history of telecom
Symbols | Language | Tools
Acknowledgement: to our ancestors, who lived on this planet 2.3 million years ago and invented the first tool, the split stone (which, they used for cutting and scraping meat)
[how early human got the idea of consuming plants and flesh?]
Fire was discovered. Controlled Fire was invented.
technology:
∴
∵
Talking Drums were used by natives in Africa, New Guinea and South America,
Smoke Signals in North America and China.
1642: a nineteen-year-old French boy named Blaise Pascal invented an adding machine for his father, who was a clerk by profession.
1745: Leyden Jar
1760: the force on magnetic poles obeyed an inverse-square law was proposed by Johann Tobias Mayerin.
1762: 'force on electrically charged objects obeys an inverse-square law' was proposed by Henry Cavendish
1772: Warren Hastings became the first Governor-General of India, under him, the East India Company took over revenue collection directly in the Bengal Presidency (then Bengal and Bihar), establishing a Board of Revenue with offices in Calcutta and Patna, and moving the pre-existing Mughal revenue records from Murshidabad to Calcutta.
1774: Ministry of Communication-GoI, founded.
1777: Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss was born at Brunswick, Duchy of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Holy Roman Empire (now part of Lower Saxony, Germany). His mother was illiterate and never recorded the date of his birth, remembering only that he had been born on a Wednesday, eight days before the Feast of the Ascension, which itself occurs 39 days after Easter. Gauss later solved this puzzle about his birthdate in the context of finding the date of Easter, deriving methods to compute the date in both past and future years.
1780s: Immanuel Kant (Germany), a philosopher who is considered the central figure of modern philosophy. Kant argued that fundamental concepts of the human mind structure human experience, that reason is the source of morality, that aesthetics arises from a faculty of disinterested judgment, that space and time are forms of our sensibility, and that the world as it is "in-itself" is unknowable.
1782: the term “semiconducting” was used for the first time by Alessandro Volta.
1792, Claude Chappe (France) built the first visual telegraphy (or semaphore) system between Lille and Paris. This was followed by a line from Strasbourg to Paris.
1796: This year was most productive year for both Gauss and number theory. He discovered a construction of the heptadecagon on 30 March.
1794, Abraham Edelcrantz, (Sweden) built a quite different system from Stockholm to Drottningholm. using pulleys rotating beams of wood.
In 1800, Alessandro Volta (Italy) invented a galvanic battery inspiring Ørsted to think about the nature of electricity and to conduct his first electrical experiments.
1801: Hans Christian Ørsted (Denmark) received a travel scholarship and public grant which enabled him to spend three years travelling across Europe.
In Germany he met Johann Wilhelm Ritter (German), a physicist who believed there was a connection between electricity and magnetism. This made sense to Ørsted since he believed in Kantian ideas about the unity of nature and that deep relationships existed between natural phenomena.
1804: Francisco Salva Campillo (N. Spain), a Catalan polymath and scientist designed an electrochemical telegraph.
1804: Weber was born at Wittenberg, Saxony, Holy Roman Empire (Germany).
1809: Samuel Thomas von Sömmering (Germany), a physician, anatomist and inventor enhanced the Campillo's design of electrochemical telegraph.
1820, 21 April: during a lecture, Ørsted noticed a compass needle deflected from magnetic north when an electric current from a battery was switched on and off, confirming a direct relationship between electricity and magnetism.
1820: Ørsted discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields.
William Sturgeon (UK) invented the electromagnet in 1824. His first electromagnet was a horseshoe-shaped piece of iron that was wrapped with about 18 turns of bare copper wire (insulated wire didn't exist yet). The iron was varnished to insulate it from the windings.
1820, Sept: André-Marie Ampère's friend and eventual eulogist François Arago (France) showed the members of the French Academy of Sciences the surprising discovery of Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted that a magnetic needle is deflected by an adjacent electric current.
Ampère began developing a mathematical and physical theory to understand the relationship between electricity and magnetism.
He devise through experimentation the formula for the angular dependence of the force between two current elements.
1824: Louis had developed the system that we know today as braille, employing a 6-dot cell and based upon normal spelling
1827: Ohm's Law (Germany)
1831 (Aug 29): first experimental demonstration of electromagnetic induction by Michael Faraday (England). He wrapped two wires around opposite sides of an iron ring (torus).
1832: Joseph Henry demonstrated telegraphy.
1837: Poisson's Distribution. The distribution was first introduced by Siméon Denis Poisson (1781–1840) and published, together with his probability theory, in 1837 in his work Recherches sur la probabilité des jugements en matière criminelle et en matière civile ("Research on the Probability of Judgments in Criminal and Civil Matters").
1837: Invention of Telegraph by Morse of America (FB Morse).
1844: Samuel Morse's telegraph system. For three years, the U.S. Post Office ran the pioneering Washington to Baltimore line. By that time other private telegraph companies had developed (the first connected New York and Philadelphia) and were rapidly growing.
1845: Gauss wrote to Weber desiring "action, not instantaneous, but propagated in time in a similar manner to that of light." This aspiration was developed by Maxwell with the theory of an electromagnetic field described by Maxwell's equations, which used the field to elegantly account for all electromagnetic interactions, as well as light (which, until then, had been seen as a completely unrelated phenomenon). In Maxwell's theory, the field is its own physical entity, carrying momenta and energy across space, and action-at-a-distance is only the apparent effect of local interactions of charges with their surrounding field.
1846: FAX machine came-in the world as Electric Printing Telegraph. Scottish inventor Alexander Bain worked on chemical mechanical fax type devices and in 1846 was able to reproduce graphic signs in laboratory experiments.
1847 (Oct 12): Werner von Siemens and Johann Georg Halske (Berlin) founded Siemens (then, Telegraphen-Bauanstalt von Siemens & Halske), a company to manufacture a telegraph unique to that of Morse code.
1848: the first long-distance (500kms.) telegraph line from Berlin to Frankfurt am Main.
1856: Western Union founded
1858 an American-led consortium laid the first cable connecting Britain and the United States, which eventually failed in few months. Practiced for 7 yrs. and failed again in an attempt to lay a cable
1862: The first coast-to-coast telegraph line was opened.
1861: Commonwealth of Massachusetts incorporated MIT on April 10, 1861 with motto Mens et manus (Mind and Hand). Today it has faculty strength of 2,000 and student strength of 15,000.
1865: Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism published, predicting the existence of electromagnetic waves moving at the speed of light, and predicted that light itself was just such a wave.
1866: Britain got connected to the US through insulated underwater telegraph cables.
1867: Henri Nestlé created a nutritious product for infants that could be used by mothers who were unable to breast-feed.
1870s: based on earlier work with harmonic (multi-signal) telegraphs, the electric telephone was invented.
1873: Willoughby Smith discovered photoconductivity in solids.
1873: Blue jeans were invented in 1873 by Jacob Davis and Levi Strauss.
1873: Maxwell published 'A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism' predicting the wireless propagation of EM energy. stimulating many people to experiment with wireless communication. Others experimented without the benefit of his theories. Maxwell directly addressed the subject of action-at-a-distance in chapter 23 of his A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism.
He began by reviewing the explanation of Ampere's formula given by Gauss and Weber. On page 437 he indicates the physicists' disgust with action at a distance.
