighter.
2000 (Dec 21):[Jack] Raju Chacha released.
2000: [Business][Finance][Corporate][India] RIL piloted world's largest petroleum refinery at Jamnagar, Gujarat, refining 1.24Mn barrels/day.
2000:[Crime][India] Police encounters in Mumbai. Most criminals fleeing to Calcultta. Aftab Bhatki destabilise the economy by spreading fake currency notes printed by ISI functionaries, and two, send mercenaries to conduct abductions and terrorist attacks.
2000:[Computing][Quantum] Technical University of Munich (5 qubit); Los Alamos National Lab (7 qubits)
2001:[Computing][Quantum] IBM implemented Grover’s algorithm on a 7-qubit NMR quantum computer, finding a marked item in a database of 4 entries.
2001: Life of Pi is a Canadian philosophical novel by Yann Martel published. The protagonist is Piscine Molitor "Pi" Patel, an Indian boy from Pondicherry who explores issues of spirituality and metaphysics from an early age. He survives 227 days after a shipwreck while stranded on a lifeboat in the Pacific Ocean with a Bengal tiger which raises questions about the nature of reality and how it is perceived and told.;Seven Stories (1993)
2001:[Crime][India] Chhota Rajan's associates tracked down and shot dead hotelier Vinod in Mumbai, as well as Sunil Soans – another Dawood associate.
2001 (Jan 1):[Book] Greg McKeown's Essentialism: The Disciplined Pursuit of Less
2001 (Jan 1):[Book] Brian Tracy's Eat That Frog!
2001: The Arduino project started at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) in Ivrea, Italy. At that time, the students used a BASIC Stamp microcontroller at a cost of $100, a considerable expense for many students.
2001 (Apr 4th): Charles M. Vest, the then President of MIT announced OpenCourseWare (OCW) publicizing all of its 2,000 courses at the estimated cost of $100 million (on an avg., a MIT students pays around $26,000 as offline tuition fee)
2001: US invaded Afghanistan in response to 9/11 attacks. Officially, It has become the longest war in American history.
2001: iPod by Tony Fadell
2001: The Arduino project started at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) in Ivrea, Italy. At that time, the students used a BASIC Stamp microcontroller at a cost of $100, a considerable expense for many students.
2001 (Apr 4th): Charles M. Vest, the then President of MIT announced OpenCourseWare (OCW) publicizing all of its 2,000 courses at the estimated cost of $100 million (on an avg., a MIT students pays around $26,000 as offline tuition fee)
2001: US invaded Afghanistan in response to 9/11 attacks. Officially, It has become the longest war in American history.
2001: iPod by Tony Fadell
2001 (Jun 15):[Jack] Gadar: Ek Prem Katha; Lagaan: Once Upon a Time in India
2001 (Sep 11): 9/11 Terrorist attacks. The September 11 or 9/11, attacks were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda on the United States on the morning of Tuesday, Sep 11. The loss of life was estimated at just under 3,000. The event changed American foreign policy. It was a motivating factor behind the controversial invasion of Iraq and led to a ‘war on terror’ symbolised by Guantanamo Bay and a debate over the justification of torture.
2001 (Oct 7):[GeoPolitics] United States invasion of Afghanistan: In late 2001, the United States and its close allies invaded Afghanistan and toppled the Taliban government. The invasion's stated aims were to dismantle al-Qaeda, which had executed the September 11 attacks, and to deny it a safe base of operations in Afghanistan by removing the Taliban government from power. Dec 7, 2001 onward started War in Afghanistan.
2001 (Oct 16):[Book] McKinsey Researcher James C. Collins' Good To Great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap...And Others Don't;
2001 (Nov):[Crime][India] Abdul Gaffar alias Chikna Gaffar caught by the detective department in Calcutta
2001 (Jan 2): The northern electrical grid collapsed in India. A fault in the transmission system in the state of Uttar Pradesh led to cascading failure throughout northern India affecting 23 crore residents.
2001: IVRS ('Interactive Voice Response System') for telephonic enquiries about trains introduced in some stations.
2001: MadeEasy incorporated at 44-A/1, Kalu Sarai, Near Hauz Khas Metro Station, New Delhi-110016
2001: Acc to 2001 census, 30 lakhs were immigrated to India from Bangladesh alone, followed by 10 lakhs from Pakistan and 6 lakhs from Nepal.
2001: IVRS ('Interactive Voice Response System') for telephonic enquiries about trains introduced in some stations.
2001: MadeEasy incorporated at 44-A/1, Kalu Sarai, Near Hauz Khas Metro Station, New Delhi-110016
2001: Acc to 2001 census, 30 lakhs were immigrated to India from Bangladesh alone, followed by 10 lakhs from Pakistan and 6 lakhs from Nepal.
2001 (Dec 13):[Crime][India] Terrorist attack on India's Parliament.
2001: the customer base of mobile phone companies was 4 million.2001: Benefit lanners, Texas merged into FISV to form its Health Benefit division.
2001: New Horizons was initially selected for funding in 2001 but was excluded from the NASA 2003 budget. Funding for the mission was reinstated after New Horizons was listed as a top priority in the Planetary Science Decadal Survey of 2003–2013, which identifies scientific targets for future exploration.
2001:[Book][Economics] Black swan events were discussed by Nassim Nicholas Taleb in his 2001 book Fooled By Randomness, which concerned financial events. His 2007 book The Black Swan extended the metaphor to events outside of financial markets.
2001:[Management][Business][Psychology][Research] In October 2001, reports emerged that energy company Enron, which was upheld as a model of success for U.S. corporations, engaged in deceptive accounting practices, misleading investors and the public for years about the company's financial health.
2001:[Space] NASA's second generation space mission, the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) was launched in 2001 to study these very small fluctuations in much more detail. The fluctuations were imprinted on the CMB at the moment where the photons and matter decoupled 380,000 years after the Big Bang, and reflect slightly higher and lower densities in the primordial Universe. These fluctuations were originated at an earlier epoch – immediately after the Big Bang – and would later grow, under the effect of gravity, giving rise to the large-scale structure (i.e. clusters and superclusters of galaxies) that we see around us today. WMAP's results have helped determine the proportions of the fundamental constituents of the Universe and to establish the standard model of cosmology prevalent today, and its scientists, headed by Charles Bennett, have garnered many prizes in physics in the intervening years.
2002 (Jan): Aaron Swartz, aged 16 chose not to get admit into High School, instead learn courses like Number Theory and Symbolic Logic, outside the school system.
2002 (Jan 1): 'Euro' came into existence as a new currency amongst the 12 members of the EU
2002 (Jan 18):[Jack] Yeh Dil Aashiqanaa
2002 (Jan): Aaron Swartz, aged 16 chose not to get admit into High School, instead learn courses like Number Theory and Symbolic Logic, outside the school system.
2002 (Jan 1): 'Euro' came into existence as a new currency amongst the 12 members of the EU
2002 (Jan 18):[Jack] Yeh Dil Aashiqanaa
2002 (Feb 27): On the morning of 27 February 2002, the Sabarmati Express, returning from Ayodhya to Ahmedabad, was stopped near the Godhra railway station. Several of the passengers were Hindu pilgrims, returning from Ayodhya after a religious ceremony at the site of the demolished Babri Masjid. Under controversial circumstances, four coaches of the train caught fire, trapping many people inside. In the resulting conflagration, 59 people, including 25 women and 25 children, were burned to death.
2002 (Feb): Jyotiraditya Scindia aged 31 elected to the Lok Sabha from Guna District, formerly represented by his father.
2002 (Feb): Jyotiraditya Scindia aged 31 elected to the Lok Sabha from Guna District, formerly represented by his father.
2002 (Feb 09):[Crime][India] Aftab Ansari, an accused in the explosions outside the US Information Centre at Calcutta extradited from UAE to Delhi.
2002 (Feb 14):[Crime][India] The Rajkot police trying to bring in Raju Aandkat's wife Urvashi from Dubai to put pressure on her husband.
2002: The Xbox (a 6th generation home video gaming console) developed by Microsoft and manufactured by Flextronics.
First released on November 15, 2001, in North America, followed by Australia, Europe and Japan in 2002. It was Microsoft's first foray into the gaming console market. This console competed with Sony's PlayStation 2 and the Nintendo GameCube.
2002 (May 09):[Crime][India] Muthappa Rai, an organised crime gang leader extradited from UAE to Delhi.
2002 (Jun 12):[Crime][India] The south zone task force police of Hyderabad arrested three persons and recovered fake notes worth Rs 17.5 lakh all in Rs 500 denomination.
2002 (Jun 18): [GeoPolitics] The Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD) is an intergovernmental organization created to promote Asian cooperation at a continental level and to help integrate separate regional organizations such as the ASEAN, the Gulf Cooperation Council, the Eurasian Economic Union, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, and the SAARC. It is the first international organization to cover the whole of Asia. Its secretariat is in Kuwait.
2002 (Jul 25): APJ Abdul Kalam became Prez. of India.
2002 (Aug 3): Indian Railways begins online train reservations and ticketing over the Internet.
2002: DMRC began operation. The inauguration of the first stretch between Shahdara and Tis Hazari on 24 December 2002 caused the ticketing system to collapse due to the line being crowded to four times its capacity by citizens eager to have a ride.
2002: AIEEE introduced by CBSE for 30 NITs and 5 IIITs.
2002: music video Kaanta Laga ft. Shefali Zariwala was released.
2002:[Research] Yuval Noah Harari published his doctoral thesis on History and I : war and the relations between history and personal identity in Renaissance military memoirs, c.1450-1600 at University of Oxford.
2002 (Aug 3): Indian Railways begins online train reservations and ticketing over the Internet.
2002: DMRC began operation. The inauguration of the first stretch between Shahdara and Tis Hazari on 24 December 2002 caused the ticketing system to collapse due to the line being crowded to four times its capacity by citizens eager to have a ride.
2002: AIEEE introduced by CBSE for 30 NITs and 5 IIITs.
2002: music video Kaanta Laga ft. Shefali Zariwala was released.
2002:[Research] Yuval Noah Harari published his doctoral thesis on History and I : war and the relations between history and personal identity in Renaissance military memoirs, c.1450-1600 at University of Oxford.
2002 (Nov 11):[Music] Coldplay's The Scientist released. It is from their second studio album, A Rush of Blood to the Head released on 2002, Aug 26.
2002 (Nov 28): Attack on the Paradise Mombasa Hotel, in which 16 persons (mainly Israelis) were killed, and the abortive missile attack on an Israeli commercial plane, both in Kenya. Anees Ibrahim's arrest likely prompted by US on the suspicions of involvement in such attacks.
2002 (Nov 5):[Book] The Traveler's Gift - Seven Decisions That Determine Personal Success is a book by author Andy Andrews. It was featured in the book selection of ABC's Good Morning America. The Traveler's Gift weaves a business fable about a man who loses his job and money, but finds his way after he is magically transported into seven key points in history. At each location, the man meets historical figures such as Abraham Lincoln, Anne Frank, King Solomon, Harry Truman and Christopher Columbus. The book has also been adapted as a DVD.
2002 (Dec 08):[Crime][India] Anees Kaksar Ibrahim arrested in Dubai Airport as he was returning from Pakistan. Dawood shifted to Karachi, under the ISI's protection, safer than Dubai.
2002 (Dec 12):[Crime][India]UAE authorities agreed New Delhi to initiate extradition proceedings for Ibrahim against an Interpol Red Corner notice dating back to 1993.
2002:[Computer] The IBM BladeCenter was IBM's blade server architecture, until it was replaced by Flex System (aka IBM PureFlex® systems) in 2012. The x86 division was later sold to Lenovo in 2014. It had CPU options such as x86 (HS/LS series), POWER (JS/PS series) and CELL (QS series).
2002: [Business][Finance][Corporate][India] RIL's Dhirubhai Ambani passed away, without writing a will.
2002:[Business][Food] A majority stake in the UK business (Complan Foods) was sold to the Saatchi brothers' Saatchinvest.
2003:[Book] Dan Brown became a full-time author in 1996. He married Blythe the next year, in 1997, and in 1998, the first Dan Brown book, Digital Fortress, was published. The book that really made Dan Brown famous was the Da Vinci Code. It sold 6,000 copies on the very first day it was released.
2003 (Jan 19):[Crime][India]Rajan's associates gunned down Sharad – Dawood's chief finance manager and money-laundering agent – at the India Club in Dubai.
2003 (Jan 25): Provision of Urban Amenities in Rural Areas (PURA) Scheme. On the eve of India’s 54th Republic Day, Dr. Kalam addressed the nation explaining them his vision for a new India. He visualised providing four elements of connectivity: physical connectivity, electronic connectivity, knowledge connectivity leading to economic connectivity of rural areas and where there would be a lesser urban-rural divide.
2003: DPS Society set up DPS International.
2003: re-birth of GoI's NCST as C-DAC.
2003: DPS Society set up DPS International.
2003: re-birth of GoI's NCST as C-DAC.
2003(Feb 1):[Space][Disaster] Space Shuttle Columbia disaster due to Damage to the left wing's edge by debris from the external tank during launch. On Saturday February 1, 2003, Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated as it reentered the atmosphere over Texas and Louisiana, killing all seven astronauts on board. It was the second Space Shuttle mission to end in disaster, after the loss of Challenger and crew in 1986. The astronauts exceeded scientists' expectations in terms of the science obtained during their 16 days in space. Tragically, the astronauts perished when Columbia broke apart during reentry on Feb. 1, 2003. Insulation foam from an external tank broke off and hit the left wing of the shuttle. At the time, Lee, industrial engineering former student and chief of NASA's Office of Emergency Management at the Johnson Space Center, said people thought there was no way that would cause a hole in the wing.
2003 (Mar 20):[GeoPolitics] The 2003 invasion of Iraq was the first stage of the Iraq War. The invasion phase began on 19 March 2003 (air) and 20 March 2003 (ground) and lasted just over one month,[26] including 26 days of major combat operations, in which a combined force of troops from the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Poland invaded Iraq. Lasted for 1 month, 1 week and 4 days to end on 1 May 2003.
2003 (Apr): a coalition led by the U.S. invaded Iraq to depose Saddam.
In which U.S. President George W. Bush and British Prime Minister Tony Blair accused him of possessing weapons of mass destruction and having ties to al-Qaeda. Saddam's Ba'ath party was disbanded and elections were held. Following his capture on 13 December 2003, the trial of Saddam took place under the Iraqi Interim Government. On 5 November 2006, Saddam was convicted of charges of crimes against humanity related to the 1982 killing of 148 Iraqi Shi'ites, and was sentenced to death by hanging. His execution was carried out on 30 December 2006.
2003 (Aug 15): Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the then Prime Minister of India announced implementation of a PURA scheme (a concept by Dr. Kalam) in his Independence Day speech.
2003 (Sep 28): first Vibrant Gujarat: Global Investors' Summit was organized during the Navratri festival, lasted for a week.
2003 (Apr): a coalition led by the U.S. invaded Iraq to depose Saddam.
In which U.S. President George W. Bush and British Prime Minister Tony Blair accused him of possessing weapons of mass destruction and having ties to al-Qaeda. Saddam's Ba'ath party was disbanded and elections were held. Following his capture on 13 December 2003, the trial of Saddam took place under the Iraqi Interim Government. On 5 November 2006, Saddam was convicted of charges of crimes against humanity related to the 1982 killing of 148 Iraqi Shi'ites, and was sentenced to death by hanging. His execution was carried out on 30 December 2006.
2003 (Aug 15): Atal Bihari Vajpayee, the then Prime Minister of India announced implementation of a PURA scheme (a concept by Dr. Kalam) in his Independence Day speech.
2003 (Sep 28): first Vibrant Gujarat: Global Investors' Summit was organized during the Navratri festival, lasted for a week.
2003 (Oct 29):[Gaming] Call of Duty (CoD) is a first-person shooter video game franchise published by Activision. Starting out in 2003, it first focused on games set in World War II.
2003 (Nov): the Swedish anti-copyright bureau founded The Piracy Bureau, which lead to ThePirateBay.com. The Pirate Bay first came online in Mexico where Gottfrid Svartholm, aka Anakata, hosted the site on a server owned by the company he was working for at the time.
2003: The Sahaj Marg Spirituality Foundation (SMSF) is a Public Charitable Trust registered in Chennai, Tamil Nadu in the year 2003 by Shri Parthasarathi Rajagopalachari.
2003: Nokia 1108 was made available to public.
Display: Monochrome, White Backlighting, Standby time: 400 hrs., Weight: 86gms., Built-in flashlight, 36 pre-installed and 7 self-composed monophonic ringtones, a 50-message capacity (inbox and drafts, with 25 messages in the sent items folder), alarm, stopwatch, calculator, 6 profiles, contacts storage (capacity 50, with the ability to assign different tones and icons to different contacts), games (Snake II and Space Impact+) 2003 (Oct): Nokia 6600. At the time of release, it was the most advanced product ever launched by Nokia.
5-way joystick navigation
Battery: BL-5C, 3.7 V, 800 mAh, Li-ion
Display: 176x208 (65,536 colours) 2.16" TFT display
Rear camera: VGA 640x480, 2x digital zoom
a music player and video player,
Apps: Java MIDP 2.0 and Symbian(series 60).
After a few months, the site moved to Sweden where it was hosted on a Pentium III 1GHz laptop with 256MB RAM. This one machine, which belonged to Fredrik Neij, aka TiAMO, kept the site online and included a fully operational tracker.
2003: Nokia 1108 was made available to public.
Display: Monochrome, White Backlighting, Standby time: 400 hrs., Weight: 86gms., Built-in flashlight, 36 pre-installed and 7 self-composed monophonic ringtones, a 50-message capacity (inbox and drafts, with 25 messages in the sent items folder), alarm, stopwatch, calculator, 6 profiles, contacts storage (capacity 50, with the ability to assign different tones and icons to different contacts), games (Snake II and Space Impact+) 2003 (Oct): Nokia 6600. At the time of release, it was the most advanced product ever launched by Nokia.
5-way joystick navigation
Battery: BL-5C, 3.7 V, 800 mAh, Li-ion
Display: 176x208 (65,536 colours) 2.16" TFT display
Rear camera: VGA 640x480, 2x digital zoom
a music player and video player,
Apps: Java MIDP 2.0 and Symbian(series 60).
2003: The Pirate Bay | Last.fm | MySpace | iTunes Store
2003 (Dec 9):[Music] American rock band Hoobastank's The Reason, the second studio album, released on December 9, 2003 by Island Records. Produced by Howard Benson, it was the band's last album to feature bassist Markku Lappaleinen prior to his departure in 2005.
2003 (Dec 9):[Music] American rock band Hoobastank's The Reason, the second studio album, released on December 9, 2003 by Island Records. Produced by Howard Benson, it was the band's last album to feature bassist Markku Lappaleinen prior to his departure in 2005.
2003 (Dec 12):[Jack] LOC: Kargil
2003:[Book][Medicine] Mountains Beyond Mountains: The Quest of Dr. Paul Farmer, A Man Who Would Cure the World (2003) is a non-fiction, biographical work by American writer Tracy Kidder. The book traces the life of physician and anthropologist Paul Farmer with particular focus on his work fighting tuberculosis in Haiti, Peru and Russia.
2003:[Corporate][India]Rail Vikas Nigam Limited (RVNL) is under the ownership of Indian Railways, Ministry of Railways, Government of India involved in building rail infrastructure required by the railways. It is an offshoot of the implementation of National Rail Vikas Yojana (NRVY) announced from the ramparts of Red Fort by the then Prime Minister, Sh Atal Behari Vajpayee, during the Independence Day speech on 15 August 2002. NRVY was formally launched by the Hon’ble PM on 26 December 2002 to bridge rail infrastructure deficit. RVNL came into being on 24 January 2003 as a 100% owned PSU of the Ministry of Railway. It became fully functional by March 2005.
2003:[FnB][Management][Business] Cadbury India's Work Crisis. Horrifying Diwali for Cadbury India due to reports that customers found worms in the Dairy Milk chocolate. Sales plummeted by 30%. They later clarified the root-cause was from Retailer's poor storage facilities, roped-in Amitabh Bachhan as brand ambassador, enhanced packaging by investing Rs.150 million, launched Project Vishwas as corporate initiative to educate retailers on the importance of secure storage facilities.
RVNL has been granted the Mini-Ratna-1 status on 19 September 2013.
2004 (Jan 6): [GeoPolitics] The South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) is an agreement reached on 6 January 2004, at the 12th SAARC summit in Islamabad, Pakistan. It created a free-trade area of 1.6 billion people in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka to reduce customs duties of all traded goods to zero by the year 2016.
2004 (May 22): Atal Bihari Vajpayee resigns. Manmohan Singh becomes PM of India for next 10 years.
2004 (May 7): Feeling a humanitarian obligation to fight in the Iraq War to help free oppressed people, Snowden enlisted in the United States Army Reserve.
2004 (Jun): Man Booker Int'l Prize was introduced by the UK's Man Group. (Prize: £50,000 and £1000)1760
2004 (May 7): Feeling a humanitarian obligation to fight in the Iraq War to help free oppressed people, Snowden enlisted in the United States Army Reserve.
2004 (Jun): Man Booker Int'l Prize was introduced by the UK's Man Group. (Prize: £50,000 and £1000)1760
2004 (Jun 18):[Art] Lakshya (transl. Aim) is a 2004 Indian Hindi-language war-drama film directed by Farhan Akhtar and produced by Ritesh Sidhwani, starring Hrithik Roshan, Amitabh Bachchan and Preity Zinta in the lead roles. Hrithik Roshan plays the role of Lieutenant (later acting Captain) Karan Shergill, who develops from an aimless young man into an army officer. It is a coming of age story set against a fictionalized backdrop of the 1999 Kargil War.
2004 (Jul1):[Book][Military] Jim Proser's I'm Staying with My Boys: The Heroic Life of Sgt. John Basilone, USMC
2004 (Aug 28): [GeoPolitics] Central Asia plus Japan dialogue was formally declared in Astana, Kazakhstan at a meeting of foreign ministers from the four participating Central Asian governments and Japan. Japan's efforts in creating the "Central Asia plus Japan" dialogue is part of its "Silk Road diplomacy", a term used for Japan's current Central Asia policy.
2004 (Sep): The US maintained two sites, in the Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest, Wisconsin and in the Escanaba River State Forest, Michigan (originally named Project Sanguine, then downsized and rechristened Project ELF prior to construction), until they were dismantled, beginning in late September 2004.
2004 (Nov): DPS, RK Puram courted controversy when a pornographic MMS video involving two of its class XI students (aged 17) went viral in 2004. The two students involved were expelled. Both students come from affluent backgrounds ' the boy is from a business family and the girl's father is said to be in the services.
2004 (Dec 26, 6:28AM IST): The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake occurred at 00:58:53 UTC on 26 December with the epicentre off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. The shock had a moment magnitude of 9.1–9.3 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). The undersea megathrust earthquake was caused when the Indian Plate was subducted by the Burma Plate and triggered a series of devastating tsunamis along the coasts of most landmasses bordering the Indian Ocean, killing 230,000–280,000 people in 14 countries, and inundating coastal communities with waves up to 30 metres (100 ft) high. It was one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history. Indonesia was the hardest-hit country, followed by Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand.
2004:[Book] Chetan Bhagat's Five Point Someone; One Night @ the Call Center (2005); The 3 Mistakes of My Life (2008); 2 States (2009); Revolution 2020 (2011); What Young India Wants (2012); Half Girlfriend (2014); Making India Awesome (2015); One Indian Girl (2016); The Girl in Room 105 (2018); India Positive (2019); One Arranged Murder(2020); 400 Days (2021).
2004 (Oct): ThePirateBay.com was estd as a separate organisation under Sweden's The Piracy Bureau.
2004 (Oct 10): The brand name "Oppo" was registered in China in 2001 and launched in 2004. Since then, the company has expanded to 50 countries. Oppo was founded by Tony Chen and headquartered in Dongguan, Guangdong.
2004 (Oct 26): Grand Theft Auto-San Andreas was released.
2004: RK assisted Sanjay Leela Bhansali for his movie Black.2004 (Oct 26): Grand Theft Auto-San Andreas was released.
2004 (Nov): DPS, RK Puram courted controversy when a pornographic MMS video involving two of its class XI students (aged 17) went viral in 2004. The two students involved were expelled. Both students come from affluent backgrounds ' the boy is from a business family and the girl's father is said to be in the services.
2004 (Dec 26, 6:28AM IST): The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake occurred at 00:58:53 UTC on 26 December with the epicentre off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. The shock had a moment magnitude of 9.1–9.3 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent). The undersea megathrust earthquake was caused when the Indian Plate was subducted by the Burma Plate and triggered a series of devastating tsunamis along the coasts of most landmasses bordering the Indian Ocean, killing 230,000–280,000 people in 14 countries, and inundating coastal communities with waves up to 30 metres (100 ft) high. It was one of the deadliest natural disasters in recorded history. Indonesia was the hardest-hit country, followed by Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand.
2004:[Book] Chetan Bhagat's Five Point Someone; One Night @ the Call Center (2005); The 3 Mistakes of My Life (2008); 2 States (2009); Revolution 2020 (2011); What Young India Wants (2012); Half Girlfriend (2014); Making India Awesome (2015); One Indian Girl (2016); The Girl in Room 105 (2018); India Positive (2019); One Arranged Murder(2020); 400 Days (2021).
2004:[Music] Green Day - Wake Me Up When September Ends from album American Idiot.
2004:[Extreme][Env][Research] The Eastern Antarctic Plateau claims the title of coldest place on Earth. Between 2004 and 2016, satellite data collected across Dome Argus and Dome Fuji, an area around the size of Australia, suggest that air temperatures could be around -94°C.
2004 (Jun):The Titanic's bow, photographed.
2005: YouTube.com
2005: SIMCom Wireless Solutions launched GSM/GPRS module SIM300.
2005: The Great Indian Laughter Challenge telecasted on STAR One with Shekhar Suman and Navjot Singh Sidhu as Judges.
2005: Reddit founded.
2005 (Nov 6): Swaminarayan Akshardham complex of Delhi was officially inaugurated by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.
2005: India.gov.in launched. It is the Indian government’s web portal for citizens. It presents information resources and online services from government sources, accessible from a single point. It is also known as the National Portal of India.
2005: SIMCom Wireless Solutions launched GSM/GPRS module SIM300.
2005: The Great Indian Laughter Challenge telecasted on STAR One with Shekhar Suman and Navjot Singh Sidhu as Judges.
2005: Reddit founded.
2005 (Nov 6): Swaminarayan Akshardham complex of Delhi was officially inaugurated by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.
2005: India.gov.in launched. It is the Indian government’s web portal for citizens. It presents information resources and online services from government sources, accessible from a single point. It is also known as the National Portal of India.
2005 (Jan 14 12:43):[Space] Huygens was an atmospheric entry robotic space probe that landed successfully on Saturn's moon Titan on 10.573°S 192.335°W (southern hemisphere). Last contact time 13:37 (lasted for less than an hour i.e. 54 mins).
2005 (Mar 30):Crossings Infrasturcture Private Limited is a Private incorporated on 30 March 2005 in ROC Delhi. Directors of Crossings Infrasturcture Private Limited are Priyanka Jhawar, Ram Kishor Arora, Sanjeev Srivastva, Ashok Kumar Gupta, Ashok Chaudhry, Manoj Gaur, Amit Jain and Dhan Singh Bisht.
2005 (Aug): Instructables is a website specializing in user-created and uploaded do-it-yourself projects, which other users can comment on and rate for quality. It was created by Eric Wilhelm and Saul Griffith and launched in August 2005.
2005 (Aug 12): IRCTC introduces E-ticketing for IR.
2005 (Aug 26): ticketing by SMS begins from IRCTC.
2005 (Aug 26): ticketing by SMS begins from IRCTC.
2005 (Aug 29): Prison Break released. It is an American serial drama television series created by Paul Scheuring for Fox.
2005: Megaupload, a torrent-like website, was founded by NewZealand's Kim Schmitz (or Kim Dotcom).
2005:[Book][Polity] Elinor Ostrom & Krister Andersson's The Samaritan's Dilemma: The Political Economy of Development Aid
2005:[Book][Psy] Malcolm Gladwell's second book, Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking
2005 (Apr 12):[Book] Debut non-fiction book by University of Chicago economist Steven Levitt and New York Times journalist Stephen J. Dubner's Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything; SuperFreakonomics: Global Cooling, Patriotic Prostitutes, and Why Suicide Bombers Should Buy Life Insurance (2009, Oct)
2005 (Nov 11) - Abu Salem extradited from Portugal to India. On Nov 24, he lodged in a Mumbai prison serving life imprisonment, will likely walk free by November 2030 (after 25 years) as per the assurance given by India to Portugal for his extradition?
2005:[Env] The carbon credit system was ratified in conjunction with the Kyoto Protocol (adopted in Kyoto, Japan in 1997 and entered in force in 2005). Its goal was to stop the increase of CO2 emissions. For example, if an environmentalist group plants enough trees to reduce emissions by one ton, the group will be awarded a credit.
2006 (Jan 19): NASA's New Horizons launched. It became the first spacecraft to visit dwarf planet Pluto in July 2015. The far-traveling spacecraft also visited a distant Kuiper Belt object Ultima Thule (2014 MU69) – now called Arrokoth – in January 2019. New Horizons is still exploring our solar system and on April 17, 2021, the spacecraft reached a distance of 50 astronomical units (AU) from the sun.
2006 (Feb 28):[Book] Carol S. Dweck's Mindset: The New Psychology of Success
2006:[Book] The Tribute and other stories by Dash Benhur.
2006: Intel's Pentium Dual-Core arrived
2006: IPv6 commercial deployment.2006: US and Europe discontinued the electric telegraph.
2006: Organization of Turkic States first proposed by Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev.
2006: Nepalese Civil War.
2006: UN Commission on Human Rights became UN Human Rights Council.
2006: The Indian government approved the IRNSS project.
2006 (Mar): OLX
2006: RedBus.in
2006: Indigo Airlines
2006: UN Commission on Human Rights became UN Human Rights Council.
2006: The Indian government approved the IRNSS project.
2006 (Mar): OLX
2006: RedBus.in
2006: Indigo Airlines
2006 (Feb 20): NASA published about atmospheres of the giant planets.
Jupiter's composition is mainly hydrogen and helium. In contrast to planetary bodies covered with a hard surface crust (the Earth, for example), the jovian surface is gaseous-liquid, rendering the boundary between the atmosphere and the planet itself almost indistinguishable. Below the roughly 1000-kilometer-thick atmosphere, a layer of liquid hydrogen extends to a depth of 20,000 kilometers. Even deeper, it is believed that there is a layer of liquid metallic hydrogen at a pressure of 3 million bars. The planet core is believed to comprise iron-nickel alloy, rock, etc., at a temperature estimated to exceed 20,000C.
As with Jupiter, Saturn is mainly composed of hydrogen and helium and is observed to be of extremely low density. In fact, Saturn's mean density is only about two-thirds that of water. The Saturn atmosphere comprises, in descending order of altitude, a layer of ammonia, a layer of ammonium hydrogen sulfide, and a layer of ice. Below this, the saturnian surface is a stratum of liquid hydrogen (as in the case of Jupiter) underlain with a layer of liquid metallic hydrogen. It is believed that the liquid hydrogen layer of Saturn is thicker than that of Jupiter, while the liquid metallic hydrogen layer may be thinner. The planet's core is estimated to be composed of rock and ice.
Uranus is gaseous in composition, mainly comprising hydrogen and helium as in the case of Jupiter and Saturn. The planet atmosphere is mostly hydrogen but also includes helium and methane. The planet core is estimated to be rock and ice encompassed by an outer layer of ice comprised of water, ammonium, and methane.
The atmosphere of Neptune consists of mainly hydrogen, methane and helium, similar to Uranus. Below it is a liquid hydrogen layer including helium and methane. The lower layer is made up of the liquid hydrogen compounds oxygen and nitrogen. It is believed that the planet core comprises rock and ice. Neptune's average density, as well as the greatest proportion of core per planet size, is the greatest among all the gaseous planets.
2006 (May):[Art] Andy Warhol's Small Torn Campbell Soup Can (Pepper Pot) (1962) sold for $11,776,000 and set the current auction world record for a painting from the Campbell Soup can series.
2006 (May 18): The National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) is an initiative of the Government of India to make all government services available to the citizens of India via electronic media.
2006 (May 31): Swedish police organized a raid on ThePirateBay in 12 different premises and confesticated 186 servers and causing it to go offline for 3 days.
2006: Nokia 1600, the phone with a speaking clock feature,
Pre-composed ringtones can be transferred through a data cable, a basic calculator which can perform only addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, 14 pre-defined themes with 14 wallpapers and menu backgrounds, the menu features animated icons,
2006 (Mar 7): Varanasi bombings: A terrorist attack in Varanasi killed at least 15 people and left more than 50 injured.
2006 (Apr 10): Fire at Brand India Fair at Meerut Victoria Park in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, killed 100.
2006 (May 31): Less than three years after The Pirate Bay was founded, 65 Swedish police officers entered a datacenter in Stockholm. The policemen had instructions to shut down the Pirate Bay’s servers, and that’s exactly what they did.
2006: Nokia 1600, the phone with a speaking clock feature,
Pre-composed ringtones can be transferred through a data cable, a basic calculator which can perform only addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, 14 pre-defined themes with 14 wallpapers and menu backgrounds, the menu features animated icons,
2006 (Mar 7): Varanasi bombings: A terrorist attack in Varanasi killed at least 15 people and left more than 50 injured.
2006 (Apr 10): Fire at Brand India Fair at Meerut Victoria Park in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, killed 100.
2006 (May 31): Less than three years after The Pirate Bay was founded, 65 Swedish police officers entered a datacenter in Stockholm. The policemen had instructions to shut down the Pirate Bay’s servers, and that’s exactly what they did.
2006 (Jul 11): Mumbai train bombings: A series of coordinated bomb attacks struck several commuter trains in Mumbai, India during the evening rush hour. 209 killed, 700 injured.
2006 (Jul): the United States Congress amended U.S. law to accommodate civilian nuclear trade with India.
2006 (Sep/Oct): Dengue and H5N1 outbreak in India.
2006 (Nov 20): West Bengal train disaster
2006: The Tribute and Other Stories (Fiction, Ft. in English- Literature Reader, Class X (2009-11)) was published by Rupantar. It is a collection of short Odia stories by Jiten Da "Dash Benhur" on 116 pages.
2006 (Apr 3): Jawed Habib Hair And Beauty Limited founded as a public incorporated. They went into franchise business in 2009.
2006 (Mar): the US National Airspace Data Interchange Network has used X.25 to interconnect remote airfields with Air Route Traffic Control Centers.
2006 (Sep/Oct): Dengue and H5N1 outbreak in India.
2006 (Nov 20): West Bengal train disaster
2006: The Tribute and Other Stories (Fiction, Ft. in English- Literature Reader, Class X (2009-11)) was published by Rupantar. It is a collection of short Odia stories by Jiten Da "Dash Benhur" on 116 pages.
2006 (Apr 3): Jawed Habib Hair And Beauty Limited founded as a public incorporated. They went into franchise business in 2009.
2006 (Mar): the US National Airspace Data Interchange Network has used X.25 to interconnect remote airfields with Air Route Traffic Control Centers.
2006 (Dec 20): [GeoPolitics] The Somalia War, also known as the Ethiopian occupation of Somalia or Ethiopian intervention in Somali Civil War was an armed conflict involving largely US-backed Ethiopian and Somali Transitional Federal Government (TFG) forces and Somali troops from Puntland versus the Somali Islamist umbrella group, the Islamic Court Union (ICU), and other affiliated militias for control of Somalia. It lasted for 2 years, 1 month, 1 week and 3 days, to end on 30 January 2009.
2006:[Book] The Secret, a self-help book promoting by Rhonda Byrne, based on the earlier film of the same name. It is based on the belief of the law of attraction, which claims that thoughts can change a person's life directly. The book alleges energy as assurance of its effectiveness.
2006:[Music] the best Finnish music video of all time, Poets of the Fall's Carnival of Rust.
2006:[Computing] OAuth began in November 2006 when Blaine Cook was developing the Twitter OpenID implementation. The OAuth 1.0 protocol was published as RFC 5849, an informational Request for Comments, in April 2010. On 23 April 2009, a session fixation security flaw in the 1.0 protocol was announced (3-legged OAuth). OAuth 2.0, which stands for “Open Authorization”, is a standard designed to allow a website or application to access resources hosted by other web apps on behalf of a user. It replaced OAuth 1.0 in 2012 and is now the de facto industry standard for online authorization. OpenID Foundation was formed in June 2007.
2006:[Computing][Quantum] Institute for Quantum Computing, Perimeter Institute For Theoretical Physics, and MIT (12 qubits).
2006:[Computing][Quantum] Libquantum is a C library quantum mechanics simulator originally focused on virtual quantum computers. It is licensed under the GNU GPL. It was a part of SPEC 2006. The latest version is stated to be v1.1.1 (Jan 2013) on the mailing list, but on the website there is only v0.9.1 from 2007.
2006:[NSE] Dhampur Sugar's Rajpura unit was established in 2006 with a crushing capacity of 8500 TCD. Our extensive efforts in R&D over the last 15 years has helped in an increase in cane area with varying sugar availability.
2007 (Jan 12/13): The idea for Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (GIFT City) was conceived during the Vibrant Gujarat Global Investor Summit 2007 and the initial planning was done by East China Architectural Design & Research Institute (ECADI), which planned much of modern-day Shanghai. As of April 2021, about 225 units/companies are operational and more than 12,000 professionals are employed in the city.
2007: iOS (originally iPhone OS) was launched by Apple Inc.
2007: production of Nokia 6600 was stopped by Nokia.
2007: Meru Cabs is a ride hailing company based in Mumbai, India. It provides cab booking facilities through calls, website, Messenger bot on Facebook, Google Maps or through their mobile application a
2007: Comedy Circus telecasted at Sony Entertainment Television with Archana Puran Singh, Johnny Lever and Satish Shah as Judges.
2007 (May): A. Raja takes over as Telecom Minister.
2007 (May 13): Kumari Mayawati became CM of UP for 5 years, till Mar 7, 2012. The 2007 UP Assembly elections, gave BSP's Mayawati 206 seats giving her clear majority and five years term to rule.
2007 (Aug): Process of allotment of 2G spectrum along with UAS License initiated by DoT.
2007 (Aug 22): The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QSD), colloquially the Quad or QUAD, is a strategic security dialogue between the United States, India, Japan and Australia that is maintained by talks between member countries. The dialogue was initiated in 2007 by Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, with the support of U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney, Australian Prime Minister John Howard, and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. The dialogue was paralleled by joint military exercises of an unprecedented scale, titled Exercise Malabar. The diplomatic and military arrangement was widely viewed as a response to increased Chinese economic and military power, and the Chinese government responded to the Quadrilateral dialogue by issuing formal diplomatic protests to its members, calling it "Asian NATO".
2007 (Feb): Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe was a period of currency instability in Zimbabwe that, using Cagan's definition of hyperinflation, began in February 2007. During the height of inflation from 2008 to 2009, it was difficult to measure Zimbabwe's hyperinflation because the government of Zimbabwe stopped filing official inflation statistics. However, Zimbabwe's peak month of inflation is estimated at 79.6 billion percent month-on-month, 89.7 sextillion percent year-on-year in mid-November 2008.
2007: Irina Blok designed the Android logo inspired by restroom logos fro male and female. In 2010, she and her 6-year-old daughter were in a movie theater waiting for “Alice in Wonderland” to begin when an Android logo flashed on the screen. Her daughter, Blok recalls, suddenly stood up and yelled, “My mommy invented that!”2007: iOS (originally iPhone OS) was launched by Apple Inc.
2007: production of Nokia 6600 was stopped by Nokia.
2007: Meru Cabs is a ride hailing company based in Mumbai, India. It provides cab booking facilities through calls, website, Messenger bot on Facebook, Google Maps or through their mobile application a
2007: Comedy Circus telecasted at Sony Entertainment Television with Archana Puran Singh, Johnny Lever and Satish Shah as Judges.
2007 (May): A. Raja takes over as Telecom Minister.
2007 (May 13): Kumari Mayawati became CM of UP for 5 years, till Mar 7, 2012. The 2007 UP Assembly elections, gave BSP's Mayawati 206 seats giving her clear majority and five years term to rule.
2007 (Aug): Process of allotment of 2G spectrum along with UAS License initiated by DoT.
2007 (Aug 22): The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QSD), colloquially the Quad or QUAD, is a strategic security dialogue between the United States, India, Japan and Australia that is maintained by talks between member countries. The dialogue was initiated in 2007 by Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, with the support of U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney, Australian Prime Minister John Howard, and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. The dialogue was paralleled by joint military exercises of an unprecedented scale, titled Exercise Malabar. The diplomatic and military arrangement was widely viewed as a response to increased Chinese economic and military power, and the Chinese government responded to the Quadrilateral dialogue by issuing formal diplomatic protests to its members, calling it "Asian NATO".
2007 (Oct 1): deadline for application for buying 2G spectrum. DoT receives 575 applications by 46 firms.
2007 (Nov 13): 1 USD= 39.01953 INR or simply 1$ = ₹39.02
2007: Jyotiraditya Scindia was introduced to the Union Council of Ministers as Minister of State for Communications and Information Technology.
2007: Hat Ja Tau Paachhe Ne (Album: Naya Lifafa), a popular Haryanvi DJ Song out on YouTube. It is sung by Vikas Kumar and composed by Vijay Dahiya.
2007 (Nov 13): 1 USD= 39.01953 INR or simply 1$ = ₹39.02
2007: Jyotiraditya Scindia was introduced to the Union Council of Ministers as Minister of State for Communications and Information Technology.
2007: Hat Ja Tau Paachhe Ne (Album: Naya Lifafa), a popular Haryanvi DJ Song out on YouTube. It is sung by Vikas Kumar and composed by Vijay Dahiya.
2007:[Book] Tim Ferriss's The 4-Hour Workweek
2007:[Book] Harari has published numerous books and articles, including Special Operations in the Age of Chivalry, 1100–1550 (2007); The Ultimate Experience: Battlefield Revelations and the Making of Modern War Culture, 1450–2000 (2008); The Concept of 'Decisive Battles' in World History (2010 Jan); and Armchairs, Coffee and Authority: Eye-witnesses and Flesh-witnesses Speak about War, 1100–2000.[12] He now specializes in world history and macro-historical processes.
2007:[Music] Akon performed Sorry, Blame It On Me, recorded by SRC Records, Inc., Universal Records, A Division Of UMG Recordings, Inc.
2007 (Dec 27):[Book][Psy] Professor of Psychology at University of California, Sonja Lyubomirsky's The How of Happiness: A Scientific Approach to Getting the Life You Want.
2007:[Space][Research][Earth] Some of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere now will hang around for quite awhile, probably tens or even hundreds of thousands of years. So the effects of burning fossil fuels today will extend long beyond the next couple hundred years, possibly delaying the onset of Earth's next ice age, says researcher Toby Tyrrell of the University of Southampton in the United Kingdom.
2007:[Space][Research] Construction starts for 512sq m Murchison Widefield Array, Western Australia to setup a radio interferometer with wavelength range of 3.75, 1 m (80, 300 MHz)
2007:[NSE] Incorporated in 2007, Indian Energy Exchange Ltd provides an automated platform and infrastructure for carrying out trading in electricity units for physical delivery of electricity.
2008 (Jan 10): DoT decides to issue 2G licences on FCFS basis, preponing cut-off date to 3:30PM to 4:30PM, Sep 25.
2008 (Jan 21):[Music] Jay Sean's Ride It from the album My Own Way.
2008 (Jan 31): Swedish prosecutors filed charges against Fredrik Neij, Gottfrid Svartholm, and Peter Sunde and Carl Lundstorm of ThePirateBay.com
2008 (Mar 21):[Music] Unforgettable, a UK Punjabi album by Imran Khan.
2008 (Jan 31): Swedish prosecutors filed charges against Fredrik Neij, Gottfrid Svartholm, and Peter Sunde and Carl Lundstorm of ThePirateBay.com
2008 (Mar 21):[Music] Unforgettable, a UK Punjabi album by Imran Khan.
2008 (9:24AM, Mon, Apr 28): a world record was set by India's Polar rocket successfully placing 10 satellites into orbit in a asingle mission.
PSLV-C9 launched with CARTOSAT-2A along with Indian Mini Satellite (IMS-1) and eight nanosatellites from abroad, from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota. This was the thirteenth flight of PSLV and third flight with ‘core-alone’ configuration.
ISRO charged ₹6 Lakh/Nano-Satellite from Indian Students. Total Flight Time: 1151 seconds.
2008 (Apr 14/15, midnight): At a village named Bawankhedi, Hasanpur (Amroha), Shabnam, with Salim drugged'n'killed seven people of their family.
It included his father Master Shaukat, Mother Hashmi, Brother Anees and Rashid, Sister-in-Law Anjum, Nephew Arsh and Fufery Sister Rabi. Diazepam (Biopose 5mg Tablet) was the used drug. Amroha SHO R P Gupta, took over as Investigating Officer of the case on April 15. Shabnam's father taught art at Taharpur Intermediate College. Masterji was someone everyone looked up to, his eldest son Rashid was an engineer in Jalandhar, Shabham has a double MA (English and Geography) and taught at the village primary school, and Rashid was a final year B.Tech student.”. Salim was class 6th dropout. She is a Saifi Muslim, he is a Pathan. Saleem's younger brother in Saudi Arabia and his father works as a daily wager in Haryana. They frequent calls to each other between 7.30 pm on April 14 and 1.09 am the following day. “…And there was a gap of 31 minutes,” reads the High Court judgment.
2008 (Apr 19): Shabnam and Saleem, both in their 20s, were arrested. They were both sent to Moradabad jail, from where Saleem was later shifted to Agra Central Jail.
2008 (May 11): CLAT.
2008: Quikr
2008: Beta version of Google Chrome for MS Windows was released.
2008 (Jul 22): Lok Sabha vote of confidence. the existing Govt. (of UPA) won.
2008 (Sep 5): A Wednesday directed by Neeraj Pandey was released costing 50 million INR.
2008 (Nov 5):[Book] William B. Irvine's A Guide to the Good Life: The Ancient Art of Stoic Joy
PSLV-C9 launched with CARTOSAT-2A along with Indian Mini Satellite (IMS-1) and eight nanosatellites from abroad, from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota. This was the thirteenth flight of PSLV and third flight with ‘core-alone’ configuration.
ISRO charged ₹6 Lakh/Nano-Satellite from Indian Students. Total Flight Time: 1151 seconds.
2008 (Apr 14/15, midnight): At a village named Bawankhedi, Hasanpur (Amroha), Shabnam, with Salim drugged'n'killed seven people of their family.
It included his father Master Shaukat, Mother Hashmi, Brother Anees and Rashid, Sister-in-Law Anjum, Nephew Arsh and Fufery Sister Rabi. Diazepam (Biopose 5mg Tablet) was the used drug. Amroha SHO R P Gupta, took over as Investigating Officer of the case on April 15. Shabnam's father taught art at Taharpur Intermediate College. Masterji was someone everyone looked up to, his eldest son Rashid was an engineer in Jalandhar, Shabham has a double MA (English and Geography) and taught at the village primary school, and Rashid was a final year B.Tech student.”. Salim was class 6th dropout. She is a Saifi Muslim, he is a Pathan. Saleem's younger brother in Saudi Arabia and his father works as a daily wager in Haryana. They frequent calls to each other between 7.30 pm on April 14 and 1.09 am the following day. “…And there was a gap of 31 minutes,” reads the High Court judgment.
2008 (Apr 19): Shabnam and Saleem, both in their 20s, were arrested. They were both sent to Moradabad jail, from where Saleem was later shifted to Agra Central Jail.
2008 (May 11): CLAT.
2008: Quikr
2008: Beta version of Google Chrome for MS Windows was released.
2008 (Jul 22): Lok Sabha vote of confidence. the existing Govt. (of UPA) won.
2008 (Sep 5): A Wednesday directed by Neeraj Pandey was released costing 50 million INR.
2008 (Nov 5):[Book] William B. Irvine's A Guide to the Good Life: The Ancient Art of Stoic Joy
2008: Hello Kaun? Pehchaan Kaun! (English: Hello, who is it? You guess!) is a mimic show where the contestants mimic a famous celebrity. The show aired on STAR One on Saturdays at 9pm from December 27, 2008 to April 5, 2009.
2008 (15:30IST. Sep 25): Swan Telecom, Unitech and Tata Teleservices bid in 2G spectrum bidding.
2008 (9:40PM IST, Wed, Nov 26): 26/11. The 2008 Mumbai (Bombay) attacks were a series of attacks that took place in November 2008, when 10 members of Lashkar-e-Taiba, an Islamic militant organisation based in Pakistan, carried out a series of 12 coordinated shooting and bombing attacks lasting four days across Mumbai, killing 164 people and wounding at least 308.
2008 (Dec): Shabnam gave birth to their son, Taj.
2008: Indo-Pak Standoff
2008: the customer base of mobile phone companies was 350 million.
2008: employees of the Utah state government all began working ten-hour days from Monday to Thursday to save on operating costs such as electricity, heat, air conditioning, and gasoline for state-owned vehicles. Introduced 4/10 work week," where employees work a normal 40 hours across four days, i.e. a "four-ten" week.
2008 (15:30IST. Sep 25): Swan Telecom, Unitech and Tata Teleservices bid in 2G spectrum bidding.
2008 (9:40PM IST, Wed, Nov 26): 26/11. The 2008 Mumbai (Bombay) attacks were a series of attacks that took place in November 2008, when 10 members of Lashkar-e-Taiba, an Islamic militant organisation based in Pakistan, carried out a series of 12 coordinated shooting and bombing attacks lasting four days across Mumbai, killing 164 people and wounding at least 308.
2008 (Dec): Shabnam gave birth to their son, Taj.
2008: Indo-Pak Standoff
2008: the customer base of mobile phone companies was 350 million.
2008: employees of the Utah state government all began working ten-hour days from Monday to Thursday to save on operating costs such as electricity, heat, air conditioning, and gasoline for state-owned vehicles. Introduced 4/10 work week," where employees work a normal 40 hours across four days, i.e. a "four-ten" week.
2008 (Dec 31): [GoI] The National Investigation Agency (NIA) is the primary counter-terrorist task force of India. The agency is empowered to deal with the investigation of terror related crimes across states without special permission from the states under written proclamation from the Ministry of Home Affairs. The Agency came into existence with the enactment of the National Investigation Agency Act 2008 by the Parliament of India on 31 December 2008, which was passed after the deadly 26/11 terror attack in Mumbai
2008:[Music] Taylor Swift's Love Story by Big Machine Records, LLC.
2008:[Book] Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness is a book written by University of Chicago economist and Nobel Laureate Richard Thaler and Harvard Law School Professor Cass R. Sunstein. Misbehaving: The Making of Behavioral Economics (2015, May 7)
2008 (Feb):[Book] Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions
2008:[Cinema] Governor Sarah Palin of Alaska becomes Senator John McCain's running mate in the 2008 Presidential election. - Game Change (2012 TV Movie)
2008:[Management][Business][Research][Book] Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness is a book written by University of Chicago economist and Nobel Laureate Richard H. Thaler and Harvard Law School Professor Cass R. Sunstein. Implemented by Zomato in Aug 2021 to save 1.2M kgs plastic in a year, and in by FSSAI in 2018 to include calories alongside menu items on each restaurant's menu.
2008:[Space][Research][India] 28th Indian Antarctic Expedition.
2008:[Computing][Quantum] D-Wave Systems (28 qubits).
2008:[Business][Food] Maggi's Indian branch launched two flavors for a new "Cuppa Mania" product line, named "Masala Yo" and "Chilli Chow Yo". Moods Hospitality, which owns the "Yo! China" Chinese restaurant chain, sued Nestle for copyright infringement; Moods Hospitality initially won but Nestle appealed and was found to be not infringing in 2010, on the basis that the products were not similar enough for consumers to be confused.
2008:[www][Culture] Dream11 is an Indian fantasy sports platform that allows users to play fantasy cricket, hockey, football, kabaddi, handball, basketball, volleyball, rugby, futsal, American football and baseball. In April 2019, Dream11 became the first Indian fantasy sport company to become a unicorn.
2009 (Jan 28): UIDAI launched Aadhar, a 12-digit ID code for every Indian citizen. enough for 61917364224 people. or 62 Billion people.
2009 (Feb 16): First of the 9 day trial of ThePirateBay.com.
2009 (Feb 24):[Music] Somali-Canadian artist K'naan Wavin' Flag, a song from his second studio album Troubadour. The song was originally written for Somalia and aspirations of its people for freedom.
2009 (Mar): outbreak of H1N1 virus in the US and Mexico.
2009 (Mar): Uber
2009: (Mar 5): Govt. announced a contest to create a symbol for the Rupee. Over 3,000 entries received. 5 selected by Dy. Gov of RBI.
2009 (Apr 17): ThePirateBay guys were convicted by Stockholm district court and sentenced to 1 year jail and a total of $3.5M as fine and damage recovery.
2009 (Apr 20): Anonymous mobilized 'Operation Baylout' and DDoS aatacked the IFPI Int'l site.
2009 (May 1): Before 2009, CAT was a paper based test conducted on a single day for all candidates. The pattern, number of questions and duration have seen considerable variations over the years.
2009 (May): Telecom Watchdog complains to the CVC on the illegalities in the 2G spectrum allocation to Loop Telecom.
2009 (May 13): 1st case of the swine flu in India was reported at H'bad airport. Flu Pandemic in India started. Outbreak of Swine flu and H1N1.
2009 (Mar): Uber
2009: (Mar 5): Govt. announced a contest to create a symbol for the Rupee. Over 3,000 entries received. 5 selected by Dy. Gov of RBI.
2009 (Apr 17): ThePirateBay guys were convicted by Stockholm district court and sentenced to 1 year jail and a total of $3.5M as fine and damage recovery.
2009 (Apr 20): Anonymous mobilized 'Operation Baylout' and DDoS aatacked the IFPI Int'l site.
2009 (May 1): Before 2009, CAT was a paper based test conducted on a single day for all candidates. The pattern, number of questions and duration have seen considerable variations over the years.
2009 (May): Telecom Watchdog complains to the CVC on the illegalities in the 2G spectrum allocation to Loop Telecom.
2009 (May 13): 1st case of the swine flu in India was reported at H'bad airport. Flu Pandemic in India started. Outbreak of Swine flu and H1N1.
2009 (May 14 13:12:02 UTC):[Space] Planck is a European Space Agency space-based observatory observing the Universe at wavelengths between 0.3 mm and 11.1 mm (corresponding to frequencies between 27 GHz and 1 THz), broadly covering the far-infrared, microwave, and high frequency radio domains. The mission's main goal is to study the cosmic microwave background – the relic radiation left over from the Big Bang – across the whole sky at greater sensitivity and resolution than ever before. Planck is therefore like a time machine, giving astronomers insight into the evolution since the birth of our Universe, nearly 14 billion years ago.
2009 (May 24): 10,000 cases of swine flu have been confirmed with 1035 death. Tamiflu (or Oseltamvir, Natflu or Starflu) is the drug that cures swine flu.
2009: Aadhaar, the world's largest national identification number project was launched. The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) is a central government agency of India. Its objective is to collect the biometric and demographic data of residents, store them in a centralised database, and issue a 12-digit unique identity number called Aadhaar to each resident.
2009: Jyotiraditya Scindia became Minister of State for Commerce and Industry. Later, he became Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Power in Nov 2012.
2009 (May 24): 10,000 cases of swine flu have been confirmed with 1035 death. Tamiflu (or Oseltamvir, Natflu or Starflu) is the drug that cures swine flu.
2009: Aadhaar, the world's largest national identification number project was launched. The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) is a central government agency of India. Its objective is to collect the biometric and demographic data of residents, store them in a centralised database, and issue a 12-digit unique identity number called Aadhaar to each resident.
2009: Jyotiraditya Scindia became Minister of State for Commerce and Industry. Later, he became Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Power in Nov 2012.
2009 (Sep 8):[Book] 50 Cent & Robert Greene's The 50th Law
2009 (Oct 3): The Organization of Turkic States, formerly called the Turkic Council or the Cooperation Council of Turkic Speaking States, is an international organization comprising prominent independent Turkic countries consisting of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkey and Uzbekistan. It is an intergovernmental organization whose overarching aim is promoting comprehensive cooperation among Turkic-speaking states. First proposed by Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev in 2006, it was founded on October 3, 2009, in Nakhchivan
2009 (Oct 27): Mukesh Harane, aged 24, caught cancer through chewing gutkha for a year, couldn't
be saved. His cancer was under operation by Dr. Prashant Pawar at Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai.
be saved. His cancer was under operation by Dr. Prashant Pawar at Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai.
2009 (Dec): the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) Earth-orbiting satellite—NASA infrared-wavelength 40 cm (16 in) space telescope mission started and would last till February 2011. This would capture discovery images of Luhman 16 (WISE 1049−5319, WISE J104915.57−531906.1) between January 2010 to January 2011, and the discovery was announced in 2013 (the pair are the only two objects announced in the discovery paper).
2009 (Nov 23):[Music] Jay Sean's Down ft. Lil Wayne in album All or Nothing.
2009:[Music] Owl City's Fireflies recorded by Universal Republic Records, a division of UMG Recordings, Inc.
2009 (Mar 19):[Book][Sports][Management] American college basketball coach, Mike Krzyzewski's The Gold Standard: Building a World-Class Team.
2009 (Oct):[Food][Culture][Cinema][Business] Gutka Mukesh or Mukesh Harane, the face of India's fight against oral cancer, died in October 2009.
2009:[Cinema] The true story of Captain Richard Phillips and the 2009 hijacking by Somali pirates of the U.S.-flagged MV Maersk Alabama, the first American cargo ship to be hijacked in two hundred years. - Captain Phillips (2013)
2009:[Space] Finally, ESA's Planck was launched in 2009 to study the CMB in even greater detail than ever before. It covers a wider frequency range in more bands and at higher sensitivity than WMAP, making it possible to make a much more accurate separation of all of the components of the submillimetre and microwave wavelength sky, including many foreground sources such as the emission from our own Milky Way Galaxy. This thorough picture thus reveals the CMB and its tiny fluctuations in much greater detail and precision than previously achieved. The aim of Planck is to use this greater sensitivity to prove the standard model of cosmology beyond doubt or, more enticingly, to search for deviations from the model which might reflect new physics beyond it.
2009:[Computing][Quantum] Google entered the quantum computing arena, when it partnered with D-Wave Systems, a Canadian company that claims to have built the world's first commercial quantum computer.
2009:[Business][Food] 2009IPL ft. Vodafone ZooZoos are white creatures with ballooned bodies and egg heads who are used to promote various value added services of Vodafone. These characters are played by human actors in body suits. The ads were created by Ogilvy & Mather, the agency handling Vodafone advertisements.
2009: Jay Shah started his career in cricket administration by becoming executive member of Ahmedabad Cricket Board, then Secretary of Gujarat Cricket Association in next four years (2013)
2010: 5G or Fifth Generation of Computer starts (Artificial Intelligence).
2010: Wireless Communications by TL Singal (1st Ed) launched.
2010: Vijay Shekhar Sharma, founded Paytm. It is an Indian electronic payment and e-commerce brand based out of Delhi NCR, India. Launched in August 2010, it is a consumer brand of parent company One97 Communications. The name is an acronym for "Payment Through Mobile."
2010: Bhavish Aggarwal and Ankit Bhati founded ANI Technologies Pvt. Ltd. It is operating under the trade name Ola, is an Indian online transportation network company. It was founded as an online cab aggregator in Mumbai, but is now based in Bangalore.
2010: Gru
2010 (Jan 13): RTI activists Satish Shetty was murdered in Pune for exposing land grab.
2010 (10:57 UTC, Apr 15): GSAT-4 was launched on the maiden flight of the GSLV Mk.II rocket. mission failed.
2010: Wireless Communications by TL Singal (1st Ed) launched.
2010: Vijay Shekhar Sharma, founded Paytm. It is an Indian electronic payment and e-commerce brand based out of Delhi NCR, India. Launched in August 2010, it is a consumer brand of parent company One97 Communications. The name is an acronym for "Payment Through Mobile."
2010: Bhavish Aggarwal and Ankit Bhati founded ANI Technologies Pvt. Ltd. It is operating under the trade name Ola, is an Indian online transportation network company. It was founded as an online cab aggregator in Mumbai, but is now based in Bangalore.
2010: Gru
2010 (Jan 13): RTI activists Satish Shetty was murdered in Pune for exposing land grab.
2010 (10:57 UTC, Apr 15): GSAT-4 was launched on the maiden flight of the GSLV Mk.II rocket. mission failed.
2010 (Mar 28):[Music][Sports] WWE WrestleMania XXVI Official Theme Song "I Made It (Cash Money Heroes)" by Kevin Rudolf. The event happened at State Farm Stadium, a multi-purpose stadium in Glendale, Arizona, United States.
2010 (Apr 1): House listing and National Population Registration phase began in India for its 15th Census.
2010 (Apr 6):[Business][China] Xiaomi was founded in 2010 in Beijing by now multi-billionaire Lei Jun when he was 40 years old, along with six senior associates. Lei had founded Kingsoft as well as Joyo.com, which he sold to Amazon for $75 million in 2004. In August 2011, Xiaomi released its first smartphone and, by 2014, it had the largest market share of smartphones sold in China.
2010 (May 15): Amroha Sessions Court's Ashok Kumar Pathak awarded death sentence to Shabnam-Salim. 10 days later, on May 25, the apex court dramatically stayed the death warrants.
2010 (Jun): Quora founded by 2 ex-Facebook employees.
2010 (May 15): Amroha Sessions Court's Ashok Kumar Pathak awarded death sentence to Shabnam-Salim. 10 days later, on May 25, the apex court dramatically stayed the death warrants.
2010 (Jun): Quora founded by 2 ex-Facebook employees.
2010 (Jun 11):[Music][Sports] Shakira - Waka Waka (This Time for Africa), is the official 19th FIFA World Cup™ Song. FIFA took place in South Africa from 11 June to 11 July 2010.
2010 (Jul 15): Just like other leading currencies, Indian rupee got its symbol '₹', designed by D. Udaya Kr. (a PG of IITB)
2010 (Aug 8): 2000 deaths from swine flu in India.
2010 (Oct 18): India's 1st indigenously developed cell culture H1N1 Swine Flu Vaccinne under brand name HNVAC.
2010 (Nov 16):[Book][Medicine] Siddhartha Mukherjee's The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer
2010 (Aug 8): 2000 deaths from swine flu in India.
2010 (Oct 18): India's 1st indigenously developed cell culture H1N1 Swine Flu Vaccinne under brand name HNVAC.
2010 (Nov 16):[Book][Medicine] Siddhartha Mukherjee's The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer
2010: a total of 36,182 patents filed in India. 7,044 were domestic applications rest were foreign. Of these 7,044 only 1,725 applications were granted patents.
2010: there were 54 lakhs foreign-born people living in India (acc. to Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.)
2010: Fiserv had 19,000 employees worldwide, with 16,000 clients in 106 countries, according to a company spokeswoman. Revenue totaled $4.1 billion in 2010.
2010: housing loa scam in India2010: Fiserv had 19,000 employees worldwide, with 16,000 clients in 106 countries, according to a company spokeswoman. Revenue totaled $4.1 billion in 2010.
2010: Onion crisis in India.
2010 (Aug 15): freecharge
2010: Commonwealth Games Scam [70k Crores]
2010: The 2010s were a decade of phenomenal innovation, led largely by the transition to mobile and the rise of data, which accelerated the growth of AI, e-commerce, social media, and biotechnology.
2010:[Music] Michael Jackson Duet with Akon performing Hold My Hand, recorded by Optimum Productions.
2010:[Culture][Mythology] Mount Ararat, located in the area of Turkey bordering Armenia and Iran. National Geographic went for the title: 'Noah's Ark founds in Turkey?' This mountain is almost always mentioned as the place where Noah landed after the flood.
2010:[Computer] POWER7 is a family of superscalar multi-core microprocessors based on the Power ISA 2.06 instruction set architecture released in 2010. IBM i 7.4 TR6 (or IBM i 7.5) isn't supported on IBM Blade, PureFlex or servers with Power7 processors. Power8, Power9, or Power10 processors supports the latest release 7.5 (May 2022).
2010:[Music] Madno by Chinmayi Sripaada and Kshitij Tarey ft. bollywood movie, Lamhaa.
2010:[Business][Marketing][Food] Alpenliebe's ad featuring Kajol. Alpenliebe had used the concept of role reversal between human beings and monkeys, to give to give a new spin to the brand positioning of 'irresistibility'. The 50-second commercial was created by McCann Erickson and produced by Ram Madhwani of Equinox.
2010:[Case] In 2010, Sun TV telecast video recordings that claimed to show Nithyananda and an actress Ranjitha (who was one of his followers) in a bedroom. The story became viral among news media in Tamil Nadu.
2011 (Feb 3rd): IPv4 suffered exhaustion.
2011 (Feb 9/28): 2nd phase of Census data collection. First time biometric info. was collected.
2011 (Feb 9/28): 2nd phase of Census data collection. First time biometric info. was collected.
2011 (Feb 19): India/Sri Lanka/Bangladesh 2011
2011 (Mar 1): 15th Census of India was prepared.2011:[Book] Eric Ries's The Lean Startup: How Today's Entrepreneurs Use Continuous Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses
2011:[Book] Donald Trump & Robert Kiyosaki's Midas Touch: Why Some Entrepreneurs Get Rich-And Why Most Don't
2011: Udacity and Coursera were launched.
2011: OYO Rooms
2011: Mobile Seva launched. It is an UN award-winning e-governance initiative by government of India.
2011: The Hacker group Lulz security (LulzSec) is formed.
2011: by now, 7 crore people are living in slums of India.
2011: US started to bomb at Libiya to get rid of their dictator Muammar Gaddafi.
2011: US started to bomb at Libiya to get rid of their dictator Muammar Gaddafi.
2011:[Day] Every year on 25 January National Voter's Day or Rashtriya Matdata Diwas is celebrated to encourage young voters to participate in the political process. In 2011 the first time this day was celebrated to mark Election Commission's Foundation Day.
2011 (Mar 19):[GeoPolitics] 2011 military intervention in Libya: a multi-state NATO-led coalition began a military intervention in Libya, to implement United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, in response to events during the First Libyan Civil War. With ten votes in favour and five abstentions, the UN Security Council's intent was to have "an immediate ceasefire in Libya, including an end to the current attacks against civilians, which it said might constitute “crimes against humanity” ... [imposing] a ban on all flights in the country's airspace — a no-fly zone — and tightened sanctions on the [Muammar] Qadhafi regime and its supporters." It lasted for 7 months, 1 week and 5 days to end on 31 October 2011.
2011 (Apr 4): The IAC popular protest movement began in a year when there were also major protests about corruption in countries such as Russia (sometimes called the Snow Revolution) and the US (Occupy Wall Street).
2011 (May 31): WHO reports the no. of mobile phone subscriptions to be 500 core globally.
2011 (May 31): WHO reports the no. of mobile phone subscriptions to be 500 core globally.
2011: AIEEE paper leaked at Lucknow, UP
2011 (Sep):[Book][History] American Shakespearean, historian and Harvard author Stephen Greenblatt's The Swerve: How the World Became Modern (paperback edition: The Swerve: How the Renaissance Began) is a book by Stephen Greenblatt and winner of the 2012 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction and 2011 National Book Award for Nonfiction. Greenblatt tells the story of how Poggio Bracciolini, a 15th-century papal emissary and obsessive book hunter, saved the last copy of the Roman poet Lucretius's De rerum natura (On the Nature of Things) from near-terminal neglect in a German monastery, thus reintroducing important ideas that sparked the modern age
2011 (Oct 24):[Book] Walter Isaacson's Steve Jobs; Einstein: His Life and Universe (2007); Kissinger (1992); The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution (2014, Oct 7); Benjamin Franklin: An American Life (2003);
2011 (4:00 PM IST, Dec 1): Me @ IGI-ND to leave for Goa Int'l Airport, Dabolim, Mormugao. SEJ144/Boeing 737-900ER; 212 Passengers; 800kmph or 432 knots or 0.78 Machs; Depart @ 4:40PM, Terminal T1D, Gate 2B. Arrival at 7:25PM; 2h 45m
2011 (Nov 1):[Book] Darren Hardy's The Compound Effect: Jumpstart Your Income, Your Life, Your Success
2011 (Nov 3): DLF's Kushal Pal Singh autobiography, Whatever the Odds: The Incredible Story Behind DLF, was published; Jack Welch, Chairman and CEO of General Electric (GE) spoke at the launch.