1874: Karl Ferdinand Braun and Arthur Schuster observed semiconducting effects.
1876, Mar: Alexander Graham Bell invented Telephone at Scotland
1878: Hall effect ( @ Johns Hopkins University, USA by Edwin Herbert Hall )
1878-79: The first commercial telephone services were set up on both sides of the Atlantic in the cities of New Haven and London.Telephone exchanges (using many switchboards) appeared about two decades later.
1880: It is considered likely that the first intentional transmission of a signal by means of electromagnetic waves was performed by David Edward Hughes around 1880, although this was considered to be induction at the time.
(How induction differs from telecommunication?)
1883: The first working solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts.
1885: The Indian Telegraph Act, 1885
1886: Dr. John Stith Pemberton to rename and rewrite the formula for his popular nerve tonic, stimulant and headache remedy, "Pemberton's French Wine Coca," sold at that time by most, if not all, of the city's druggists. Now known as Coca-Cola.
1891: first mechanically automated telephone switch.
1891: Weber, the co-inventor of the first electromagnetic telegraph, died aged 86.
1893: Bell's Telephone patents expired. They existed for 17 yrs. Around 1893, the country leading the world in telephones per 100 persons (teledensity) was Sweden with 0.55 in the whole country but 4 in Stockholm (10,000 out of a total of 27,658 subscribers). This compares with 0.4 in USA for that year.
Competition between the International Bell Telephone Company (a U.S. multinational), town and village co-operatives, the General Telephone Company of Stockholm (a Swedish private company), and the Swedish Telegraph Department (part of the Swedish government).
In 1893, the U.S. was considerably behind Sweden, New Zealand, Switzerland, and Norway in teledensity. The U.S. rose to world leadership in teledensity with the rise of many independent telephone companies after the Bell patents expired in 1893 and 1894.
1895: Invention of Radio by Marconi (Italy)
1897: electron was dicovered by JJ Thomson (Cambridge, UK)
1900: Reginald A. Fessenden became the first person to send audio (wireless telephony) by means of electromagnetic waves, successfully transmitting over a distance of about 1.6 kilometers, and six years later on Christmas Eve 1906 he became the first person to make a public radio broadcast.
1903: Orville and Wilbur Wright, American inventors and aviation pioneers, achieved the first powered, sustained, and controlled flight of an airplane.
1904: invention of diode by Flaming.
1906: invention of triode by deforest.
1907: The thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented. Lead to the invention of Transistor
1909: Erlang's "The Theory of Probabilities and Telephone Conversations" - which proves that the Poisson distribution applies to random telephone traffic. [written in Danish]
1912 (Apr 15): RMS Titanic rammed an iceberg near Ne York Harbour @ a speed of 40kmph and sanked
1915: Transcontinental telephone service became possible by use of amplifiers based on Lee De Forest's "Audion" vacuum tube.
1917: Erlang's "Solution of some Problems in the Theory of Probabilities of Significance in Automatic Telephone Exchanges" - which contains his classic formulae for call loss and waiting time. [written in Danish]
1923 (Jul): Broadcasting in India began with programmes by the Bombay Presidency Radio Club.
According to an agreement of 23 July 1927, the private Indian Broadcasting Company LTD (IBC) was authorized to operate two radio stations; the Bombay station began on 23 July 1927, and the Calcutta station followed on 26 August 1927. However, on 1 March 1930, the company went into liquidation. The government took over the broadcasting facilities, beginning the Indian State Broadcasting Service (ISBS) on 1 April 1930 on an experimental basis for two years, and then permanently in May 1932. On 8 June 1936, the ISBS was renamed All India Radio.
1925: Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field-effect transistor (FET) in Canada which was intended to be a solid-state replacement for the triode.
1925: Invention of Television by Baird (Scotland)
1927: transatlantic voice communication remained impossible for customers until January 7, 1927, when a connection was established using radio.
1929 Walter Schottky experimentally confirmed the presence of a barrier in a metal-semiconductor
junction.
1930s: The term "hypertext" was coined by Ted Nelson in 1965 in the Xanadu Project, which was in turn inspired by Vannevar Bush's vision (1930s) of the microfilm-based information retrieval and management "memex" system described in his essay As We May Think (1945).
1933: FM broadcasting is radio broadcasting using frequency modulation (FM) technology. Invented by American engineer Edwin Armstrong (Alpine, New Jersey-USA), it is used worldwide to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio utilizing the VHF band from 87.5 MHz to 108.0 MHz.
1933: The Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1933
1936: "Akashvani" was first used in the context of radio by M. V. Gopalaswamy after setting up the India’s first private radio station in his residence, "Vittal Vihar" (about 200 yards from AIR’s current location in Mysore).
1940 (Sep): George Stibitz was able to transmit problems using teletype to his Complex Number Calculator in New York and receive the computed results back at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire.
This configuration of a centralized computer or mainframe with remote dumb terminals remained popular throughout the 1950s.
1940: Tom and Jerry is an American animated series of short slapstick comedy films created in 1940, by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera. [from 1940 to 1958; 18 yrs.]
1945: Paced by wartime needs and spending, Bell Labs and other researchers produced coaxial cable and microwave links that were first used commercially in the years after the war. No longer was it necessary to build an expensive telecommunication network using copper wires. Microwave links required the use of many antenna towers— and a license to use the high-frequency spectrum—but this was less expensive than a traditional wired network. Coaxial cable offered the broadband capacity needed to transmit thousands of telephone calls or full-motion video.
1945: Arthur C. Clarke fictioned the satellite
1947: Nationalization of all foreign telecom companies to constitute the Post and Telegraph (PNT)
1949: Asssembly language (asm) first appeared
1950: Telephone exchanges taken over from the princely states.
1954 (Sep 29): CERN (Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire) European Organization for Nuclear Research was founded
1957 (Oct): Pushed by the cold war missile race, the world's first artificial satellite came just 12 years later as the Soviet Union launched Sputnik into a low Earth orbit. Early military satellite communications followed the same low-orbit path.
1956 (Sep 25): no cable connection existed until TAT-1 was inaugurated this day, providing 36 telephone circuits.
1956: All India Radio adopted आकाशवाणी as their on-air name.
1960s: Researchers started to investigate packet switching — a technology that would allow chunks of data to be sent to different computers without first passing through a centralized mainframe.
1960: The first MOS transistor actually built was by Kahng and Atalla at Bell Labs in 1960.
1961: Packet Switching
1962: Digital technology first appeared in American telecommunications with AT&T's introduction of its T1 Carrier System.
1966: CD-ROM. American inventor James T. Russell has been credited with inventing the first system to record digital information on an optical transparent foil that is lit from behind by a high-power halogen lamp. Sony and Philips licensed Russell's patents (then held by a Canadian company, Optical Recording Corp.) in the 1980s.
1969 (Dec 5): a four-node network emerged between the University of California (LA), the Stanford Research Institute, the University of Utah and the University of California (Santa Barbara). This network would become ARPANET, which by 1981 would consist of 213 nodes. In June 1973, the first non-US node was added to the network belonging to Norway's NORSAR project. This was shortly followed by a node in London.
1970s: the first commercial geostationary satellites launched.
1971: Intel's 4004, a BCD oriented 4-bit microprocessor
1973 (Apr 3rd): Motorola manager Martin Cooper placed a cellular phone call (in front of news reporters) to Dr. Joel S. Engel, head of research at AT&T's Bell Labs. This began the era of the handheld cellular mobile phone.
1973: Talkomatic, the earliest IM i.e. instant messaging (online chat) facilities.
1974 (May): TCP/IP came. the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) published a paper titled "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication.
1975: Moore's Law
1976: Intel produced an 8-bit microprocessor named, 8085.
1976: The National Informatics Centre (NIC) (राष्ट्रीय सूचना विज्ञान केंद्र ) founded.
It is the premier science & technology organisation of India's Union Government in informatics services and information-and-communication- technology (ICT) applications. The NIC is a part of the Indian Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology's Department of Electronics & Information Technology.
1976 (Aug 11): HCL Technologies Limited founded by Shiv Nadar , It is an Indian multinational IT services company, headquartered in Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
In the summer of 1976, a group of six engineers, all former employees of Delhi Cloth & General Mills, led by Shiv Nadar, started a company that would make personal computers. Initially floated as Microcomp Limited, Nadar and his team started selling teledigital calculators to gather capital for their main product. On August 11, 1976, the company was renamed to HCL.
1977: PC MoDem by Dennis C. Hayes and Dale Heatherington.
1977 (Jul 23): FM broadcasting began in Madras, India.
1978: Intel's 8086 that lead to x86 architecture.
1981: Mario debuted as "Jumpman" in the arcade game Donkey Kong on July 9, 1981.
1981: GoI contracted with a French Telco to merge ith state-owned ITI, to set up 5 million lines per year.
1982: The FCC approved operation of an analog cellular mobile telephone system.
1982: Colour TV in India: Colour TV was introduced to India with the live telecast of the Independence Day speech by the Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi, on 15 August 1982. This was followed by the 1982 Asian Games held in Delhi.
1983: Haryana State Electronics Development Corporation Limited (Hartron), a Haryana Government Undertaking, after bifurcating from Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (HSIIDC) started working independently with effect from 1st Jan, 1983.
1985: MS-Windows 1.0 released
1985: Super Mario Bros (a platform video game) developed and published by Nintendo as a pseudo-sequel to the 1983 game, Mario Bros. It was originally released in Japan for the Family Computer.
1985: Department of Telecom(DoT) estd.
1986: VSNL and MTNL were estd.
1986: Education and Research Network (ERNET), an autonomous scientific society in India that practically brought the Internet to India and has built up national capabilities in the area of net-working, especially in protocol software engineering.
ERNET was initiated in 1986 by the Department of Electronics (DoE), with funding support from the Government of India and United Nations Development Program (UNDP), involving eight premier institutions as participating agencies—NCST (National Centre for Software Technology) Bombay, IISc (Indian Institute of Science) Bangalore, five IITs (Indian Institutes of Technology) at Delhi, Bombay, Kanpur, Kharagpur and Madras, and the DoE, New Delhi. ERNET began as a multi protocol network with both the TCP/IP and the OSI-IP protocol stacks running over the leased-line portion of the backbone. Since 1995, however, almost all traffic is carried over TCP/IP.
1988: The first online café (Cyber café) in South Korea called Electronic Café opened in front of Hongik University in March 1988 by Ahn Sang-Su and Keum Nuri in Seoul. It had two 16bit computers connected to Online service networks through telephone lines.
1988: National Centre for Software Technology (NCST), now known as C-DAC founded. The Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) is a research and development organization under the Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Govt of India. The National Centre for Software Technology (NCST), ER&DCI and CEDTI were merged into C-DAC in 2003.
1989: WWW was born. Berners-Lee first proposed the "WorldWideWeb" project. The first version of the protocol had only one method, namely GET, which would request a page from a server. The response from the server was always an HTML page. work on HTTP started.
1989 (Apr 11): The Telecom Commission was set up by the Government of India.
1990: ARPANET was closed
1991: Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) is a society established in 1991 by the Indian Ministry of Communications and Information Technology with the objective of encouraging, promoting and boosting the export of software from India.
1991: Telecommunications sector in India started to witness the most fundamental structural and institutional reforms.
1992: Private players were allowed in VAS in India.
1993: By this year there were around 100 web-servers across the world. (A report published in first issue of The World Wide Web Newsletter, 1993)
1993: GoI's District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) was launched, with an aim of achieving the objective of universal primary education. This programmed laid the foundations for सर्व शिक्षा अभियान (Education for All Movement) aimed at the universalisation of elementary education making free and compulsory education to children between the ages of 6 to 14.
1994: Shubham Pal was born in Moradabad.
1994: 1st National Telecom Policy (NTP) was formulated in India.
1994: The concept of a café with full Internet access (and the name Cybercafé) was invented in early by a British technology artist, Ivan Pope.
1994 (Dec 3): Sony's PlayStation (a video game console) was introduced to the world from Minato, Tokyo (Japan).
1994: Memory cards were introduced in the consumer electronics market.
1995: The Government of India and the Government of Delhi jointly set up a company called the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) on 3 May 1995, with Dr. E. Sreedharan as the managing director.
1997: Tekken 3 was designed by Katsuhiro Harada (Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan) of Bandai Namco Entertainment headquartered at Ōta, Tokyo.
1997 (Sep 13): the introductory episode of Shaktiman was aired on Doordarshan (India's national television network) from 27 September 1997 to 27 March 2005, on Sundays at 12 noon IST. The telecast slot, however was shifted to 9:30 a.m. for the last episodes.
1997: Independent regulator, The TRAI (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India) Act, 1997 was estd.
1998: As a research project at Stanford University, Sergey Brin and Larry Page created a search engine that listed results according to the popularity of the pages, after concluding that the most popular result would often be the most useful. After raising $1 million from family, friends and other investors, the pair launched the company in 1998. Google has since become the world’s most popular search engine, receiving more than 200 million queries each day.
1999: The term Wi-Fi was invented by Interbrand (an american brand consultancy company) as a pun upon the word hi-fi.
Wi-Fi Alliance formed as a trade association to hold the Wi-Fi trademark under which most products are sold.
1999: NTP-1999 led to migration from hi-cost fixed licence fee to lo-cost revenue sharing regime.
1999: 2.3 crore total telephone subscriber in India.
2000: The Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT) estd. by DoT. 2000 (Aug 13): BSNL was estd. National Long Distance (NLD) Service was opened to the private sector. Indian registered companies having a net worth of Rs 2.5 Crore and paid up equity of Rs. 2.5 crore are eligible to apply. In addition to Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. (BSNL), 29 more companies have signed licence agreement for National Long Distance Service. The competition resulted in lowering of tariff.
2001 (Apr 4th): Charles M. Vest, the then President of MIT announced OpenCourseWare publicizing all of its 2,000 courses at the estimated cost of $100 million (on an avg., a MIT students pays around $26,000 as offline tuition fee)
2001: iPod y Tony Fadell
2002: The Xbox (a 6th generation home video gaming console) developed by Microsoft and manufactured by Flextronics.
First released on November 15, 2001, in North America, followed by Australia, Europe and Japan in 2002. It was Microsoft's first foray into the gaming console market. This console competed with Sony's PlayStation 2 and the Nintendo GameCube.
2002: DMRC began operation. The inauguration of the first stretch between Shahdara and Tis Hazari on 24 December 2002 caused the ticketing system to collapse due to the line being crowded to four times its capacity by citizens eager to have a ride.