2011 (Dec 2):
2011 (Dec 3):2011 (Dec 17): Kim Jong-un (born 8 January 1983) is a North Korean politician who has been the Supreme Leader of North Korea since 2011 and the leader of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) since 2012. He is a son of Kim Jong-il, who was North Korea's second supreme leader from 1994 to until his death in 2011, and Ko Yong-hui. He is a grandson of Kim Il-sung, who was the founder and first supreme leader of North Korea from its establishment in 1948 until his death in 1994.
2011: India Anti-corruption movement.
2011: India Anti-corruption movement.
2011:[Book] Daniel Kahneman's Thinking, Fast and Slow; Attention and Effort (1973); Judgement and Choice: Perspectives on the Work of Daniel Kahneman: A Special Issue of Thinking and Reasoning (2020, Oct 28)
2011 (Nov 18):[Gaming] Minecraft is a sandbox video game developed by the Swedish video game developer Mojang Studios.
2011:[Book] Yuval Noah Harari's Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind was originally published in Hebrew in 2011 based on the 20 lectures of an undergraduate world history class he was teaching. It was then released in English in 2014 and has since been translated into some 45 additional languages. Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow (2016); 21 Lessons for the 21st Century (2018, Aug 30)
2011:[Music] Eminem's I Need A Doctor ft. Dr. Dre and Skylar Grey (Explicit). © 2011 Aftermath Records. Lyrically, the song is largely about Dr. Dre and Eminem's close friendship, and how they have often needed and inspired each other in the past.
2011:(May):[Economics] The term "Waffle House Index" was coined by FEMA Administrator Craig Fugate, following the 2011 Joplin tornado, during which the two Waffle House restaurants in Joplin, Missouri remained open.
2011:[Cinema] A chronicle of the decade-long hunt for al-Qaeda terrorist leader Osama bin Laden after the September 2001 attacks, and his death at the hands of the Navy S.E.A.L.s Team 6 in May 2011. - Zero Dark Thirty (2012)
2011:[Crime][India] the Portuguese high court terminated the extradition of Salem to India on ground that the extradition terms agreed to between the two nations have not been observed.
2011 (Aug 4):[www][Culture] Temple Run is a video game franchise of 3D endless running video games developed and published by Imangi Studios. The primary theme of the series is an explorer chased from a group of demon monkeys, however, the characters and theme vary between spin-offs.
2012: Commonwealth Short Story Prize was founded. It is awarded annually for best piece of unpublished short fiction (2000-5000 words). (Prize: £5000)
2012 (Jan): Kim Dotcom's Megaupload was shut down by US authorities.'2012 (Feb 28):[Book] Austin Kleon's Steal Like an Artist: 10 Things Nobody Told You About Being Creative, a book on coming up with creative ideas published by Workman Publishing.
Newspaper Blackout (2010 Apr);
Show Your Work!: 10 Ways To Share Your Creativity And Get Discovered (2014, Mar 6);
Steal Like an Artist Journal (2015 Sep)
Keep Going: 10 Ways to Stay Creative in Good Times and Bad (2019, Apr 2);
Steal Like an Artist Journal (2015 Sep)
Keep Going: 10 Ways to Stay Creative in Good Times and Bad (2019, Apr 2);
2012 (Feb 29): The first generation (Raspberry Pi 1 Model B) was released. It was followed by the simpler and cheaper Model A. RPi is a series of small single-board computers (SBCs) developed in the United Kingdom by the Raspberry Pi Foundation in association with Broadcom. In 2006, early concepts of the Raspberry Pi were based on the Atmel ATmega644 microcontroller. Its schematics and PCB layout are publicly available.
2012 (Mar 4, Night): The BSP's CM Mayawati's cabinet approving the dissolution of the Vidhan Sabha assembly on the night of 4 March and sent the recommendation to the Governor of UP for consent.
2012 (Mar 6): Mayawati, the incumbent Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh tendered her resignation to Governor B L Joshi, marking the distinction of being the first to complete full five years in office. The history of the State shows that none of the 31 Chief Ministers was able to complete a five-year term.
2012 (Apr) Zoomcar
2012 (Mar 6): Mayawati, the incumbent Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh tendered her resignation to Governor B L Joshi, marking the distinction of being the first to complete full five years in office. The history of the State shows that none of the 31 Chief Ministers was able to complete a five-year term.
2012 (Apr) Zoomcar
2012 (Sep): UN Secy-Gen Ban Ki-moon led an initiative for the education of children.
2012 (Sun, Apr 8): I appeared for IIT-JEE 2012
2012 (Fri, May 18, 6AM): IIT JEE 2012 Result Declared. Arpit Agarwal of Modern Vidya Niketan, Farodabad topped. GB Reddy was the JEE chairman. A total of 4,79,651 (1,50,431 girl students) students appeared at 1067 centres across the country for admission to 9,647 UG seats in the 17 IITs in the country. Out of those 19,426 shortlisted for counselling.
2012 (May 31): NTP-2012 of India, The National Telecom Policy was adopted by the cabinet on May 31, 2012. It was released in public domain later in June.
2012: 12,00000 applicants for AIEEE 2012
2012 (2:35AM, Jul 30): 2012 India Blackout 1. It took 15 hours (5:35PM) to restore 80% of service.Circuit breakers on the 400 kV Bina-Gwalior electric line tripped. As this line fed into the Agra-Bareilly transmission section, breakers at the station also tripped, and power failures cascaded through the grid. All major power stations were shut down in the affected states, causing an estimated shortage of 32 GW. More than 300 million people, about 25% of India's population, were without power. Railways and some airports were shut down until 08:00. The busiest airport in South Asia, Delhi Airport, continued functioning because it switched to back-up power in 15 seconds.
2012 (Jul 15): Laugh India Laugh, a stand-up comedy competition aired on Life OK channel. Mika Singh, Shekhar Suman, and Chunky Pandey as judges.
2012 (1:02PM Jul 31): 2012 India Blackout 2.
Due to a relay problem near the Taj Mahal. As a result, power stations across the affected parts of India again went offline. NTPC Ltd. stopped 38% of its generation capacity. Over 600 million people (nearly half of India's population), in 22 out of 28 states in India, were without power.
2012 (1:02PM Jul 31): 2012 India Blackout 2.
Due to a relay problem near the Taj Mahal. As a result, power stations across the affected parts of India again went offline. NTPC Ltd. stopped 38% of its generation capacity. Over 600 million people (nearly half of India's population), in 22 out of 28 states in India, were without power.
2012 (Aug 2): Uttar Pradesh was being supplied about 7 GW power, while the demand was between 9 and 9.7 GW.
2012 (Aug 25): Voyager 1 probe left our solar system and entered interstellar space, making it the first spacecraft to do so. After blasting off from Earth, it took nearly 35 years to reach Interstellar space. It reached the interstellar space 6 years before it's sister probe Voyager 2. It is on 40,000-year trek to distant stars.
2012 (Sep 2): Gottfrid of TPB was arrested in Phnom Penh (Cambodia), while evading Swedish authorities following the 2009 verdict and conviction.
2012 (Sep 2): Gottfrid of TPB was arrested in Phnom Penh (Cambodia), while evading Swedish authorities following the 2009 verdict and conviction.
2012 (Nov 26): AAP founded. The AAP has its origins in the India Against Corruption movement organised by Anna Hazare, Arvind Kejriwal and some other social activists who had been involved in Team Anna, a strand of the anti-corruption movement for a Jan Lokpal Bill that had gained momentum in India during 2011 and 2012.
2012 (Dec):
2012: "omnishambles", Oxford University Press' the word of the year for 2012
2012 Delhi gang rape.
Sachin Tendulkar retired from ODI.
Ratan Tata retired after elevating the Tata Gp. to $800 Million.
Dec 31: Kingfisher Airlines loses flying licence.
2012: Assam violence.
2012: The Saradha scam (Rs. 2500 Crore) was one of the major financial scams in Indian history, done by the Saradha group. The scam revealed in 2012 when SEBI stop the group to raise money and tell to obtain permission to run its scheme. In 2013, Saradha Group outflow increase and inflow decease, and in April 2014 the scheme collapsed.
2012:[Music] Pitbull - Give Me Everything ft. Ne-Yo, Afrojack, Nayer
2012:[Music] Irish band, The Script's Hall of Fame ft. will.i.am. It has a tempo of 85 BPM. It can also be used double-time at 170 BPM. They first released music in 2008. The band consists of lead vocalist and keyboardist Danny O'Donoghue, lead guitarist Mark Sheehan, and drummer Glen Power
2012:[Corporate][India] The High Speed Rail Corporation of India Limited (HSRCIL) is a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) which has been incorporated in 2012 as a subsidiary of Rail Vikas Nigam Limited (RVNL), the public sector enterprise of Government of India. The HSRCIL has been formed under the Ministry of Railways, Government of India, for the development and implementation of the high speed rail projects in India.
2012:[Space][Research] A black hole firewall is a hypothetical phenomenon where an observer falling into a black hole encounters high-energy quanta at (or near) the event horizon. The "firewall" phenomenon was proposed in 2012 by physicists Ahmed Almheiri, Donald Marolf, Joseph Polchinski, and James Sully as a possible solution to an apparent inconsistency in black hole complementarity. The proposal is sometimes referred to as the AMPS firewall, an acronym for the names of the authors of the 2012 paper. The potential inconsistency pointed out by AMPS had been pointed out earlier by Samir Mathur who used the argument in favour of the fuzzball proposal. The use of a firewall to resolve this inconsistency remains controversial, with physicists divided as to the solution to the paradox.
2012:[Crime][India] The Supreme Court of Portugal upheld the decision which was later affirmed by the Portuguese Constitutional Court as well. At the same time, the Constitutional Court of Portugal held that Portuguese law did not provide for any specific consequence for violation of the Principle of Speciality over charges.
2012:[Computing][Quantum] Physicists used a four-qubit quantum computer to factor 143.
2012:[Computing][AI] Google hired computer scientist Ray Kurzweil to develop multiple chatbots for the company, including one named Danielle. (Meena, Bard) Later around 2019, the Google Brain research team, who developed Meena, hoped to release the chatbot to the public in a limited capacity, but corporate executives refused on the grounds that Meena violated Google's "AI principles around safety and fairness". Meena was later renamed LaMDA as its data and computing power increased, and the Google Brain team again sought to deploy the software to the Google Assistant, the company's virtual assistant software, in addition to opening it up to a public demo. Both requests were once again denied by company leadership. This eventually led LaMDA's two lead researchers, Daniel De Freitas and Noam Shazeer, to depart the company in frustration in 2023.
2012: James Cameron became the first person to do a solo descent to the bottom of the Mariana Trench, the deepest part of the Earth's ocean, in the Deepsea Challenger submersible.2012:[Space][Interstellar] Voyager 1 reached the interstellar medium 6 years 2 months 11 days before Voyager 2. It was launched 16 days after Voyager 2.
2012 (Apr 12): [www][Culture] Candy Crush Saga is a free-to-play tile-matching video game released by King on April 12, 2012, originally for Facebook; other versions for iOS, Android, Windows Phone, and Windows 10 followed. It is a variation of their browser game Candy Crush.
2012 (May 23):[www][Culture] Subway Surfers is an endless runner mobile game which is co-developed by Kiloo and SYBO Games, private companies based in Denmark. It is available on Android, iOS, HarmonyOS, Amazon Fire Tablet, and Windows Phone platforms and uses the Unity game engine.
2013 (Jun 22): The 2013 Nanga Parbat massacre was a terrorist attack that took place on the night of 22 June 2013 in Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan. About 16 militants, reportedly dressed in Gilgit−Baltistan Scouts uniforms, stormed a high-altitude mountaineering base camp and killed 11 people; 10 climbers and one local tourist guide.The climbers were from various countries, including Ukraine, China, Slovakia, Lithuania and Nepal. A Chinese citizen managed to escape the assailants, and a member of the group from Latvia happened to be outside the camp during the attack. The attack took place at a base camp on Nanga Parbat, the ninth-highest mountain on Earth. The mountain is popular among trekkers and mountaineers, and is typically toured from June to August because of the ideal weather conditions during these months. As of 2022, The ninth highest mountain in the world, Nanga Parbat has claimed 64 lives from an astonishingly low 287 attempts. It is the third most dangerous mountain in the entire world.
2013: Indian helicopter bribery scandal.
2013: India discontinued electric telegraph. (after 7 years later act to US and EU).
2013 (Jan 1):[Book] Cal Newport's Deep Work: Rules for Focused Success in a Distracted World.
2013 (Jan 1):[Book] Australian speaker Chris Helder's The Ultimate Book of Influence - 10 Tools of Persuasion to Connect, Communicate and Win in Business; Useful Belief: Because It's Better Than Positive Thinking (2015, Dec 21)
2013 (Jan 3): CBSE introduced Human Rights and Gender Studies in its curriculum from next academic year.
2013 (Jan 6): world's largest solar-telescope under-construction at Laddakh, India
2013 (Jan 24): India is a living example of secularism- Dalai Lama.
2013 (Jan 25): [GeoPolitics] The TAKM - Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status is an intergovernmental military law enforcement (gendarmerie) organization of three Turkic countries (Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkey) and, formerly, Mongolia. The initialism TAKM came from the founder countries' names. The TAKM is considered as an alternative for the FIEP. In 2014, Mongolia quit the organization and Kazakhstan applied for membership.
2013 (Mar):[Education][US][Physics][Quantum] In the Spring of 2013, MIT OCW launched a 3-month foundation course in Quantum Physics (i.e. 8.04 Quantum Physics I) led by the uber cool Allan Adams.
2013 (Mar): Akhilesh Yadav (Uttar Pradesh) fulfilled his an election promises to distribute 15 lakh HP Pavilion G4 1303AU laptops (costing 19,000 each) to benefit students who passed out of Class 12 (or equivalent) in 2012 and are aiming to study further.
Students from 313 tehsils in the Uttar Pradesh region benefited from the initiative. The project costed around Rs 2,800 crore to the government.
2013 (Mar 5):[Book] Wharton (UPenn) professor of Marketing, Jonah Berger's Contagious: Why Things Catch On; Don’t Confuse Me With Them Identity-Signaling And Product Abandonment; Positive Effects of Negative Publicity: When Negative Reviews Increase Sales (2010); Who Drives Divergence? Identity Signaling, Outgroup Dissimilarity, and the Abandonment of Cultural Tastes (2008); Invisible Influence: The Hidden Forces that Shape Behavior (2016, Jan 1); [Biography] He Walks Like A Cowboy: One Man's Journey Through Life With A Disability (2007, Nov 27)
2013 (Apr 23):[Book] Jen Sincero's You Are a Badass: How to Stop Doubting Your Greatness and Start Living an Awesome Life; You Are a Badass at Making Money: Master the Mindset of Wealth (1997, Jan 1); You Are a Badass Every Day: How to Keep Your Motivation Strong, Your Vibe High, and Your Quest for Transformation Unstoppable (2018, Dec 4)
2013 (May 2): the African Union's Executive Council unanimously voted to have Ugandan Foreign Minister Sam Kutesa as the president of the United Nations General Assembly after Cameroonian Foreign Minister Pierre Moukoko withdrew, thus not necessitating an election.
2013 (Jun 14-17): Uttarakhand floods. From 14 to 17 June 2013, the Indian state of Uttarakhand and adjoining areas received heavy rainfall, which was about 375% more than the benchmark rainfall during a normal monsoon. This caused the melting of Chorabari Glacier at the height of 3800 metres, and eruption of the Mandakini River which led to heavy floods near Gobindghat, Kedar Dome, Rudraprayag district, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Western Nepal, and acute rainfall in other nearby regions of Delhi, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and some parts of Tibet.
2013 (Jun 20):[Space][Research][Oz] The first phase of the telescope, the so-called "Phase I MWA" started building in year 2007 and achieved full practical completion in late 2012 and completed commissioning on 20 June 2013, before moving into full operations. The Murchison Widefield Array is a joint project between an international consortium of organisations to construct and operate a low-frequency radio array. 'Widefield' refers to its very large field of view. Operating in the frequency range 70–300 MHz, the main scientific goals of the MWA are to detect neutral atomic Hydrogen emission from the cosmological Epoch of Reionization, to study the sun, the heliosphere, the Earth's ionosphere, and radio transient phenomena, as well as map the extragalactic radio sky. It is located at the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory. Along with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder, also at the MRO, and two radio telescopes in South Africa, the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array and MeerKAT, the MWA is one of four precursors to the international project known as the Square Kilometre Array.
2013 (Jun 22): Comedy Nights With Kapil was an Indian sketch comedy and celebrity talk show hosted by Kapil Sharma, that premiered on Colors TV on 22 June 2013 and ended on 24 January 2016. Ft. 191 Episodes.
2013 (IST 11:41 PM, Jul 1): IRNSS-1A/PSLV-C22, the first IRNSS satellite for NAVIC.
The Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) with an operational name of NAVIC (meaning, sailor or navigator in Sanskrit) stands for NAVigation-with-Indian-Constellation and is an autonomous regional navigation system of 7 satellites that is being set up by India, that will be used to provide accurate real-time positioning and timing services over India and the region extending to 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) around India. the 7 Satellites are orbiting at 35, 786 kms. amsl (3 GEO and 4 GSO) , costing around $212 million.
2013 (Jul):[Business][China] Xiaomi Redmi; became subsidiary of Xiaomi on 10 Jan 2019.
2013 (Aug 28): 1$ = ₹68.786
2013 (Nov 14): Sachin retires from all forms of Cricket.
2013: the total extramural grants provided to Indian universities put together is about $12 billion.
2013 (Aug 20): murder of Narendra Dabholkar, a former doctor turned campaigner against superstition and black-magic who was shot dead by unidentified motorcycle-borne assailants while out on a morning walk in Pune. He had a wife and two children. Dabholkar's killing prompted the state government to enact the revolutionary 'Maharashtra Prevention and Eradication of Human Sacrifice and Other Inhuman, Evil and Aghori Practices, and Black Magic Act, 2013, but it is popular as the anti-superstitions and black magic law.
2013 (Aug 27): Muzaffarnagar riots between Hindus and Muslims resulted in 62 deaths (42 Muslims and 20 Hindus) and injured 93 and left more than 50,000 displaced.
2013: more than 20 lakhs Indian-born immigrants resided in the United States, accounting for 4.7 percent of the 41.3 million foreign-born population. From 1980 to 2013, the Indian immigrant population in US increased ten-fold, from 206,000 to 2.04 million, roughly doubling every decade. India is also the second-largest sending country of international students to the United States after China. Close to 1,30,000 Indian-born students were enrolled in U.S. educational institutions in the 2013-14 school year.
2013 (Jun): There are 14.2 million Indian migrants worldwide; after the United Arab Emirates (2,852,000), the United States (2,061,000) is the second-most common destination. Other popular destinations include Saudi Arabia (1,762,000), Pakistan (1,396,000), Nepal (810,000), and the United Kingdom (756,000), according to mid-2013 estimates by the United Nations Population Division.
2013 (Aug 5): Bhartiya Mahila Bank Ltd. incorporated at New Delhi.
2013 (Sep): The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI, or B&R), formerly known as One Belt One Road or OBOR for short, is a global infrastructure development strategy adopted by the Chinese government to invest in nearly 70 countries and international organizations. Xi originally announced the strategy as the "Silk Road Economic Belt" during an official visit to Kazakhstan in September 2013.
2013: Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura gor their capitals as Imphal, Shillong, and Agartala resp..2013 (Dec 2): Adult Swim unveiled its development slate that included a Rick and Morty pilot from Harmon and Roiland, which was eventually picked up to series in October 2012, as one of the network's first primetime original shows. The first season premiered in December 2013 and concluded in April 2014. It comprised eleven episodes (including the pilot), and aired Mondays at 10:30 pm ET/PT.
2013 (Dec 4): The 5th Delhi Legislative Assembly election held
2013 (Dec 8): Results of Delhi Legislative Assembly announced resulting in formation of the Fifth Legislative Assembly of Delhi.2013 (Dec 16):[Business][China] OnePlus Technology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd. was founded by former Oppo vice-president Pete Lau and Carl Pei.
2013 (Dec 26):[Book] Stanford lecturer Nir Eyal's Hooked: How to Build Habit-Forming Products
2013 (Dec 28): AAP formed the state government after taking outside support from the Indian National Congress. AAP's leader Arvind Kejriwal, who defeated the incumbent chief minister Sheila Dixit, became the 7th chief minister of Delhi.
2013: Adafruit Industries, a New York City supplier of Arduino boards, parts, and assemblies, estimated that 700,000 official boards were in users' hands.
2013: China has been cracking down on cryptocurrency, especially bitcoin, since 2013 when Beijing ordered third-party payment processors to refrain from using bitcoin. In 2017, once again China came down heavily on cryptocurrency and suspended token sales. In 2019, Chinese authorities beefed up their exercise of targeting crypto exchanges.
2013:[Business][China] The first Redmi phone Redmi (Red Rice in Mandarin), released in China in 2013, was first launched on Xiaomi's website, with consumer sales beginning on 12 July 2013. The phone was internationally released under the Redmi brand in early 2014.
2013:[Computing][Quantum] Rigetti Computing was founded by Chad Rigetti, a physicist who previously worked on quantum computers at IBM, and studied under Michel Devoret. The company emerged from startup incubator Y Combinator in 2014 as a so-called "spaceshot" company. The company also went through enterprise revenue-focused The Alchemist Accelerator in 2014.
2013 (Oct 12):[Godman] Gujarat Police team on Thursday raided self-styled godman Asaram Bapu's Ratlam ashram in Madhya Pradesh to hunt down his son Narayan Sai.
2013 (May 24):[www][Culture] Flappy Bird is a 2013 casual mobile game developed by Vietnamese video game artist and programmer Dong Nguyen, under his game development company .Gears. The game is a side-scroller where the player controls a bird attempting to fly between columns of green pipes without hitting them.
2014: [GeoPolitics] D-10 refers to an initiative by the US Department of State policy planning dating back to 2008. It was picked up by the Atlantic Council, which launched an initiative in 2014 to maintain a "rules-based democratic order" under the leadership of ten "leading democracies" viz. Australia, Canada, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, South Korea, UK, US and EU.
2014 (Feb 14): After 49 days of rule, Arvind Kejriwal resigned from his post citing the reason as his government's inability to table the Jan Lokpal Bill in Delhi Assembly for discussion due to stiff opposition from other political parties in the house. Delhi remained thereafter under President's Rule for about a year till 4 November 2014.
2014 (Mar): WHO reported a major Ebola outbreak in Guinea, a western African nation.2014 (Feb 14): After 49 days of rule, Arvind Kejriwal resigned from his post citing the reason as his government's inability to table the Jan Lokpal Bill in Delhi Assembly for discussion due to stiff opposition from other political parties in the house. Delhi remained thereafter under President's Rule for about a year till 4 November 2014.
2014 (Mar 4):[Book] Ben Horowitz's The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers
2014 (Mar 5): The Election Commission of India announce election scheduled to the 16th Lok Sabha.
2014 (Apr 7): Members of the 16th Lok Sabha were elected during the 2014 Indian general election. The elections were conducted in 9 phases from 7 April 2014 to 12 May 2014 by the Election Commission of India. The results of the election were declared on 16 May 2014. The Bharatiya Janata Party (of the NDA) achieved an absolute majority with 282 seats out of 543. Its PM candidate Narendra Modi took office on 26 May 2014 as the 15th prime minister of independent India. The first session was scheduled to be convened from June 4 to June 11, 2014.
2014 (Apr 13): Me joined Quora.(after 3 years and 10 months of its launch)
2014: the total R&D spending of the top 100 companies in India is Rs. 11,500 crore. Only 13% of it goes into partnership with universities.
2014 (Apr 23):[Business][China] The OnePlus One was introduced as OnePlus' first smartphone. It was running on CyanogenOS.
2014 (Apr): WISE 0855−0714 (full designation WISE J085510.83−071442.5) is a sub-brown dwarf 2.28±0.01 parsecs (7.43±0.04 light-years) from Earth, therefore the fourth-closest star or (sub-) brown dwarf system to the Sun, the discovery of which was announced in April 2014 by Kevin Luhman using data from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). As of 2014, WISE 0855−0714 has the third-highest proper motion (8151.6±1.8 mas/yr) after Barnard's Star (10300 mas/yr) and Kapteyn's Star (8600 mas/yr) and the fourth-largest parallax (439.0±2.4 mas) of any known star or brown dwarf.
2014 (May): IRCTC introduced Next Gen e-Ticketing system to upgrade it capacity. It will support 3.5 times more peak traffic with 7200 tickets/minute, as against existing capacity of 2000 tickets/minute. IRCTC using 62 servers to cater the needs of users who are booking their train tickets through IRCTC website. The estimated cost of this Next Generation E-Ticketing (NGeT) project is about Rs. 74 crore done by IRCTC.
2014 (May): IRCTC introduced Next Gen e-Ticketing system to upgrade it capacity. It will support 3.5 times more peak traffic with 7200 tickets/minute, as against existing capacity of 2000 tickets/minute. IRCTC using 62 servers to cater the needs of users who are booking their train tickets through IRCTC website. The estimated cost of this Next Generation E-Ticketing (NGeT) project is about Rs. 74 crore done by IRCTC.
2014 (May 1):[Book] Ryan Holiday's The Obstacle Is the Way: The Timeless Art of Turning Trials into Triumph
2014 (May 12): conduction of 16th LS Election ends after lasting for 35 days. It took 3 days to announce the results.
2014 (May 16): Counting of votes and declaration of results for all poll days of the election.
2014 (May 17): PM Manmohan Singh is due to resign after a decade long of service.
2014 (May 26): Narendra Modi (NaMo), 15th PM of India took office.
2014 (May 29): [GeoPolitics] The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) is an economic union of post-Soviet states located in Eastern Europe, Western Asia and Central Asia. The Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union was signed by the leaders of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia, and came into force on 1 January 2015.
2014 (Jun 2): Telangana became the 29th State of India. Chandrashekhar Rao sworn-in as the First Chief Minister of Telengana.
India became 2nd largest textiles exporter after China: UN Comtrade
2014 (6:20AM, Jun 3): Union Minister for Rural Development and Panchayati Raj in Narendra Modi's Cabinet, Gopitnath Munde while n his way to the Delhi airport when the SX4 he was travelling in was rammed by a speeding Indica car at the Aurobindo Marg-Tughlak Road intersection at 6.20 am.
RBI announced second Bi-Monthly Monetary Policy Statement.
2014 (Jun 6): first session of LS starts. the President addresses both Houses of Parliament assembled together after the Members have made and subscribed the oath or affirmation and the Speaker (Sumitra Mahajan) has been elected.
2014 (Jun 11): first session of LS ends after 7 days.
2014 (Jul 1): Lok Sabha's Monsoon Session starts
2014 (Thu, Jul 10): Union Finance Minister, Arun Jaitley presented his maiden budget. The Union Budget 2014-2015 aims to cater all groups of the society with a motto, "Sab ka Saath Sab ka Vikas".
2014 (Thu, Jul 10): Union Finance Minister, Arun Jaitley presented his maiden budget. The Union Budget 2014-2015 aims to cater all groups of the society with a motto, "Sab ka Saath Sab ka Vikas".
2014 (Jul 26): MyGov (मेरी सरकार) is a citizen engagement platform founded by the Government of India to promote the active participation of Indian citizens in their country's governance and development.
2014 (Aug): 5 weekends in a month.
2014 (Aug): 5 weekends in a month.
2014 (Aug 8): the WHO declared the Ebola epidemic to be an international public health emergency.
2014 (Aug 22): U. R. Ananthamurthy died. He was a critic of superstition.
2014 (Aug 25):[Space] Two years of entering into Interstellar space, Voyager 1 began experiencing a third "tsunami wave" of coronal mass ejections from the Sun that continued for at least 4 months further confirming that the probe is indeed in interstellar space.
2014 (Aug 28): Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojna (Later the account holders will be provided an overdraft facility of up to Rs 5,000.
2014 (Sep 7): उन्नत भारत अभियान (Improved India Mission) launched in collaboration with IIT-D
2014 (Sep 16): The 69th session of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) opened.
2014 (Sep 16):[Book] Peter Thiel with Blake Masters published Zero to One: Notes on Startups, or How to Build the Future.
2014 (Sep 22):[GeoPolitics] American-led intervention in the Syrian civil war: the American-led support of Syrian rebels and the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) during the course of the Syrian civil war, including Operation Inherent Resolve, the active military operation led by the United States, and involving the militaries of the United Kingdom, France, Jordan, Turkey, Canada, Australia, and others against the Islamic State (IS) and al-Nusra Front since 2014. It is an ongoing crisis since 7 years, 5 months, 1 week and 4 days as of Mar 7, 2022.
2014 (Sep 25): Make in India is an initiative launched by the Government of India to encourage multi-national, as well as national companies to manufacture their products in India.
2014 (Sep 26): "The Ebola epidemic ravaging parts of West Africa is the most severe acute public health emergency seen in modern times. Never before in recorded history has a biosafety level four pathogen infected so many people so quickly, over such a broad geographical area, for so long."- WHO.
2014 (Sep 27): the maiden address of NaMo to the UN. He proposed the concept of Int'l Yoga Day to the UN.
2014 (Sep 30): Lok Sabha's Monsoon Session ends after 90 days or 3 months.
2014 (Oct 14):[Disaster][Extreme][Travel][Nepal] 2014 Nepal snowstorm disaster. At least 43 people died in snowstorms and subsequent avalanches. It was Nepal's deadliest trekking disaster. The deadliest mountain in the world is a specific ascent of Annapurna, another peak in the Himalayas. The route is so deadly because of an extremely steep face. According to an unnamed expert the storm arose from Cyclone Hudhud and was the worst in a decade with almost 1.8 metres (5 ft 11 in) of snow falling within 12 hours. The storm resulted from the unusual merger of a tropical cyclone with an upper trough.
Astonishingly, 58 people have died from just 158 attempts. It has the greatest fatality rate of any ascent in the world.
2014 (Oct 2): स्वच्छ भारत अभियान Clean India Mission) launched at Rajghat-New Delhi, by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. It is a national campaign by the Government of India, covering 4,041 statutory cities and towns, to clean the streets, roads and infrastructure of the country.
It is India's biggest ever cleanliness drive and 3 million government employees and school and college students of India participated in this event.
2014 (Nov): Fredrik (TiAmo), the last of the TPB's founder was detained and later arrested in Nong Khai, Thailand.
2014 (Oct 7):[Book] American surgeon Atul Gawande's Being Mortal: Medicine and What Matters in the End, a non-fiction book where Gawande shares personal stories of his patients' and his own relatives' experiences, the realities of old age which involve broken hips and dementia, overwhelmed families and expensive geriatric care, and loneliness and loss of independence.
2014 (Nov 1): Lok Sabha's Winter Session starts.
2014 (Nov 1): Lok Sabha's Winter Session starts.
2014 (Nov 9): Ministry of Ayurveda, Yoga, & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy (AYUSH), the nodal agency to ccordinate various activities for the celebration of Int'l Yoga Day).
It was created as the Dept. of Indian Medicine and Homeopathy in Mar 1995 and was renamed as Dept. of AYUSH in Nov 2003, and on this day it got the status of a union ministry.
2014 (Dec 11): At the 69th session of UNGA, India's Permanent Representative to UN, Asoke Mukerji introduced the draft resolution estg. the Int'l Day of Yoga and was endorsed by 175 member states.
2014 (Dec 15): Lok Sabha's Winter Session ends after 45 days or 1.5 months.
2014: Kamlesh D. Patel succeeded Parthasarathi Rajagopalachari as the Managing Trustee of Sahaj Marg Spirituality Foundation (SMSF).
It was created as the Dept. of Indian Medicine and Homeopathy in Mar 1995 and was renamed as Dept. of AYUSH in Nov 2003, and on this day it got the status of a union ministry.
2014 (Dec 11): At the 69th session of UNGA, India's Permanent Representative to UN, Asoke Mukerji introduced the draft resolution estg. the Int'l Day of Yoga and was endorsed by 175 member states.
2014 (Dec 15): Lok Sabha's Winter Session ends after 45 days or 1.5 months.
2014: Kamlesh D. Patel succeeded Parthasarathi Rajagopalachari as the Managing Trustee of Sahaj Marg Spirituality Foundation (SMSF).
2014: Comedy Circus stopped telecasting.
2014: The Policy Aptitude Test (PAT) is an offline written test held in India. This test scores a person on the bases of General Knowledge, Numerical Problem Solving, Policy Aptitude, Logical Reasoning, English Language and Policy Analysis Ability. The National Law School of India University, Bengaluru (NLSIU) started this exam and use the test for selecting students for its Public Policy Programme.
2014 (Oct 3): 2014 Muzaffarnagar triple murder was the brutal murder of three factory laborers in Bahadurpur India which led to communal tension.
2014: The Policy Aptitude Test (PAT) is an offline written test held in India. This test scores a person on the bases of General Knowledge, Numerical Problem Solving, Policy Aptitude, Logical Reasoning, English Language and Policy Analysis Ability. The National Law School of India University, Bengaluru (NLSIU) started this exam and use the test for selecting students for its Public Policy Programme.
2014 (Oct 3): 2014 Muzaffarnagar triple murder was the brutal murder of three factory laborers in Bahadurpur India which led to communal tension.
2014 (Dec 1):[Music] Aviici's The Nights. Tim Bergling, known professionally as Avicii, was a Swedish DJ, remixer, record producer, musician and songwriter. At the age of 16, Bergling began posting his remixes on electronic music forums, which led to his first record deal. He rose to prominence in 2011 with his single "Levels".
2014 (Dec 15):[Space] third "tsunami wave" of coronal mass ejections from the Sun towards Voyager 1 ended.
2014:[Research] Duan Baoyan of the Xidian University School of Electromechanical Engineering and his colleagues first presented the proposal for space-based solar power called OMEGA, which stands for Orb-Shape Membrane Energy Gathering Array. A 246-foot-tall (75-meter) steel tower on Xidian University's southern campus houses the space-based solar power plant, arguably tested completely on Jun 5, 2022 as the "world's first full-link and full-system solar power plant". The Xidian University power plant will theoretically connect to orbital satellites that will capture solar electricity 24 hours a day, seven days a week due to their geostationary orbits, before beaming that energy down to Earth through high-frequency microwave beams. The power plant will include five subsystems dedicated to the development of space-based solar power arrays.
2014:[Computing][Quantum] Physicists used a similar device (2012: 4-qubit) to factor 56,153.