2002 (Apr 1st): New Telecom Policy-1999, led to the reduction of licence fees, the Government opened the International Long Distance (ILD) Service to the private operators. There is no restriction on the number of operators. The Indian registered companies having a net worth of Rs. 2.5 Crore are eligible to apply.
CDMA and Internet Telephony boomed in India.
2003: re-birth of GoI's NCST as C-DAC
2003 (Sep 28): first Vibrant Gujarat: Global Investors' Summit was organized during the Navratri festival, lasted for a week.
2003: Calling Party Pays (CPP) was implemented. Unified Access Licencing (UASL) regime was intoduced.
2003: Nokia 1108 was made available to public.
Display: Monochrome, White Backlighting, Standby time: 400 hrs., Weight: 86gms., Built-in flashlight, 36 pre-installed and 7 self-composed monophonic ringtones, a 50-message capacity (inbox and drafts, with 25 messages in the sent items folder), alarm, stopwatch, calculator, 6 profiles, contacts storage (capacity 50, with the ability to assign different tones and icons to different contacts), games (Snake II and Space Impact+) 2003 (Oct): Nokia 6600. At the time of release, it was the most advanced product ever launched by Nokia.
5-way joystick navigation
OS: Symbian OS 7.0s (Series 60 2nd Edition)
Memory: 6MB
CPU: 104MHz
Architecture: ARM4T
Battery: BL-5C, 3.7 V, 800 mAh, Li-ion
Display: 176x208 (65,536 colours) 2.16" TFT display
Rear camera: VGA 640x480, 2x digital zoom
a music player and video player,
Apps: Java MIDP 2.0 and Symbian(series 60).
Networks: GSM E900/1800/1900, GPRS, HSCSD ( for internet/WAP access)
Connectivity: Wireless (Bluetooth and IrDA)
2004 (Oct 26): Grand Theft Auto-San Andreas was released.
2004: Broadband Policy 2004 was formulated, targeting 20 million subscriber by 2010.
2004: 3.5 crore Wireless telephone connections in India. 7 telephones per 100 persons. 3 telephones per 200 rural people.
2005: India.gov.in launched. It is the Indian government’s web portal for citizens. It presents information resources and online services from government sources, accessible from a single point. It is also known as the National Portal of India.
Acknowledgement: to our ancestors, who lived on this planet 2.3 million years ago and invented the first tool, the split stone (which, they used for cutting and scraping meat)
[how early human got the idea of consuming plants and flesh?]
Fire was discovered. Controlled Fire was invented.
technology:
∴
∵
Talking Drums were used by natives in Africa, New Guinea and South America,
Smoke Signals in North America and China.
1642: a nineteen-year-old French boy named Blaise Pascal invented an adding machine for his father, who was a clerk by profession.
1745: Leyden Jar
1760: the force on magnetic poles obeyed an inverse-square law was proposed by Johann Tobias Mayerin.
1762: 'force on electrically charged objects obeys an inverse-square law' was proposed by Henry Cavendish
1772: Warren Hastings became the first Governor-General of India, under him, the East India Company took over revenue collection directly in the Bengal Presidency (then Bengal and Bihar), establishing a Board of Revenue with offices in Calcutta and Patna, and moving the pre-existing Mughal revenue records from Murshidabad to Calcutta.
1774: Ministry of Communication-GoI, founded.
1777: Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss was born at Brunswick, Duchy of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Holy Roman Empire (now part of Lower Saxony, Germany). His mother was illiterate and never recorded the date of his birth, remembering only that he had been born on a Wednesday, eight days before the Feast of the Ascension, which itself occurs 39 days after Easter. Gauss later solved this puzzle about his birthdate in the context of finding the date of Easter, deriving methods to compute the date in both past and future years.
1780s: Immanuel Kant (Germany), a philosopher who is considered the central figure of modern philosophy. Kant argued that fundamental concepts of the human mind structure human experience, that reason is the source of morality, that aesthetics arises from a faculty of disinterested judgment, that space and time are forms of our sensibility, and that the world as it is "in-itself" is unknowable.
1782: the term “semiconducting” was used for the first time by Alessandro Volta.
1792, Claude Chappe (France) built the first visual telegraphy (or semaphore) system between Lille and Paris. This was followed by a line from Strasbourg to Paris.
1796: This year was most productive year for both Gauss and number theory. He discovered a construction of the heptadecagon on 30 March.
1794, Abraham Edelcrantz, (Sweden) built a quite different system from Stockholm to Drottningholm. using pulleys rotating beams of wood.
In 1800, Alessandro Volta (Italy) invented a galvanic battery inspiring Ørsted to think about the nature of electricity and to conduct his first electrical experiments.
1801: Hans Christian Ørsted (Denmark) received a travel scholarship and public grant which enabled him to spend three years travelling across Europe.
In Germany he met Johann Wilhelm Ritter (German), a physicist who believed there was a connection between electricity and magnetism. This made sense to Ørsted since he believed in Kantian ideas about the unity of nature and that deep relationships existed between natural phenomena.
1804: Francisco Salva Campillo (N. Spain), a Catalan polymath and scientist designed an electrochemical telegraph.
1804: Weber was born at Wittenberg, Saxony, Holy Roman Empire (Germany).
1809: Samuel Thomas von Sömmering (Germany), a physician, anatomist and inventor enhanced the Campillo's design of electrochemical telegraph.
1820, 21 April: during a lecture, Ørsted noticed a compass needle deflected from magnetic north when an electric current from a battery was switched on and off, confirming a direct relationship between electricity and magnetism.
1820: Ørsted discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields.
William Sturgeon (UK) invented the electromagnet in 1824. His first electromagnet was a horseshoe-shaped piece of iron that was wrapped with about 18 turns of bare copper wire (insulated wire didn't exist yet). The iron was varnished to insulate it from the windings.
1820, Sept: André-Marie Ampère's friend and eventual eulogist François Arago (France) showed the members of the French Academy of Sciences the surprising discovery of Danish physicist Hans Christian Ørsted that a magnetic needle is deflected by an adjacent electric current.
Ampère began developing a mathematical and physical theory to understand the relationship between electricity and magnetism.
He devise through experimentation the formula for the angular dependence of the force between two current elements.
1824: Louis had developed the system that we know today as braille, employing a 6-dot cell and based upon normal spelling
1827: Ohm's Law (Germany)
1831 (Aug 29): first experimental demonstration of electromagnetic induction by Michael Faraday (England). He wrapped two wires around opposite sides of an iron ring (torus).
1832: Joseph Henry demonstrated telegraphy.
1837: Poisson's Distribution. The distribution was first introduced by Siméon Denis Poisson (1781–1840) and published, together with his probability theory, in 1837 in his work Recherches sur la probabilité des jugements en matière criminelle et en matière civile ("Research on the Probability of Judgments in Criminal and Civil Matters").
1837: Invention of Telegraph by Morse of America (FB Morse).
1844: Samuel Morse's telegraph system. For three years, the U.S. Post Office ran the pioneering Washington to Baltimore line. By that time other private telegraph companies had developed (the first connected New York and Philadelphia) and were rapidly growing.