2014:[Computing][Quantum] Google hired John Martinis, a renowned quantum physicist from UC Santa Barbara, to lead its own quantum hardware team. Google has also collaborated with NASA and other institutions to test and benchmark quantum systems.
2014:[Culture] In Belgium too, names are not changed after marriage. Before 2014, they had a law that said a child would have to take the father's name, but that no longer exists; children can now be given the surname of either mother or father.
2014 (Sep):[www][Culture] The Dinosaur Game is a browser game developed by Google and built into the Google Chrome web browser. The player guides a pixelated Tyrannosaurus rex across a side-scrolling landscape, avoiding obstacles to achieve a higher score. The game was created by members of the Chrome UX team in 2014.
2014 (Mar 9):[www][Culture] 2048 is a single-player sliding tile puzzle video game written by Italian web developer Gabriele Cirulli and published on GitHub.
2015 (Jan 1): Planning Commission has been replaced by NITI Aayog.
2015:[Book] Ashlee Vance's Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future. Elon Musk. How The Billionaire Ceo Of Spacex And Tesla Is Shaping Our Future
2015 (Jan 21): Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana was launched by the Prime Minister Mr. Narendra Modi under the Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao Campaign.
2015 (Feb):[Crime][India] a special TADA court awarded Salem life imprisonment for murdering Mumbai-based builder Pradeep Jain in 1995, along with his driver Mehndi Hassan.
2015 (Feb 1): Lok Sabha's Budget Session starts.
2015 (Feb 7): Delhi's 6th Legislative Assembly election held to elect 70 members of the Sixth Legislative Assembly of Delhi.
2015 (Feb 10): Delhi's 6th Legislative Assembly's election results were announced. The Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) secured an absolute majority in the assembly, winning 67 of the 70 seats.
2015 (Feb 11):[Space][Sun] Deep Space Climate Observatory is a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration space weather, space climate, and Earth observation satellite. It was launched by SpaceX on a Falcon 9 v1.1 launch vehicle on 11 February 2015, from Cape Canaveral.
2015 (Feb 10): Delhi's 6th Legislative Assembly's election results were announced. The Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) secured an absolute majority in the assembly, winning 67 of the 70 seats.
2015 (Feb 11):[Space][Sun] Deep Space Climate Observatory is a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration space weather, space climate, and Earth observation satellite. It was launched by SpaceX on a Falcon 9 v1.1 launch vehicle on 11 February 2015, from Cape Canaveral.
2015 (Feb 20): Veteran CPI leader Govind Pansare and his wife Uma were attacked on Monday morning after two unknown assailants fired at them in front of their house in Kolhapur. In 1984, he wrote a popular book called Shivaji Kon Hota (Who was Shivaji).
The incident took place around 8 am outside Ideal Housing Society, when the two were returning home after their daily morning walk from Shivaji University in Kolhapur. The police said that while Pansare was hit by bullets on the nape of his neck and one brushed his hand, while his wife Uma suffered a single bullet injury.
2015 (Mar 10):[Book][Fiction] American writer Hanya Yanagihara's A Little Life. The book was written over the course of eighteen months.
2015 (Apr): Lenovo A6000+ was announced.
2015 (Apr): Rukawat Ke Liye Khed Hai is a TV show which airs on Sab TV, started its first season from 26 April 2015. It is hosted by Karan Singhmar.
2015 (May 26): 1st Anniversary of NaMo Gov.
2015 (May 30): Lok Sabha's Budget Session ends after 120 days or 4 months.
2015 (May 26): 1st Anniversary of NaMo Gov.
2015 (May 30): Lok Sabha's Budget Session ends after 120 days or 4 months.
2015 (May):[Business][Food] Food safety regulators from Barabanki, a district of Uttar Pradesh, India reported that samples of Maggi 2 Minute Noodles had unexpectedly high levels of monosodium glutamate (MSG), as well as up to 17 times the permissible limit of lead. This finding led to multiple market withdrawals and investigations in India and beyond. Nestlé maintained that the levels of MSG are naturally occurring, but agreed to remove the "No added MSG" label. Nestlé also questioned the reliability of the lead test, as no lead issues were found by health agencies in Singapore and the US. Bombay High Court agrees that the test may be unreliable, and ordered a re-test in three separate laboratories.
2015 (Oct):[Business][Food] The noodles were found safe. In addition, Nestlé insisted that testing should be done on the product as it is eaten (as opposed to testing the "tastemaker" flavoring powder alone), but this argument was not accepted by the court.
2015 (Jun 16): Donald Trump officially announced his candidacy for President of the United States at Trump Tower in New York City. In the speech, Trump drew attention to domestic issues such as illegal immigration, offshoring of American jobs, the U.S. national debt, and Islamic terrorism, which all remained large themes during the campaign. He also announced his campaign slogan, "Make America Great Again.
2015 (Jun 21): Int'l Yoga Day launched at Raj Path-Delhi (recorded 40,000 partcipants), Tihar Jail-Delhi, Siachen-J&K, underneath the Eiffel Tower-Paris, schools of Afghanistan, Times Square- NYC, TelAviv- Israel, etc. (Total 84 nations).
2015 (Jun 21): Int'l Yoga Day launched at Raj Path-Delhi (recorded 40,000 partcipants), Tihar Jail-Delhi, Siachen-J&K, underneath the Eiffel Tower-Paris, schools of Afghanistan, Times Square- NYC, TelAviv- Israel, etc. (Total 84 nations).
2015 (Jul): The Iran nuclear agreement, formally known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), is a landmark accord reached between Iran and several world powers, including the United States. Iran Nuclear Deal. The Iran nuclear agreement, formally known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), is a landmark accord reached between Iran and several world powers, including the United States.
2015 (Jul): Digital India is a campaign launched by the Government of India to ensure that Government services are made available to citizens electronically by improving online infrastructure and by increasing Internet connectivity or by making the country digitally empowered in the field of technology.
2015 (Jul): Skill India launched.
2015 (Aug 18): Cochin International Airport became the world's first fully solar powered airport with the inauguration of a dedicated solar plant.
2015 (Aug 28): the Finance Minister of India said that with Close to 18 Crore Bank Accounts Opened Under the PMJDY with deposit of more than 22000 crores and Nearly Every Household having a Bank Account.
2015 (8:40AM, Sun, Aug 30): Dr MM Kalburgi (78), the former vice chancellor of Kannada University, Hampi, answered the doorbell at his home in Dharwad at around 8.40 am when he was shot at from a point-blank range on his forehead (The bullet pierced through his head ) and chest for denouncing superstition and idol worship was shot dead by two unidentified assailants at his home in Kalyan Nagar, Dharwad over the weekend. (also, for criticizing idol worship as a “meaningless ritual” during a seminar in 2014.)
2015 (Sep 1): The Union Minister of Human Resource Development Smt. Smriti Irani announced that the number of scholarships under National Talent Search Scheme will be doubled to 2000 from existing 1000 while speaking on the occasion of 55th Foundation Day celebration of the NCERT in New Delhi. However there is nothing such according to NCERT officials.
2015 (Sep 1): The Union Minister of Human Resource Development Smt. Smriti Irani announced that the number of scholarships under National Talent Search Scheme will be doubled to 2000 from existing 1000 while speaking on the occasion of 55th Foundation Day celebration of the NCERT in New Delhi. However there is nothing such according to NCERT officials.
2015 (mid-night, Sep 28): Dadri Mob Lynching refers to case of mob lynching in which a mob of Hindu people attacked a Muslim family on the night of 28 September 2015 in Bisara village near Dadri, Uttar Pradesh, India. The attackers killed 52-year-old Mohammad Akhlaq Saifi (Ikhlaq according to some sources) and seriously injured his son, 22-year-old Danish.
2015 (Oct 20):[Book][Military] Jocko Willink & Leif Babin's Extreme Ownership: How U.S. Navy SEALs Lead and Win;
Way of the Warrior Kid: From Wimpy to Warrior the Navy SEAL Way: A Novel (2017, May 2);
Discipline Equals Freedom: Field Manual (2017, Oct 17);
Marc's Mission: Way of the Warrior Kid (2018, Apr 24);
The Dichotomy of Leadership: Balancing the Challenges of Extreme Ownership to Lead and Win (2018, Sep 1);
Mikey and the Dragons - Empowering Kids to Overcome Their Fears! (2018, Nov 15);
Way of the Warrior Kid 3: Where there's a Will... (2019, May 28);
Leadership Strategy and Tactics: Field Manual (2020, Jan 14);
Way of the Warrior Kid: From Wimpy to Warrior the Navy SEAL Way: A Novel (2017, May 2);
Discipline Equals Freedom: Field Manual (2017, Oct 17);
Marc's Mission: Way of the Warrior Kid (2018, Apr 24);
The Dichotomy of Leadership: Balancing the Challenges of Extreme Ownership to Lead and Win (2018, Sep 1);
Mikey and the Dragons - Empowering Kids to Overcome Their Fears! (2018, Nov 15);
Way of the Warrior Kid 3: Where there's a Will... (2019, May 28);
Leadership Strategy and Tactics: Field Manual (2020, Jan 14);
2015 (Oct 26):[Crime][India] Rajan was arrested in Bali. Acting on a tip-off from Australian police, Indonesian authorities detained Rajan on Sunday as he arrived in Bali from Sydney.
2015: the number of international migrants worldwide stood at almost 244 million. that means almost 3.3 percent of the world’s population is not living in their home country.
2015 (Nov 3):[Book] Jesse Itzler's Living with a SEAL: 31 Days Training with the Toughest Man on the Planet.
2015 (Nov 06):[Crime][India] Rajan extradited to India and is currently in Tihar Jail, awaiting trial in almost 70 cases.
2015 (Nov 15):[www][Culture] Criminal Case is a detective-themed hidden object game released on November 15, 2012 for Facebook.
2015:[Music] Bewajah by Nabeel Shaukat Ali - Original Soundtrack (OST) - Coke Studio Pak S8
2015:[Music] Maroon 5's Sugar by Interscope Records.
2015:[Music] Alan Walker's Faded shot at Tallinn, Estonia. Alan Olav Walker (Born: 24 August 1997 (age 24 years), Northampton, UK) is a British-Norwegian DJ, YouTuber and record producer, primarily known for the critically acclaimed single "Faded", which was certified platinum in 14 countries. Other songs include "Sing Me to Sleep", "Alone", "Darkside", and "Routine", all of which attracted millions of views.
2015:[Music] Wiz Khalifa's See You Again ft. Charlie Puth, was written for the seventh installment of the mass favourite “Fast and Furious” movie series, “Furious 7,” which was released in 2015, nearly a year and a half after actor Paul Walker died in a car accident.
2015:[Book] Humorist Jenny Lawson's Furiously Happy.
2015:[Env] The Paris Agreement (French: Accord de Paris), often referred to as the Paris Accords or the Paris Climate Accords, is an international treaty on climate change, adopted in 2015. It covers climate change mitigation, adaptation, and finance. The Agreement was negotiated by 196 parties at the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference near Paris, France.
2015:[Technology][Music][Research][Computing] LDAC is a proprietary audio coding technology developed by Sony, which allows streaming high-resolution audio over Bluetooth connections at up to 990 kbps at 24 bit/96 kHz. It is used by various products, including headphones, earphones, smartphones, portable media players, active speakers, and home theaters.
2015 (Dec 10):[Computing][AI] Musk co-founded OpenAI, in part to address existential risk from artificial intelligence.
2016:[Computing][Quantum] Quil is a quantum instruction set architecture (ISA) that first introduced a shared quantum/classical memory model. It was introduced by Robert Smith, Michael Curtis, and William Zeng in A Practical Quantum Instruction Set Architecture. Many quantum algorithms (including quantum teleportation, quantum error correction, simulation, and optimization algorithms) require a shared memory architecture. Quil is being developed for the superconducting quantum processors developed by Rigetti Computing through the Forest quantum programming API.A Python library called pyQuil was introduced to develop Quil programs with higher level constructs. A Quil backend is also supported by other quantum programming environments.
2016 (Jan): Start-up India launched.
2016 (Jan):[Book] American investigative journalist and staff writer for The New Yorker Jane Mayer's Dark Money: The Hidden History of the Billionaires Behind the Rise of the Radical Right
2016 (Jan 1):[Book] Tim Ferris Tools of Titans: The Tactics, Routines, and Habits of Billionaires, Icons, and World-Class Performers; Tribe of Mentors: Short Life Advice from the Best in the World (2017); The 4-Hour Body (2010); The 4-Hour Chef: The Simple Path to Cooking Like a Pro, Learning Anything, and Living the Good Life (2012)
2016 (Jan 1):[Book] Phil Knight's Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike
2016 (Jan 1):[Book] Angela Duckworth's Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance
2016 (Jan 4):[Book][Military][Sports] Levison Wood published his travelogue Walking the Himalayas: An Adventure of Survival and Endurance, after his most challenging expedition yet begins along the Silk Road route of Afghanistan and travels through five countries, ending in Bhutan.
2016 (Jan 6):[Book] Sasha O'Hara's Calm the F*ck Down: An Irreverent Adult Coloring Book
2016 (Jan 12): When Breath Becomes Air is a non-fiction autobiographical book written by American neurosurgeon Paul Kalanithi. It is a memoir about his life and illness, battling stage IV metastatic lung cancer. It was posthumously published by Random House. With the book, Paul wanted to help people understand death and face their mortality.
2016 (Jan 24): Comedy Nights With Kapil stopped getting premiered on Colors TV.
2016 (Feb): The takeover of the three colonies, DLF phases 1,2, 3 as well as Sushant Lok 1, and Palam Vihar, by the Municipal Corporation of Gurugram (MCG) was announced by Haryana chief minister Manohar Lal Khattar. Both Sushant Lok 1 and Palam Vihar were transferred to the MCG in 2019.
2016 (Mar): an American drone killed 150 people in Somalia.
2016 (12:00 IST, Sun, Apr 24): Inauguration of a joint conference of chief ministers and chief justices of high courts, that the PM also attended. An overworked Chief Justice
2016 (IST 12:50 PM, Apr 28): IRNSS-1G//PSLV-C33, the seventh and the last IRNSS satellite for NAVIC. The project costed around ₹12/Indian Citizen.
2016 (May):[Computing][Quantum] IBM Quantum Platform, the service was launched as the IBM Quantum Experience with a 5 qubit quantum processor and matching simulator connected in a star shaped pattern. At this time, users could only interact with the hardware through the quantum composer GUI. Quantum circuits were also limited to the specific two-qubit gates available on the hardware.
2016 (May): PM Narendra Modi launched 11 solar-powered e-boats in Varanasi, in a move to reach out to Mallah community.2016 (May 17):[Book] Chris Voss · Tahl Raz, Chris Anderson & Carmine Gallo's Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It
2016 (May 17):[Book] Siddhartha Mukherjee's The Gene: An Intimate History
2016 (May 26): 2nd Anniversary of NaMo Gov.
2016 (May 29): Ruby Ray, the topper of Arts of Bihar School Examination Board's intermediate exam thinks that the subject of Political Science is about one's cooking skills. What's worse is the fact that she could not even pronounce the name Political Science correctly, calling it 'Prodigal Science'. Ray could not even pronounce the name of her subjects properly in spite of scoring 444 out of 500.
2016 (Jun 3): Md. Ali, all-time boxing legend died aged 74 in Phoenix, Arizona after a 32-year battle with Parkinson's disease.
2016 (Jun 3): Md. Ali, all-time boxing legend died aged 74 in Phoenix, Arizona after a 32-year battle with Parkinson's disease.
2016 (Jun 14):[Book] Ryan Holiday's Ego Is the Enemy
2016 (Jul): About 38 lakh graduate aspirants applied for Staff Selection Commission's Combined Graduate Level Exam 2016 (SSC-CGLE). The SSC is one of the largest recruiting agencies in the country mandated to conduct eight exams. It will fill about 89,000 government posts this year alone from among about 2 crore applicants. The Commission’s flagship CGLE is for filling vacancies in 30 different services in the central government.
2016 (Jul 15): Dev-Shayani Ekadashi (देवशयनी एकादशी). Today, Lord Vishnu (husband of Goddess Laxmi) goes to sleep for four months and will wake up when the rainy season haults, on Nov 10 i.e. on Dev-Uthani Ekadashi (देवउठनी एकादशी). Earlier, he used to keep sleeping for lakhs and crores of years and meanwhile the whole universe get destroyed due to the absence of a just-leadership.
2016 (Jul 20): Artem Vaulin, 30, of Kharkiv (Ukraine) was arrested in Poland as he was alleged to own Kickass Torrents.
2016 (Aug): the total number of humans currently living are 7.4 billion (i.e. )
2016 (Aug): the total number of humans currently living are 7.4 billion (i.e. )
2016 (Aug 15): Hon'ble Justice T S Thakur expressed disappointment over the silence of “popular” and “nationalist” PM NaMo over issues of “justice” and “appointment of judges” during his address to a gathering on the Supreme Court lawns after hoisting the Tricolour.
The CJI also recited a couplet in Urdu to underline the problems faced by the judiciary. “Gul phenkein auron par, balki samar bhi. ae abr-e-karam ae bahre sakha kuch to idhar bhi (you have strewn flowers and thrown fruits in others’ direction but I am waiting here as well),” he said.
2016 (May): Railway Recruitment Board organized the world’s largest Computer Based Test throughout India for about 92 lakh candidates, to discover skilled and eligible workforce for 18,252 available posts under Non-Technical Popular Categories (Graduate) vide Centralized Employment Notice 03/2015.The CJI also recited a couplet in Urdu to underline the problems faced by the judiciary. “Gul phenkein auron par, balki samar bhi. ae abr-e-karam ae bahre sakha kuch to idhar bhi (you have strewn flowers and thrown fruits in others’ direction but I am waiting here as well),” he said.
2016 (2:30AM to 8:00AM, Sep 29): the surgical strikes conducted by the Indian Army along the Line of Control.
2016 (May 23): India's First Reusable Launch Vehicle, RLV-TD (Tech Demo) successfully launched from SDSC, Andhra Pradesh.
2016 (Thu, Jun 23): Brexit (
2016 (Jul 13): after losing the Brexit polls, Britain's David Cameron resigned from the Office of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Britain has got a new Prime Minister - Theresa May.
Like Mr Cameron, Mrs May was against Britain leaving the EU but she says she will respect the will of the people. She has said "Brexit means Brexit" but there is still a lot of debate about what that will mean in practice especially on the two key issues of how British firms do business in the European Union and what curbs are brought in on the rights of European Union nationals to live and work in the UK.
2016 (Jul 29):[Music] "Closer" is a song by American DJ duo the Chainsmokers featuring American singer Halsey. Andrew Taggart (one half of the Chainsmokers) also provides his vocals in the song.
2016 (Sep 1): RIL chairman, Mukesh Ambani launched Jio, goal to acquire
2016 (Sep 13):[Book] Mark Manson's The Subtle Art of Not Giving a Fuck. Everything Is Fucked: A Book About Hope (2019 May); Manson's first book, Models: Attract Women Through Honesty, was self-published in 2011.[9] It was reissued by Pan Macmillan Australia in 2017.
2016 (Oct): half of the Syria's 22 million people have been either killed or displaced (4,50,000 are dead, 11 million displaced) by US.
2016 (Oct): the UP Board prepared the results of nearly 32,00,000 students of X and XII.
2016 (Oct): the UP Board prepared the results of nearly 32,00,000 students of X and XII.
2016 (Oct 18):[Book] Ryan Holiday & Stephen Hanselman's The Daily Stoic: 366 Meditations on Wisdom, Perseverance, and the Art of Living
2016 (Oct 22):[Book] Gary John Bishop's Unfu*k Yourself: Get Out of Your Head and Into Your Life;
Stop Doing That Sh*t: End Self-Sabotage and Demand Your Life Back (2019, Jan 1)
Do the Work: The Official Unrepentant, Ass-Kicking, No-Kidding, Change-Your-Life Sidekick to Unfu*k Yourself (2019, Oct 22)
Wise As Fu*k: Simple Truths to Guide You Through the Sh*tstorms of Life (2020, Oct 13);
2016 (Nov 9): Presidential Elections in US
2016 (6:00 PM IST, Tue, Nov 8): Narendra Modi addressed to the nation on demonetizing existing Rs.500 and Rs. 1000 currency notes.
2016 (12:00AM IST, Wed, Nov 9): Rs.500 and Rs.1000 currency notes ceased to be the legal tender. these notes will not be acceptable for transactions from now-onwards. It was done to assault on black money, terror financing, counterfeit notes and corruption.
2016 (Nov 10): Dev-Uthani Ekadashi (देवउठनी एकादशी). Hindu Marriage Season starts.
2016 (Nov 14): Margashish month begins.
2016 (Nov 15):[Book] Bernie Sanders's Our Revolution: A Future to Believe In
2016 (Nov 16): Winter Session starts. Day one of the winter session of Parliament of India.
2016 (8:00PM, Tue, Nov 8): NaMo, PM of India address to the nation has begun regrding the ban of Rs 500 and Rs 1000 INR notes as legal tender .
2016 (Nov 17):[Energy][India] "As on October 31, 2016, Solar Energy Projects with an aggregate capacity of over 8727.62 MW have been installed in the country," New and Renewable Energy Minister Piyush Goyal said in written reply to Lok Sabha today. (1MW powers-up 700 to 1000 residential homes.)2016: 4000 entries for Commonwealth Short Story Prize.
2016 (Nov 26): as of this day, 107 crore Aadhar numbers have been authenticated out of 108 crores issued to the nation of 130 crores.
2016 (Dec 14): Poornima (Full Moon)
2016 (Dec 21): Winter Solstice in the Northern Hemisphere. Day light will begin to increase.
2016 (Dec 26): U.P Government government cleared the inclusion of 17 Other Backward Castes- Kahar, Kashyap, Kewat, Nishad, Bind, Bhar, Prajapati, Rajbhar, Batham, Gauriya, Turha, Majhi, Mallah, Kumhar, Dheemar, Dheewar and Machhua, in the Scheduled Castes (SC) category.
2016 (Dec 29): Amavasya (New Moon)
2016: GST (Goods and Service Tax) bill was passed by both the houses.
2016: SCRA was discontinued.
1. Demonetization
2. PV Sindhu winning Olympics silver
3. India kind of getting united against attacks on Indian Army in Kashmir
4. First BJP Govt in Assam
5. Death of Jayalalitha
6. Irom Sharmila ending her fast
7. JNU issue and Kanhaiya Kumar
8. Rohith Vemula suicide issue
9. GST bill pass
10. Kaveri water dispute in Karnataka
2016: Hyperinflation in Venezuela began is the currency instability in Venezuela that began in 2016 during the country's ongoing socioeconomic and political crisis. Venezuela began experiencing continuous and uninterrupted inflation in 1983, with double-digit annual inflation rates. Inflation rates became the highest in the world in 2014 under Nicolás Maduro, and continued to increase in the following years, with inflation exceeding 1,000,000% by 2018. In comparison to previous hyperinflationary episodes, the ongoing hyperinflation crisis is more severe than those of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Nicaragua, and Peru in the 1980s and 1990s, and that of Zimbabwe in the late-2000s.
2016:[Book][Military] UK's former special forces soldier, Matthew Ollerton (aka Ollie Ollerton) publishes SAS: Who Dares Wins; Break Point (2019), Scar Tissue (2020), Battle ready, All or Nothing.
2016:[Corporate][India] The National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited (NHSRCL) has been incorporated since 2016 to manage the High Speed Rail Corridor in India. It is under the ownership of Indian Railways, Ministry of Railways, Government of India.
2016 (Sep 18):[Military] Attack on Uri, India
2016:[Music] Various Pakistani artists like Fawad Khan, Atif Aslam, Rahat Fateh Ali Khan, Mahira Khan and others have amassed a huge fan following in India. After the URI attack in 2016, Pakistani artists were banned from performing in India.
2016 (Feb 20):[www][Culture] Ludo King is a free-to-play mobile game application developed by Gametion Technologies Pvt Ltd, a game studio based in Navi Mumbai, India. Gametion is owned by Vikash Jaiswal. The game is developed on the Unity game engine and is available on Android, iOS, Kindle, Windows Phone and Microsoft Windows platforms.
2017:[Computing][Quantum] Rigetti develops a cloud platform called Forest that enables programmers to write quantum algorithms.
2017 (Jan 1):[Book][Military] Admiral William H. McRaven's Make Your Bed: Little Things That Can Change Your Life...And Maybe the World;
2017 (Jan 1):[Book] Francesc Miralles & Héctor García's Ikigai: The Japanese Secret to a Long and Happy Life
2017 (Jan 12): 32nd National Youth Day (Swami Vivekanand's B'day)
2017 (Jan 13): Happy Bonfire, celebrated by Punjabi people of Sikh faith awa Hindu faith.
2017 (Jan 14): Spring has Come. Magh Starts. Khichdi. Farmers' Harvest Fest. Uttarayana. exchange of bananas, sugarcane, red-berries, haldi and kumkum among women in K'taka. rice, coconut, jaggery, sesame in Odisha, paddy and the date palm syrup in WB, transition of the sun into the zodiacal sign of Capricorn on its celestial path. Russia, US, & PNG. Beginning of the Capricorn period under the sidereal zodiac.
2017 (Jan 19): Swami Vivekananda's 154th Birth Anniversary.
2017 (6PM, Jan 25): sun sets in Delhi, India.
2017 (7PM, Jan 25): Eve of Republic Day starts. Announcements of Winners, Awards, Medals, Greetings by VP, Curtain Raiser, Cultural prog.
2017 (19:00 IST, Jan 25): Address by the President of India on the eve of the Republic Day of India.
2017 (Jan 26):
2017 (Jan 27): Full-Moon/Poornima/
2017 (Jan 28): Navratri Day 1 (Pratipada/Prathma): Shailputri
2017 (Jan 29): Brahmacharini
2017 (Jan 30): Chandraghanta
2017 (Jan 31): Kushmanda
2017 (Feb 1): Skandamata
2017 (Feb 2): Katyayani
2017 (Feb 3): Kalaratri
2017 (Feb 4): Durga or Mahagauri
2017 (Feb 5): Siddhidatri
2017 (Feb 6): Magha/Gupta Navratri Ends.
2017 (Mar 20): Exercising extraordinary jurisdiction vested in Uttarakhand High Court, a division bench of Justices Rajeev Sharma and Alok Singh of the High Court said, "Holy rivers Ganga and Yamuna have been declared to be treated as a living human entities." Agreeing with advocate MC Pant, the court cited the example of river Whanganui in New Zealand which has been given such status.
2017 (Mar 22): GoI's New Year. Saka Year 1939 begins.
2017 (Mar 24): Actress Manju Warrier trasnformed herself into Aami (Kamla das) )as Kamal's magnum opus film's shoot begins in Punnayoorkkulam.
2017 (Mar 28): Indian New Year. Vikram Samvat 2074 begins.
2017 (Jan 3): T. S. Thakur of J&K HC turns 65 and hence resigns from the post of CJI.
2017 (Jan 5): 350th Birth Anniversary of Guru Gobind Singh2017 (Jan 12): 32nd National Youth Day (Swami Vivekanand's B'day)
2017 (Jan 13): Happy Bonfire, celebrated by Punjabi people of Sikh faith awa Hindu faith.
2017 (Jan 14): Spring has Come. Magh Starts. Khichdi. Farmers' Harvest Fest. Uttarayana. exchange of bananas, sugarcane, red-berries, haldi and kumkum among women in K'taka. rice, coconut, jaggery, sesame in Odisha, paddy and the date palm syrup in WB, transition of the sun into the zodiacal sign of Capricorn on its celestial path. Russia, US, & PNG. Beginning of the Capricorn period under the sidereal zodiac.
2017 (Jan 19): Swami Vivekananda's 154th Birth Anniversary.
2017 (6PM, Jan 25): sun sets in Delhi, India.
2017 (7PM, Jan 25): Eve of Republic Day starts. Announcements of Winners, Awards, Medals, Greetings by VP, Curtain Raiser, Cultural prog.
2017 (19:00 IST, Jan 25): Address by the President of India on the eve of the Republic Day of India.
2017 (Jan 26):
2017 (Jan 27): Full-Moon/Poornima/
2017 (Jan 28): Navratri Day 1 (Pratipada/Prathma): Shailputri
2017 (Jan 29): Brahmacharini
2017 (Jan 30): Chandraghanta
2017 (Jan 31): Kushmanda
2017 (Feb 1): Skandamata
2017 (Feb 2): Katyayani
2017 (Feb 3): Kalaratri
2017 (Feb 4): Durga or Mahagauri
2017 (Feb 5): Siddhidatri
2017 (Feb 6): Magha/Gupta Navratri Ends.
2017 (Mar 20): Exercising extraordinary jurisdiction vested in Uttarakhand High Court, a division bench of Justices Rajeev Sharma and Alok Singh of the High Court said, "Holy rivers Ganga and Yamuna have been declared to be treated as a living human entities." Agreeing with advocate MC Pant, the court cited the example of river Whanganui in New Zealand which has been given such status.
2017 (Mar 22): GoI's New Year. Saka Year 1939 begins.
2017 (Mar 24): Actress Manju Warrier trasnformed herself into Aami (Kamla das) )as Kamal's magnum opus film's shoot begins in Punnayoorkkulam.
2017 (Mar 28): Indian New Year. Vikram Samvat 2074 begins.
2017 (Apr 8): 2017–2018 North Korea crisis started, lasted for 1 year, 2 months and 4 days till 12 June 2018, when US (Donald Trump)-North Korea (Kim Jong-un) meeting in Singapore concluded with a joint declaration by both leaders.
2017 (Apr 25):[Crime][India] A special CBI Court in New Delhi awarded 7 years rigorous imprisonment to Rajan and three other accused in the fake passport case.
2017 (May 2):[Book] Neil deGrasse Tyson's Astrophysics for People in a Hurry; Origins: Fourteen Billion Years of Cosmic Evolution (2004); Death by Black Hole: And Other Cosmic Quandaries (2007); Astrophysics for Young People in a Hurry (2019, Feb 5);
2017 (May 26): 3rd Anniversary of NaMo Gov.
2017 (Jun)::[Crime][India] Abu Salem was again convicted and awarded a life sentence for his role in the 1993 serial blasts case. He was found guilty of transporting weapons from Gujarat to Mumbai for use in the serial bombings.
2017 (Jul):[Computing][Quantum] Open Quantum Assembly Language (OpenQASM; pronounced open kazm), the language was first described in a published paper, and a reference source code implementation was released as part of IBM's Quantum Information Software Kit (Qiskit) for use with their IBM Quantum Experience cloud quantum computing platform. The language has similar qualities to traditional hardware description languages such as Verilog.
2017 (Aug 15): 71st Independance Day. Announcement by the Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi from the ramparts of the Red Fort.
2017 (Aug 17): S Paul, a doyen of photography, passed away at Max Hospital in Patparganj on Wednesday. Family members said he had undergone a surgery a few days ago. Paul, 88, was born in Jhang in Pakistan in 1929. He moved to India after partition and his family shifted to Shimla. His younger brother, Raghu Rai, is also a huge name in the photography world.
2017 (Aug 17): S Paul, a doyen of photography, passed away at Max Hospital in Patparganj on Wednesday. Family members said he had undergone a surgery a few days ago. Paul, 88, was born in Jhang in Pakistan in 1929. He moved to India after partition and his family shifted to Shimla. His younger brother, Raghu Rai, is also a huge name in the photography world.
2017 (Aug 27):
2017: Quasi-Zenith Satellite System- The Japan's GPS is expected to complete.
2017: Legislative elections in UP
2017: Quasi-Zenith Satellite System- The Japan's GPS is expected to complete.
2017: Legislative elections in UP
2017: Presidential Elections in India
2017: The first orbital flight of GSLV Mark-III is planned to take place
2017:[Gaming] Fortnite is an online video game developed by Epic Games and released.
2017 (Jan 26): The Padma Vibhushan award recipients are announced every year on Republic Day of India and registered in The Gazette of India—a publication released weekly by the Department of Publication, Ministry of Urban Development used for official government notices.
2017 (Mar 31):[Energy][India] Punjab would be able to generate 1000 MW of solar-power.
2017 (Mar 31): Poorna, ft. Rahul Bose, biopic of Malavath Poorna, a 13-year-old girl from Telangana becomes the youngest female in history to climb Mount Everest.
2017 (Mar 31): Poorna, ft. Rahul Bose, biopic of Malavath Poorna, a 13-year-old girl from Telangana becomes the youngest female in history to climb Mount Everest.
2017 (Apr 1): NITI Aayog to prepare first 15-year vision documents (2016-2030), 7-year strategy (2017-2024), a 3-year action plan (2017-2020) for in fiscal year 2017-18. Apart from social, economica infrastructure such as health, connectivity and education, It will also focuses on new subjects like internal security and defense.
Apr 29; Internationally renowned sand artist Sudarsan Pattnaik from Odisha won the jury prize gold medal at the 10th Moscow Sand art Championship. The competition was held between 22nd and 28th April at Kolomenskoye, Moscow in Russia. The theme for the competition was "The world around us".
India's 1st book village to come up in Maharashtra, from May 4, Bhilar village in Maharastra will become India’s first ‘book village’ where tourists and locals can come and read books, magazines, newspapers stacked at 25 premises. Apr 29; Internationally renowned sand artist Sudarsan Pattnaik from Odisha won the jury prize gold medal at the 10th Moscow Sand art Championship. The competition was held between 22nd and 28th April at Kolomenskoye, Moscow in Russia. The theme for the competition was "The world around us".
101-year-old Mann Kaur becomes World's oldest person to complete Auckland Skywalk.
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) will launch five communication satellites by the year-end . The satellites launched by the ISRO and their purposes in the areas of weather forecasting, disaster management, space exploration, geo-spatial applications, education and agriculture .
Bollywood Actor Shah Rukh Khan became the first Indian actor to deliver Technology ,Entertainment, Design(TED) at Vancouver, Canada.
Ude desh ka aam naagrik" (UDAN), a scheme to help people to fly cheap to small towns. Lowest airfare was ₹2500.
2017 (May 12-May 15): WannaCry ransomware attack was a worldwide cyberattack by the WannaCry ransomware cryptoworm, which targeted computers running the Microsoft Windows operating system by encrypting data and demanding ransom payments in the Bitcoin cryptocurrency. from $300 to $600
2017 (May 14): Dhinchak Pooja (Pooja Jain, Delhi) became a viral sensation with over 25 million for her off-key and utterly tuneless Selfie Maine Leli Aaj.
2017 (Jun 5): 120th Founder's Day of Sherwood College, Nainital.
2017 (Jul 10): Eminent cartoonist Mangesh Tendulkar (82) died after a brief illness at the Ruby Hall Clinic in Pune on Monday night.
2017 (Jul 13): Liu Xiaobo, Chinese Dissident Who Won Nobel While Jailed, Dies at 61, of cancer under guard in a hospital, was mourned in Hong Kong on Thursday.
2017 (20 Jul): In July 2017 Leone and her husband Daniel Weber adopted their first child from Latur, a village in Maharashtra. The baby girl named Nisha was 21 months old at the time of adoption. Actress Sherlyn Chopra first confirmed the news by writing a congratulatory message on social media.
2017 (Jul 24): Swag Wali Topi (2015), Daaru (2016), Selfie Maine Leli Aaj (2017) have received more than a million hits, and Dilon Ka Shooter had received 8,00,000 hits by the first week of July, 2017. On 24 July, 2017 she uploaded a new song Baapu Dede Thoda Cash, in one week the video had received over two million hits.
2017 (Jul 24): Renowned Indian scientist and academician, Professor Yash Pal passed away on Monday night at his home in Noida, Uttar Pradesh.
Former chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Udupi Ramachandra Rao died on Monday at his residence in Bengaluru.2017 (Aug 1): checkout UPPSC-J Notification.
2017 (Aug 10): Ruth Pfau: Pakistan's 'Mother Teresa' dies aged 87, buried with full state honors in Karachi, Pakistan.
2017 (Sep 3); Who is India's Defence Minister? a women. Nirmala Sitharaman (58).
2017 (Sep 11): Sh*t Indians Say, a Facebook page, organised an event at Connaught Place (CP) in Delhi, inviting people to show up and shout 'Bol na aunty au kya' on the roads.
Sep 21; Int'l Day of Peace.2017 (Sep 12): Apple Special Event. The first-ever event at the Steve Jobs Theater. Launch of
Sep 23: Prime Minister Narendra Modi released a postage stamp on different aspects of Lord Ram's life at the historic Tulsi Manas Mandir Varanasi.
Open-air gyms for prisoners has now been set up in jail number 1 of Tihar in west Delhi, which is the largest and the most populated prison in India with over 14,400 inmates.
Under the NDA government’s flagship Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) ‘Housing for All’ programme, Government decided to extend interest subsidy of Rs 2.60 lakh on home loans for the Middle Income Group (MIG) up to March 2019. Initially the scheme was available for beneficiaries under the “middle class” category till December 2017 only. Under the new scheme, those with an annual income of up to Rs 12 lakh can avail a 4% interest subsidy on a loan of Rs 9 lakh while those with an income up to Rs 18 lakh will get an interest subsidy of 3% on a loan of Rs 18 lakh.
2019 (Sep 17):[Book] Ray Dalio's Principles: Life and Work
Sep 24: ISRO’s Mars Orbiter Mission completes 3 years in orbit. Rs.450 crore ($73 million US) budget, making it cheapest inter-planetary.
New Underground Water Treatment Plant in Sadhutilla (Agartala), Tripura initially for 565 households through the pipeline. The treatment capacity of 4 point 8 million litre per day. It has two Over Head Storage Reservoirs with capacities of 1,130 Kilo Liter and 450 Kilo Liter.
The 7th ASEM (Asia–Europe Meeting) Economic Ministers’ Meeting was held in Seoul, South Korea. The theme for the 2017 year meeting is‘ Innovative Partnership for Inclusive Prosperity’. The meeting was conducted under the Chairmanship of the Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy of the Republic of Korea. The 51 member countries signed a Joint Statement on Supporting the Multilateral Trade System.
CNR Rao selected for 2017 Von Hippel Award.
Minister for Education and Training, Simon Birmingham, announces new space agency to develop domestic space industry at the International Astronautical Congress.
India beat Australia by 5 wickets in the third ODI played between the two sides at
In the 5th Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games at
Eman Ahmed passed away on Monday morning at 4.35 am due to complications from underlying comorbid conditions. She was once heaviest woman weighing 500 kg.
Sep 26: Karnataka Government to launch The Nava Karnataka 2025 or Vision 2025 was launched on Monday, for charting out a development roadmap for the next seven years.
Sep 27: The Minister of Communication Shri Manoj Sinha launched DoT’s first ever Mobile, Internet, and Technology event in India -
Sep 27: Hugh Hefner, Playboy founder and pop culture icon, dead at 91. He, the American icon who in 1953 introduced the world to Playboy magazine.
The Union Ministry of Labour and Employment launched Platform for Effective Enforcement for No Child Labour (PENCIL) Portal at National Conference.
Angola
Acharya Balkrishna, the associate of Baba Ramdev-run FMCG company Patanjali and Radhakishan Damani of D-Mart are among the top 10 rich people in the country. He ranked eighth in the Hurun India rich list 2017. His position rose to 8th position from 25th last year after seeing his wealth grow by 173% Patanjali, with a turnover of INR 10,561 crore in 2016-2017 has been a close competition to major international brands. Business Tycoon, Mukesh Ambani, with a net worth of INR 257,900 crore is ranked first in the list for the sixth consecutive year.
Sep 29: Welcome to IAC2017 The Space Industry Association of Australia is your host for IAC2017 in Adelaide Australia. from Sep 25 to Sep 29. aunch of
Sep 30: Veteran film, television and theatre actor and Padma Shri Tom Alter died at aged 67.2017 (Oct 13): Satish Chandra (20 November 1922 – 13 October 2017) was an Indian leftist historian whose main area of specialisation was medieval Indian history.
The 7th ASEM (Asia–Europe Meeting) Economic Ministers’ Meeting was held in Seoul, South Korea. The theme for the 2017 year meeting is‘ Innovative Partnership for Inclusive Prosperity’. The meeting was conducted under the Chairmanship of the Ministry of Trade, Industry, and Energy of the Republic of Korea. The 51 member countries signed a Joint Statement on Supporting the Multilateral Trade System.
CNR Rao selected for 2017 Von Hippel Award.
Minister for Education and Training, Simon Birmingham, announces new space agency to develop domestic space industry at the International Astronautical Congress.
India beat Australia by 5 wickets in the third ODI played between the two sides at
In the 5th Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games at
Eman Ahmed passed away on Monday morning at 4.35 am due to complications from underlying comorbid conditions. She was once heaviest woman weighing 500 kg.
Sep 26: Karnataka Government to launch The Nava Karnataka 2025 or Vision 2025 was launched on Monday, for charting out a development roadmap for the next seven years.
Sep 27: The Minister of Communication Shri Manoj Sinha launched DoT’s first ever Mobile, Internet, and Technology event in India -
Sep 27: Hugh Hefner, Playboy founder and pop culture icon, dead at 91. He, the American icon who in 1953 introduced the world to Playboy magazine.
The Union Ministry of Labour and Employment launched Platform for Effective Enforcement for No Child Labour (PENCIL) Portal at National Conference.
Angola
Acharya Balkrishna, the associate of Baba Ramdev-run FMCG company Patanjali and Radhakishan Damani of D-Mart are among the top 10 rich people in the country. He ranked eighth in the Hurun India rich list 2017. His position rose to 8th position from 25th last year after seeing his wealth grow by 173% Patanjali, with a turnover of INR 10,561 crore in 2016-2017 has been a close competition to major international brands. Business Tycoon, Mukesh Ambani, with a net worth of INR 257,900 crore is ranked first in the list for the sixth consecutive year.
Sep 28: Twitter Announces Test Project Allowing Tweets to be Expanded From 140 to 280 Characters.
Indian Union Cabinet approves installation of telecom towers in cantonments and military areas.Sep 29: Welcome to IAC2017 The Space Industry Association of Australia is your host for IAC2017 in Adelaide Australia. from Sep 25 to Sep 29. aunch of
Sep 30: Veteran film, television and theatre actor and Padma Shri Tom Alter died at aged 67.2017 (Oct 13): Satish Chandra (20 November 1922 – 13 October 2017) was an Indian leftist historian whose main area of specialisation was medieval Indian history.
2017 (Dec): this month has 5 weekends. 5 Fri, 5 Sat and 5 Sun.
2017 (Dec): 6 lakh cases pending for decade or more in High Courts of India.
2017 (Dec): GDP for 2017 is at 6.4%.
2017 (Dec): GDP for 2017 is at 6.4%.
2017 (Dec 11):[Computing][Quantum] Microsoft's Q# (pronounced as Q sharp) is a domain-specific programming language used for expressing quantum algorithms. It was initially released to the public by Microsoft as part of the Quantum Development Kit.
2017 (Dec 20):[Gaming] PUBG: Battlegrounds (previously known as PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds, or simply PUBG), an online multiplayer battle royale game developed and published by PUBG Corporation, a subsidiary of South Korean video game company Bluehole.
2017:[Book] Satya Nadella's Hit Refresh: The Quest to Rediscover Microsoft's Soul and Imagine a Better Future for Everyone
2017:[Business][Corporate][Finance] Patanjali's (est. Jan 2006, 11YO co.) revenue jumped to Rs. 10,000 crores.
2017:[Art][EMEA] The trigger forthe global movement toward restituting plundered heritage was a 2017 pledge by President Emmanuel Macron of France, in a speech in Burkina Faso, to permanently give back African patrimony in French museums.
2017:[Computing][AI] Google's LaMDA research ongoing on the newly built seq2seq architecture, transformer-based neural networks developed by Google Research. LaMDA to be trained on human dialogue and stories, allowing it to engage in open-ended conversations.
2017:[Computing][Quantum] IBM, Oxford, Berkeley, Stanford, and MIT (50 qubits).
2017:[Computing][Quantum] IBM's Qiskit is an open-source software development kit (SDK) written in Python for working with quantum computers at the level of circuits, pulses, and algorithms. It provides tools for creating and manipulating quantum programs and running them on prototype quantum devices on IBM Quantum Platform or on simulators on a local computer. It follows the circuit model for universal quantum computation, and can be used for any quantum hardware (currently supports superconducting qubits and trapped ions) that follows this model.
2017:[Research][Physics] In philosophy, the brain in a vat (BIV) is a scenario used in a variety of thought experiments intended to draw out certain features of human conceptions of knowledge, reality, truth, mind, consciousness, and meaning. It is a modernized version of René Descartes's evil demon thought experiment, originated by Gilbert Harman (May 26, 1938 – November 13, 2021), who was an American philosopher, who taught at Princeton University from 1963 until his retirement in 2017.
2017:[Space][Interstellar] In a further testament to the robustness of Voyager 1, the Voyager team tested the spacecraft's trajectory correction maneuver (TCM) thrusters in late 2017 (the first time these thrusters had been fired since 1980), a project enabling the mission to be extended by two to three years.
2017:[US][Economy] Prominent banker David Rockefeller Sr. was the family patriarch until his death in 2017.
2017: (Oct 19): ‘The Wire’ barred (by Additional Senior Civil Judge B K Dasondi of Ahmedabad rural court) from writing on Jay Shah (by Rohini Singh) to protect his ‘right to live with dignity’
On October 8, The Wire had published a report stating, among other things, that the turnover of a company owned by (Amit) Shah’s son increased 16,000 times in the year following election of Narendra Modi.
2017 (Dec 25): Relief for The Wire in Jay Shah case. Website asked not to link article with Prime Minister Narendra Modi till libel suit is disposed of
2018 (Jan):[Space] GLEAM-X J162759.5-523504.3 starts communication
2018 (Jan 1):[Book] James Clear's Atomic Habits: An Easy & Proven Way to Build Good Habits & Break Bad Ones
2018 (Jan 4):[Book] Fumitake Koga & Ichiro Kishimi's The Courage to Be Disliked: The Japanese Phenomenon That Shows You How to Change Your Life and Achieve Real Happiness
2018 (Jan 23):[Bokk] Jordan B. Peterson's 12 Rules for Life: An Antidote to Chaos2018 (Jan 4):[Book] Fumitake Koga & Ichiro Kishimi's The Courage to Be Disliked: The Japanese Phenomenon That Shows You How to Change Your Life and Achieve Real Happiness
2018 (Feb 21):[Computing][AI] Musk resigned from OpenAI later citing "OpenAI was started as open source and nonprofit. Neither is still true." in early Dec 2022.
2018 (Mar):[Space] GLEAM-X J162759.5-523504.3 ends communication
2018 (Apr 3):[Book] Hans Rosling, Ola Rosling & Anna Rosling Rönnlund's Factfulness: Ten Reasons We're Wrong About the World – and Why Things Are Better Than You Think
2018 (May 02):[Crime][India] Maharashtra MCOCA court found Chhota Rajan guilty of the murder of journalist J. Dey and handed him life imprisonment.
2018 (Jul 12):[Book][Military] Jim Proser's No Better Friend, No Worse Enemy: The Life of General James Mattis
2018 (Aug 12 07:31 UTC):[Space][Sun] The Parker Solar Probe was launched in 2018 to study the Sun. It will approach to within 9.86 solar radii from the center of the Sun, and by 2025 will travel, at closest approach, as fast as 690,000 km/h, or 0.064% the speed of light. The Parker Solar Probe concept originates from a predecessor Solar Orbiter project conceived in the 1990s. Similar in design and objectives, the Solar Probe mission served as one of the centerpieces of the eponymous Outer Planet/Solar Probe (OPSP) program formulated by NASA.
2018 (Apr 20):[Music] Avicii (Tim Bergling) died in Muscat, where he was on holiday, at the age of 28. No cause of death was immediately given. On 21 April, the Omani police stated that there was "no criminal suspicion" or evidence of foul play in Bergling's death. A day before Bergling's death, a friend expressed concern about his mental state to his father Klas. TMZ later reported that he committed suicide using a glass shard to cut himself. On 26 April, his family released an open letter stating:"Our beloved Tim was a seeker, a fragile artistic soul searching for answers to existential questions. An over-achieving perfectionist who travelled and worked hard at a pace that led to extreme stress. When he stopped touring, he wanted to find a balance in life to be able to be happy and to do what he loved most – music. He really struggled with thoughts about Meaning, Life, Happiness. He could now not go on any longer. He wanted to find peace. Tim was not made for the business machine he found himself in; he was a sensitive guy who loved his fans but shunned the spotlight. Tim, you will forever be loved and sadly missed. The person you were and your music will keep your memory alive. We love you, The Family" On 22 May, Bergling's family announced plans for a private funeral with "the people who were closest to him".A funeral service was held on 8 June at the Skogskyrkogården cemetery in Stockholm. He was buried at Hedvig Eleonora Church in June 2018.
2018 (Apr 22):[Music] American band OneRepublic paid tribute to Avicii by performing his hit single "Wake Me Up" during their show in Mumbai.
2018 (Feb): SpaceX's Falcon Heavy Test Flight lits-off from the Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral (FL), Earth for the Mars with Starman riding the Tesla's cherry-red Roadster.
2018 (Jul 18):[Computing][Quantum] Google's Cirq is an open-source framework for noisy intermediate scale quantum (NISQ) computers. Cirq was developed by the Google AI Quantum Team, and the public alpha was announced at the International Workshop on Quantum Software and Quantum Machine Learning.A demo by QC Ware showed an implementation of QAOA solving an example of the maximum cut problem being solved on a Cirq simulator.
2018 (Sep):[Book] After being appointed DHS deputy chief of staff, Miles Taylor wrote The New York Times op-ed "I Am Part of the Resistance Inside the Trump Administration" under the pen-name "Anonymous", which drew widespread attention for its criticism of Trump. In September 2019 he left the administration and went to work for Google.2018 (Sep 11):[Book] Neil deGrasse Tyson & Avis Lang's Accessory to War: The Unspoken Alliance Between Astrophysics and the Military
2018 (Sep 30): [GeoPolitics] The Agreement drafted between the United States of America, the United Mexican States, and Canada, commonly known as the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA) in the United States and the Canada–United States–Mexico Agreement (CUSMA) in Canada, is a free trade agreement between Canada, Mexico, and the United States. It replaced the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) implemented in 1994, and is sometimes characterized as "NAFTA 2.0", or "New NAFTA"
2018 (Oct 4):[Music] Ashley Nicolette Frangipane (aka Halsey) released a single titled "Without Me", her first through Capitol Records. She stated that the song was very personal to her. On October 29, the official music video for "Without Me" was released, featuring a "G-Eazy lookalike", following their second breakup.
2018 (Sep 30): [GeoPolitics] The Agreement drafted between the United States of America, the United Mexican States, and Canada, commonly known as the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA) in the United States and the Canada–United States–Mexico Agreement (CUSMA) in Canada, is a free trade agreement between Canada, Mexico, and the United States. It replaced the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) implemented in 1994, and is sometimes characterized as "NAFTA 2.0", or "New NAFTA"
2018 (Oct 4):[Music] Ashley Nicolette Frangipane (aka Halsey) released a single titled "Without Me", her first through Capitol Records. She stated that the song was very personal to her. On October 29, the official music video for "Without Me" was released, featuring a "G-Eazy lookalike", following their second breakup.
2018 (Oct 11):[Book][Military] David Goggins's Can't Hurt Me: Master Your Mind and Defy the Odds
2018 (Oct 16):[Book] Stephen Hawking's Brief Answers to the Big Questions; The Dreams That Stuff Is Made Of (2011)
2018 (Oct 16):[Book] Stephen Hawking's Brief Answers to the Big Questions; The Dreams That Stuff Is Made Of (2011)
2018(Nov 13):[Book] Becoming is the memoir of former first lady of the United States Michelle Obama. Described by the author as a deeply personal experience,[3] the book talks about her roots and how she found her voice, as well as her time in the White House, her public health campaign, and her role as a mother.[4] The book is published by Crown and was released in 24 languages.[4] One million copies were donated to First Book, an American nonprofit organization which provides books to children.
2018 (Nov 5):[Space] At 119.7AU (from Sun), Voyager 2 entered Interstellar space.
2018 (Dec): Every household in Telangana to have op-fiber broadband internet connectivity, said CM.
2018: Swaziland, apopular African tourist destination renamed itself to eSwatini.
2018: As of 2018, the U.S. had $1671 billion in circulation. As much as half that value is estimated to be in circulation abroad. Many of these bills are in the former Soviet Union countries and in Latin America. They are often used as hard currency in day-to-day transactions.
2018:[Env] The Scheme for Development of Primitive Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs), came into effect from April 1, 2008. There are 12 PVTGs having a population above 50,000. The remaining groups have a population of 1000 or less. The PVTG of Sahariyas has the highest population of 4,50,217.
2018: [Technology][Business][US][Computing] Dell Latitude xx90: 14.0" Mainstream (7th gen Core i3/i5, 8th gen Core i5/i7). Latitude 5490.
2018:[Computing][Quantum] Google introduced a 53-qubit chip called Sycamore. According to Google, Sycamore has demonstrated the ability to perform a calculation involving random numbers faster than a 200-petaflop supercomputer, achieving what is known as quantum supremacy.
2018:[Computing][Quantum] The number of qubits (the basic units of quantum information) in quantum systems has increased rapidly over the years, from 2 qubits in 1998 to 72 qubits in 2018.
2018:[Computing][Quantum] Intel (49 qubits); Google (72 qubits)
2018 (Feb 13 - Mar 14):[Godman] Kumbh 2018 held in Prayagraj (Allahabad), Uttar Pradesh. The investigation so far have revealed that as the matter came before the court, Nithyananda tried every possible trick to evade arrest, hence, he reached in the Kumbh 2018. But till then he had started hitting headlines that prompted the UP Police to keep him away from the religious gathering
2018 (Feb 19):[Case] In 2010, a United States citizen who was a disciple of Nithyananda accused him of raping her in the US and in India repeatedly over the course of five years. She filed a complaint with the police department of Ann Arbor, Michigan, who did not commence any formal investigation She also filed a complaint with the Karnataka Police in India. On 19 February 2018, the Third Additional District and Sessions Court in Ramanagara ordered the framing of charges against Nithyananda and five others in relation to the case.
2018 (Oct 2):[www][Culture] Stickman Hook is a skill game where you play as a swinging stickman through hundreds of challenging levels. This fun, colorful stickman game offers over 100 challenging levels. Unlock unique characters along the way to switch things up while you swing.
2018 (Oct 15):[GoI] DOPT publishes "Lateral Recruitment of Joint Secretaries - Last Date and Time for submission of online application through https://lateral.nic.in portal is today, 30.07.2018 till 05:00PM IST" In 2018, the government approved lateral entry for certain civil services positions, such as Joint Secretary-level posts, to experienced private sector candidates. They were to be hired on a three-year contract, extendable by two years with the same pay and perks as their peers in the permanent bureaucracy. But they can't be retained beyond five years, even if they are outstanding.
2019:[Space] ISO 80000-3:2019, which replaces ISO 80000-3:2006, does not mention the astronomical unit.
2019:[Business][China] Lenovo ThinkPad E15 and L15 released in US.
2019 (Jan):[Computing][Quantum] IBM Quantum System One is the first circuit-based commercial quantum computer, introduced by IBM.
2019 (Jan 1):[Book] Paul Jarvis's Company of One: Why Staying Small Is the Next Big Thing for Business
2019 (Jan 1):[Book] American life coach, Ashley Feinstein Gerstley's The 30-Day Money Cleanse: Take control of your finances, manage your spending, and de-stress your money for good
2019 (Jan 8):[Book] Performance coach Alan Stein Jr's Raise Your Game: High-Performance Secrets from the Best of the Best
2019 (Jan 23): Mining on the moon could be a reality as early as 2025. European Space Agency
2019 (Feb 28):[Book] American digital analyst Brian Solis' Lifescale: How to Live a More Creative, Productive, and Happy Life
2019 (Mar): 5 weekends in a month.
2019:[Book] David Epstein's Range: Why Generalists Triumph in a Specialized World
------------------------- The COVID Begin, killed 58 million across the world (as of Feb 2022) -------------------
2019 (Apr 25): Kim meets with Russian President Vladimir Putin during the North Korea–Russia Summit, April 2019
2019 (May 6):[Computing][Quantum] Rigetti, a quantum computing startup, is expected to release a 128-qubit computing system at some point in 2019, a major advancement in the quantum arena putting the field one step closer to achieving quantum advantage and supremacy.
2019 (May 7):[Book] David McCullough's The Pioneers: The Heroic Story of the Settlers Who Brought the American Ideal West
2019 (May 30):[Computing][Quantum] In 2015, researchers estimated that a quantum computer would need a billion qubits to do the job reliably. That’s significantly more than the 70 qubits in today’s state-of-the-art quantum computers.
2019 (May):[Extreme] A picture taken by climber Nirmal Purja showing a dense trail of climbers huddling on an exposed ridge to mountain’s summit in May 2019 went viral. He told CNN at the time that there were roughly 320 people in the queue to the top in an area known as the “death zone.”
2019 (Sep 1):[Book][Military] Jim Mattis & Bing West's Call Sign Chaos: Learning to Lead
2019 (Sep 1):[Book][Military] Jim Mattis & Bing West's Call Sign Chaos: Learning to Lead
2019 (Sep 1):[Book] Robert Iger's The Ride of a Lifetime: Lessons Learned from 15 Years as CEO of the Walt Disney Company
2019 (Sep 1):[Book] Marc Randolph's That Will Never Work: The Birth of Netflix and the Amazing Life of an Idea
2019 (Sep 1):[Book] Marc Randolph's That Will Never Work: The Birth of Netflix and the Amazing Life of an Idea
2019 (Sep 9):[Economics] Volfefe Index was launched by JPMorgan Chase. The name "Volfefe" is a portmanteau of volatility and the May 2017 "covfefe" tweet by Trump. The president’s electronic musings were having a statistically significant impact on Treasury yields. The index measure how much impact Mr Trump's unpredictable tweets have on US interest rates.
2019 (Sep 10):[Book] Microsoft’s president and vice chair, Brad Smith's Tools and Weapons: The Promise and the Peril of the Digital Age
2019 (Sep 10):[Book] Stanford lecturer Nir Eyal's Indistractable: How to Control Your Attention and Choose Your Life
2019 (Sep 17): What It Takes: Lessons in the Pursuit of Excellence by Stephen A. Schwarzman of Blackstone
2019 (Sep 17):[Book] Tilman Fertitta's Shut Up and Listen!: Hard Business Truths that Will Help You Succeed
2019 (Sep 17):[Book] Edward Snowden's Permanent Record published on US Constitution Day. This is his first book about what happened in 2013. It could be read as a companion to Laura Poitras's Oscar-winning documentary Citizenfour.
2019: Covid-19 Pandemic 2020. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei, China, and has resulted in an ongoing pandemic. The first confirmed case has been traced back to 17 November 2019 in Hubei. As of 19 July 2020, more than 14.2 million cases have been reported across 188 countries and territories, resulting in more than 600,000 deaths. More than 7.98 million people have recovered.
2019 (Oct 9):[Book] Christopher Wylie's Mindf*ck: Cambridge Analytica and the Plot to Break America. Christopher Wylie has been called “the millennials’ first great whistleblower” and “a pink-haired, nose-ringed oracle sent from the future.” He is known for his role in setting up—and then taking down—Cambridge Analytica. His revelations exposing the rampant misuse of data rocked Silicon Valley and led to some of the largest multinational investigations into data crime ever. Born in British Columbia, Canada, he studied law at the London School of Economics before moving into cultural data science and fashion trend forecasting. He lives in London, England.
2019 (Nov 4): The Build Back Better World (B3W) efforts are in line with the standards and principles of the Blue Dot Network (BDN), relating to the environment and climate, labor and social safeguards, financing, construction, anticorruption, and other areas. On November 4, 2019, U.S. Under Secretary of State Keith Krach formally launched the BDN with his Australian and Japanese counterparts with access to US$60 billion of capital from the U.S. International Development Finance Corporation (DFC) at the Indo-Pacific Business Forum in Bangkok.
2019 (Nov 5):[Book] Gregory Zuckerman's The Man Who Solved the Market: How Jim Simons Launched the Quant Revolution
2019 (Nov 19): [Book] A Warning is a 2019 book about the Trump administration, anonymously authored by someone described as "a senior Trump administration official", revealed in late 2020 to be Department of Homeland Security official Miles Taylor.
It is a follow-up to an anonymous op-ed published by The New York Times in September 2018. The article, "I Am Part of the Resistance Inside the Trump Administration", described President Donald Trump's decision-making as uninformed and irresponsible, and said that many current members of the administration deliberately undermine his suggestions and orders for the good of the country.
2019 (Oct 1):[Book] Ryan Holiday's Stillness Is the Key
2019:[Book] Malcolm Gladwell's Talking to Strangers: What We Should Know about the People We Don't Know
2019:[Computing][Quantum] IBM announces 27-qubit Falcon Quantum Processor with optimized lattice as key advancement; Rigetti launches 128 qubits?
2019 (Oct 11):[GeoPolitics] PM Narendra Modi hosted Chinese president Xi Jinping for an informal summit in Tamil Nadu’s Mamallapuram, in the backdrop of 7th century rock-cut chariots of Pancha Ratha overlooking the Bay of Bengal
2019 (Nov 17):[Case][Godman] A couple from Tamil Nadu approached the High Court of Gujarat claiming that three of their four children were taken to Nithyananda's ashram in Ahmedabad from Bangalore without their knowledge; the couple sought return of their children to their custody. A first information report (FIR) for alleged abduction was filed by the Gujarat Police in relation to the case on 17 November 2019.
2019 (Nov 20):[Case][Godman] the Gujarat Police issued a statement that Nithyananda fled India after choosing not to appear at several court hearings. Some senior police officials did not discount the possibility that he was still in India.
2020: 2nd decade of 21st century.
2020: India 2020: A Vision for the New Millennium by APJ Abdul Kalam. The book examines in depth the weakness and the strength of India, and offers a vision of how India can emerge to be among the world's first four economic powers by 2020.
2020: funding of Int'l Space Stn. would halt.
2020 (Jan 1):[Book] Jim Proser's Savage Messiah: How Dr. Jordan Peterson Is Saving Western Civilization.
2020 (Jan 22):[Computing][Quantum][US] Sundar Pichai, the CEO of Alphabet, Google's parent company, predicted “In a 5-10-year time frame, quantum computing will break encryption as we know it today." McKinsey and Co. predicts that there will be 2,000-5,000 operational quantum computers by 2030.
2020 (Jan 28):[Computing][AI] Google unveiled Meena, a neural network-powered chatbot with 2.6 billion parameters, which Google claimed to be superior to all other existing chatbots.
2020 (Jan 28):[Book] American journalist Ezra Klein's Why We're Polarized, in which the author analyzes political polarization in the United States.
2020 (Mar): mid-term review report of 7-year strategy plan (2017) by NITI Ayog
2020: GoI's 14th Finance Commission Awar Period ends.
2020: China's BeiDou will provide global coverage.
2020: Europe's global satellite navination system, Galileo will become fully operational.
2020: the IoT will consist of almost 50 billion objects.
2020: China's BeiDou will provide global coverage.
2020: Europe's global satellite navination system, Galileo will become fully operational.
2020: the IoT will consist of almost 50 billion objects.
2020 (Apr 7): Brain coach Jim Kwik's Limitless: Upgrade Your Brain, Learn Anything Faster, and Unlock Your Exceptional Life
2020 (Jun):[GeoPolitics] Galwan Valley clashes
2020 (Jul): The First Moss Garden In India project was approved under the CAMPA (State Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority) scheme by the Research Advisory Committee of Uttarakhand Forest Department. A well-known water conservation activist and Ramon Magsaysay awardee inaugurated the first moss garden in Khurpatal, Nainital in 2021.
2020 (Jul 7): United States withdrawal from the WHO
2020 (Oct 15): 4G on moon: NASA awards $14.1M contract to Nokia to set up LTE on lunar surface (later convert it to 5G). It's a part of $370M contract signed under NASA's 'Tipping Point' selection, which aims to advance research and development for space exploration.
2020 (Oct 16):[Business][China] Carl Pei resigned as the marketing director of OnePlus.
2020 (Nov 4): United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement.
2020 (Nov):[Research][Space] The Quantitative Comparision Between the Neuronal Network and the Cosmic Web a paper published in Frontiers in Physics, professors Franco Vazza and Alberto Feletti, an astrophysicist and neuroscientist
2020: Demand for cloud as a platform for digital transformation is increasing across India. According to IDC, Microsoft data centre regions in India contributed $9.5 billion revenue to the economy between 2016 and 2020. Beyond GDP impact, 1.5 million jobs were added to the economy, including 169,000 new skilled IT jobs, the IDC report estimated.
2020: The first black-hole discovered in a galaxy around 3.5 billion light-years away from Earth, however, they’d orbit each other every nine years, indicating a longer distance between them than PKS 2131-021 (every 2 years).
2020:[Art] The inception of K-pop and K-drama has been there since 2010s (BTS debuted in 2013, Blackpink in Aug 2016, ), but it took India by storm recently. Netflix India is filled with Korean shows and movies, and it reported a 370% increase in viewership of K drama in India.
2020:[Env] The European Green Deal, approved 2020, is a set of policy initiatives by the European Commission with the overarching aim of making the European Union (EU) climate neutral in 2050. Dec 11, 2019.
2020:[Space] GLEAM-X J162759.5-523504.3 is a transient astronomical radio source, found in 2020, in archival data recorded in 2018 by the Murchison Widefield Array. The source was active in radio for about 1 minute every 18 minutes, from January to March 2018, but has not been recorded since.
2020:[Computing][Quantum] IBM announces 65-qubit Hummingbird Quantum Processor with scalable readout as key advancement.
2019 (Dec 3):[Computing][Quantum] USTC announced in Science that Jiuzhang successfully performed Gaussian boson sampling in 200 seconds, with a maximum of 76 detected photons. The USTC group estimated that it would take 2.5 billion years for the Sunway TaihuLight supercomputer to perform the same calculation. In addition to a quantum computational advantage, Jiuzhang has a Hilbert space 10 billion times larger than Google's superconductor-based Sycamore processor, and as such, is harder to simulate classically. Jiuzhang (Chinese: 九章) is the first photonic quantum computer to claim quantum supremacy. Google's computer was based on superconducting materials, and not photons. Jiuzhang was developed by a team from University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) led by Pan Jianwei and Lu Chaoyang. The computer is named after Jiuzhang suanshu, an ancient Chinese mathematical classic.
2020 (Nov): MiG-29K Pilot Commander Nishant Singh, a qualified flying instructor adept on Kiran, Hawk and MIG-29K fighter aircraft did not survive the MiG-29K crash off Goa. He was a gallant soldier and committed Naval fighter pilot, who laid down his life in the line of his duty. Cdr Nishant Singh was awarded "Nao Sena Medal" (Gallantry) posthumously for his dauntless courage and selfless actions in dire circumstances. His wife Nayaab Randhawa. Cdr was based in Dehradun. His father was also in Navy pilot. His mother is a widow and Nishant was a single child. "Immediately after getting airborne with a trainee pilot from INS Vikramaditya off Goa, the MiG-29K encountered an abrupt, rapid, undemanded, and uncontrolled nose down movement," stated the citation for the gallantry award. Singh retracted the undercarriage and tried to gain altitude, but the fighter jet continued to "pitch down" with a rate of descent of almost 15,000 feet per minute. In the face of the "unprecedented grave emergency", Singh made the "brave and selfless decision" to eject the trainee co-pilot who survived the crash.
2021 (Jan 5):[Computing][AI] The original DALL-E was revealed by OpenAI in a blog post, and uses a version of GPT-3 modified to generate images. DALL-E (stylized as DALL·E), DALL-E 2 (April 6, 2022), and DALL-E 3 (Sep 2023) are text-to-image models developed by OpenAI using deep learning methodologies to generate digital images from natural language descriptions, called "prompts".
2021 (Jan 11):[Book] Ratan Tata’s Young Assistant & Millennial Friend, Shantanu Naidu's I Came Upon a Lighthouse: A Short Memoir of Life with Ratan Tata. Shantanu is working in the Tata Trust as deputy general manager since June 2017.
2021: The first flight of GSLV Mk-III with a crew on board would take place.
2021: 16th Census of India.
2021: 16th Census of India.
2021 (Jan 16):[Day] Prime Minister Narendra Modi declared January 16 as National Startup Day in the year 2021. Since then various programs and events are organized by government and non-government organizations to applaud and promote the Indian startup ecosystem.
2021 (Jan 20): [GeoPolitics] 46th POTUS (Democrat) Joe Biden took office following his victory in the 2020 presidential election over Republican incumbent president Donald Trump. He was inaugurated alongside Kamala Harris, the first woman, first African American, and first Asian American vice president. Biden entered office amid the COVID-19 pandemic, an economic crisis, and increased political polarization.