1845: Gauss wrote to Weber desiring "action, not instantaneous, but propagated in time in a similar manner to that of light." This aspiration was developed by Maxwell with the theory of an electromagnetic field described by Maxwell's equations, which used the field to elegantly account for all electromagnetic interactions, as well as light (which, until then, had been seen as a completely unrelated phenomenon). In Maxwell's theory, the field is its own physical entity, carrying momenta and energy across space, and action-at-a-distance is only the apparent effect of local interactions of charges with their surrounding field.
1847 (Oct 12): Werner von Siemens and Johann Georg Halske (Berlin) founded Siemens (then, Telegraphen-Bauanstalt von Siemens & Halske), a company to manufacture a telegraph unique to that of Morse code.
1848: the first long-distance (500kms.) telegraph line from Berlin to Frankfurt am Main.
1856: Western Union founded
1858 an American-led consortium laid the first cable connecting Britain and the United States, which eventually failed in few months. Practiced for 7 yrs. and failed again in an attempt to lay a cable
1862: The first coast-to-coast telegraph line was opened.
1861: Commonwealth of Massachusetts incorporated MIT on April 10, 1861 with motto Mens et manus (Mind and Hand). Today it has faculty strength of 2,000 and student strength of 15,000.
1865: Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism published, predicting the existence of electromagnetic waves moving at the speed of light, and predicted that light itself was just such a wave.
1866: Britain got connected to the US through insulated underwater telegraph cables.
1867: Henri Nestlé created a nutritious product for infants that could be used by mothers who were unable to breast-feed.
1870s: based on earlier work with harmonic (multi-signal) telegraphs, the electric telephone was invented.
1873: Willoughby Smith discovered photoconductivity in solids.
1873: Blue jeans were invented in 1873 by Jacob Davis and Levi Strauss.
1873: Maxwell published 'A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism' predicting the wireless propagation of EM energy. stimulating many people to experiment with wireless communication. Others experimented without the benefit of his theories. Maxwell directly addressed the subject of action-at-a-distance in chapter 23 of his A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism.
He began by reviewing the explanation of Ampere's formula given by Gauss and Weber. On page 437 he indicates the physicists' disgust with action at a distance.
1874: Karl Ferdinand Braun and Arthur Schuster observed semiconducting effects.
1876, Mar: Alexander Graham Bell invented Telephone at Scotland
1878: Hall effect ( @ Johns Hopkins University, USA by Edwin Herbert Hall )
1878-79: The first commercial telephone services were set up on both sides of the Atlantic in the cities of New Haven and London.Telephone exchanges (using many switchboards) appeared about two decades later.
1880: It is considered likely that the first intentional transmission of a signal by means of electromagnetic waves was performed by David Edward Hughes around 1880, although this was considered to be induction at the time.
(How induction differs from telecommunication?)
1883: The first working solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts.
1885: The Indian Telegraph Act, 1885
1886: Dr. John Stith Pemberton to rename and rewrite the formula for his popular nerve tonic, stimulant and headache remedy, "Pemberton's French Wine Coca," sold at that time by most, if not all, of the city's druggists. Now known as Coca-Cola.
1891: first mechanically automated telephone switch.
1891: Weber, the co-inventor of the first electromagnetic telegraph, died aged 86.
1893: Bell's Telephone patents expired. They existed for 17 yrs. Around 1893, the country leading the world in telephones per 100 persons (teledensity) was Sweden with 0.55 in the whole country but 4 in Stockholm (10,000 out of a total of 27,658 subscribers). This compares with 0.4 in USA for that year.
Competition between the International Bell Telephone Company (a U.S. multinational), town and village co-operatives, the General Telephone Company of Stockholm (a Swedish private company), and the Swedish Telegraph Department (part of the Swedish government).
In 1893, the U.S. was considerably behind Sweden, New Zealand, Switzerland, and Norway in teledensity. The U.S. rose to world leadership in teledensity with the rise of many independent telephone companies after the Bell patents expired in 1893 and 1894.
1895: Invention of Radio by Marconi (Italy)
1897: electron was dicovered by JJ Thomson (Cambridge, UK)
1900: Reginald A. Fessenden became the first person to send audio (wireless telephony) by means of electromagnetic waves, successfully transmitting over a distance of about 1.6 kilometers, and six years later on Christmas Eve 1906 he became the first person to make a public radio broadcast.
1903: Orville and Wilbur Wright, American inventors and aviation pioneers, achieved the first powered, sustained, and controlled flight of an airplane.
1904: invention of diode by Flaming.
1906: invention of triode by deforest.
1907: The thermionic triode, a vacuum tube invented. Lead to the invention of Transistor
1909: Erlang's "The Theory of Probabilities and Telephone Conversations" - which proves that the Poisson distribution applies to random telephone traffic. [written in Danish]
1912 (Apr 15): RMS Titanic rammed an iceberg near Ne York Harbour @ a speed of 40kmph and sanked
1915: Transcontinental telephone service became possible by use of amplifiers based on Lee De Forest's "Audion" vacuum tube.
1917: Erlang's "Solution of some Problems in the Theory of Probabilities of Significance in Automatic Telephone Exchanges" - which contains his classic formulae for call loss and waiting time. [written in Danish]
1923 (Jul): Broadcasting in India began with programmes by the Bombay Presidency Radio Club.
According to an agreement of 23 July 1927, the private Indian Broadcasting Company LTD (IBC) was authorized to operate two radio stations; the Bombay station began on 23 July 1927, and the Calcutta station followed on 26 August 1927. However, on 1 March 1930, the company went into liquidation. The government took over the broadcasting facilities, beginning the Indian State Broadcasting Service (ISBS) on 1 April 1930 on an experimental basis for two years, and then permanently in May 1932. On 8 June 1936, the ISBS was renamed All India Radio.
1925: Physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld filed a patent for a field-effect transistor (FET) in Canada which was intended to be a solid-state replacement for the triode.
1925: Invention of Television by Baird (Scotland)
1927: transatlantic voice communication remained impossible for customers until January 7, 1927, when a connection was established using radio.
1929 Walter Schottky experimentally confirmed the presence of a barrier in a metal-semiconductor
junction.
1930s: The term "hypertext" was coined by Ted Nelson in 1965 in the Xanadu Project, which was in turn inspired by Vannevar Bush's vision (1930s) of the microfilm-based information retrieval and management "memex" system described in his essay As We May Think (1945).
1933: FM broadcasting is radio broadcasting using frequency modulation (FM) technology. Invented by American engineer Edwin Armstrong (Alpine, New Jersey-USA), it is used worldwide to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio utilizing the VHF band from 87.5 MHz to 108.0 MHz.
1933: The Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1933
1936: "Akashvani" was first used in the context of radio by M. V. Gopalaswamy after setting up the India’s first private radio station in his residence, "Vittal Vihar" (about 200 yards from AIR’s current location in Mysore).
1940 (Sep): George Stibitz was able to transmit problems using teletype to his Complex Number Calculator in New York and receive the computed results back at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire.
This configuration of a centralized computer or mainframe with remote dumb terminals remained popular throughout the 1950s.
1940: Tom and Jerry is an American animated series of short slapstick comedy films created in 1940, by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera. [from 1940 to 1958; 18 yrs.]