2021 (Mar 23 07:40 EGY (05:40 UTC )): 2021 Suez Canal obstruction. Ever Given, a Golden-class container ship, ran aground in the Suez Canal in Egypt. The 400-metre-long and 200k tonne vessel blocked one of the world's busiest shipping channels for almost a full week. It had been buffeted by a sandstorm and strong winds of up to 74 kilometres per hour, knocking her off course, though authorities stated this was "not the main reason" for the grounding of the ship, saying "there may have been technical or human errors". The ship ran aground on one of the canal's banks and became stuck, completely obstructing the canal and preventing any vessels from passing through. 10 tuck-boats for the rescue of 300+ stranded ships waiting to get thru $10B of Oil, Coffee, Furniture, Cars, Livestock and other consumer goods. [Accordian effect]
2021 (Apr 6):[Space][Book] The God Equation, book by Michio Kaku, The book was initially published on April 6, 2021, by Doubleday.
2021 (Apr 15):[Computing][Quantum][Security][US][Sweden] 'How to factor 2048 bit RSA integers in 8 hours using 20 million noisy qubits.' published Craig Gidney and Martin Ekerå who estimate that factoring RSA-2048 would need 20 million physical qubits and 8 hours.
2021 (May 11):[Book[Fiction] American creative writer Emily Henry's People We Meet on Vacation
2021 (May 18):[Computing][AI] Google announced the LaMDA conversational large language model during the Google I/O keynote, powered by artificial intelligence. The acronym stands for "Language Model for Dialogue Applications".
2021 (May 18):[Book] Daniel Kahneman & Cass R. Sunstein's Noise: A Flaw in Human Judgment
2021 (Jun 16):[Business][China] OnePlus has officially announced its merger with Oppo
2021 (Jun 27): Build Back Better World (B3W) is an international economic initiative undertaken by the Group of Seven (G7). Launched in June 2021, the initiative is designed to provide an alternative to China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) for the infrastructure development of low- and middle-income countries.
2021 (Jun 29):[Computing][AI] GitHub Copilot was first announced by GitHub (not to be confused with, "Copilot X", the name of GitHub's "vision" for next-gen Copilot features) is a cloud-based artificial intelligence tool developed by GitHub and OpenAI to assist users of Visual Studio Code, Visual Studio, Neovim, and JetBrains integrated development environments (IDEs) by autocompleting code. Currently available by subscription to individual developers and to businesses, and works best for users coding in Python, JavaScript, TypeScript, Ruby, and Go.
2021 (Jul):[Business][China] OnePlus merged OxygenOS, its Android-based operating system used since the OnePlus X and Oppo's ColorOS.
2021 (Jul 11): Also India's first cryptogamic garden housing nearly 50 species of lichens, ferns and fungi was inaugurated in Uttarakhand's Dehradun district on Sunday. Located in the district's Chakrata town, the garden was inaugurated by social activist Anoop Nautiyal.
2021 (Aug 17): [GeoPolitics] Taliban Militants Ride in Bumper Cars With Guns, Have Fun at Kabul Amusement Park After Capturing Afghanistan.
2021 (Aug 30): [GeoPolitics] Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2020–2021). Last troops exit Afghanistan, ending America’s longest war.
2021 (Sep 7): Country President Nayib Bukele officially announced Bitcoin as legal tender in El Salvador (Central America), making it the first country to adopt the currency. The move has turned the Central American country into the first national experiment regarding the use of the often volatile currency, which is increasingly popular among many investors and speculators globally.
2021 (Sep 15): AUKUS announced, also styled as Aukus, is a trilateral security pact between Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, for the Indo-Pacific region. Under the pact, the US and the UK will help Australia to acquire nuclear-powered submarines.
2021 (Sep 24): Bitcoin takes a hit as China declares all cryptocurrency transactions illegal. The decision was made "in order to safeguard people's properties and maintain economic, financial and social order," the People's Bank of China has said.
2021 (Oct 16):[Space][Research] Lucy is a NASA space probe on a twelve-year journey to eight different asteroids, visiting two main belt asteroids as well as six Jupiter trojans, asteroids which share Jupiter's orbit around the Sun, orbiting either ahead of or behind the planet. All target encounters will be flyby encounters. The Lucy spacecraft is the centerpiece of a US$981 million mission. Lucy was launched from Cape Canaveral SLC-41 on 16 October 2021, at 09:34 UTC on the 401 variant of a United Launch Alliance Atlas V launch vehicle. It gained one gravity assist from Earth on the 16th of October, 2022, and after making a flyby of the asteroid 152830 Dinkinesh in 2023, it will gain another gravity assist from Earth in 2024. In 2025, it will fly by the inner main-belt asteroid 52246 Donaldjohanson, which was named after the discoverer of the Lucy hominin fossil. In 2027, it will arrive at the L4 Trojan cloud (the Greek camp of asteroids that orbits about 60° ahead of Jupiter), where it will fly by four Trojans, 3548 Eurybates (with its satellite), 15094 Polymele, 11351 Leucus, and 21900 Orus. After these flybys, Lucy will return to Earth in 2031 for another gravity assist toward the L5 Trojan cloud (the Trojan camp which trails about 60° behind Jupiter), where it will visit the binary Trojan 617 Patroclus with its satellite Menoetius in 2033. The mission may end with the Patroclus–Menoetius flyby, but at that point Lucy will be in a stable, 6-year orbit between the L4 and L5 clouds, and a mission extension will be possible. On 4 January 2017, Lucy was chosen, along with the Psyche mission, as NASA's Discovery Program missions 13 and 14 respectively.
2021 (Nov 15):[Computing][Quantum] IBM announces 127-qubit Eagle Quantum Processor with packaging and controls as key advancement. IBM expects to achieve a 1,121-qubit quantum processor - and quantum advantage - by 2023.
2021 (Nov 17): [GeoPolitics] 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis: Reports of Russian military buildups prompted American officials to warn the European Union that Russia could be planning a potential invasion of Ukraine.
2021: Mumbai has most number of millionaire households at 20,300, followed by Delhi (17,400) and Kolkata (10,500) - Hurun India Wealth Report 2021
2021 (Dec 14): For the first time in history, a spacecraft has touched the Sun. NASA’s Parker Solar Probe has now flown through the Sun’s upper atmosphere – the corona – and sampled particles and magnetic fields there. The spacecraft is able to survive such high temperatures due to a carbon-composite shield that is 4.5-inch-thick and can withstand temperatures up to 1,377 degrees Celsius. The forthcoming flyby on Feb 25th will be the spacecraft's 11th out of the 24 planned ones.
2021 Dec 25):[Space][Research] The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a space telescope specifically designed to conduct infrared astronomy. Its high-resolution and high-sensitivity instruments allow it to view objects too old, distant, or faint for the Hubble Space Telescope.[9] This enables investigations across many fields of astronomy and cosmology, such as observation of the first stars and the formation of the first galaxies, and detailed atmospheric characterization of potentially habitable exoplanets. The Webb was launched on 25 December 2021 on an Ariane 5 rocket from Kourou, French Guiana. In January 2022 it arrived at its destination, a solar orbit near the Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point, about 1.5 million kilometers (930,000 mi) from Earth.
2021-22: India has more than 100 million tonnes of foodgrains in state-held granaries. The country had projected farm output to touch a record 316 million tonne in 2021-22.
2021:[Business] India's two major stock exchanges, BSE and the National Stock Exchange of India, had a market capitalisation of US$1.71 trillion and US$1.68 trillion as of February 2015, according to the World Federation of Exchanges, which grew to $3.36 trillion and $3.31 trillion respectively by September 2021.
2021 (Apr 24): Nithyananda wrote to the United Nations in 2021, claiming persecution and seeking recognition of his new "Hindu nation" Kailaasa. He also claimed attempts at mob lynching and assassination as reasons he was forced to withdraw himself from Indian society. The Gujarat Police suspected that he could be shuffling between Ecuador and Trinidad and Tobago, while news reports said that he may have gone to Ecuador because the country does not have an extradition treaty with India.
2021: Population of US states, Top-4, California 40M, Texas 30M, Florida 22M, and New York 20M. Bottom-4: Wyoming 5.8L, Vermont 6.5L, District of Columbia 7L, and Alaska 7.3L
2021 (Jul 4):[Music][India] हमारे साथ श्री रघुनाथ...| संत श्री प्रेमभूषण जी महाराज
2022 (Jan 20): 5G rollout in US: Air India, Emirates, other major international airlines cancel US flights. AT&T and Verizon have said their equipment will not interfere with aircraft electronic. Of particular concern appears to be the Boeing 777. Emirates only flies that model and the Airbus A380 jumbo jet.
2022 (Jan 31): [UAE corporate tax] The UAE government’s set to introduce a 9% federal corporate tax on business profits (tax threshold of 375,000 dirhams ($102,100) in annual profits) from June 2023. Earlier measures had already dented the UAE’s status as a tariff-free haven for both businesses and individuals. The Gulf oil exporter introduced a 5% value-added tax in 2018 and later imposed a 5% customs duty on imports. It already taxes banks and insurance companies operating outside of the country’s vast network of free zones as much as 20% on their profits. Saudi Arabia Eyes 7,000 Global Firms as Dubai Rivalry Heats Up.
2022 (Feb): 5,758,701 deaths due to COVID. 3 most affected countries are US (9.2L), Brazil (6.3L) and India (5L). Micronesia, Saint Helena, and Marshall Islands least affected nations.
2022 (Feb): The study made by Cowie and his team indicates that something around 7.5% to 13% of species has disappeared since 1500, which suggests that we’re heading towards mass extinction. A team led by Prof. Robert Cowie, from the University of Hawaii, argues in a study published by Biological Reviews that it “seems increasingly likely” that we’re in the early stages of a new mass extinction. A good example of the incoming sixth mass extinction is the disappearance of bees and butterflies around the globe. According to The Guardian, the bumblebee population in Europe and North America has declined over 30% in the span of a single generation, which points to mass extinction. National Geographic reports that over 450 species of butterflies in the US Southwest are also disappearing.
2022: Mars window opens at every 2 years. SpaceX would be having 2 BFRs at Mars by Now.
2022 (Feb 10 07:00 to 18:00IST):[India] 2022 Assembly elections - A total of 403 Assembly constituencies in Uttar Pradesh are going to the polls in from February 10 to March 7, 2022 in 7 phases to elect the MLAs for the next Uttar Pradesh state Assembly. The counting of votes will be held on Thursday, March 10, 2022. Around 2.06 crores voters of UP are eligible to exercise their franchise.
2022 (Feb 12): The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) has registered an FIR against ABG Shipyard Ltd and its directors, including chairman and managing director Rishi Kamlesh Agarwal, in what could be the biggest bank fraud case in the history of India. On Saturday, the firm was booked for allegedly defrauding 28 banks (incl. SBI, led by the ICICI Bank) to the tune of ₹22,842 crore. War of words break out between Congress, BJP.
2022 (Feb 14):[Crime][India] Babloo Shrivastava - The arrested accused are identified as Cyril Macwana, 54, Pravin Shirwale, 43, and Prakash Nair, 54.
2022 (Feb 17): [Russo-Ukrainian crisis] Russia amassed biggest force seen in Europe in decades in and around Ukraine. Russia's annexation of Ukraine's Crimea in 2014. War in Donbas beginning in Mar 2014. Kyiv . Western-led NATO vs Russia-led CSTO, as Ukraine tries to join NATO.
2022 (Feb 17): Qualcomm announced an upgrade over WiFi 6. The WiFi 7 is the next-generation wireless connectivity standard which is expected to be two times the internet speed and half the latency compared to the WiFi 6.
2022 (Feb 18): A list shared by WHO shows that nine countries and territories have reported zero COVID-19 cases so far. The list includes Tuvalu, Turkmenistan, Tokelau, Saint Helena, Pitcairn Islands, Niue, Nauru, Micronesia, and North Korea. Europe has reported the highest number of cases, followed by Americas and South-East Asia, according to the WHO list.
2022 (Feb 18): Kuwait permits women in combat but bans them from carrying arms. Kuwait had allowed women in combat roles in October 2021.
2022 (Feb 18): Kim Jong-un makes people stand in -15°C as he himself uses hidden heaters, makes people to hear a speech about his father.
2022 (Feb 18): Singapore to hike taxes on ultra-rich to raise revenue for post-COVID future. Those with chargeable income in excess of S$500,000 and up to S$1 million will be taxed at 23 per cent, up from the current 22 per cent levied on income in excess of S$320,000.For chargeable income in excess of S$1 million, the personal income tax rate will go up to 24 per cent from the existing 22 per cent.
2022 (Feb 18): Microsoft Co-founder Bill Gates was conferred the Hilal-e-Pakistan award by Pakistan President Arif Alvi for his contribution to "eradication of polio and the betterment of the people" of the country. The award, which is Pakistan's second-highest civilian award, was given to Gates on his first-ever visit to Pakistan. PM Imran Khan also hosted a luncheon in honour of Gates.
2022 (Feb 18): Free Trade Agreement (FTA) signed between India and UAE. Both the countries are aiming to raise bilateral trade to $100 billion in five years from about $60 billion now.It will particularly help labour-intensive sectors, including textiles and garments, agriculture, leather and footwear, where domestic exporters typically operate at thin margins and compete with low-cost economies like Bangladesh and Vietnam.
2022: According to the data by Statista, India consumes approximately 83 million tonnes of milk every year — which makes it one of the most consumed items in the country.
2022: SENSEX levels since pre-COVID-19 (41,600 on Mar 2020) to 2022 Russo-Ukraine war (54,443) : 27,590 (2020 Apr 3), 47,705 (2021 Apr 20).
2022 (Mar 3): Indian investors can now directly invest in eight US stocks (with 42 more to be made available this week), such as Alphabet (Google), Amazon, Tesla, Meta Platforms (Facebook), Microsoft, Apple, Netflix, and Walmart, starting from today (March 3), on the NSE International Exchange or NSE International Financial Services Centre (NSE IFSC).
2022 (Mar 4): A huge piece of a rocket scrap, weighing three tonnes, is set to crash into the moon on Friday, creating a crater which could be as big as 33 feet to 66 feet (10 to 20 meters). So strong will the impact of the crash be that moon dust could fly hundreds of kilometres across the barren, pockmarked surface. Spacecraft have been intentionally crashed into the moon before for scientific purposes, such as during the Apollo missions to test seismometers, but this is the first unintended collision to moon.
2022 (Mar 5): Russia-Ukraine crisis: Over 350 Ukrainian civilians killed; Russian forces resume 'offensive actions' after Mariupol ceasefire. Zelenskyy claims '10,000 Russians troops killed'. 'Stay inside' India tells nearly 700 Indian students stranded in Ukraine's Sumy, which is located 60 km from the Russian border. According to the UN, over 1.37 million people have fled Ukraine since the Russian invasion began on 24 February.
2022 (Mar): In 2021, TCS bought back more than 53 million shares at Rs 3,000 a share and 33.33 million shares were accepted under the offer. In 2017 and 2018 as well, it undertook two buybacks and the size was around Rs 16,000 crore each. At the end of September 2021, TCS had cash and cash equivalents of Rs 51,950 crore. The latest move comes after Tata Sons bought Air India from the government for Rs 18,000 crore. The firm will pay Rs 2,700 crore to the government and the rest will go to paying debt. Tata Sons holds a 72 percent stake in TCS currently. In September 2021, Infosys announced a buyback of Rs 9,200 crore while in January 2021 Wipro conducted a Rs 9,500 crore buyback. In 2018, HCL Tech had undertaken a Rs 4000 crore buyback.
2022 (Mar 5): China to spend $230 billion on defence in 2022
2022 (Mar 6): Ukraine has asked the IMF for $1.4 billion in emergency financing.
2022 (Mar 6): The reports stated how one of the largest ancient city, Aten dated to the reign of Amenhotep III, one of Egypt's most powerful pharaohs. He ruled from 1391 to 1353 BC.
2022 (Mar 6): Dr. James Q. Quach, a Ramsay Fellow in the School of Physical Sciences, and the Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS) at the University of Adelaide, summed it up: “Quantum batteries, which use quantum mechanical principles to enhance their capabilities, require less charging time the bigger they get.”
2022 (Mar 5): The election commission of India has banned the publication of exit polls till the conclusion of voting in Uttar Pradesh. The exit polls will be released around 7pm tomorrow. The opinion polls were released before the announcement of the poll schedule and had predicted an edge for the BJP while keeping the Samajwadi Party in the contest. Chief Electoral Officer Ajay Kumar Shukla.
2022 (Mar 7): Ukraine conflict puts Brent oil at $120 a barrel, a 10-year high. i.e ₹9238/191L or ₹48.36/L. On Mar 7, Brent crude traded $12.73 higher at $130.84, while US crude surged $9.92 to $125.60.
2022 (Mar 8):[GeoPolitics] After actions led by the US and European nations, American Express Co. and Netflix Inc also suspended services in the country making Russia becomes world's most-sanctioned nation (2778 new, total 5530 now) after Ukraine war, surpasses Iran (3616), Syria (2608), and North Korea (2077). Financial Nuclear War - the Largest Sactions Event so far. Russia went from being part of the global economy to the single largest target of global sanctions and a financial pariah in less than two weeks. "The nation leading the penalties against Russia is Switzerland with 568 sanctions actions, compared with 518 for the European Union and 512 for France. The US has imposed 243 sanctions actions," Bloomberg reported.
2022 (Mar 8): Technology major Microsoft will establish its largest and fourth data centre in the country in Hyderabad with an investment of Rs 15,000 crore over a period of 15 years. The company already has data centres in Pune, Mumbai and Chennai.
2022 (Mar 9): A bipartisan group of US senators have teamed up to propose a bill that would prevent Russia from using its $132 billion gold stockpile to ease the burden of crippling Western sanctions, expected to pass by Fri, Mar 11. The Kremlin boosted its its gold holdings in response to US sanctions after Russia invaded Crimea in 2014. And gold purchases ($2000ounce) have stepped up again in the last two weeks since Moscow launched its war against Ukraine.
Leonardo DiCaprio Donates $10M (~₹76 Crore) To Support His Grandmother's Native Country Ukraine.
2022 (Mar 10 08:30IST): Counting of votes polled in EVMs begins for Indian State Assembly Elections in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Uttarakhand, Goa and Manipur. The election results for the five states will come out by late evening or even by night, in case there is a hung assembly.1997
2022 (Mar 19):[GeoPolitics] Syrian President embarked to the UAE, making it a first visit by a Syrian President to an Arab nation in 11 years. Meanwhile, the US says it is disappointed by Assad's visit.
2022 (Mar 19):[Research] Dr Wijnand Van Tilburg of the University of Essex’s department of psychology, who led the study for the World's Most Boring Person, warned that people being seen as “boring” could adversely impact the individuals: they may be shunned and become lonely or even be put at greater risk of mental health issues, harm and addiction.
2022 (May): 5G Spectrum Auction in India likely to take place in May 2022.
2022:[Art][EMEA] Germany transferred ownership of 1,100 Benin Bronzes to Nigeria. Now, Cameroon (Ngonnso in Humboldt Forum, Berlin), Congo, Indonesia (Lombok diamond) and Nepal (Dallas Museum of Art) are focused on reclaiming heritage works that were plundered or lost from their lands. Indonesia (Dutch Europe, primarily Netherlands), Congo (Belgium),
Explorers, Soldiers, Govt Representatives, Merchnats, Missionaries, Academics and Tourists
2022 (Jun 11):[Computing][AI] Blake Lemoine Says Google's LaMDA AI Faces 'Bigotry'. LaMDA (Language Model for Dialogue Applications) is a family of conversational large language models developed by Google. Originally developed and introduced as Meena in 2020, the first-generation LaMDA was announced during the 2021 Google I/O keynote, while the second generation was announced the following year. In June 2022, LaMDA gained widespread attention when Google engineer Blake Lemoine made claims that the chatbot had become sentient.
2022 (Jul 04):[Crime][India] ED and NIA raids 29 props of Dawood in Mumbai
2022 (Jul 11):[Space][Research] The JWST telescope's first image was released to the public.
2022 (Jul 12):[Computing][AI] Midjourney is a generative artificial intelligence program and service created and hosted by San Francisco-based independent research lab Midjourney, Inc. Midjourney generates images from natural language descriptions, called "prompts", similar to OpenAI's DALL-E and Stability AI's Stable Diffusion.
2022 (Nov 9):[Computing][Quantum] IBM unveils 433 qubit Osprey quantum processor with miniaturization of components as key advancement, fancy chandelier that led to quantum-safe algorithms
2022 (Nov 30):[Computing][AI] ChatGPT launched, which stands for Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer, is a large language model-based chatbot developed by OpenAI. It enables users to refine and steer a conversation towards a desired length, format, style, level of detail, and language. Successive prompts and replies, known as prompt engineering, are considered at each conversation stage as a context.
2023:[Computing][Quantum] IBM-Bluefors Cryogenics Quantum Computer operates at 15 millikelvin.
2023 (Jan 9):[Computing][Quantum][Polity][US] Quantum Computing Cybersecurity Bill signed into Law. It talks about quantum-resistant cryptography i.e. moving away from the present-day RSA encryption (which worked effectively for 40 years, starting 1970s).
2023:[Computing][Quantum][Security] The current estimate is that breaking a 1,024-bit or 2,048-bit RSA key requires a quantum computer with vast resources. Specifically, those resources are about 20 million qubits and about eight hours of them running in superposition.
2023:[Computing][Quantum][Security] Fujitsu researchers found that cracking an RSA key would require a fault-tolerant quantum computer with a scale of roughly 10,000 qubits and 2.23 trillion quantum gates, and even then, the computation would require about 104 days.
2023:If Fujitsu's result drops the physical qubit count from 20 million to 10,000, that's a huge breakthrough; if instead they need 10,000 logical qubits, then that's much more than Gidney and Ekerå, who estimate that factoring RSA-2048 would need 20 million physical qubits and 8 hours.
2023 (Jan 9):GOA GUTKHA owner Jagdishprasad Mohanlal Joshi and two others were convicted by a special court in Mumbai on Monday and sentenced to 10 years in jail on charges including criminal conspiracy and for assisting in setting up gutkha manufacturing units for fugitive gangster Dawood Ibrahim and his brother Anees Ibrahim in 2002..
2023 (Jan 27):[Art][Music][Culture] 1st SCO Film Festival in Mumbai. Pakistan was invited but didn't participated.
2023:[Computing][AI] Google announced Bard, a conversational artificial intelligence chatbot powered by LaMDA, to counter the rise of OpenAI's ChatGPT.
2023 (Feb 6 01:17UTC):[Earth] a Mw 7.8 earthquake struck southern and central Turkey and northern and western Syria. The epicenter was 37 km (23 mi) west–northwest of Gaziantep. The earthquake had a maximum Mercalli intensity of XII (Extreme) around the epicenter and in Antakya. It was followed by a Mw 7.7 earthquake at 13:24. This earthquake was centered 95 km (59 mi) north-northeast from the first. There were 50,783 deaths, 297 missing and 107,204 injured across 11 of the 17 affected provinces of Turkey. At least 15.73 million people and 4 million buildings were affected. About 345,000 apartments were destroyed.
2023: The 2023 ICC Cricket World Cup is scheduled to be hosted by India.
2023 (Mar 9): Rape-accused self-styled godman Nithyananda, who fled the country last year, on Ganesh Chaturthi unveiled the currency of Kailasa, the country he claims to have founded on an island off the Ecuador coast. The currency is named 'Kailashian Dollar'.
2023 (Mar 22):[Technology][Polity][US][Security] 'Pause Giant AI Experiments: An Open Letter' is the title of a letter published by the Future of Life Institute in March 2023. The letter calls "all AI labs to immediately pause for at least 6 months the training of AI systems more powerful than GPT-4", citing risks such as AI-generated propaganda, extreme automation of jobs, human obsolescence, and a society-wide loss of control.It received more than 20,000 signatures, including academic AI researchers and industry CEOs such as Yoshua Bengio, Stuart Russell, Elon Musk, Steve Wozniak and Yuval Noah Harari.
2023 (Apr 1):[Disaster] 2023 North India heavy rainfall and floods: The state of Himachal Pradesh was the hardest hit, with at least 330 dead, 38 missing and more than 100 injured during flooding since 1 April. More than 1,000 roads were blocked in the state as a result of downed power lines and other damaged infrastructure. Approximately 70,000 tourists were evacuated from the state, as reported by Chief Minister Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu. Rescue operations were led by teams from the Indian army and the National Disaster Response Force. Several districts experienced an entire month's worth of rainfall within a single day. In Manali, roads were swept away by the deluge, leaving both tourists and their vehicles stranded.
2023 (Apr 14):[Case] On 14 April 2023, acting on a writ petition, the Manipur High Court ordered the state government to send a recommendation to the central government on the demand for a Scheduled Tribe status by the valley-based Meitei community, a decision later criticised by the Supreme Court. To protest the Meitei demands for the scheduled tribe status, the All Tribal Students' Union Manipur conducted peaceful protest marches on 3 May. After one of these marches, clashes broke out between Kuki and Meitei groups near the border between the Churachandpur district and Bishnupur district, followed by house burning.
2023 (Apr 18):[Disaster] Avalanche on Mt. Annapurna. Himachal Pradesh's Baljeet Kaur (27YO) was found alive on April 18, a day after she went missing near Camp IV of Mt. Annapurna while descending from the summit point. Rajasthan's Anurag Malu (34YO) fell 260 ft from 6000ft alt and broke-off 2 trenches, got fainted after 12hrs and rescued after 3 days. Noel Hanna, who had climbed Mount Everest 10 times, scaled the 8,091 meters (26,545 feet) Annapurna peak in west Nepal on Monday and died in Camp IV for unknown reasons.
2023 (Apr 26):[Extreme] Nepal issues record 463 permits to climb Mount Everest so far this spring season. Some 367 male and 96 female climbers from 65 countries have received permission, with most app from American and Chinese nationals. These tourists will be accompanied by more than 1,500 Nepali Sherpas and other staff at the base camp and above. To avoid overcrowding, Nepali authorities say they are setting up more than one rope wherever possible. Spring is the prime time to climb Mount Everest, although some mountaineers might climb in the less favorable autumn season. Most climbers try to ascend the peak in May. There’s a brief window of time – usually after mid-May – when temperatures are warmer, and the high-altitude winds known as the jet stream have moved away from the mountains.
2023 (May 1):[Disaster][Extreme][Aviation][Travel][Military][LATAM][Colombia] The children were traveling with their mother from the Amazonian village of Araracuara to the town of San José del Guaviare when the single-engine Cessna plane crashed early May 1, nose-diving into dense undergrowth. Rescuers found the bodies of all three adults on board when the crash site was discovered 16 days later — but not the children. Manuel Ranoque, the father of the two youngest children, said at a news conference Sunday that Lesly, 13, told him her mother was alive for about four days after the crash and had told the children to leave her and look after themselves. The four children — Lesly, 13; Soleiny, 9; Tien Noriel, 4; and Cristin, 1 — were found thin but very much alive Friday after a rescue operation that combed through more than 1,600 miles of dense forest. Operation Hope led by Gen. Pedro Sánchez. Ulefone Armor 3W
2023 (May 3):[Case] Ethnic violence erupted in India's north-eastern state of Manipur between the Meitei people, a majority that lives in the Imphal Valley, and the Kuki-Zo tribal community from the surrounding hills. According to government figures, as of 3 May 2024, 221 people have been killed in the violence and 60,000 people have been displaced. Earlier figures also mentioned over 1,000 injured, and 32 missing. 4,786 houses were burnt and 386 religious structures were vandalized, including temples and churches. Unofficial figures are higher. While the situation in Churachandpur is limping back to normal, ITLF said the forum would continue non-cooperation against the government until it nullifies the 1966 government order that declared tribal areas as protected/reserved forests. The violence quickly spread to the Kuki-dominated Churachandpur town and the Meitei-dominated Imphal Valley, targeting the minority community in each area. According to Reuters, 77 Kukis and 10 Meiteis were killed within a week.
2023 (Jul 19):[Military] Captain Anshuman Singh (born 1997) of the Army Medical Corps died while rescuing fellow three Army officers stuck in a fibre-glass hut, but lost his life after getting trapped, when the fire spread to a medical investigation shelter in Siachen (Chandan Dropping Zone, 17,000 ft) leaving behind his wife Smriti Singh (from Dinanagar, Gurdaspur; couple staying in Noida; married 2 years back), mother Manju Singh and father Ravi Pratap Singh hailing natively from Deoria, residing in Lucknow. His last rites were performed in Gorakhpur. He was eldest son of his parents. Couple met on the first day of college (NIT Jalandhar) and it was love at first sight, while he was pursuing Chemical Engineering and, she was in Civil Engineering. One month of meeting and Anshuman went to AFMC and they were in long relationship for 8 years before marrying in 2023 (Apr/May). After engineering, she was working with ICICI Lombards before marriage, and later she became a school teacher at her hometown, Deenanagar, Gurdaspur.
2023 (Jul 9): Heavy rain in Himachal. National Highway washed away as Beas river rises above danger level. Traffic halted. Massive landslides triggered by heavy rain caused a section of the Leh-Manali national highway NH3 located along the Beas river in Himachal Pradesh’s Kullu, washed away on Sunday. Following this incident, traffic between Mandi and Kullu was disrupted, leaving numerous vehicles stranded on the highway. The India Meteorological Department IMD issued a red alert and warned of heavy rains, flash floods and landslides in seven districts of Himachal Pradesh including Shimla, Sirmaur, Lahaul and Spiti, Chamba and Sol. Police officials informed that efforts to clear the affected area are underway. Meanwhile, amid the surge of the river and falling of stones due to the landslides on the Kullu-Manali road, the movement of vehicles from Kullu and Manali towards Atal Tunnel and Rohtang has been completely halted. In total, 133 roads in the hilly state are closed to vehicular traffic. Several rivers, including the Beas river, are flowing above the danger mark due to which a portion of the Leh-Manali national highway NH3 was washed away due to the overflowing Beas River.
2023 (July 9): The Shrikhand Mahadev Yatra, known as one of the most challenging pilgrimages in India was also postponed till July 11 by the Kullu district administration. According to the state emergency operation centre, the monsoon season has already caused Himachal Pradesh to suffer a loss of Rs 362 crore.
2023 (Jul 19):[Space] Natasha Hurley-Walker (Curtin University, Australia) and her colleagues discovered the mysterious source in data from the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) observatory in Western Australia. They carried out follow-up observations with the MWA and with other radio observatories in Australia and South Africa. Known as GPM J1839-10, the tardy blinker is located at a distance of some 18,500 light-years away in the constellation Scutum. Archival data from the Very Large Array in New Mexico and the Indian Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope reveal that it has been pulsating at least since 1988, with a period of just under 22 minutes (1,318.1957 seconds, to be precise).
2023 (Jun 18):[Disaster] Titan, a submersible operated by American tourism and expeditions company OceanGate, imploded during an expedition to view the wreck of the Titanic in the North Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada. On board the submersible were Stockton Rush, the American CEO of OceanGate; Paul-Henri Nargeolet, a French deep-sea explorer and Titanic expert; Hamish Harding, a British businessman; Shahzada Dawood, a Pakistani-British businessman; and Dawood's son Suleman. Communication between Titan and its mother ship, Polar Prince, was lost 1 hour 45 minutes into the dive. Authorities were alerted when it failed to resurface at the scheduled time later that day. After the submersible had been missing for four days, a remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV) discovered a debris field containing parts of Titan, about 500 metres (1,600 ft) from the bow of the Titanic.
2023 (Aug 12-13): Over the weekend of 12-13 August 2023, additional torrential rains hit Shimla, triggering landslides and destroying a temple, homes, and buildings, and killing at least 57 people. The intensity of the rains has been attributed to climate change. The landslides washed out several roads, including the Himalayan Expressway, and sections of the Kalka–Shimla Railway. The additional floods and landslides killed a total of 71 people. A massive landslide destroyed roads and buildings in the city of Shimla.
2023 (Aug 17): Cumulatively, since the monsoon hit on 24 June, 170 incidents of cloudburst or landsliding have been reported and 9,600 houses have been damaged in Himachal Pradesh. Chief minister Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu has stated that the losses from the combined floods of 2023 have been as high as 10,000 crore rupees, and the damaged infrastructure would take a year to repair.
2022 (Aug 22):[Computing][AI] Stable Diffusion released. It is a deep learning, text-to-image model based on diffusion techniques. It is primarily used to generate detailed images conditioned on text descriptions, though it can also be applied to other tasks such as inpainting, outpainting, and generating image-to-image translations guided by a text prompt. It was developed by researchers from the CompVis Group at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich and Runway with a compute donation by Stability AI and training data from non-profit organizations.
2023 (Aug):[Space] Voyager 2 reached a distance of 134 AU (20 billion km; 12 billion mi) from Earth.
2023 (Sep): There are around 170 entries of radio telescopes present in 'Radio telescope' category from around the world; and as many as 710 astronomical observatories (incl. Space observatory, Gravitational-wave detector, Antimatter observatory, Airborne observatory, Radio observatory, Microwave observatory, Ground-based observatory, Solar observatory, Neutrino detector, and Cosmic-ray observatory) around the world.
2023 (Oct 14): The India-Pakistan match, which was comprehensively won by the Men in Blue on Saturday, is among the most-viewed cricket matches on a digital platform, with 225 million viewers watching the game’s biggest rivalry on Disney+ Hotstar, say industry sources.
2023 (Oct):[India][Meme] Hey..Hey Prabhu, Hey Hari Ram Krishna Jagannatham Premananad.
2023 (Dec): 5 weekends in a month (after 6 years.)
2023:[Computing][Quantum] IBM expect to announce 1121-qubit Candor Quantum Processor with integration as key advancement.
2023 (Nov 15):[Business][War] Historic year for gun sales in Israel. Israel sees 1,000 percent jump in gun permit applications. Israeli National Security Minister Itamar Ben Gvir announced on 15 November that over 31,000 firearm permits have been issued since the start of the Gaza-Israel war and that hundreds of thousands of settlers are now within “the circle of eligibility” to carry guns. “Since the outbreak of the war, so far 236,006 new applications have been received (the same amount as 20 years of routine activity). Thirty-one thousand forty-eight conditional permits for private weapons were issued, of which over 18,000 citizens have already exercised the permit and purchased a gun,”
2023 (Nov 30): The 2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference or Conference of the Parties of the UNFCCC, more commonly known as COP28, was the 28th United Nations Climate Change conference, held from 30 November to 12 December at Expo City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
2023:Like a few other eminent institutes, TISS receives 50% of its funds from the Union government. Because of a change in the University Grants Commission’s (UGC) regulations in 2023, the appointment of TISS director is now the prerogative of the Union government? The staff dismissed were initially told that lack of grants from the Tata Education Trust (TET) to pay for their salaries caused the issue. (Jun 28, 2024)
2024:[India][Meme] Yes Yes Yes...NOOOOO - Begusarai Bihar - Kanhaiyya
2024 (Mar 1):[GoI] Modi govt’s fresh push to lateral entry: 25 private sector specialists to join key posts in Centre. They said the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC) headed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi has approved the appointment of three joint secretaries and 22 directors/deputy secretaries in different central government departments.
2024 (May): [Env] Wind gusts reaching 50-70kmph (27-38 knots) in Delhi and Mumbai.
2024 (Feb 24): Official permanent address changed by Smriti Singh from Noida to Gurdaspur, Zila Sainik Board changed from Deoria to Gurdaspur. She is allegedly went to Australia for higher study. Wg Cdr Ajit Kakkar (Retd) spoke in favor of Anshuman's family. He presently practices Military Law & Service Law and appears in the Supreme Court, Delhi High Court, Central Administrative Tribunal, and Various Armed Forces Tribunals.
2024 (Jul 5): Captain Anshuman Singh posthumously awarded Kirti Chakra, India’s second-highest peacetime gallantry award. Leading to the bitter patriarchal battle over martyred soldier’s pension and a debate on Next-of-Kin (NOK) rule.
2024 (Aug 1): In a stunning turn at the Paris Olympics 2024, Turkish shooter Yusuf Dikec clinched a silver medal in the mixed 50m pistol event, becoming an instant internet sensation. Known as the 'Gearless' shooter, Dikec's casual style, complete with no eye gear and a hand in his pocket, triggered a meme-fest online. Some even joked Turkey had sent a secret hitman. Want to know the full story? Watch.
2024 (Aug 5):[GeoPolitics] Bangladesh army announces interim government after PM flees. Prime Minister Hasina resigned and fled the country after weeks of violent protests against a quota system for government jobs which grew into a broader challenge to her 15-year rule. The focus now moves to who will govern the South Asian country, with the military taking control while parliament is dissolved ahead of possible elections. Student's movement started on July 1 regarding 30% govt job quota for kin of veterans who fought 1971 liberation war, turned violent on Jul 16 killing 200 people, 154 lives lost on Aug 4-5 forcing Hasina (76YO) to resign at 2:40pm and flew to London via India. 3:30pm army chief meets oppn. Chief of Army Staff of the Bangladesh Army, Gen Waker-Uz-Zaman took full responsibility.
The political environment has been characterized by Awami League (favoured 30% reservation) and Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) supremacy, periods of military control, and political instability. Sheikh Hasina, the daughter of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, has held the position of prime minister for the longest period—since January 6, 2009.
2024 (Aug 10): Owing to the good monsoon, import of the pulses is expected to reduce to 45 lakh ton (IPGA). 24.5 lakh ton of pulses imported in FY21, 27 lakh ton in FY22 and 25 lakh ton in FY23.
2024 (Aug 10): Lemon Tree Hotels Chairman and Managing Director Patanjali Govind Keswani said on Saturday. Delivering his address at the first National Conclave on India 2047, organised by IIM Calcutta. "India has 280 million households, but currently, only 5 million households-less than 2 per cent-are active consumers of discretionary goods like SUVs and hatchbacks," Keswani said. "However, with continued economic growth, this number could increase to 30 million households, which would represent a substantial boost in the economic activities. This is precisely the kind of transformation that occurred in China and is now happening in Vietnam, " he said. Keswani cited several positive indicators of India's economic momentum, including the expected addition of 1,500 aircraft in the next five years, the doubling of airports, the tripling of runways, and the doubling of four-lane highways over the next four years.
2024 (Aug 10): Susan Wojcicki is one of this era's great unsung executives—and was crucial to Google's trajectory from its very beginnings in her garage.
2024 (Aug 16): Uttar Pradesh chief minister inaugurates Avaada Group’s 70 MW solar project in Banda
Avaada Group is also setting up 2.19 GW of pumped storage projects in Sonbhadra and Mirzapur districts, along with around 1 GW of solar power projects in Jalaun, Chitrakoot, and Lalitpur districts of Uttar Pradesh, with an investment of around INR 20,000 crore. Expected employment to over 400 people.
2024 (Aug 19): NASA WISE spot a mysterious object speeding away from Milky Way at 1,609,344 kmph (or 4,47,040 m/s (or ~45kmps), the object has been named as CWISE J1249. Speed of light is 299,792,458 m/s (or 1,079,252,849 kmph)
2024 (Aug 25) - Almost 300km long Bundelkhand Xpwy, country's first solar xpwy will produce 450MW. Solar Parks at 14 nodes, 2447 acre land, cost of 2k cr. Wireless e-Charging station. 17 cos applied to build this project of 6 parts of 50km each. 17 cos are Mahapreet, Tata Power, GMR, NTPC
800 MW plant in Chitrakoot gen 1900 million unit electricity.
600 MW plant in Jhansi in 2700 acre land.
Jhansi-Lalitpur-Chitrakoot - largest solar park in 11k acre land gen 2000 MW electricity (6000 million unit). Jalaun (1200 MW in 3800 acre land), Kanpur Dehat (75 MW, 110 acre) and Kanpur City (35 MW, 110 acre) Expected employment to over 18,000 people.
2024 (Aug 27):[Energy][India] India has registered record solar installations of about 15 GW during the first half of 2024 as "developers raced" to complete delayed projects, a report by Mercom Capital said. The country added 3.89 GW of solar capacity during January-June 2023, the US-based research firm said in its latest report. (MW ). As of June 2024, India's cumulative installed solar capacity stood at 87.2 GW, of which the utility-scale projects accounted for nearly 87 per cent (76 GW ), and rooftop solar over 13 per cent (11 GW ). Solar energy accounted for 19.5 per cent of India's installed power capacity (447 GW ) and over 44 per cent of the total installed renewable energy capacity (198 GW ).
2638 MW of solar electricity gen in UP, solar-rooftop contributes to 384 MW
China installed more solar power alone last year than the entire world commissioned the previous year. China's cumulative solar capacity stood at 610GW as of 2023, followed by the US, Japan and India with 172.5GW, 91.6GW and 84.8GW, respectively. Beyond solar, the country is also a leader in the wind energy market. China added 217 GW in 2023, 103 GW in H12024
China installed more solar power alone last year than the entire world commissioned the previous year. China's cumulative solar capacity stood at 610GW as of 2023, followed by the US, Japan and India with 172.5GW, 91.6GW and 84.8GW, respectively. Beyond solar, the country is also a leader in the wind energy market. China added 217 GW in 2023, 103 GW in H12024
2024 (Aug 27): Laddakh got 5 new districts viz. Zanskar, Drass, Sham, Nubra, and Changthang. Currently, Ladakh has two districts, Leh and Kargil.
Ladakh was bifurcated from the erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir when the Centre revoked Article 370 in August 2019. This special status change led to the formation of two Union Territories, Jammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh.
Meanwhile, the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir is preparing for its first elections since the abrogation of Article 370. Polling will occur in three phases on September 18, 25, and October 1, with vote counting scheduled for October 4. These elections are the first in the region after a decade, with the last assembly elections held in 2014.
2024 (Aug 25): 'Om' missing from Om Parvat (18,323 ft) due to melting snow. Situated in Byas valley, Dharchula tenshil of Pithoragarh. Although a fresh bout of snowfall on the intervening night of Aug 26 and Aug 27 led to the reappearance of the snowline. This is attributed to the global warming, increased construction activities and increased tourist footfall.
2024 (Sep 17): Asteroid 2024 ON - 100-feet asteroid fly-by Earth at 7416 kmps speed.
NASA Alert! 720-Feet Building-Sized Asteroid To Make Close Flyby To Earth On September 17: Check Speed, Distan
Asteroid 2024 ON, sized roughly 720 feet in diameter, will safely pass Earth today at a distance of 997,793 kilometers—more than 2.5 times the distance between the Earth and the Moon. Despite its safe proximity, according to Nasa, its speed––40,233 km/h––is a bit concerning. The asteroid will reach its closest point to Earth on September 17.
The 2024 ON asteroid was recently discovered by the ATLAS Sky Survey on July 27. For those who are interested in getting a glimpse of 2024 ON asteroid, it will also be live-streamed on virtualtelescope.eu/webtv on September 15, starting at 19:30 UTC (1:00 AM September 16).
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2024 (Dec): North Korea is set to reopen its borders to international visitors after (4) years of strict COVID-19 border controls, say two Chinese tour operators. Beijing-based Koryo Tours announced on its website on Wednesday that the reclusive country would be welcoming tourists to the northeastern city of Samjiyon and “likely the rest of the country” in December 2024.
20xx:[Computing][Quantum] IBM plan to build million-qubits Large Scale Quantum System with integration as key advancement.
2025: India to overtake UK to become 5th largest economy in 2025, 3rd largest by 2030: the Centre for Economics and Business Research (CEBR) on Dec 26, 2020
2025: India can create $1T economic value using digital technology by 2025: NITI Aayog's Amitabh Kant By Press Trust of India November 26, 2020 At a virtual FICCI event
2025: India will have more than 1L startups creating a value of $1 trillion, with 200 unicorns creating 3.5 million jobs.
2025: India will have more than 1L startups creating a value of $1 trillion, with 200 unicorns creating 3.5 million jobs.
2025: I'll turn 30. (Upper age limit for UPSC's CSAT),
2025: According to a report by Report Linker, the global blockchain market size is expected to grow from $1.06 billion in 2020 to $10.45 billion by 2025.
2026: China's solar capacity expected to top 1 TW by 2026 (MW, GW)
2026 (Mar): End Of The Line For Maoism By March 2026? Amit Shah Sets Deadline (25 Aug'24)
2027 (Mar 31): प्रधकनमांत्री सूययघर मुफ्त दिजेी योजनक, भकरत सराकर ाी एा महत्वकाकां॰ी योजनक है, दजसमें 31मकर्य,2027 ता पूरलिलश में1 ारोड़ घरलेूउपभोातकओ ाल छत पर सौर ऊजकयसलऊदजयत ारनलाक ेक्ष्य रखक गयक है।
2027: IN will be $6 Trillion economy, said Morgan Stanley.
2027: IN will be $6 Trillion economy, said Morgan Stanley.
2028: life span of constellation of 7 IRNSS comes to an end after 12 years.
2028: Int'l Space Stn. may halt.
2028: Int'l Space Stn. may halt.
few billions year after: Andromeda Galaxy would collide with Milky way They are moving towards each other at about 5.5km/sec.
2030:[Computing][Quantum] McKinsey and Co. predicts that there will be 2,000-5,000 operational quantum computers by 2030. (as of 2022)
2030: Apple has a clear path to $1T in revenue by 2030 (Feb 19, 2022)
2030: TCS targets $50 billion in revenue by 2030: MD & CEO Rajesh Gopinathan
2030: NITI's report of first 15-year vision documents.
2030: I'll turn 35. (Upper Age Limit for UPPCS-J)
2036: Even once all its scientific systems are shut down, Voyager will continue transmitting a locator signal back to Earth, which will remain in range of the Deep Space Network until 2036. At that point, the Voyagers will sail beyond our sight, but will continue to travel ever outward into the depths of the Universe.
2039:[Computing][IBM i] RPG programs using *JUL, *MDY, *DMY, or *YMD date data type will most likely crash or produce unintended results, as 2039 is the ceiling year for such date data types in IBM i.
2040: New Horizons is expected to enter interstellar space in the 2040s.
2047: Making India drug-free by 2047 now every citizen's vow: Amit Shah (26 Aug'24)
2047: 100 years of Indian independence. India a developed country by now? $30 - $35 trillion economy. ViksitBharat@100
2050: It has been projected that Jakarta, home to 10 million residents, will sink in the next 30 years, i.e by 2050. (Jan 2022)
2050:[Cinema] The Adam Project
2067:[Cinema] In 2067, as humanity is facing extinction following a global famine caused by ecocide, it has since abandoned scientific pursuits such as space exploration. As a result, ex-NASA pilot Joseph Cooper is now forced to work as a farmer with his son Tom, daughter Murph and father-in-law Donald.
2074:[Cinema] In 2074, when the mob wants to get rid of someone, the target is sent into the past, where a hired gun awaits - someone like Joe - who one day learns the mob wants to 'close the loop' by sending back Joe's future self for assassination. - Looper (2012)
22nd century CE will start on 1st Jan 2101 AD.
2100: Most cities will be submerged in water, like Venice
2168:[Cinema] Avatar: The Way of Water
23rd century CE will start on 1st Jan 2201 AD.
2274:[Cinema] The Matrix Resurrections (2021)
29th century CE will start on 1st Jan 2801 AD.
2899:[Computing][IBM i] RPG programs using *CYMD, *CDMY, or *CMDY date data type will most likely crash or produce unintended results, as 2899 is the ceiling year for such date data types in IBM i.
4038:[Cinema] Arena (1989)
5000:[Cinema] Terror from the Year 5000 (1958)
6868:[Cinema] Journey to the Center of Time (1967)
9999:[Computing][IBM i] Most programs using *ISO, *LONGJUL, *USA, *EUR or *JIS date data type will crash or produce unintended results, as 9999 is the ceiling year for almost all date data types in all programming languages. Dat
10191:[Cinema] Dune (1984, 2021)
+12,022: The blackholes sharing the name PKS 2131-021 are travelling towards the self-destructive trajectory around 9 billion light-years away from Earth. As per a NASA statement, the black holes proceeded towards each other for around 100 million years and now are locked in a binary orbit with the two black holes orbiting each other once every two years. And this event will send ripples in the fabric of space-time -- something that Albert Einstein had originally predicted. It will help reveal new information about the formation of supermassive black holes and the after-effects of their collision.
12,090:[Cinema] Vampire Hunter D, Bloodlust (1985, 2000)
13950:[Cinema] Mortal Engines (2018)
50000: Predicted changes in orbital forcing suggest that the next glacial period would begin at least 50,000 years from now. Moreover, anthropogenic forcing from increased greenhouse gases is estimated to potentially outweigh the orbital forcing of the Milankovitch cycles for hundreds of thousands of years.
+16M:[Computing] Expect result from a supercomputer that starts cracking an RSA encryption in 2023 by factoring the unique product of two 313 digits long primes used in such encryption.
+5000M: Astronomers have gotten a sneak peek at what could be Earth's ultimate fate in about 5 billion years when the sun reaches the end of its life and engulfs the solar system's inner planets – including our own.
+5000M: Andromeda galaxy travelling at 87 miles/sec will collide with the milky way. It is 2.5M LY away from us (as of 2023)
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1mAmp: the threshold of sensation of electrical current for human.
160dB: the loudest sound human can safely hear.
10 kiloohms: Resistance of dry skin.
400g: weight of a healthy human heart.
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8-methyl-N-6-nonenamide: Capsaicin, the active ingridient in chiilis.
Tobasco sauce is 260 ppm Capsaicin. Max is 17,000 ppm in a habanero chilli.
VR1: nerve receptor that responsible for sensing heat or physical abrasion.
Jawahar Lal Nehru, the first Indian Prime Minister of King George VI, the monarch of the United Kingdom, the British Commonwealth and the British Empire .
153 million children (between 5 to 14) are forced into child labour worldwide.
India is also the second-largest sending country of international students to the United States after China.
it took 2 yrs. 11 months and 18 days for the Constituent Assembly to finalize the Constitution of India.
it took 2 yrs. 11 months and 18 days for the Constituent Assembly to finalize the Constitution of India.
Indian Railway: from 32 kms. (1853) to 64,015 kms. (2009) 63,974 (31st Mar 2010) ; 7,030 railway stations.
Broad Gauge (1.676m, 85%); Meter Gauge (1m, 11%); Narrow Gauge (0.61m or 0.762m, 4%)
Locomotives: 45 Steam, 5000 Diesel, and 3500 Electric
PCV: 50,000
Other Coaches: 6000
Wagons: 2,12,000
Train= Loco+PCV (or PSV)+Coach+Wagon?
PCV: Passenger Carrying/Service Vehicle
Indian Airlines + Air India: 54 domestic + 18 international airports
Indian Waterways: 14, 500 kms. of navigable waterways through rivers, canals, backwaters, creeks etc.
In India, about 20 million children are orphans.
GoI's Definition of an Orphan: a child who is without biological or adoptive parents and the child is residing in Child Care Institution or under foster care of a guardian or any fit person whose annual income from all sources doesn't exceed Rs. 1 lakh. [Sec 2, Clause 42, Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Child) Act, 2015]
GoI's Definition of an Orphan: a child who is without biological or adoptive parents and the child is residing in Child Care Institution or under foster care of a guardian or any fit person whose annual income from all sources doesn't exceed Rs. 1 lakh. [Sec 2, Clause 42, Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Child) Act, 2015]
1960: Dr. M.L. Goel invented the electoral ink for India in around 1960.
1960:[Book][Adventure] The Mountaineers's Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills
Before the grid collapse, the private sector spent $29 billion to build their own independent power stations in order to provide reliable power to their factories. The five biggest consumers of electricity in India have private off-grid supplies. Indian companies have 35 GW of private off-grid generation capacity and plan to add another 33 GW to their off-grid capacity.
Some villages that were not connected to the grid were not affected, such as Meerwada, Madhya Pradesh which had a 14 kW solar power station built by a United States-based firm for $125,000.
[Energy][India] The cost of Setting up a 1 MW Solar power plant is around 6.5 crore. It can be estimated using examples of similarly set up power plants in Jodhpur, Rajasthan which cost 800 crore INR and Raasi solar park in Tamil Nadu which cost around 900 crore INR. For 100 MW solar plant cost can be around 4.5-5.5 crore/MW.
Some villages that were not connected to the grid were not affected, such as Meerwada, Madhya Pradesh which had a 14 kW solar power station built by a United States-based firm for $125,000.
[Energy][India] The cost of Setting up a 1 MW Solar power plant is around 6.5 crore. It can be estimated using examples of similarly set up power plants in Jodhpur, Rajasthan which cost 800 crore INR and Raasi solar park in Tamil Nadu which cost around 900 crore INR. For 100 MW solar plant cost can be around 4.5-5.5 crore/MW.
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Three sessions of Lok Sabha take place in a year:
Budget session: February to May. (longest)
Monsoon session: July to September. (moderate)
Winter session: November to mid December. (shortest)
When in session, Lok Sabha holds its sittings usually from 11 A.M. to 1 P.M. and from 2 P.M. to 6 P.M. On some days the sittings are continuously held without observing lunch break and are also extended beyond 6 P.M. depending upon the business before the House. Lok Sabha does not ordinarily sit on Saturdays and Sundays and other closed holidays.
The length of each session and the dates etc are decided by the cabinet committee on parliamentary affairs while the business of the day and how to go about discussions etc is given by the business advisory committee.
Every new Lok Sabha when convened and the first session of every new year starts with a joint address by the President to both houses of the Parliament.
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Mar: [India] Exam Season for School Students.
Apr: [India] Promotion Season for School Students. Schools reopens after successful completion of exams and declaring results. Students get promoted to next standards.
Apr 1: [India] Financial Year or Fiscal Year (FY) starts. New Balance sheet and Income statement of a company are prepared.
In India/UK/Japan, FY/Fiscal Year/Financial Year/Budget Year
New Year: To-Do: Hopes/Manifestos/Decisions/to-achieve/Plans/Schemes/Projects/Programs/Ideas/Design/Outline
New Year Eve: Did: Summaries/Conclusions/Reports/Annual Statements/Developments/Achievements/Essence/Compendium/Synopsis/Précis/Résumé//Abstract/Encapsulation/Digest/Outline
Jan 1 (00:00 AM IST): Q4 Starts;
Mar 31 (11:59 PM IST): Q4 Ends; Tax Dept./Company's New Year Eve
Apr 1 (00:00 AM IST): Q1 Starts; Tax Dept./Company's New Year
Jun 30 (11:59 PM IST): Q1 Ends; Pak Gov./RBI's New Year Eve
Jul 1 (00:00 AM IST): Q2 Starts; RBI's New Year
Sep 30 (11:59 PM IST): Q2 Ends; US Gov's NY Eve
Oct 1 (00:00 AM IST): Q3 Starts;
Dec 31 (11:59 PM IST): Q3 Ends; France/Mexico/Ireland/Russia/Spain New Year Eve
USA (seasons, academic semesters)
Spring (Mar-Jun): Begins on March 20, at 5:24 PM and ends on June 21
Summer (Jun-Sep): Begins on June 21, at 10:58 AM and ends on September 23
Fall (Sep-Dec): Begins on September 23, at 2:50 AM and ends on December 21
Winter (Dec-Mar): Begins on December 21, at 10:27 PM and ends on March 19, 2024
In India, "FY17 = FY 2016-17 = FY 2016-2017 = from Apr 1, 2016 to Mar 31, 2017"
In China
May: Exam Season for College/University Students.
Jul: Promotion Season for College/University Students. College reopens after a week or two break for the odd semester (1/3/5/7).
Jul 31: [India] Filing of Income Tax returns are filed and taxes of a company are paid of the recent FY.
Sep 30: [India] Filing of Income Tax returns are filed and taxes of a company are paid of the previous year FY.
Nov 20: Universal Children's Day
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Problems of ancient Greeks: Problem of Apollonius, Squaring the circle, Doubling the cube, and Angle trisection
35,786km: GEO: Geosynchronous Equatorial Orbit or Geostationary Orbit;
It is a circular orbit 35,786 kilometres above the Earth's equator and following the direction of the Earth's rotation.
This equates to an orbital velocity of 3.07 km/s (1.91 mi/s) and an orbital period of 1,436 minutes, which equates to almost exactly one sidereal day (23.934461223 hours).
GSO: Geo-Synchronous Orbit.
GTO: Geostationary Transfer Orbit is used to move a satellite from Low Earth Orbit (LEO) into a Geosync Equatorial Orbit (GEO)
17000km: MEO: the region of space around the Earth at 16,893km amsl
10000km: 2200km long Exosphere ends.
Problems of ancient Greeks: Problem of Apollonius, Squaring the circle, Doubling the cube, and Angle trisection
The earliest member of the genus Homo is Homo habilis which evolved around 2.8 million years ago. Homo erectus were the first of the hominins to emigrate from Africa, and, from 1.8 to 1.3 million years ago, this species spread through Africa, Asia, and Europe.
Stone Age (Paleolithic
Bronze Age
Copper Age
Iron Age
Lithic: Greek: λιθος, lithos "stone"
Paleo: Ancient Greek: παλαιός, palaiós “old, ancient, prehistoric, primitive”
Epi: Greek: ἐπι, epi "in addition"
Meso: Greek: μεσος, mesos "middle"
Neo: Ancient Greek: νεο, neo “new, young, contemporary”
Neo: Ancient Greek: νεο, neo “new, young, contemporary”
Chalco: Greek: χαλκός khalkós "copper"
Proto: Ancient Greek πρῶτος, prôtos “first”
Logy: Ancient Greek λόγος, lógos “word”
Proto: Ancient Greek πρῶτος, prôtos “first”
Logy: Ancient Greek λόγος, lógos “word”
Archai: Ancient Greek ἀρχαϊκός, arkhaïkós “old-fashioned”), from ἀρχαῖος (arkhaîos, “from the beginning, antiquated, ancient, old”), from ἀρχή (arkhḗ, “beginning, origin”), from ἄρχω (árkhō, “I am first”).
The Iroquois, Mound Builders, Algonquian and Shawnee are a few Woodland tribes.
the phrase "pre-Columbian era" literally refers only to the time preceding Christopher Columbus's voyages of 1492, in practice the phrase usually is used to denote the entire history of indigenous Americas cultures until those cultures were significantly influenced by Europeans.
of 1,415 pathogens known to infect humans, 61% were zoonotic.
Mumbai: India’s economic powerhouse, Mumbai not only contributes the highest GDP of $209 billion but is also responsible for 25% of industrial output, 70% of maritime trade in India and 70% of capital transactions to the nation’s economy. Population: 14 million.
Population of Indore: 2.5 million
more than 1,500 registered voters, leads to the creation of a new polling centre/booth by ECI.
Delhi: The national capital contributes the second highest GDP of $167 billion. With a large consumer market, the city has been successful in attracting foreign direct investments.
Delhi is known for its fastest growing retail industries and the city’s economy consists of integral sectors like construction, power, telecommunications, health and community services and real estate. Population: 1.6 crore or 16.5 million.
Russia: According to the most prominent theory, the name Rus', like the Finnish name for Sweden (Ruotsi), is derived from an Old Norse term for "the men who row" (rods-) as rowing was the main method of navigating the rivers of Eastern Europe, and that it could be linked to the Swedish coastal area of Roslagen (the rowing crews) or Roden, as it was known in earlier times.
SSC: Staff Selection Commission (
SSC: Short Service Commission in Indian Military implies a carees of most extreme 10+4 years and least 10 years. At the end 10 yrs you have 3 options. Either elect for a Permanent Commission or opt out or have the option of 4 years extension.
SSB: Services Selection Board, is the Personality and Intelligence Interview spread over 5 days which scientifically analyses each candidate's potential and compatibility for commission into the Armed Forces of India.
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Airs-Waters-Minerals-Metals-Ores-Fze-Microbes
elements-compounds-substances-alloys-organic-inorganic-proteins
of 1,415 pathogens known to infect humans, 61% were zoonotic.
Mumbai: India’s economic powerhouse, Mumbai not only contributes the highest GDP of $209 billion but is also responsible for 25% of industrial output, 70% of maritime trade in India and 70% of capital transactions to the nation’s economy. Population: 14 million.
Population of Indore: 2.5 million
more than 1,500 registered voters, leads to the creation of a new polling centre/booth by ECI.
Delhi: The national capital contributes the second highest GDP of $167 billion. With a large consumer market, the city has been successful in attracting foreign direct investments.
Delhi is known for its fastest growing retail industries and the city’s economy consists of integral sectors like construction, power, telecommunications, health and community services and real estate. Population: 1.6 crore or 16.5 million.
Russia: According to the most prominent theory, the name Rus', like the Finnish name for Sweden (Ruotsi), is derived from an Old Norse term for "the men who row" (rods-) as rowing was the main method of navigating the rivers of Eastern Europe, and that it could be linked to the Swedish coastal area of Roslagen (the rowing crews) or Roden, as it was known in earlier times.
SSC: Staff Selection Commission (
SSC: Short Service Commission in Indian Military implies a carees of most extreme 10+4 years and least 10 years. At the end 10 yrs you have 3 options. Either elect for a Permanent Commission or opt out or have the option of 4 years extension.
SSB: Services Selection Board, is the Personality and Intelligence Interview spread over 5 days which scientifically analyses each candidate's potential and compatibility for commission into the Armed Forces of India.
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Airs-Waters-Minerals-Metals-Ores-Fze-Microbes
elements-compounds-substances-alloys-organic-inorganic-proteins
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Sunil Pal (nander)
Ahsaan Qureshi (Seoni, MP)
Raju Srivastava (Kanpur)
Naveen Prabhakar (Kanpur)
Bhagwant Mann (Sangrur, Punjab)
Parag Kansara (Vadodara, Gujarat)
TGIL Challenge II
Rauf Lala (Larkana, Pakistan)
Rajeev Nigam (Mumbai, India)
Khayali (Chandigarh) and Pratap Faujdar (Agra, UP)
Irfan Malik and Ali Hassan (Karachi, Pakistan)
Dr. Tushar Shah (Mumbai, India)
Rajkumar Javkar- Rancho (Mumbai, India)
Saransh Bhardwaj (Gwalior, MP) (as a guest appearance)
Gaurav Jha (Madhubani,Bihar)
TGIL Challenge III
Kapil Sharma (Amritsar, Panjab)
Chandan Prabhakar (Amritsar)
Sudesh Lehri (Amritsar)
Parvez Siddiqui (Karachi, Pakistan)
Rajiv Thakur (Amritsar)
Kuldeep Dubey (Shivpuri, Madhya Pradesh)
TGIL Challenge IV
Suresh Albela (Kota, Rajasthan) (Winner)
Sikandar Sanam and Wali Sheikh (Karachi, Pakistan)
Bharti Singh (Amritsar, Punjab)
jaswant singh (ludhiana)
Rasbihari Gaur (Ajmer, Rajasthan)
Shrikant Maski
Ramdas Yeole(Amravati)
Rehan jamlal (Karachi Sindh Pakistan)
Sugandha Mishra
Hello Kaun? Pehchaan Kaun
Rooesh Mirkap as Hrithik Roshan
Vishal Gaba as Himmesh Reshammia
Sumedh as Aamir Khan
Rameshwar Mahajan as Johnny Lever
Raja Sagoo as Salman Khan
Sanjay Keni as Arshad Warsi
Mukesh Patel as Dhoni
Deepak Kumar as Ritesh Deshmukh
KT as Ajay Devgan
Abhin Sinha as Akshaye Khanna
Sandeep as Jim Carrey
Rajkumar Prashad as Baba Ramdev
Rajat Bhaghat as Salmaan khan
Siraj Khan as Laloo Yadav & Nana Patekar
Chunky Pandey and Suresh Menon
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Hinduja Group
Ashok Leyland
Hinduja Foundries Ltd
Hinduja Bank (Switzerland) Ltd
IndusInd Bank
Hinduja Leyland Finance Ltd
Hinduja Global Solutions Ltd
Hinduja Ventures Ltd
Gulf Oil Corporation Ltd
Gulf Oil Lubricants India Limited
Gulf Oil Middle East Ltd
Hinduja National Power Corporation Ltd
IndusInd Media and Communications Ltd
IDL Specialty Chemicals Ltd
Hinduja Realty Ventures Ltd
Ashok Leyland Wind Energy Ltd
Hinduja Tech Limited (formerly Defiance Technologies Limited)
Hinduja Group India Limited
P D Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Centre
Hinduja Healthcare Ltd
KPB Hinduja College of Commerce
Houghton International
Albonair GmbH, Germany
Nxt Digital HITS
Roman Empire - Timeline
-753: Rome is founded
-509: Rome becomes a Republic
-218: Hannibal invades Italy
-45: Julius Caesar becomes the first dictator of Rome
-44: Julius Caesar is assassinated
-27: Roman Empire begins
64: Much of Rome burns
80: Colosseum is built
122: Hadrian Wall is built
306: Constantine becomes Emperor in 306 AD
380: Christianity
395: Rome splits
410: The Visigoths sack Rome
476: End of the Western Roman Empire and the fall of Ancien…
1453: The Byzantine Empire ends
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TGIL Challenge ISunil Pal (nander)
Ahsaan Qureshi (Seoni, MP)
Raju Srivastava (Kanpur)
Naveen Prabhakar (Kanpur)
Bhagwant Mann (Sangrur, Punjab)
Parag Kansara (Vadodara, Gujarat)
TGIL Challenge II
Rauf Lala (Larkana, Pakistan)
Rajeev Nigam (Mumbai, India)
Khayali (Chandigarh) and Pratap Faujdar (Agra, UP)
Irfan Malik and Ali Hassan (Karachi, Pakistan)
Dr. Tushar Shah (Mumbai, India)
Rajkumar Javkar- Rancho (Mumbai, India)
Saransh Bhardwaj (Gwalior, MP) (as a guest appearance)
Gaurav Jha (Madhubani,Bihar)
TGIL Challenge III
Kapil Sharma (Amritsar, Panjab)
Chandan Prabhakar (Amritsar)
Sudesh Lehri (Amritsar)
Parvez Siddiqui (Karachi, Pakistan)
Rajiv Thakur (Amritsar)
Kuldeep Dubey (Shivpuri, Madhya Pradesh)
TGIL Challenge IV
Suresh Albela (Kota, Rajasthan) (Winner)
Sikandar Sanam and Wali Sheikh (Karachi, Pakistan)
Bharti Singh (Amritsar, Punjab)
jaswant singh (ludhiana)
Rasbihari Gaur (Ajmer, Rajasthan)
Shrikant Maski
Ramdas Yeole(Amravati)
Rehan jamlal (Karachi Sindh Pakistan)
Sugandha Mishra
Hello Kaun? Pehchaan Kaun
Rooesh Mirkap as Hrithik Roshan
Vishal Gaba as Himmesh Reshammia
Sumedh as Aamir Khan
Rameshwar Mahajan as Johnny Lever
Raja Sagoo as Salman Khan
Sanjay Keni as Arshad Warsi
Mukesh Patel as Dhoni
Deepak Kumar as Ritesh Deshmukh
KT as Ajay Devgan
Abhin Sinha as Akshaye Khanna
Sandeep as Jim Carrey
Rajkumar Prashad as Baba Ramdev
Rajat Bhaghat as Salmaan khan
Siraj Khan as Laloo Yadav & Nana Patekar
Chunky Pandey and Suresh Menon
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hinduja Group
Ashok Leyland
Hinduja Foundries Ltd
Hinduja Bank (Switzerland) Ltd
IndusInd Bank
Hinduja Leyland Finance Ltd
Hinduja Global Solutions Ltd
Hinduja Ventures Ltd
Gulf Oil Corporation Ltd
Gulf Oil Lubricants India Limited
Gulf Oil Middle East Ltd
Hinduja National Power Corporation Ltd
IndusInd Media and Communications Ltd
IDL Specialty Chemicals Ltd
Hinduja Realty Ventures Ltd
Ashok Leyland Wind Energy Ltd
Hinduja Tech Limited (formerly Defiance Technologies Limited)
Hinduja Group India Limited
P D Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Centre
Hinduja Healthcare Ltd
KPB Hinduja College of Commerce
Houghton International
Albonair GmbH, Germany
Nxt Digital HITS
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1982 (Apr): INSAT-1A (Indian National), mission failed.
1983 (Aug): INSAT-1B
2011 (Oct 12): SRMSAT (Sri Ramaswamy Memorial); cost=₹15M; alt.=867 km; incl.=20°; orbital speed=7.42 km/s
2012 (Apr 26): RISAT (Radar Imaging); cost=₹3.8B
2011 (Apr 20): YOUTHSAT; PSLV-C16; SolaRad, RaBIT and LVHS; The project was developed in collaboration with M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia. YouthSat was initially proposed by Dr. Kalam on his visit to Russia during 2005.
2010 (Jul 12): STUDSAT; 98°; 950g; This project was conceptualised, designed and managed by undergraduate students across India.