1945: Paced by wartime needs and spending, Bell Labs and other researchers produced coaxial cable and microwave links that were first used commercially in the years after the war. No longer was it necessary to build an expensive telecommunication network using copper wires. Microwave links required the use of many antenna towers— and a license to use the high-frequency spectrum—but this was less expensive than a traditional wired network. Coaxial cable offered the broadband capacity needed to transmit thousands of telephone calls or full-motion video.
1945: Arthur C. Clarke fictioned the satellite
1947: Nationalization of all foreign telecom companies to constitute the Post and Telegraph (PNT)
1949: Asssembly language (asm) first appeared
1950: Telephone exchanges taken over from the princely states.
1954 (Sep 29): CERN (Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire) European Organization for Nuclear Research was founded
1957 (Oct): Pushed by the cold war missile race, the world's first artificial satellite came just 12 years later as the Soviet Union launched Sputnik into a low Earth orbit. Early military satellite communications followed the same low-orbit path.
1956 (Sep 25): no cable connection existed until TAT-1 was inaugurated this day, providing 36 telephone circuits.
1956: All India Radio adopted आकाशवाणी as their on-air name.
1959: Ruth invents a three dimension doll named Barbie.
1959: Television broadcasting began as an experimental telecast in Delhi as part of AIR, but was split off from the radio network as Doordarshan on 1 April 1976.
Pratima Puri was the first newsreader. Salma Sultan joined Doordarshan in 1967, and later became a news anchor. The television service was extended to Bombay (now Mumbai) and Amritsar in 1972. Finally, in 1982, Doordarshan took shape as a National Broadcaster. Krishi Darshan was the first program telecast on Doordarshan. It commenced on 26 January 1967 and is one of the longest running programs on Indian television.
1960s: touch-tone signaling started replacing the rotary dial in the 1960s.1959: Television broadcasting began as an experimental telecast in Delhi as part of AIR, but was split off from the radio network as Doordarshan on 1 April 1976.
Pratima Puri was the first newsreader. Salma Sultan joined Doordarshan in 1967, and later became a news anchor. The television service was extended to Bombay (now Mumbai) and Amritsar in 1972. Finally, in 1982, Doordarshan took shape as a National Broadcaster. Krishi Darshan was the first program telecast on Doordarshan. It commenced on 26 January 1967 and is one of the longest running programs on Indian television.
1960s: Researchers started to investigate packet switching — a technology that would allow chunks of data to be sent to different computers without first passing through a centralized mainframe.
1960: The first MOS transistor actually built was by Kahng and Atalla at Bell Labs in 1960.
1961: Packet Switching
1962: Digital technology first appeared in American telecommunications with AT&T's introduction of its T1 Carrier System.
1966: CD-ROM. American inventor James T. Russell has been credited with inventing the first system to record digital information on an optical transparent foil that is lit from behind by a high-power halogen lamp. Sony and Philips licensed Russell's patents (then held by a Canadian company, Optical Recording Corp.) in the 1980s.
1969 (Dec 5): a four-node network emerged between the University of California (LA), the Stanford Research Institute, the University of Utah and the University of California (Santa Barbara). This network would become ARPANET, which by 1981 would consist of 213 nodes. In June 1973, the first non-US node was added to the network belonging to Norway's NORSAR project. This was shortly followed by a node in London.
1970s: the first commercial geostationary satellites launched.
1971: Intel's 4004, a BCD oriented 4-bit microprocessor
Project Gutenberg is the first and largest single collection of free electronic books, or eBooks. Michael Hart, founder of Project Gutenberg, invented eBooks in 1971 and continues to inspire the creation of eBooks and related technologies today.
1971; the personal computer (PC) became feasible
1971: Invention of the first email system. Raymond Samuel "Ray" Tomlinson implemented the first email program on the ARPANET system, the precursor to the Internet.
1971: ALOHAnet connected the Hawaiian Islands with a UHF wireless packet network (link speed < 2 Mbit/sec) and marked the beginning of Wi-Fi.
ALOHAnet and the ALOHA protocol were early forerunners to Ethernet.
1971; the personal computer (PC) became feasible
1971: Invention of the first email system. Raymond Samuel "Ray" Tomlinson implemented the first email program on the ARPANET system, the precursor to the Internet.
1971: ALOHAnet connected the Hawaiian Islands with a UHF wireless packet network (link speed < 2 Mbit/sec) and marked the beginning of Wi-Fi.
ALOHAnet and the ALOHA protocol were early forerunners to Ethernet.
1973: Talkomatic, the earliest IM i.e. instant messaging (online chat) facilities.
1974 (May): TCP/IP came. the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) published a paper titled "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication.
1975: Moore's Law
1976: Intel produced an 8-bit microprocessor named, 8085.
1976: The National Informatics Centre (NIC) (राष्ट्रीय सूचना विज्ञान केंद्र ) founded.
It is the premier science & technology organisation of India's Union Government in informatics services and information-and-communication- technology (ICT) applications. The NIC is a part of the Indian Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology's Department of Electronics & Information Technology.
1976 (Aug 11): HCL Technologies Limited founded by Shiv Nadar , It is an Indian multinational IT services company, headquartered in Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.
In the summer of 1976, a group of six engineers, all former employees of Delhi Cloth & General Mills, led by Shiv Nadar, started a company that would make personal computers. Initially floated as Microcomp Limited, Nadar and his team started selling teledigital calculators to gather capital for their main product. On August 11, 1976, the company was renamed to HCL.
1977: PC MoDem by Dennis C. Hayes and Dale Heatherington.
1977 (Jul 23): FM broadcasting began in Madras, India.
1978: Intel's 8086 that lead to x86 architecture.
1981: Mario debuted as "Jumpman" in the arcade game Donkey Kong on July 9, 1981.
1981: GoI contracted with a French Telco to merge ith state-owned ITI, to set up 5 million lines per year.
1982: The FCC approved operation of an analog cellular mobile telephone system.
1982: Colour TV in India: Colour TV was introduced to India with the live telecast of the Independence Day speech by the Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi, on 15 August 1982. This was followed by the 1982 Asian Games held in Delhi.
1983: Haryana State Electronics Development Corporation Limited (Hartron), a Haryana Government Undertaking, after bifurcating from Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (HSIIDC) started working independently with effect from 1st Jan, 1983.
1985: MS-Windows 1.0 released
1985: Super Mario Bros (a platform video game) developed and published by Nintendo as a pseudo-sequel to the 1983 game, Mario Bros. It was originally released in Japan for the Family Computer.
1985: Department of Telecom(DoT) estd.
1986: VSNL and MTNL were estd.
1986: Education and Research Network (ERNET), an autonomous scientific society in India that practically brought the Internet to India and has built up national capabilities in the area of net-working, especially in protocol software engineering.
ERNET was initiated in 1986 by the Department of Electronics (DoE), with funding support from the Government of India and United Nations Development Program (UNDP), involving eight premier institutions as participating agencies—NCST (National Centre for Software Technology) Bombay, IISc (Indian Institute of Science) Bangalore, five IITs (Indian Institutes of Technology) at Delhi, Bombay, Kanpur, Kharagpur and Madras, and the DoE, New Delhi. ERNET began as a multi protocol network with both the TCP/IP and the OSI-IP protocol stacks running over the leased-line portion of the backbone. Since 1995, however, almost all traffic is carried over TCP/IP.
1988: The first online café (Cyber café) in South Korea called Electronic Café opened in front of Hongik University in March 1988 by Ahn Sang-Su and Keum Nuri in Seoul. It had two 16bit computers connected to Online service networks through telephone lines.
1988: National Centre for Software Technology (NCST), now known as C-DAC founded. The Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) is a research and development organization under the Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Govt of India. The National Centre for Software Technology (NCST), ER&DCI and CEDTI were merged into C-DAC in 2003.
1989: WWW was born. Berners-Lee first proposed the "WorldWideWeb" project. The first version of the protocol had only one method, namely GET, which would request a page from a server. The response from the server was always an HTML page. work on HTTP started.
1989 (Apr 11): The Telecom Commission was set up by the Government of India.
1990: ARPANET was closed
1991: Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) is a society established in 1991 by the Indian Ministry of Communications and Information Technology with the objective of encouraging, promoting and boosting the export of software from India.
1991: Telecommunications sector in India started to witness the most fundamental structural and institutional reforms.
1992: Private players were allowed in VAS in India.
1993: By this year there were around 100 web-servers across the world. (A report published in first issue of The World Wide Web Newsletter, 1993)
1993: GoI's District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) was launched, with an aim of achieving the objective of universal primary education. This programmed laid the foundations for सर्व शिक्षा अभियान (Education for All Movement) aimed at the universalisation of elementary education making free and compulsory education to children between the ages of 6 to 14.
1994: Shubham Pal was born in Moradabad.
1994: 1st National Telecom Policy (NTP) was formulated in India.
1994: The concept of a café with full Internet access (and the name Cybercafé) was invented in early by a British technology artist, Ivan Pope.
1994 (Dec 3): Sony's PlayStation (a video game console) was introduced to the world from Minato, Tokyo (Japan).
1994: Memory cards were introduced in the consumer electronics market.
1995: The Government of India and the Government of Delhi jointly set up a company called the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) on 3 May 1995, with Dr. E. Sreedharan as the managing director.
1997: Tekken 3 was designed by Katsuhiro Harada (Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan) of Bandai Namco Entertainment headquartered at Ōta, Tokyo.
1997 (Sep 13): the introductory episode of Shaktiman was aired on Doordarshan (India's national television network) from 27 September 1997 to 27 March 2005, on Sundays at 12 noon IST. The telecast slot, however was shifted to 9:30 a.m. for the last episodes.
1997: Independent regulator, The TRAI (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India) Act, 1997 was estd.
1998: As a research project at Stanford University, Sergey Brin and Larry Page created a search engine that listed results according to the popularity of the pages, after concluding that the most popular result would often be the most useful. After raising $1 million from family, friends and other investors, the pair launched the company in 1998. Google has since become the world’s most popular search engine, receiving more than 200 million queries each day.
1999: The term Wi-Fi was invented by Interbrand (an american brand consultancy company) as a pun upon the word hi-fi.
Wi-Fi Alliance formed as a trade association to hold the Wi-Fi trademark under which most products are sold.
1999: NTP-1999 led to migration from hi-cost fixed licence fee to lo-cost revenue sharing regime.
1999: 2.3 crore total telephone subscriber in India.
2000: The Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT) estd. by DoT. 2000 (Aug 13): BSNL was estd. National Long Distance (NLD) Service was opened to the private sector. Indian registered companies having a net worth of Rs 2.5 Crore and paid up equity of Rs. 2.5 crore are eligible to apply. In addition to Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. (BSNL), 29 more companies have signed licence agreement for National Long Distance Service. The competition resulted in lowering of tariff.
2001 (Apr 4th): Charles M. Vest, the then President of MIT announced OpenCourseWare publicizing all of its 2,000 courses at the estimated cost of $100 million (on an avg., a MIT students pays around $26,000 as offline tuition fee)
2001: iPod y Tony Fadell
2002: The Xbox (a 6th generation home video gaming console) developed by Microsoft and manufactured by Flextronics.
First released on November 15, 2001, in North America, followed by Australia, Europe and Japan in 2002. It was Microsoft's first foray into the gaming console market. This console competed with Sony's PlayStation 2 and the Nintendo GameCube.
2002: DMRC began operation. The inauguration of the first stretch between Shahdara and Tis Hazari on 24 December 2002 caused the ticketing system to collapse due to the line being crowded to four times its capacity by citizens eager to have a ride.
2002 (Apr 1st): New Telecom Policy-1999, led to the reduction of licence fees, the Government opened the International Long Distance (ILD) Service to the private operators. There is no restriction on the number of operators. The Indian registered companies having a net worth of Rs. 2.5 Crore are eligible to apply.
CDMA and Internet Telephony boomed in India.
2003: re-birth of GoI's NCST as C-DAC
2003 (Sep 28): first Vibrant Gujarat: Global Investors' Summit was organized during the Navratri festival, lasted for a week.
2003: Calling Party Pays (CPP) was implemented. Unified Access Licencing (UASL) regime was intoduced.
2003: Nokia 1108 was made available to public.
Display: Monochrome, White Backlighting, Standby time: 400 hrs., Weight: 86gms., Built-in flashlight, 36 pre-installed and 7 self-composed monophonic ringtones, a 50-message capacity (inbox and drafts, with 25 messages in the sent items folder), alarm, stopwatch, calculator, 6 profiles, contacts storage (capacity 50, with the ability to assign different tones and icons to different contacts), games (Snake II and Space Impact+) 2003 (Oct): Nokia 6600. At the time of release, it was the most advanced product ever launched by Nokia.
5-way joystick navigation
OS: Symbian OS 7.0s (Series 60 2nd Edition)
Memory: 6MB
CPU: 104MHz
Architecture: ARM4T
Battery: BL-5C, 3.7 V, 800 mAh, Li-ion
Display: 176x208 (65,536 colours) 2.16" TFT display
Rear camera: VGA 640x480, 2x digital zoom
a music player and video player,
Apps: Java MIDP 2.0 and Symbian(series 60).
Networks: GSM E900/1800/1900, GPRS, HSCSD ( for internet/WAP access)
Connectivity: Wireless (Bluetooth and IrDA)
2004 (Oct 26): Grand Theft Auto-San Andreas was released.
2004: Broadband Policy 2004 was formulated, targeting 20 million subscriber by 2010.
2004: 3.5 crore Wireless telephone connections in India. 7 telephones per 100 persons. 3 telephones per 200 rural people.
2005: India.gov.in launched. It is the Indian government’s web portal for citizens. It presents information resources and online services from government sources, accessible from a single point. It is also known as the National Portal of India.
2005: FDI in Indian Telecom Market was increased from 49% to 74%.
2006: Intel's Pentium Dual-Core arrived
2006: IPv6 commercial deployment
2006: IPv6 commercial deployment
2006 (May 18): The National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) is an initiative of the Government of India to make all government services available to the citizens of India via electronic media.
2006: Mobile Number Portability (MNP) was proposed.
2006: Nokia 1600, the phone with a speaking clock feature,
Pre-composed ringtones can be transferred through a data cable, a basic calculator which can perform only addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, 14 pre-defined themes with 14 wallpapers and menu backgrounds, the menu features animated icons,
Games: Pocket Carrom, Soccer League, and Cricket Cup.
Display: LCD (Color STN) 96 × 68 pixel 65,536 colors.