2009 (Apr 20): ANUSAT (Anna University); ₹; incl.=41.2°; period=1.6 hours; launch_mass=40 kg; apogee=552 km
2005 (May 5): CARTOSAT; incl.=97.81°; period=1.6 hours; rocket=PSLV, launch_site=SDSC; Cartosat-1 or IRS-P5 is a stereoscopic Earth observation satellite in a sun-synchronous orbit, and the first one of the Cartosat series of satellites. The satellite was built, launched and maintained by the Indian Space Research Organisation.
HAMSAT
EDUSAT (GSAT)
2002 (Sep 12): METSAT (KALPANA; Meteorological); PSLV-C4, launch_site=SHAR;
INSAT
2003 (Oct 17): RESOURCESAT; period=1.7 hours, incl.=98.69°, launched_from=SDSC,
1999: OCEANSAT; period=1.7 hours; apogee=738 km; incl.=98.28°; OCEANSAT or IRS-P4 is the first Indian satellite built specifically for Ocean applications. It is a part of the Indian Remote Sensing satellite series.
1982 (Apr): INSAT-1A (Indian National), mission failed.
1983 (Aug): INSAT-1B
2011 (Oct 12): SRMSAT (Sri Ramaswamy Memorial); cost=₹15M; alt.=867 km; incl.=20°; orbital speed=7.42 km/s
2012 (Apr 26): RISAT (Radar Imaging); cost=₹3.8B
2011 (Apr 20): YOUTHSAT; PSLV-C16; SolaRad, RaBIT and LVHS; The project was developed in collaboration with M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia. YouthSat was initially proposed by Dr. Kalam on his visit to Russia during 2005.
2010 (Jul 12): STUDSAT; 98°; 950g; This project was conceptualised, designed and managed by undergraduate students across India.
2009 (Apr 20): ANUSAT (Anna University); ₹; incl.=41.2°; period=1.6 hours; launch_mass=40 kg; apogee=552 km
2005 (May 5): CARTOSAT; incl.=97.81°; period=1.6 hours; rocket=PSLV, launch_site=SDSC; Cartosat-1 or IRS-P5 is a stereoscopic Earth observation satellite in a sun-synchronous orbit, and the first one of the Cartosat series of satellites. The satellite was built, launched and maintained by the Indian Space Research Organisation.
HAMSAT
EDUSAT (GSAT)
2002 (Sep 12): METSAT (KALPANA; Meteorological); PSLV-C4, launch_site=SHAR;
INSAT
2003 (Oct 17): RESOURCESAT; period=1.7 hours, incl.=98.69°, launched_from=SDSC,
1999: OCEANSAT; period=1.7 hours; apogee=738 km; incl.=98.28°; OCEANSAT or IRS-P4 is the first Indian satellite built specifically for Ocean applications. It is a part of the Indian Remote Sensing satellite series.
2003 (Feb 22): Shoaib Akhtar (Pakistan) achieved the record of the fastest bowl at 161.3 kph (100.23 mph) after the introduction of speed measuring devices at the international cricket in 1998 against England on 22 February 2003 in a World Cup match at Newlands, Cape Town, South Africa.
IRNSS (Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System) or NAVIC (NAVigation with Indian Constellation)
GCO: Geo-Centric Orbit (or Earth Orbit).
MCF (Master Control Facility) at Bhopal (MP) and Hassan (KN) to monitor and control all the Geostationary/Geosynchronous satellites of ISRO, namely, INSAT, GSAT, Kalpana (METSAT) and IRNSS series of satellites.
MCF currently manages nineteen On-orbit satellites, namely, INSAT-3C, INSAT-3A, INSAT-4A, INSAT-4B, INSAT-4CR, INSAT-3D, Kalpana-1, GSAT-7, GSAT-8, GSAT-10, GSAT-12, GSAT-14, IRNSS-1A, IRNSS–1B, IRNSS-1C, IRNSS-1D, GSAT-16, GSAT-6 and the recently launched GSAT-15.
2005: ISRO's MCF, Bhopal
longer the distance between the source and destination, higher the cruising altitude.
heavier aiplanes climb to their cruising altitude in steps (as the plane burns fuel, it becomes lighter)
1MW usually powers up 1000 houses.
Maximum Time a human had: 125 years
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rocket missions caused hole in ozone?
daily bathing and troposphere- a layer where weather occurs.
who shooted the Qawwal Amjad Sabri in Karachi
Kumbh Mela: World's Largest Religious Gathering. It is held every 3rd year at one of the 4 places by rotation: Ganga's Haridwar, Sangam's Allahabad (Prayaag), Godawari's Nasik and Shipra's Ujjain (Avantika).
Ardh-Kumbh Mela: Held at only two places, Haridwar and Allahabad, every 6th year.
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where is...
Analog Modulation
Digital Modulation (keying)
Multiplexing
Multiple Access
ED&C Techniques
SNR Calculations
Layers-Protocols-Application-Devices
Interfaces
Antennas
Networking Component
TCP/IP-X.25-OSI
Communication link block diagrams
TDMA-FDMA-CDMA-SCDMA-OFDMA
Generations of Cellular Networks (both voice and data
u may also cover topics such as...
Random Signals (such as Noises)
Probability Density Function
Autocorrelation-Crosscorrelation
Power Spectral Density
Probability of Error
Superheterodyne Receivers
SMith Charts
Wave Equations
Impedence Matching
Phase & Group Velocity
Radiation Patterns
Antenna Gain....
MCF (Master Control Facility) at Bhopal (MP) and Hassan (KN) to monitor and control all the Geostationary/Geosynchronous satellites of ISRO, namely, INSAT, GSAT, Kalpana (METSAT) and IRNSS series of satellites.
MCF currently manages nineteen On-orbit satellites, namely, INSAT-3C, INSAT-3A, INSAT-4A, INSAT-4B, INSAT-4CR, INSAT-3D, Kalpana-1, GSAT-7, GSAT-8, GSAT-10, GSAT-12, GSAT-14, IRNSS-1A, IRNSS–1B, IRNSS-1C, IRNSS-1D, GSAT-16, GSAT-6 and the recently launched GSAT-15.
2005: ISRO's MCF, Bhopal
longer the distance between the source and destination, higher the cruising altitude.
heavier aiplanes climb to their cruising altitude in steps (as the plane burns fuel, it becomes lighter)
1MW usually powers up 1000 houses.
Maximum Time a human had: 125 years
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
rocket missions caused hole in ozone?
daily bathing and troposphere- a layer where weather occurs.
who shooted the Qawwal Amjad Sabri in Karachi
Kumbh Mela: World's Largest Religious Gathering. It is held every 3rd year at one of the 4 places by rotation: Ganga's Haridwar, Sangam's Allahabad (Prayaag), Godawari's Nasik and Shipra's Ujjain (Avantika).
Ardh-Kumbh Mela: Held at only two places, Haridwar and Allahabad, every 6th year.
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
where is...
Analog Modulation
Digital Modulation (keying)
Multiplexing
Multiple Access
ED&C Techniques
SNR Calculations
Layers-Protocols-Application-Devices
Interfaces
Antennas
Networking Component
TCP/IP-X.25-OSI
Communication link block diagrams
TDMA-FDMA-CDMA-SCDMA-OFDMA
Generations of Cellular Networks (both voice and data
u may also cover topics such as...
Random Signals (such as Noises)
Probability Density Function
Autocorrelation-Crosscorrelation
Power Spectral Density
Probability of Error
Superheterodyne Receivers
SMith Charts
Wave Equations
Impedence Matching
Phase & Group Velocity
Radiation Patterns
Antenna Gain....
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Voyager 1
Voyager 2
New Horizon (aka MU69)
Pioneer 10
Pioneer 11
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[Extreme][Env][Research]
[Sunshine, Clear]
Sunshine duration measures the total number of sunshine hours for the entire year, giving a general impression of how cloudy a city is. By that measure, Yuma, Arizona, is the sunniest place on Earth! If you visit, you have a 90% chance of being greeted by sunshine, no matter the season.
[Cloud-iest]
The most cloudy places are spread around the world, but the fall into two main groups. One group is near the equator, particularly in the maritime continent (Indonesia and the Philippines), including the cloudiest place in the world - Chuuk Lagoon.
[Calmest Place]
I have done some research online, and I've found out that Antarctica has the calmest winds (lowest maximum wind speed) recorded on Earth.
[Strongest Winds]
Commonwealth Bay, Antarctica - Highest Annual Wind Speed - As well as being one of Earth's most remote locations, this is also its windiest spot, according to both The Guinness Book of World Records and National Geographic Atlas. Stórhöfði (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈstourˌhœvðɪ]) is a peninsula and the southernmost point of Heimaey, the largest island in the Vestmannaeyjar archipelago, in Iceland. It is claimed to be the windiest place in Europe, and holds the record for the lowest on land observation of air pressure in Europe.
[Highest Tides]
Located in Canada, between the provinces of Nova Scotia and Brunswick, sits the Bay of Fundy, home to the world largest tidal variations. The highest tides in continental Europe are found at Mont Saint-Michel, reaching a difference of up to 15 metres between low and high tide. During high tides, the sea withdraws 15 kilometres from the coast and rises very quickly.
[Lowest Tides]
Some of the smallest tidal ranges occur in the Mediterranean, Baltic, and Caribbean Seas. A point within a tidal system where the tidal range is almost zero is called an amphidromic point.
[Heaviest Waves]
The waves off the coast of Teahupo'o in southern Tahiti have been called the heaviest in the world. On May 2, 2022, the Operational Land Imager-2 (OLI) on Landsat 9 acquired this natural-color image of Tahiti, an island of French Polynesia. Spilling or rolling waves are found where there are generally flat shorelines. These are generally safer types of waves. They occur when the crest breaks onto the wave face itself. Surging waves may never actually break as they approach the water's edge since the water is very deep.
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Indian Trains - as of 10 Jan 2023
1853 - First passenger train ran between Bori Bunder (Bombay) and Thane, a distance of 34 km. It was operated by three locomotives, named Sahib, Sultan and Sindh, and had thirteen carriages.
1912 - Punjab Mail - India's oldest running passenger train, run between Ballard Pier Mole station, Mumbai and Peshawar in its early years
1969 - Rajdhani Express - connects the national capital with the capitals/the largest cities of various states.
1988 - Shatabdi Express - fast passenger day trains connecting important metro cities.
1994 - DEMU - first launched from Jalandhar to Hoshiarpur
1995 - MEMU - initially launched between Asansol – Adra, Kharagpur – Tata, Delhi-Panipat and Raipur–Durg–Bhatapara–Raipur–Bilaspur section
2002 - Jan Shatabdi Express - affordable and economical version of the Shatabdi Express with CC, 2A and 2S
2004 - Sampark Kranti Express - connecting cities around India with the National Capital thru non-air conditioned express trains with few stops and operating at high speeds.
2004 - Jan Sadharan Express - first generation of fully unreserved express
2006 - Garib Rath - no-frills air-conditioned long-distance trains
2009 - Duronto Express - started as long-distance non-stop source to destination trains, but they have technical stops now
2009 - Yuva Express - an air-conditioned low-cost travel option for the youth of the country
2010 - Maharajas' Express - a luxury tourist train
2011 - Rajya Rani - connect state capitals with other cities important for tourism, pilgrimage or business.
2012 - Double Decker Express (Uday Express) - started for shorter routes in order to serve more people than a traditional chair car carriage.
2013 - Vivek Express - to commemorate the 150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda
2017 - Humsafar Express - fully premium service with AC-3 Tier and Sleeper class accommodation
2017 - Antyodaya Express - overnight fully unreserved trains but later on converted into typical overnight express train with reservation system; to uplift the weakest section of the society.
2017 - Tejas Express - semi-high speed fully air-conditioned train
2018 - Uday Express - new age Double Decker Express, BLR-Coimbatore and Vizag-Vijaywada
2019 - Vande Bharat Express (aka Train 18) - a semi-high-speed, electric multiple unit train. first train was manufactured in 18 months at the cost of ₹97 crore by ICF, Chennai.
#luxurious
In 2019, the Deccan Odyssey won the World's Leading Luxury Train at the World Travel Awards; it has been Asia's Leading Luxury Train from 2010 to 2019. Palaces, golden sands and wildlife–the “Blue Train” (named for its blue coaches) curates some of the best of India's sights in six, week-long journeys.
#fastest
As of 2022, the fastest train in India is the Vande Bharat Express with a top speed of 180 km/h (110 mph), while the fastest operating train is the Gatimaan Express with a top operating speed of 160 km/h (99 mph).
#heaviest
Super Vasuki, India's heaviest freight train with 295 wagons, carries 27,000 tonnes of coal in trial run.
#longest
This Biweekly train, numbered 15905/15906, is currently the longest train route in the Indian Subcontinent. It joins Dibrugarh in Assam, North-East India to Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu which is the southernmost tip of Indian mainland.
#longest - non-stop
The Trivandrum-Nizamuddin Rajdhani Express is the longest 'non-stop train' in India.
#strongest
A total of 268 WAG-12B have been built at Electric Locomotive Factory, Madhepura, Bihar, India. Saharanpur based WAG-12B at Purulia Jn. With a power output of 12,000 HP, the WAG 12 is twice as powerful as its immediate predecessor, WAG-9, and is among the most powerful freight locomotives in the world.
#most interrupted train - most stops - covers most (8) states
The Vivek Express train covers the longest train route in India. The Dibrugarh-Kanyakumari Vivek Express has 57 stops or stops all along the route. The Dibrugarh-Kanyakumari Vivek Express holds the current record as the train linking India's longest train line, as well as the highest train running time.
#private
On Tuesday, June 14, at 6 pm, India's first private train, the Bharat Gaurav Scheme, began its operation from the Coimbatore North Station in Tamil Nadu to Sainagar Shirdi in Maharashtra. This train arrived in Shirdi at 07.25 am on Thursday, June 16.
#slowest (due to hilly area)
The Mettupalayam Ooty Nilgiri passenger train is the slowest train in India, running at a speed of 10 kmph, which is roughly 16 times slower than the fastest train in India, according to government website Invest India. The train covers 46 km in about five hours, which is due to the train operating in a hilly area.
#shortest
The shortest route of MEMU train in India is Jasidih–Baidyanathdham MEMU (numbered 63153/63154) with a record distance of 6 km (3.7 mi) with an average speed of 19 km/h (12 mph).
#beautiful
The Bernina Express, Switzerland. If you're looking for the most beautiful train ride on earth, you know that Switzerland has to be number one on this list. The Bernina Express is a scenic train route unlike no other.
#Best - all-round rail experience: Mandovi Express
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxNukes - Timeline of Nuclear States
1945 - USA
...1947 - Indo-Pak (Oct 22)
1949 - Russia
1952 - UK
1960 - France
...1962 - Indo-Sino War (Oct 20)
1964 - China
...1965 - Indo-Pak War (Apr 8/Aug 5)
1967 - Israel
1970 - Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, signed by 191 countries (except India, Pak and Israel and later N. Korea)
...1971 - Indo-Pak War (Dec 3) - B'desh Liberation
...1971 - Indo-Pak War (Dec 3) - B'desh Liberation
1974 - India
...1984 - Siachen Conflict/Op Meghdoot (Apr 13)
...1984 - Op Bluestar (Jun 1)
...1989 - Insurgencies in J&K (Jul 13)
1998 - Pakistan
...1999 - Kargil War (May 3)
2006 - North Korea
Powerful without nukes: Japan, Germany, Italy, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Australia, Canada, Ukraine, Turkey, Iran, Spain, Switzerland, Brazil, Sweden, Qatar, Netherland, and Belgium
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Interstellar distances.
the Bayer designation has name of the constellation - α Aurigae,
the Bayer designation has name of the constellation - α Aurigae,
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0 LY: Orion Spur (houses Solar System)
1.58 LY: outer region of Oort Cloud
4.2465 LY: nearest exoplanets orbit Proxima Centauri, the closest star to the Sun.
8.6 LY: Sirius, the brightest star in the night sky. Canis Major constellation
12 LY: Tau Ceti (τ Ceti), the closest solitary G-class star
25 LY: Vega (α Lyrae) is the brightest star in the northern constellation of Lyra. It is the fifth-brightest star in the night sky, and the second-brightest star in the northern celestial hemisphere, after Arcturus.
36.7 LY: Arcturus (α Boötis), the brightest star in the northern constellation of Boötes. It is the fourth-brightest star in the night sky.
42.9 LY: Capella (α Aurigae), the sixth-brightest star in the night sky, and the third-brightest in the northern celestial hemisphere.
63 LY: Beta Pictoris (β Pic), the second brightest star in the constellation Pictor.
110 LY: most massive exoplanet HR 2562 b, Pictor constellation
145 LY: an exoplanet discovered in constellation Virgo
163 LY: AB Pictoris (abb AB Pic, also catalogued as HD 44627), Pictor constellation
310 LY: Canopus (α Carinae), constellation of Carina, the second-brightest star in the night sky.
400 LY: IRAS 16293-2422
1800 LY: Exoplanet Kepler-452b (aka Earth 2.0 or Earth's Cousin), Cygnus constellation
2000 LY: Saggitarius Arm (Near/South End)
2300 LY: Exoplanet Draugr (aka PSR B1257+12 A or PSR B1257+12 b), Virgo constellation
3000 LY: Orion Spur (Far/South end)
6000 LY: Perseus Arm (Near/North End)
6000 LY: Scutum-Centaurus Arm (Nearest/South Arm) - around 6000LY wide
12000 LY : Perseus Arm (Far/South End)
15000 LY: Outer Arm (Milky Way Galaxy)
16200 LY: Galactic bar
17200 LY: Long Bar
18500 LY: Near 3kpc Arm
25000 LY: sent Arecibo message aimed at star-cluster here
30000 LY: Galactic South
48000 LY: Norma Arm
60000 LY: Scutum-Centaurus Arm
75000 LY: Galactic North
2.5M LY: Andromeda Galaxy...speed of light is horrendously slow at this grand scale. possibility of finding extragalactic (exoplanet) planets
10B LY: The length of the 2km wide wormhole leading to the black hole Gargantua (in the movie Interstellar)
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Solar System -
One astronomical unit (AU) is the average distance between the Earth and the Sun, which is approximately 93 million miles (150 million kilometers; 150M km; 150Mkm; 150Bm)
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0AU: Earth
0.01AU: Comet ISON (C/2012 S1) during perihelion
0.39AU: Mercury
0.72AU: Venus
0.73AU: Comet C/2012 F6 (Lemmon) during perihelion
1AU: Sun
1.52AU: Mars
2.77AU: Asteroid Belt (between Mars and Jupiter), extends from about 2.77 to 3.3 AU
5.2AU: Jupiter
9.58AU: Saturn
10AU: Wormhole near Saturn (in 2014 movie Interstellar)
19.22AU: Uranus
30.05AU: Neptune
30.05AU: Kuiper Belt (Region beyond Neptune) - Extends from about 30 to 50,000 AU
39.48AU: Pluto (considered a dwarf planet)
119.7AU: Voyager 2 entered Interstellar space (2018 (Nov 5))
134AU: Voyager 2 (as of Aug 2023)
973AU: Comet C/2012 F6 (Lemmon) during aphelion
2000AU: Oort Cloud (far outer region; Theoretical boundary of the solar system) - Begins beyond 2000 AU, and goes up to 100,000AU (or 1.58 LY) away
extraterrestrial civilization
extraterrestrial intelligence
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4,05,500km: distance between Earth and Micro-moon
3,84,400km: avg. distance between Earth and moon (±21,000 km)
3,63,300km: distance between Earth and Supermoon (14% bigger, 30% brighter)
2,60,000km: Clarke Orbit (far-GEO):
It is a circular orbit 35,786 kilometres above the Earth's equator and following the direction of the Earth's rotation.
This equates to an orbital velocity of 3.07 km/s (1.91 mi/s) and an orbital period of 1,436 minutes, which equates to almost exactly one sidereal day (23.934461223 hours).
GSO: Geo-Synchronous Orbit.
GTO: Geostationary Transfer Orbit is used to move a satellite from Low Earth Orbit (LEO) into a Geosync Equatorial Orbit (GEO)
17000km: MEO: the region of space around the Earth at 16,893km amsl
10000km: 2200km long Exosphere ends.
3000km: Atmosphere ends.
2000km: LEO: the region of space around the Earth at 2,000 km amsl.
1000km: Exobase ends
800km: Thermopause, Exobase ends. 2200km long Exosphere starts.
690km: 715km long Thermosphere ends. Temp further rises to 2000*C in Exosphere.
2000km: LEO: the region of space around the Earth at 2,000 km amsl.
1000km: Exobase ends
800km: Thermopause, Exobase ends. 2200km long Exosphere starts.
690km: 715km long Thermosphere ends. Temp further rises to 2000*C in Exosphere.
600km: Hubble Space Telescope.
550km: SpaceX Starlink satellites' final orbit.
440km: SpaceX Starlink satellites' launch/initial.
410km: region of ISS ends
350km: Exobase starts
330km: region of ISS starts
278km: US-Oz's HIFiRE Scramjet touched this altitude @ 7.5 Mach.
160km: LEO starts
410km: region of ISS ends
350km: Exobase starts
330km: region of ISS starts
278km: US-Oz's HIFiRE Scramjet touched this altitude @ 7.5 Mach.
160km: LEO starts
120km: The aerodynamic re-entry of spacecraft from space to earth begins. [spacecraft experience 1650 °C (3000 °F) heat during atmospheric reentry]
100km: Karman Line; Aurora; The Karman Line is located near the bottom of the thermosphere. At this point the thermosphere has not yet started to increase in temperature and is about -80 Celsius (-112 F).
100km: Karman Line; Aurora; The Karman Line is located near the bottom of the thermosphere. At this point the thermosphere has not yet started to increase in temperature and is about -80 Celsius (-112 F).
90km: Atmospheric pressure drops to 0.0001%. Halo and Elves forms.
85.3km: Virgin Galactic's space flight max altitude
85km: Mesosphere ends; Meteors of Meteoroid (the flash of light seen in the night sky when a small chunk of interplanetary debris burns up as it passes through the Earth's atmosphere) [-70°C] Temp rises from -90*C to 1500*C throughout the thermosphere.
80km: Noctilucent cloud; Mesopause; 715km long Thermosphere starts; Ionosphere and Magnetosphere starts. -90*C (-130F)
70km: Red Sprites forms. Max alt for sounding rockets
80km: Noctilucent cloud; Mesopause; 715km long Thermosphere starts; Ionosphere and Magnetosphere starts. -90*C (-130F)
70km: Red Sprites forms. Max alt for sounding rockets
64km: 50 Megaton Tsar Bomba mushroom cloud's ceiling
50km: Stratopause-40km long Stratosphere ends; 35km long Mesosphere starts (a layer that protects Earth's surface from being hit by meteoroids). [0°C] Temp drops from 0*C to -90*C throughout mesosphere. Atmospheric pressure drops to 0.1%.
50km: Stratopause-40km long Stratosphere ends; 35km long Mesosphere starts (a layer that protects Earth's surface from being hit by meteoroids). [0°C] Temp drops from 0*C to -90*C throughout mesosphere. Atmospheric pressure drops to 0.1%.
45km: Ceiling for troll bolt.
40km: Weather Balloon
40km: Weather Balloon
35km: Ceiling for Upper-atmospheric lightning (blue jets)
30km: Ozone ends [-50°C]. Ceilng for upward superbolt and blue starters. Pink Pixies forms.
25km: the tallest mountain in the solar system, Mars' Olympus Mons, is actually a volcano with potential to erupt.
25km: the tallest mountain in the solar system, Mars' Olympus Mons, is actually a volcano with potential to erupt.
25km: region of Nacreous cloud ends. Terrestrial Electron Beam (TEB) or Electron-positron beam forms.
22km: Spy plane ceiling?
20km: Troposphere ends; Ozone starts; Polar Stratospheric clouds
18km: Spy airplane ceiling
17km: troposphere ends at the Equator.
15km: region of Nacreous cloud starts; @ FL500, the highest possible flight level for an airplane.
12.5km: Airbus A320 family (used by Air India, Indigo, Vistara, Air Asia India and GoAir) and Boeing 737 family of aircraft (used by Jet Airways, Spicejet and Air India Express) have a service ceiling of 41,000 ft.
12km: Tropopause; region of Cirrus cloud and Contrails ends; Stratosphere starts. FL398- avg. for A320; 25km thick Ozone layer (main concentration) starts. Temp rises throughout stratosphere from -60*C to 0*C.
11.5km: SEJ144; a Mumbai-Delhi flight (1 hr 40 mins) cruise usually @ FL380 (a higher cruising altitude)
10km: Commercial jets [-55°C]
9.5km: a flight from Ahmedabad to Mumbai (55 mins) cruise usually @ FL310 (a lower cruising altitude)
9km: troposphere ends at the Poles; thin air;
8.85km: Peak of Everest. Atmospheric pressure drops to 28%.
8km: Stratocumulus Clouds
7.5km: Propellor aircraft like ATR (used by Air India Regional, Jet Airways) and Bombardier Q400 (used by SpiceJet) have a service ceiling of 25,000 ft.
6km: Troposphere starts (the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere, where weather occurs); region of Cirrus cloud and Contrails starts.; ATRs and Q400s usually cruise above FL200
5.6km: bumblebees
2.2km: bees could fly up to this high.
2km
1km: Oxygen drops, air pressure drops and temp. gets colder as you climb higher in the troposphere.
900m
800m
700m
600m: lowest possible (controlled) flight level for an airplane.
500m
400m
3000m
200m
100m
75m
50m
25m
0km: Earth's surface, where Meteorite lands on. [20°C]. 12km high Troposphere starts (temp drops from 25*C to -60*C) . 100km deep Lithosphere starts. Solid silicate minerals are to be found throughout the Mantle till -2900km. 200m deep Epipelagic (Sunlight) zone starts in ocean.
20km: Troposphere ends; Ozone starts; Polar Stratospheric clouds
18km: Spy airplane ceiling
17km: troposphere ends at the Equator.
15km: region of Nacreous cloud starts; @ FL500, the highest possible flight level for an airplane.
12.5km: Airbus A320 family (used by Air India, Indigo, Vistara, Air Asia India and GoAir) and Boeing 737 family of aircraft (used by Jet Airways, Spicejet and Air India Express) have a service ceiling of 41,000 ft.
12km: Tropopause; region of Cirrus cloud and Contrails ends; Stratosphere starts. FL398- avg. for A320; 25km thick Ozone layer (main concentration) starts. Temp rises throughout stratosphere from -60*C to 0*C.
11.5km: SEJ144; a Mumbai-Delhi flight (1 hr 40 mins) cruise usually @ FL380 (a higher cruising altitude)
10km: Commercial jets [-55°C]
9.5km: a flight from Ahmedabad to Mumbai (55 mins) cruise usually @ FL310 (a lower cruising altitude)
9km: troposphere ends at the Poles; thin air;
8.85km: Peak of Everest. Atmospheric pressure drops to 28%.
8km: Stratocumulus Clouds
7.5km: Propellor aircraft like ATR (used by Air India Regional, Jet Airways) and Bombardier Q400 (used by SpiceJet) have a service ceiling of 25,000 ft.
6km: Troposphere starts (the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere, where weather occurs); region of Cirrus cloud and Contrails starts.; ATRs and Q400s usually cruise above FL200
5.6km: bumblebees
2.2km: bees could fly up to this high.
2km
1km: Oxygen drops, air pressure drops and temp. gets colder as you climb higher in the troposphere.
900m
800m
700m
600m: lowest possible (controlled) flight level for an airplane.
500m
400m
3000m
200m
100m
75m
50m
25m
0km: Earth's surface, where Meteorite lands on. [20°C]. 12km high Troposphere starts (temp drops from 25*C to -60*C) . 100km deep Lithosphere starts. Solid silicate minerals are to be found throughout the Mantle till -2900km. 200m deep Epipelagic (Sunlight) zone starts in ocean.
-12m: the max depth for PADI Junior Scuba Diver course
-18m: the maximum allowed depth for PADI basic course is 18m/60ft
-30m: depth of Nainital Lake
-40m: the maximum allowed depth for PADI deep dive course is 40 metres/130 feet.
-65m: For deep diving up to 200 feet (65 metres), blends of Normoxic trimix are applied. For extended deep dives, hypoxic trimix shall be used.
-92m: The average depth of the Ganges is about 30 feet. However, it can get as deep as 300 feet.
-200m: 200m Epipelagic (Sunlight) zone ends. 800m deep Mesopelagic (Twilight) zone starts.
-1km: 800m Mesopelagic (Twilight) zone ends. 3km deep Bathypelagic (Midnight) zone starts. Maximum depth for Sperm Whale.
-3.8km: The wreck of the Titanic
-3.81km: missing depth of OceanGate's Titanic sub-marine.
-4km: 3km Bathypelagic (Midnight) zone ends. 2km deep Abyssopelagic zone (The Abyss) starts. Claimed maximum depth of OceanGate's Titanic sub-marine.
-5km: Lithosphere transitions(Continental and oceanic crust, sometimes 8 to 40km)
-6km: 2km Abyssopelagic zone (The Abyss) ends. The longest (5km) and deepest (-11km) Hadal zone (The Trenches) starts. Ocean Basin.
-8.848km: The height of Mt. Everest
-10.898km: The depth James Cameroon reached in Deepsea Challenger.
-11km: 5km deep Hadal zone (The Trenches) ends. The maximum known deep point, Challenger Deep exactly 10,984 ± 25 metres.
-12.2km - The deepest hole the humanity has ever dug (USSR, 1970s-1990s) - couldn't reach Mantle as per the objective. Dug 1/3 of the crust and encountered 180*C temp, equipments melted like plastic.
-100km: Earth's crust (Lithosphere) ends, 100km deep partially molten Asthenosphere starts.
-200km: 200km deep solid Asthenosphere starts.
-400km: 270km deep mantle transition starts
-670km: 2230km deep lower Mantle starts
-2900km: 250km deep Outer molten core starts (liquid Fe-Ni)
-3150km: 3220km deep Inner Core starts (solid Fe-Ni; Hexagonal close-packed HCP Iron)
-6370km: Earth's center
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2022 (Feb 14): Summarising the highlights pattern used in the history list.
History of...
Instituitions, Schools, Universities
Exams
Hospitals
Roads
Inventions
Industries
Companies
Corporations
Markets
Legal Acts
Government Agencies
Government Ministries
Commemorative Days, Weeks, Months, Year and Decades
Areas, Regions, Zones, Provinces, State, Cities, Villages
Frauds, Scams
Homicides
Executions
Wars
Battles
Discovery of planets
Launch of space probes
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Surface area - sqm sqyd sqft | km² m² yd² ft²
sqm ⪆ sqyd | 1 sqm ≈ 10 x sqft | 1 sqyd = 9 x sqft
1 million sqm = 1 sqkm | 1 sqmile ≈ 2.5 x sqkm | 1 sqkm = 100 ha | 1 sqkm ≈ 250 acre
1 acre ≈ 4000 x sqm
1 hectare ≈ 2.5 x acre ≈ 2 football fields
1 hectare ≈ 6.5 beegha
16,000,000 sqkm - Russia
9,500,000 sqkm - China
9,000,000 sqkm - US / Canada
8,000,000 sqkm - Brazil
7,500,000 sqkm - Australia
3,000,000 sqkm - India
2,750,000 sqkm - Argentina
2,000,000 sqkm - Saudi Arabia, Mexico, Indonesia
1,650,000 sqkm - Iran
1,000,000 sqkm - Egypt
900,000 sqkm - Venezuela
750,000 sqkm - Pakistan / Turkey
650,000 sqkm - Myanmar / Afghanistan
600,000 sqkm - Ukraine
550,000 sqkm - Madagascar, Kenya / France
500,000 sqkm - Yemen, Thailand / Spain
440,000 sqkm - Iraq / PNG
410,000 sqkm - Greenland (land area, 80% territory is in water)
350,000 sqkm - Japan / Germany, Philippines
312,000 sqkm - Poland, Norway
300,000 sqkm - Italy, Finland, Vietnam
270,000 sqkm - New Zealand
243,286 sqkm - UP, India
240,000 sqkm - UK
183,000 sqkm - Syria
145,000 sqkm - Nepal
130,000 sqkm - Greece, B'desh
120,410 sqkm - North Korea
100,250 sqkm - Iceland, Cuba
97,230 sqkm - S. Korea, Hungary, Portugal
83,600 sqkm - Austria, UAE
68,890 sqkm - Ireland
62,710 sqkm - Sri Lanka
39,516 sqkm - Switzerland
38,117 sqkm - Bhutan
35,410 sqkm - Taiwan
21,640 sqkm - Israel
1483 sqkm - Delhi
741 sqkm - Banglore
735 sqkm - Singapore
600 sqkm - Mumbai
298 sqkm - Maldives
43 sqkm - New Delhi
32 sqkm - Lakshadweep
30 sqkm - Macao SAR, China
------------------------------------------------------------- less than 10 sqkm (or 1000 hectare) - all units in hectare
1 sqkm = 100 ha
208 ha - Monaco, Western Europe (2 sqkm)
44 ha - Vatican City (Rome, Italy) (0.5 sqkm).
x
------------------------------------------------------------- less than 10 hectare (or 25 acre) - all units in acre
1 hectare ≈ 2.5 x acre ≈ 2 football fields
1 hectare ≈ 6.5 beegha
1 sqkm = 100 ha
30 acre - Crossing Republic GH 7, 2050 residential units across 12 towers
3800 acre - Solar Park with 1200MW capacity
2700 acre - Solar Park with 600MW capacity
110 acre - Solar Park with 75MW capacity
------------------------------------------------------------- less than an acre (or 4045 sqm) - all units in sqm
1 acre = 4045 sqm (4046.86 sqm)
1 acre ≈ 2.5 beegha (5 beegha = 2 acre; 4 acre = 10 beegha;
[In some districts it can be 6.67 biswa ie 9,077 square feet (843.3 m2) or 1,008 square yard. In Eastern UP, 1 bigha is equal to 20 biswa. Hence one Bigha in Purvanchal is 27,225 square feet (2,529.3 m2) or 3,025 square yard.]
3700 sqft - 4 BHK in Godrej Vrikshya, Sec 103, Gurgaon
2500 sqft - 3 BHK in Godrej Vrikshya, Sec 103, Gurgaon (₹5.25 cr, Aug'24)
1725 sqft - 3 BHK in GH7 by Crossing Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd.
1310 sqft - 2 BHK in Wave City, NH 24 by Wave Infratech
1270 sqft - 2 BHK in GH7 by Crossing Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd.
625 sqft - 1 BHK in Shouryapuram
------------------------------------------------------------- less than a sqm (or 10 sqft) - sqft
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