Comaptible Networks: GSM-850/GSM-1900 or GSM-900/GSM-1800
Memory: 4MB
Standby Time and Talktime: 450 hrs. and 5hrs. resp.
Weight: 85g
2007: production of Nokia 6600 was stopped by Nokia.
2008: 3G Policy announced, Spectrum Auction Awaited.
2009: Aadhaar, the world's largest national identification number project was launched. The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) is a central government agency of India. Its objective is to collect the biometric and demographic data of residents, store them in a centralised database, and issue a 12-digit unique identity number called Aadhaar to each resident.
2010 (Mar): >60 crore telephone subscribers in India; (58.5 crore were wireless)
2010 (Nov): 1 crore broadband connections in India
2010 (Nov 25): Department of Telecom has launched MNP Service in Haryana on 25th November 2010 and in entire contry on 20th January, 2011.
2011 (Jan): <80 crore telephone subscriber in India (75 crore were wireless)
2011 (Jan 1st): Indian telecom became the second largest wireless network in the world
after China. It has 79 crore connections with 75 crore wireless connections. Population of India: 125 crore. (less than 65% of population is connected) It is second largest wireless network in the world. Over 180 lakh connections are being added every month. 5% phones are only wired, 95% are wireless phones. Private sector has a share of 85% of the total telephones.
Overall tele-density has reached 67%. (Urban tele-density: 150% and Rural teledensity: 30%)
2011 (Feb 3rd): IPv4 suffered exhaustion
2006: Mobile Number Portability (MNP) was proposed.
2006: Nokia 1600, the phone with a speaking clock feature,
Pre-composed ringtones can be transferred through a data cable, a basic calculator which can perform only addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, 14 pre-defined themes with 14 wallpapers and menu backgrounds, the menu features animated icons,
Games: Pocket Carrom, Soccer League, and Cricket Cup.
Display: LCD (Color STN) 96 × 68 pixel 65,536 colors.
Comaptible Networks: GSM-850/GSM-1900 or GSM-900/GSM-1800
Memory: 4MB
Standby Time and Talktime: 450 hrs. and 5hrs. resp.
Weight: 85g
2007: production of Nokia 6600 was stopped by Nokia.
2008: 3G Policy announced, Spectrum Auction Awaited.
2009: Aadhaar, the world's largest national identification number project was launched. The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) is a central government agency of India. Its objective is to collect the biometric and demographic data of residents, store them in a centralised database, and issue a 12-digit unique identity number called Aadhaar to each resident.
2010 (Mar): >60 crore telephone subscribers in India; (58.5 crore were wireless)
2010 (Nov): 1 crore broadband connections in India
2010 (Nov 25): Department of Telecom has launched MNP Service in Haryana on 25th November 2010 and in entire contry on 20th January, 2011.
2011 (Jan): <80 crore telephone subscriber in India (75 crore were wireless)
2011 (Jan 1st): Indian telecom became the second largest wireless network in the world
after China. It has 79 crore connections with 75 crore wireless connections. Population of India: 125 crore. (less than 65% of population is connected) It is second largest wireless network in the world. Over 180 lakh connections are being added every month. 5% phones are only wired, 95% are wireless phones. Private sector has a share of 85% of the total telephones.
Overall tele-density has reached 67%. (Urban tele-density: 150% and Rural teledensity: 30%)
2011 (Feb 3rd): IPv4 suffered exhaustion
2011: Mobile Seva launched. It is an UN award-winning e-governance initiative by government of India.
2013 (Mar): Akhilesh Yadav (Uttar Pradesh) fulfilled his an election promises to distribute 15 lakh HP Pavilion G4 1303AU laptops (costing 19,000 each) to benefit students who passed out of Class 12 (or equivalent) in 2012 and are aiming to study further.
Students from 313 tehsils in the Uttar Pradesh region benefited from the initiative. The project costed around Rs 2,800 crore to the government.
2014 (Jul 26): MyGov (मेरी सरकार) is a citizen engagement platform founded by the Government of India to promote the active participation of Indian citizens in their country's governance and development.
2014 (Sep 7): उन्नत भारत अभियान (Improved India Mission) launched in collaboration with IIT-D
2014 (Sep 25): Make in India is an initiative launched by the Government of India to encourage multi-national, as well as national companies to manufacture their products in India.
2014 (Oct 2): स्वच्छ भारत अभियान (Clean India Mission) launched at Rajghat-New Delhi, by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. It is a national campaign by the Government of India, covering 4,041 statutory cities and towns, to clean the streets, roads and infrastructure of the country.
It is India's biggest ever cleanliness drive and 3 million government employees and school and college students of India participated in this event.
2015 (Apr): Lenovo A6000+ was announced.
2015 (Jul): Digital India is a campaign launched by the Government of India to ensure that Government services are made available to citizens electronically by improving online infrastructure and by increasing Internet connectivity or by making the country digitally empowered in the field of technology. Mobile Seva.
2015 (Jul): Skill India launched.
2015 (Dec): 101st crore-th wireless telephone subscriber added to the Indian Telecom network. 2.6 crore wireline telephone subscriber. Almost 83% of the indian population has subscribed to telephonic service (wired or wireless). There are total 11.5 crore subscriptions of wireless broadband and 1.6 crore wired broadband subscribers. Around 14 crore broadband connections in India
2016 (Jan): Start-up India launched.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Greeks | Romans | Egyptians | Persians | Babylonians | Chinese | Indian
2013 (Mar): Akhilesh Yadav (Uttar Pradesh) fulfilled his an election promises to distribute 15 lakh HP Pavilion G4 1303AU laptops (costing 19,000 each) to benefit students who passed out of Class 12 (or equivalent) in 2012 and are aiming to study further.
Students from 313 tehsils in the Uttar Pradesh region benefited from the initiative. The project costed around Rs 2,800 crore to the government.
2014 (Jul 26): MyGov (मेरी सरकार) is a citizen engagement platform founded by the Government of India to promote the active participation of Indian citizens in their country's governance and development.
2014 (Sep 7): उन्नत भारत अभियान (Improved India Mission) launched in collaboration with IIT-D
2014 (Sep 25): Make in India is an initiative launched by the Government of India to encourage multi-national, as well as national companies to manufacture their products in India.
2014 (Oct 2): स्वच्छ भारत अभियान (Clean India Mission) launched at Rajghat-New Delhi, by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. It is a national campaign by the Government of India, covering 4,041 statutory cities and towns, to clean the streets, roads and infrastructure of the country.
It is India's biggest ever cleanliness drive and 3 million government employees and school and college students of India participated in this event.
2015 (Apr): Lenovo A6000+ was announced.
2015 (Jul): Digital India is a campaign launched by the Government of India to ensure that Government services are made available to citizens electronically by improving online infrastructure and by increasing Internet connectivity or by making the country digitally empowered in the field of technology. Mobile Seva.
2015 (Jul): Skill India launched.
2015 (Dec): 101st crore-th wireless telephone subscriber added to the Indian Telecom network. 2.6 crore wireline telephone subscriber. Almost 83% of the indian population has subscribed to telephonic service (wired or wireless). There are total 11.5 crore subscriptions of wireless broadband and 1.6 crore wired broadband subscribers. Around 14 crore broadband connections in India
2016 (Jan): Start-up India launched.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Greeks | Romans | Egyptians | Persians | Babylonians | Chinese | Indian
Comments
Post a Comment